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US3677789A - Protective diffusion layer on nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys - Google Patents

Protective diffusion layer on nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US3677789A
US3677789A US856539A US3677789DA US3677789A US 3677789 A US3677789 A US 3677789A US 856539 A US856539 A US 856539A US 3677789D A US3677789D A US 3677789DA US 3677789 A US3677789 A US 3677789A
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nickel
cobalt
parts
aluminum
based alloys
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US856539A
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Karl Bungardt
Gunter Lehnert
Helmut W Meinhardt
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Deutsche Edelstahlwerke AG
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Deutsche Edelstahlwerke AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
    • C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
    • C23C10/52—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation more than one element being diffused in one step
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12875—Platinum group metal-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the production of high-temperature corrosion and scale-resistant protective diffusion layers on parts made of high-temperature nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys, and to methods of producing such layers.
  • Parts exposed to the action of corrosive media at high temperatures as well as to mechanical stress are conventionally made of high temperature alloys based on nickel and/or cobalt, and are provided with a protective layer produced by diffusion to render them resistant to corrosion and scaling and thereby to prolong their useful life.
  • a protective layer produced by diffusion to render them resistant to corrosion and scaling and thereby to prolong their useful life.
  • aluminum is preferentially diffused into the surface of such parts.
  • the present invention provides a protective layer by diffusing into the surface of the parts that are to be protected aluminum and one or more metals of the platinum group of elements, particularly platinum, rhodium and palladium. Tests have shown that parts provided with a protective layer according to the invention have a longer life in service compared with parts into which aluminum alone has been diffused in conventional manner.
  • one or more metals of the platinum groups is first applied to the surface of the part that is to be protected in the form of a coating at least 7p. thick, and in a following diffusion heat treatment aluminum is then diffused into the surface together with the metal or metals of the platinum group already deposited.
  • the surface of the part that is to be protected is first coated with a metal or metals of the platinum group, and this metal or these metals of the platinum group are then diffused into the surface simultaneously with the aluminum.
  • the said coating of one or more metals of the platinum group may be provided either electrolytically, or by dipping, spraying, vapor deposition or by mechanical plating.
  • the metal forming this coating together with the aluminum then diffuses into the surface of the part that is to be protected and forms a high-temperature scale-resistant protective layer on the part.
  • the parts that have been provided with a coating of one or more metals of the platinum group may be embedded for the diffusion treatment in a powder mixture containing metallic aluminum.
  • diffusion may be effected by heating between about 900 C. and about 1200 C. for about 2 hours to about 10 hours.
  • test pieces consisted of an alloy containing 0.12% carbon, less than 0.25% silicon, less than 0.25% manganese, 13.5% chromium, 4.5% molybdenum, 6.25% aluminum, 0.3% niobium/tantalum, less than 1.0% cobalt, 0.9% titanium, less than 1.5% iron, traces of boron and zirconium, the remainder being nickel.
  • test pieces that had been provided with the protective diffusion layer were first subjected to a preliminary treatment consisting of wet blasting, degreasing in a cyanide bath l0 seconds cathodically and 30 seconds anodically, followed by rinsing in water and anodic pickling at 40 C. first 3 seconds in a 10% by volume H280.,l bath followed by rinsing in water and then 30 seconds cathodically and 10 seconds anodically, pickling in a 10% by weight solution NaOH bath, followed by rinsing in water.
  • test pieces were then platinum coated in a bath consisting of 13 g./l. of hexachloroplatinic acid, HzPtCls, 45 g./l. of triammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, 240 g./l. of di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4.
  • the temperature of the bath was 65 C., the current density 9.0 amp/dm. and the Voltage 1.5 volts. Different thicknesses of the platinum coating were provided by altering the treatment times accordingly.
  • the parts were heat treated first for 2 hours at 260 C. and then for 3 hours at 400 C. to drive off hydrogen and to reduce the hardness of the platinum coating. Finally the surface was degreased by rinsing in methanol.
  • test pieces which had thus been heated according to the invention, together with the control pieces, were then submitted to an aluminum dliffusion treatment.
  • the pieces were packed into a powder mixture consisting of 5% aluminum and 95% A1203 and diffusion treated for 21/2 hours at 1100 C. under hydrogen as a protective gas.
  • the accompanying diagram reveals the difference in scale formation between completely untreated parts, parts that had been merely diffusion treated with aluminumy and parts that had been provided with the protective layer according to the invention, the considerable superiority of which is apparent.
  • the untreated parts underwent considerable deterioration due to scaling after 20 to 30 hours at the test temperature of 1l00 C.
  • parts that had been subjected to aluminum diffusion in conventional manner did not begin to scale until much later.
  • the scaling resistance of the parts provided with the protective layer according to the invention was several times better than the best of the comparative test pieces.
  • the parts still disclosed significant scaling after 1000 hours.
  • Turbine blades made of the above-specied base material provided with a 7n platinumv coating by electrodeposition in the above-described manner and then submitted to the above-described aluminum dilfusion treatment to form a layer having a total depth of 65u were also subjected to thermal shock tests to examine their liability to crack.
  • the turbine blades were aiiixed to a wheel which was rotated.
  • Two burners operated with kerosene generated a peak temperature of 1050" C. on the surface of the turbine blades. After having passed through the burner zones the turbine blades were quenched to about 150 C. by exposing them to a blast of compressed air. The heating time in each case was 60 seconds and the quenching time was also 60 seconds.
  • the turbine blades were subjected to mechanical stresses by mounting them eccentrically on the rotating wheel and thereby subjecting the trailing edges of the turbine blades to tension.
  • the turbine blades provided with the protective diffusion layer according to the invention shown no damage due to cracking or chipping.
  • the appearance of the protective surface layer when inspected by the naked eye was still excellent after 10,000 temperature reversals, whereas after the fel number of temperature reversals blades that had been provided with other conventional types of surface protection had scaled surfaces as well as cracks.
  • a process according to claim 1 wherein the heating is at about 900 C. to about 1200 C. for about 2 to about 10 hours.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

NICKEL AND/OR COBALT-BASED ALLOYS ARE GIVEN A PROTECTIVE COATING BY DIFFUSING INTO THE SURFACE OF THE ALLOY METALLIC ALUMINUM AND ONE OR MORE METALS OF THE PLATINUM GROUP.

Description

July 18, 1972 K. BUNGARDT ETAI- 3,677,789
PROTECTIVE DIFFUSION LAYER ON NICKEL AND/OR COBALT-BASED ALLOYS Filed Sept. l0, 1969 Q. (u I INVENTORS axe/VEYS United States Patent Oce U.S. Cl. 117-22 4 Claims ABSTRACT F 'IHE DISCLOSURE Nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys are given a protective coating by diffusing into the surface of the alloy metallic aluminum and one or more metals of the platinum group.
This invention relates to the production of high-temperature corrosion and scale-resistant protective diffusion layers on parts made of high-temperature nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys, and to methods of producing such layers.
Parts exposed to the action of corrosive media at high temperatures as well as to mechanical stress, for example turbine blades, are conventionally made of high temperature alloys based on nickel and/or cobalt, and are provided with a protective layer produced by diffusion to render them resistant to corrosion and scaling and thereby to prolong their useful life. For the formation of the protective layer aluminum is preferentially diffused into the surface of such parts. Although parts that have been thus aluminized are particularly resistant to corrosion and scaling, their life, particularly turbine blades, is not as long as would be desirable.
It is therefore the object of the invention to provide parts made of high-temperature alloys that are based on nickel and/or cobalt and that are to be subjected to high mechanical stress and to attack by corrosive media, with a surface layer that will prolong the life of such parts which, primarily due to scaling, will otherwise have a restricted life.
For achieving this object, the present invention provides a protective layer by diffusing into the surface of the parts that are to be protected aluminum and one or more metals of the platinum group of elements, particularly platinum, rhodium and palladium. Tests have shown that parts provided with a protective layer according to the invention have a longer life in service compared with parts into which aluminum alone has been diffused in conventional manner.
According to the invention, one or more metals of the platinum groups is first applied to the surface of the part that is to be protected in the form of a coating at least 7p. thick, and in a following diffusion heat treatment aluminum is then diffused into the surface together with the metal or metals of the platinum group already deposited. Thus in the said method, the surface of the part that is to be protected is first coated with a metal or metals of the platinum group, and this metal or these metals of the platinum group are then diffused into the surface simultaneously with the aluminum. The said coating of one or more metals of the platinum group may be provided either electrolytically, or by dipping, spraying, vapor deposition or by mechanical plating. During the following diffusion treatment the metal forming this coating together with the aluminum then diffuses into the surface of the part that is to be protected and forms a high-temperature scale-resistant protective layer on the part.
3,677,789 Patented July 18, 1972 In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the invention the parts that have been provided with a coating of one or more metals of the platinum group may be embedded for the diffusion treatment in a powder mixture containing metallic aluminum.
In general diffusion may be effected by heating between about 900 C. and about 1200 C. for about 2 hours to about 10 hours.
The advantages that can be secured by the invention are illustrated by the diagram of the accompanying drawing, wherein the amount of scale formed in mg./sq. cm. is plotted against the time the part is in operative use at 1100 C. Test pieces provided with a diffusion layer according to the invention Were compared with parts having surfaces that were either left unprotected or that had been protected with a conventional diffused layer of aluminum.
The test pieces consisted of an alloy containing 0.12% carbon, less than 0.25% silicon, less than 0.25% manganese, 13.5% chromium, 4.5% molybdenum, 6.25% aluminum, 0.3% niobium/tantalum, less than 1.0% cobalt, 0.9% titanium, less than 1.5% iron, traces of boron and zirconium, the remainder being nickel.
The test pieces that had been provided with the protective diffusion layer were first subjected to a preliminary treatment consisting of wet blasting, degreasing in a cyanide bath l0 seconds cathodically and 30 seconds anodically, followed by rinsing in water and anodic pickling at 40 C. first 3 seconds in a 10% by volume H280.,l bath followed by rinsing in water and then 30 seconds cathodically and 10 seconds anodically, pickling in a 10% by weight solution NaOH bath, followed by rinsing in water.
For the production of the diffusion layer according to the invention the test pieces were then platinum coated in a bath consisting of 13 g./l. of hexachloroplatinic acid, HzPtCls, 45 g./l. of triammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, 240 g./l. of di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4.
The temperature of the bath was 65 C., the current density 9.0 amp/dm. and the Voltage 1.5 volts. Different thicknesses of the platinum coating were provided by altering the treatment times accordingly.
After having been platinum coated, the parts were heat treated first for 2 hours at 260 C. and then for 3 hours at 400 C. to drive off hydrogen and to reduce the hardness of the platinum coating. Finally the surface was degreased by rinsing in methanol.
The test pieces which had thus been heated according to the invention, together with the control pieces, were then submitted to an aluminum dliffusion treatment. The pieces were packed into a powder mixture consisting of 5% aluminum and 95% A1203 and diffusion treated for 21/2 hours at 1100 C. under hydrogen as a protective gas.
The accompanying diagram reveals the difference in scale formation between completely untreated parts, parts that had been merely diffusion treated with aluminumy and parts that had been provided with the protective layer according to the invention, the considerable superiority of which is apparent. Whereas the untreated parts underwent considerable deterioration due to scaling after 20 to 30 hours at the test temperature of 1l00 C., parts that had been subjected to aluminum diffusion in conventional manner did not begin to scale until much later. However, the scaling resistance of the parts provided with the protective layer according to the invention was several times better than the best of the comparative test pieces. Thus when a 7a platinum layers had been applied the parts still disclosed significant scaling after 1000 hours.
When considering the diagram it is to be noted that the areas surrounded by full lines and by dashed lines are the areas of scatter of the results achieved with untreated parts and with parts that had been exclusively aluminized by dilusion, whereas the other indicated lines for parts provided with the protective layers according to the invention relate to individual tests and do not comprise an area of scatter. However, the tendency of the test pieces that had been provided with the ditfusiton layer according to the invention to last longer is very clearly apparent.
Turbine blades made of the above-specied base material provided with a 7n platinumv coating by electrodeposition in the above-described manner and then submitted to the above-described aluminum dilfusion treatment to form a layer having a total depth of 65u were also subjected to thermal shock tests to examine their liability to crack. For this purpose the turbine blades were aiiixed to a wheel which was rotated. Two burners operated with kerosene generated a peak temperature of 1050" C. on the surface of the turbine blades. After having passed through the burner zones the turbine blades were quenched to about 150 C. by exposing them to a blast of compressed air. The heating time in each case was 60 seconds and the quenching time was also 60 seconds.
Simultaneously with this exposure to thermal stress, the turbine blades were subjected to mechanical stresses by mounting them eccentrically on the rotating wheel and thereby subjecting the trailing edges of the turbine blades to tension.
After 10,000 temperature reversals, the turbine blades provided with the protective diffusion layer according to the invention shown no damage due to cracking or chipping. The appearance of the protective surface layer when inspected by the naked eye was still excellent after 10,000 temperature reversals, whereas after the samt number of temperature reversals blades that had been provided with other conventional types of surface protection had scaled surfaces as well as cracks.
What we claim is:
1. A method of preparing an object made of an alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel based alloys, cobalt based alloys and nickel/cobalt based alloys having a protective diffusion layer thereon and into the surface thereof, said diffusion layer consisting of the nickel based, cobalt based, or nickel/cobalt based alloy, aluminum and at least one metal of the platinum group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium, com prising coating said alloy with a layer at least 3 microns thick of said platinum group metal, embedding said coated alloy in a powder mixture containing metallic aluminum and then heating to diiuse both said aluminum and said platinum group metal into the surface of said alloy.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the heating is at about 900 C. to about 1200 C. for about 2 to about 10 hours.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said platinum group metal layer is at least 7 microns thick.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein said powder mixture consists of metallic aluminum and aluminum oxide.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,809,127 10/1957 Gibson 117-71 M 2,887,420 5/1959 Llewelyn et al. 117-22 X 3,066,042 11/1962 Ogden 117-131 X 3,219,474 11/1965 Priceman et al. 117-71 M 3,415,672 10/1968 Levinstein et al. 117-71 M 3,494,748 2/1970 Todd 117-131 X 3,107,175 10/1963 Cape 117-22 X ALFRED L. LEAVI'IT, Primary Examiner J. R. BATTEN, IR., Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
29-194, 197; 117-71 M, 130 R, 131; 204-37 R, 38 S
US856539A 1968-09-14 1969-09-10 Protective diffusion layer on nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys Expired - Lifetime US3677789A (en)

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DE1796175A DE1796175C2 (en) 1968-09-14 1968-09-14 High temperature corrosion and scaling resistant diffusion protection layer on objects made of high temperature alloys based on nickel and / or cobalt

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US3961910A (en) * 1973-05-25 1976-06-08 Chromalloy American Corporation Rhodium-containing superalloy coatings and methods of making same
US3979273A (en) * 1975-05-27 1976-09-07 United Technologies Corporation Method of forming aluminide coatings on nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloys
US3999956A (en) * 1975-02-21 1976-12-28 Chromalloy American Corporation Platinum-rhodium-containing high temperature alloy coating
US4123566A (en) * 1976-12-20 1978-10-31 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. NA/S Cell reactant container with metal aluminide coating
US4221845A (en) * 1978-03-04 1980-09-09 Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler Process for pretreatment of light metals before galvanization
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US5492726A (en) * 1993-11-19 1996-02-20 Walbar Inc. Platinum group silicide modified aluminide coating process and products
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US5652044A (en) * 1992-03-05 1997-07-29 Rolls Royce Plc Coated article
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EP1099775A1 (en) * 1999-11-12 2001-05-16 General Electric Company Platinum aluminide coating for cobalt-based superalloys
WO2001098561A2 (en) 2000-06-21 2001-12-27 Howmet Research Corporation Graded platinum diffusion aluminide coating
US6458473B1 (en) 1997-01-21 2002-10-01 General Electric Company Diffusion aluminide bond coat for a thermal barrier coating system and method therefor
US6495271B1 (en) 1993-03-01 2002-12-17 General Electric Company Spallation-resistant protective layer on high performance alloys
US20040229072A1 (en) * 2002-12-16 2004-11-18 Murphy Kenneth S. Nickel base superalloy
US20070122647A1 (en) * 2005-11-28 2007-05-31 Russo Vincent J Duplex gas phase coating
US20080003129A1 (en) * 2003-05-16 2008-01-03 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. High-temperature coatings with pt metal modified gamma-ni +gamma'-ni3al alloy compositions
US20080057339A1 (en) * 2004-08-18 2008-03-06 Iowa State University Reasearch Foundation, Inc. High-temperature coatings and bulk alloys with pt metal modified gamma-ni + gamma'-ni3al alloys having hot-corrosion resistance
EP1939318A2 (en) 2006-12-27 2008-07-02 General Electric Company Carburization process for stabilizing nickel-based superalloys
EP1956116A1 (en) 1998-07-30 2008-08-13 Howmet Research Corporation Removal of thermal barrier coatings
US20090226613A1 (en) * 2004-12-15 2009-09-10 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Methods for making high-temperature coatings having pt metal modified gamma-ni + gamma'-ni3al alloy compositions and a reactive element
EP2796593A2 (en) 2013-04-26 2014-10-29 Howmet Corporation Internal airfoil component electroplating
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FR2757181B1 (en) * 1996-12-12 1999-02-12 Snecma PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A HIGH EFFICIENCY PROTECTIVE COATING AGAINST HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION FOR SUPERALLOYS, PROTECTIVE COATING OBTAINED BY THIS PROCESS AND PARTS PROTECTED BY THIS COATING
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DE19820944A1 (en) * 1998-04-30 1999-11-11 Manuel Hertter Catalyst for reducing metal oxides
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AT285277B (en) 1970-10-27
BE736266A (en) 1969-12-31
CH518376A (en) 1972-01-31
GB1210026A (en) 1970-10-28
NL165223C (en) 1981-03-16
NL165223B (en) 1980-10-15
NL6913933A (en) 1970-03-17
FR2018097A1 (en) 1970-05-29
DE1796175C2 (en) 1974-05-30
DE1796175B1 (en) 1971-07-01
SE344766B (en) 1972-05-02

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