US3140162A - Anti-icing agent - Google Patents
Anti-icing agent Download PDFInfo
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- US3140162A US3140162A US145973A US14597361A US3140162A US 3140162 A US3140162 A US 3140162A US 145973 A US145973 A US 145973A US 14597361 A US14597361 A US 14597361A US 3140162 A US3140162 A US 3140162A
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- fuel
- additive
- hydrocarbon
- ice formation
- fuels
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
- C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
Definitions
- This invention relates to additives for reducing ice formation temperature, and for inhibiting carburetor icing tendency, in hydrocarbon fuels containing entrained water. More particularly the invention relates to hydrocarbon fuels containing minor portions of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate.
- An object of this invention is to provide an additive to inhibit ice formation in aviation fuels at the low temperatures encountered under extreme flying conditions.
- an object is to provide an additive for reducing ice formation temperature of hydrocarbon liquids containing entrained water.
- an object is to provide an additive which can reduce the ice formation temperature in water saturated jet engine fuel at least to 65 F., a temperature near the extreme of low temperatures encountered in high altitude flying.
- Another object is to provide an additive to inhibit carburetor icing tendency in gasolines containing small amounts of entrained water.
- Another object is to provide fuels containing this additive.
- the ice formation temperature of water saturated hydrocarbon liquids especially jet fuels can be lowered by addition of a small amount of 2,2,4- trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate to the hydrocarbon liquid.
- the material must be able to reduce ice formation temperature to -6S F., or to inhibit carburetor icing tendency, without imparting corrosive or other deleterious properties to the fuel and without deleterious effect on its function as a fuel.
- the additive mentioned above is suitable in these respects when added in small amounts.
- a jet fuel having an ice formation temperature of -65 F., or lower consists of a hydrocarbon jet fuel, for instance JP-4 jet fuel, to which has been added a small amount of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate. While We have been concerned primarily with the problem of reducing ice formation temperatures in jet fuels, it is to be understood that the additive of the invention may be added to other liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel to perform the function of reducing ice formation temperature.
- the amount of additive needed to lower ice formation temperature will depend upon a number of factors including the desired depression of ice formation temperature and the characteristics of the fuel being treated; the amount will have to be determined for each particular application.
- JP-4 jet fuel which we have selected for testing, from 0.10 to 0.25 volume percent of the additive of the invention was sufficient to reduce ice formation temperature to F.
- the following example illustrates the invention by reference to a preferred embodiment.
- Example I A sample of JP-4 jet fuel was saturated with water.
- the saturated sample contained ppm. plus 2 ml. of water per gallon of fuel.
- a control portion of this sample was tested by the modified procedure described above to determine ice formation temperature. The temperature was lowered until formation of ice crystals in the sample was observed. This occurred at -54 F.
- To another portion of the saturated sample was added 0.10 volume percent of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate. This portion was tested by the same method.
- the ice formation temperature was 68 F.
- Depression of ice formation temperature of JP-4 jet fuels will occur when an amount of from about 0.01 to about 0.5% by weight of the additive of the invention is added to the fuel.
- the degree of depression will increase, though not necessarily proportionally, as the amount of additive present is increased within this range. For other fuels the range of elfective addition may be greater.
- 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate as an additive for hydrocarbon fuels.
- 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate When added to gasolines in small amounts of about 15% by volume, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate will not only reduce ice formation temperature but will also inhibit carburetor icing tendency in the motor fuel.
- Carburetor icing is caused when gasoline is vaporized in the carburetor. The reduction of temperature caused by vaporization of the gasoline causes Water entrained in the gasoline to condense and freeze in the carburetor.
- additive is required than is usually necessary to obtain effective depression of ice formation temperature.
- 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate was found to cause less carburetor icing than did a sample of the same gasoline without an additive.
- the additive may be added to hydrocarbon fuels by simply mixing the fuel and the additive together.
- hydrocarbon liquids contemplated by this invention are those petroleum fractions ordinarily used as fuels in internal combustion piston and jet engines. Such fuels seldom have a distillation end point above 600- 650 F. and are low-viscosity liquids unsuitable for lubricant uses.
- JP-4 fuel and some other jet engine fuels among the kind contemplated are described in Military Specification Mill5624D. Gasolines for use in automotive and aircraft piston engines are described in numerous available literature references.
- the additive of this invention may be prepared by reacting 2,2,4-trirnethylpentanediol and 1,3-pelargonic acid by the method described in US. Patent No. 2,798,- 083 to Bell and Lappin, patented July 2, 1957.
- a hydrocarbon fuel comprising a major portion of hydrocarbon liquid having a distillation end point below 650 F. and at least 0.01 volume percent based on the hydrocarbon volume of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate.
- a hydrocarbon fuel comprising a major portion of a hydrocarbon jet-engine fuel and from about 0.01 to about 0.50 volume percent of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate.
- a hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of gasoline and about 2.0% by volume of 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pen- 1O tanediol-dipelargonate.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Description
United States Patent Oifice 3,140,162 Patented July 7, 1964 3,140,162 ANTI-ICING AGENT Donald A. Maxwell and Ben N. Stuckey, Kingsport,
Tenn., assignors to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y., a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Filed Oct. 18, 1961, Ser. No. 145,973 4 Claims. (Cl. 44-66) This invention relates to additives for reducing ice formation temperature, and for inhibiting carburetor icing tendency, in hydrocarbon fuels containing entrained water. More particularly the invention relates to hydrocarbon fuels containing minor portions of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate.
A problem with modern aviation fuels, particularly jet engine fuels, has been the formation of ice crystals in the fuel at extremely low temperatures. At low temperatures encountered in high altitude flying, water entrained even in small amounts in the liquid fuel will form ice crystals that tend to accumulate, restricting fuel lines and fuel tank drains. The temperature at which these crystals begin to form in the fuel is called the ice formation temperature.
An object of this invention, therefore, is to provide an additive to inhibit ice formation in aviation fuels at the low temperatures encountered under extreme flying conditions. Broadly, an object is to provide an additive for reducing ice formation temperature of hydrocarbon liquids containing entrained water. Particularly, an object is to provide an additive which can reduce the ice formation temperature in water saturated jet engine fuel at least to 65 F., a temperature near the extreme of low temperatures encountered in high altitude flying. Another object is to provide an additive to inhibit carburetor icing tendency in gasolines containing small amounts of entrained water. Another object is to provide fuels containing this additive.
We have found that the ice formation temperature of water saturated hydrocarbon liquids especially jet fuels can be lowered by addition of a small amount of 2,2,4- trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate to the hydrocarbon liquid. To be suitable as an additive for depressing the ice formation temperature of jet fuels or as an additive for inhibiting carburetor icing tendency in gasolines, the material must be able to reduce ice formation temperature to -6S F., or to inhibit carburetor icing tendency, without imparting corrosive or other deleterious properties to the fuel and without deleterious effect on its function as a fuel. We have found that the additive mentioned above is suitable in these respects when added in small amounts. In one preferred embodiment of the invention a jet fuel having an ice formation temperature of -65 F., or lower consists of a hydrocarbon jet fuel, for instance JP-4 jet fuel, to which has been added a small amount of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate. While We have been concerned primarily with the problem of reducing ice formation temperatures in jet fuels, it is to be understood that the additive of the invention may be added to other liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel to perform the function of reducing ice formation temperature.
To determine the ice formation temperature of fuels containing the additive of the invention we have employed the apparatus of ASTM Test D97-57 for determining pour point. The procedure of that test is modilied to determine ice formation temperature. The temperature of the sample is reduced to the temperature at which formation of ice crystals is first observed in the fuel sample.
The amount of additive needed to lower ice formation temperature will depend upon a number of factors including the desired depression of ice formation temperature and the characteristics of the fuel being treated; the amount will have to be determined for each particular application. For the JP-4 jet fuel, which we have selected for testing, from 0.10 to 0.25 volume percent of the additive of the invention was sufficient to reduce ice formation temperature to F. The following example illustrates the invention by reference to a preferred embodiment.
Example I A sample of JP-4 jet fuel Was saturated with water. The saturated sample contained ppm. plus 2 ml. of water per gallon of fuel. A control portion of this sample was tested by the modified procedure described above to determine ice formation temperature. The temperature was lowered until formation of ice crystals in the sample was observed. This occurred at -54 F. To another portion of the saturated sample was added 0.10 volume percent of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate. This portion was tested by the same method. The ice formation temperature was 68 F.
Depression of ice formation temperature of JP-4 jet fuels will occur when an amount of from about 0.01 to about 0.5% by weight of the additive of the invention is added to the fuel. The degree of depression will increase, though not necessarily proportionally, as the amount of additive present is increased within this range. For other fuels the range of elfective addition may be greater.
An additional and somewhat related function has been discovered for 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate as an additive for hydrocarbon fuels. When added to gasolines in small amounts of about 15% by volume, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate will not only reduce ice formation temperature but will also inhibit carburetor icing tendency in the motor fuel. Carburetor icing is caused when gasoline is vaporized in the carburetor. The reduction of temperature caused by vaporization of the gasoline causes Water entrained in the gasoline to condense and freeze in the carburetor. To inhibit this carburetor-icing effect in gasolines, a greater amount of additive is required than is usually necessary to obtain effective depression of ice formation temperature. When added to a gasoline in an amount of about 2% by volume, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate was found to cause less carburetor icing than did a sample of the same gasoline without an additive. The additive may be added to hydrocarbon fuels by simply mixing the fuel and the additive together.
The hydrocarbon liquids contemplated by this invention are those petroleum fractions ordinarily used as fuels in internal combustion piston and jet engines. Such fuels seldom have a distillation end point above 600- 650 F. and are low-viscosity liquids unsuitable for lubricant uses. JP-4 fuel and some other jet engine fuels among the kind contemplated are described in Military Specification Mill5624D. Gasolines for use in automotive and aircraft piston engines are described in numerous available literature references.
The additive of this invention may be prepared by reacting 2,2,4-trirnethylpentanediol and 1,3-pelargonic acid by the method described in US. Patent No. 2,798,- 083 to Bell and Lappin, patented July 2, 1957.
The invention has been described by reference to specific examples, it being understood that variations and modifications can be made Within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
We claim:
1. A hydrocarbon fuel comprising a major portion of hydrocarbon liquid having a distillation end point below 650 F. and at least 0.01 volume percent based on the hydrocarbon volume of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedioldipelargonate.
2. A hydrocarbon fuel comprising a major portion of a hydrocarbon jet-engine fuel and from about 0.01 to about 0.50 volume percent of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate.
3. A gasoline containing from about 1 to about 5 percent by Weight of 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol-dipelargonate.
4. A hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of gasoline and about 2.0% by volume of 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pen- 1O tanediol-dipelargonate.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Bell et a1. July 2, 1957 Moore Nov. 22, 1960
Claims (1)
1. A HYDROCARBON FUEL COMPRISING A MAJOR PORTION OF HYDROCARBON LIQUID HAVING A DISTILLATION END POINT BELOW 650*F. AND AT LEAST 0.01 VOLUME PERCENT BASED ON THE HYDROCARBON VOLUME OF 2,2,4-TRIMETHYL-1,3-PENTANEDIOLDIPELARGONATE.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US145973A US3140162A (en) | 1961-10-18 | 1961-10-18 | Anti-icing agent |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US145973A US3140162A (en) | 1961-10-18 | 1961-10-18 | Anti-icing agent |
Publications (1)
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US3140162A true US3140162A (en) | 1964-07-07 |
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US145973A Expired - Lifetime US3140162A (en) | 1961-10-18 | 1961-10-18 | Anti-icing agent |
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Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2798083A (en) * | 1954-02-03 | 1957-07-02 | Eastman Kodak Co | Synthetic ester lubricants |
US2961309A (en) * | 1959-02-24 | 1960-11-22 | Shell Oil Co | Gasoline composition |
-
1961
- 1961-10-18 US US145973A patent/US3140162A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2798083A (en) * | 1954-02-03 | 1957-07-02 | Eastman Kodak Co | Synthetic ester lubricants |
US2961309A (en) * | 1959-02-24 | 1960-11-22 | Shell Oil Co | Gasoline composition |
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