US2839437A - Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating - Google Patents
Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2839437A US2839437A US503013A US50301355A US2839437A US 2839437 A US2839437 A US 2839437A US 503013 A US503013 A US 503013A US 50301355 A US50301355 A US 50301355A US 2839437 A US2839437 A US 2839437A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tin
- tin coating
- coating
- producing
- dull
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 41
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000005028 tinplate Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- -1 alkali metal nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- PSBDWGZCVUAZQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dimethylsulfonio)acetate Chemical compound C[S+](C)CC([O-])=O PSBDWGZCVUAZQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005226 mechanical processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method of treating electrolytic tin plate to maintain a dull surface thereon during and after reflowing of the tin, and is more particularly concerned with a thermochemical method for achieving that result.
- Tin plate produced by the Well-known hot-dip process has a bright, lustrous surface.
- Electrodeposited tin has a matte or gray appearance, devoid of brightness or luster.
- the tin coating of electrolytic tin plate is brightened and rendered lustrous by raising the temperature of the tin until it melts or flows and then quenching the tin plate in water or other cooling medium to solidify the tin coating from the fused condition.
- Electrolytic tin plate iscommercially made as continuous strip by high speed continuous electroplating and brightening processes. The latter are usually carried out by passing the tinned strip vertically downwardly through heating means and into a quench tank of water or other medium.
- Tin plate so produced has a bright, lustrous surface corresponding to that of hot-dipped tin plate.
- tin plate having a surface which, although smooth, is not as bright as that of hot-dipped tin plate or electrolytic tin plate flow-brightened.
- Such a surface is referred to hereinafter as a dull surface.
- a dull surface is produced by mechanical processes, such as rolling the 'base metal before tinning with shot-blasted rolls to produce a controlled surface roughness, but such processes are expensive and do not produce tin plate of the smoothness desired.
- the contrast between such surfaces and flow-brightened surfaces is not as great as is frequently desired.
- a dilute aqueous solution of sodium nitrite may be applied 'by dipping the tin plate in a tank, by spraying, or by roll transfer methods which may produce a solid or intermittent pattern, as desired.
- the tin plate so treated is then dried, preferably in a conventional hot air drier, so as to evaporate the water from the treating solution and leave the sodium nitrite on the surface of the tin coating. It is necessary that the surface of the tin plate be completely dried if a uniform dull surface is to be produced.
- the tin plate so treated and dried is then flow-brightened in the conventional manner byheating to a temperature suflicient to flow the tin coating and then quenching til in water or other medium so as to solidify the tin from its fused or flowed state. After quenching, the surface of the tin exhibits a dull appearance which is readily distinguishable from bright tin plate by its silvery or satin finish luster.
- the single figure of the drawing illustrates schematically an arrangement of apparatus suitable for carrying out the process of my invention.
- the matte finish strip 1 from the electroplating apparatus is passed into a tank 2 which contains a hot rinse solution.
- the strip 1 passes through wringer rolls 3 which remove excess rinse solution and thence to roller coater apparatus 4 which applies the oxidizing agent, for example, a dilute aqueous solution of sodium. nitrite, to the surface of the strip.
- the strip then passes through a dryer 5, which may be a conventional hot air dryer, in which the water from the treating solution is evaporated.
- the treated strip 1 then passes over a horizontal roll 6 and vertically downward through flow-brightening apparatus 8, which may be induction heating means, and into a tank 9 provided with quenching liquid where it passes under a horizontal roll 7 in the quench tank and from thence upwardly outward.
- flow-brightening apparatus 8 which may be induction heating means
- My dilute aqueous solutions of oxidizing agents above mentioned need not contain more than 15% by weight of the oxidizing agent or mixture of agents and may contain less. If the tin plate is dipped into a tank containing the solution, a satisfactory dull finish is produced with no more than about 8% by weight of the oxidizing agent. On the other hand, if the solution is applied by a roll coating device which puts on a very thin coating, it requires up to about 15% of the oxidizing agent, as has been mentioned.
- a method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, drying the solution on the tin coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coatmg.
- an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof
- a method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, evaporating the water from said solution, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and the quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
- an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof
- a method of producing a dull finish fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising providing on, the matte tin coating a film of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali with the oxidizing agent and then quenching thetin plate so as to solidify: the tineoating.
- a method :of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, in amount between about 8% and about 15% by weight, drying the solution on the tin-coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufficient to flow the tin and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
- an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof
- a method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of sodium nitrite, drying the solution on the tin coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
Description
June 17, 1958 J. M. MANKO 2,839,437
METHOD OF PRODUCING A DULL FINISHED FUSED TIN COATING Filed April 21, 1955 IN VENTOR.
JOSEPH M. MANKO ATTORNEY United States Patent Office 2,839,437 Patented June 1 7, 1958 lVIETHOD OF PRODUCING A DULL FINISHED FUSED TIN COATING Joseph M. Manko, Edgeworth, Pa., assignor to Jones &
Langhlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa., 2 corporation of Pennsylvania Application April 21, 1955, Serial No. 503,013 5 Claims. (Cl. 148--6.14)
This invention relates to a method of treating electrolytic tin plate to maintain a dull surface thereon during and after reflowing of the tin, and is more particularly concerned with a thermochemical method for achieving that result.
Tin plate produced by the Well-known hot-dip process has a bright, lustrous surface. Electrodeposited tin has a matte or gray appearance, devoid of brightness or luster. Conventionally the tin coating of electrolytic tin plate is brightened and rendered lustrous by raising the temperature of the tin until it melts or flows and then quenching the tin plate in water or other cooling medium to solidify the tin coating from the fused condition. Electrolytic tin plate iscommercially made as continuous strip by high speed continuous electroplating and brightening processes. The latter are usually carried out by passing the tinned strip vertically downwardly through heating means and into a quench tank of water or other medium. Tin plate so produced has a bright, lustrous surface corresponding to that of hot-dipped tin plate. For some purposes, however, it is desirable to produce tin plate having a surface which, although smooth, is not as bright as that of hot-dipped tin plate or electrolytic tin plate flow-brightened. Such a surface is referred to hereinafter as a dull surface. conventionally a dull surface is produced by mechanical processes, such as rolling the 'base metal before tinning with shot-blasted rolls to produce a controlled surface roughness, but such processes are expensive and do not produce tin plate of the smoothness desired. Furthermore, the contrast between such surfaces and flow-brightened surfaces is not as great as is frequently desired.
It is an object of my invention, therefore, to provide a process of producing a dull finish on flow-brightened tin plate by thermochemical action. It is another object to provide such a process which does not reduce the smoothness of the tin coating. It is another object of my invention to provide such a process which produces a dull surface without reduction in smoothness of the underlying steel base. It is another object to provide such a process which produces a dull surface having a high degree of contrast with flow-brightened surfaces. Other objects of my invention will appear in the course of the following description thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of my process I treat the matte finish tin plate with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium nitrite. This solution may be applied 'by dipping the tin plate in a tank, by spraying, or by roll transfer methods which may produce a solid or intermittent pattern, as desired. The tin plate so treated is then dried, preferably in a conventional hot air drier, so as to evaporate the water from the treating solution and leave the sodium nitrite on the surface of the tin coating. It is necessary that the surface of the tin plate be completely dried if a uniform dull surface is to be produced.
The tin plate so treated and dried is then flow-brightened in the conventional manner byheating to a temperature suflicient to flow the tin coating and then quenching til in water or other medium so as to solidify the tin from its fused or flowed state. After quenching, the surface of the tin exhibits a dull appearance which is readily distinguishable from bright tin plate by its silvery or satin finish luster.
The single figure of the drawing illustrates schematically an arrangement of apparatus suitable for carrying out the process of my invention. In this figure the matte finish strip 1 from the electroplating apparatus is passed into a tank 2 which contains a hot rinse solution. From tank 2 the strip 1 passes through wringer rolls 3 which remove excess rinse solution and thence to roller coater apparatus 4 which applies the oxidizing agent, for example, a dilute aqueous solution of sodium. nitrite, to the surface of the strip. The strip then passes through a dryer 5, which may be a conventional hot air dryer, in which the water from the treating solution is evaporated. The treated strip 1 then passes over a horizontal roll 6 and vertically downward through flow-brightening apparatus 8, which may be induction heating means, and into a tank 9 provided with quenching liquid where it passes under a horizontal roll 7 in the quench tank and from thence upwardly outward.
Although I prefer to use a solution of sodium nitrite in the process of my invention, I find that other alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates, and hydrogen peroxide are also satisfactory. Mixtures of the above mentioned reagents are also satisfactory. All the above reagents are recognized oxidizing agents. I have tried aqueous solutions of other oxidizing agents but do not find them satisfactory in my process. No aqueous solution of oxidizing agent which I have tried will react with tin at normal room temperature with any degree of rapidity. In the flow-brightening operation the tin is raised to its melting temperature for a few seconds and under these conditions only the oxidizing agents I employ react s-ufiiciently with the tin to produce the dull surface I have described.
My dilute aqueous solutions of oxidizing: agents above mentioned need not contain more than 15% by weight of the oxidizing agent or mixture of agents and may contain less. If the tin plate is dipped into a tank containing the solution, a satisfactory dull finish is produced with no more than about 8% by weight of the oxidizing agent. On the other hand, if the solution is applied by a roll coating device which puts on a very thin coating, it requires up to about 15% of the oxidizing agent, as has been mentioned.
l-claimz l. A method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, drying the solution on the tin coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coatmg.
2. A method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, evaporating the water from said solution, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and the quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
3. A method of producing a dull finish fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising providing on, the matte tin coating a film of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali with the oxidizing agent and then quenching thetin plate so as to solidify: the tineoating.
4. A method :of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrites, alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal chlorates and hydrogen peroxide, and mixtures thereof, in amount between about 8% and about 15% by weight, drying the solution on the tin-coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufficient to flow the tin and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
4 5. A method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating on electrolytic tin plate comprising applying to the matte tin coating a dilute aqueous solution of sodium nitrite, drying the solution on the tin coating, then heating the tin coating to a temperature sufiicient to flow the tin, and then quenching the tin plate so as to solidify the tin coating.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,303,035 Fink Nov. 24, 1942 2,424,034 Hopper July 15, 1947 2,458,525 Nachtman Jan. 11, 1949
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD OF PRODUCING A DULL FINISHED FUSED TIN COATING ON ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE COMPRISING APPLYING TO THE MATTE TIN COATING A DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF AN OXIDIZING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKALIMETAL NITRITES, ALKALI METAL NITRATES, ALKALI METAL CHLORATES AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AND MIXTURES THEREOF, DRYING THE SOLUTION ON THE TIN COATING, THEN HEATING THE TIN COATING TO A TEMPERATURE SUFFICIENT TO FLOW THE TIN, AND THEN QUENCHING THE TIN PLATE SO AS TO SOLIDIFY THE TIN COATING.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US503013A US2839437A (en) | 1955-04-21 | 1955-04-21 | Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US503013A US2839437A (en) | 1955-04-21 | 1955-04-21 | Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2839437A true US2839437A (en) | 1958-06-17 |
Family
ID=24000405
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US503013A Expired - Lifetime US2839437A (en) | 1955-04-21 | 1955-04-21 | Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2839437A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2876176A (en) * | 1956-01-25 | 1959-03-03 | Inland Steel Co | Marking or dulling of tin plate |
| US3074154A (en) * | 1959-11-02 | 1963-01-22 | Inland Steel Co | Tin plate and method of producing |
| US3079275A (en) * | 1959-10-12 | 1963-02-26 | Inland Steel Co | Spray-coating process |
| US3528892A (en) * | 1968-04-08 | 1970-09-15 | Joseph J Mazur | Plating method |
| US3982314A (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1976-09-28 | Kozo Yoshizaki | Method of producing tin coated steel sheet used for seamless steel container |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2303035A (en) * | 1942-09-14 | 1942-11-24 | Crucible Steel Company | Brightening electrodeposited tincontaining coatings |
| US2424034A (en) * | 1943-02-04 | 1947-07-15 | Crucible Steel Co America | Tin-plate brightening apparatus |
| US2458525A (en) * | 1943-05-17 | 1949-01-11 | John S Nachtman | Method and apparatus for brightening tin plate |
-
1955
- 1955-04-21 US US503013A patent/US2839437A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2303035A (en) * | 1942-09-14 | 1942-11-24 | Crucible Steel Company | Brightening electrodeposited tincontaining coatings |
| US2424034A (en) * | 1943-02-04 | 1947-07-15 | Crucible Steel Co America | Tin-plate brightening apparatus |
| US2458525A (en) * | 1943-05-17 | 1949-01-11 | John S Nachtman | Method and apparatus for brightening tin plate |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2876176A (en) * | 1956-01-25 | 1959-03-03 | Inland Steel Co | Marking or dulling of tin plate |
| US3079275A (en) * | 1959-10-12 | 1963-02-26 | Inland Steel Co | Spray-coating process |
| US3074154A (en) * | 1959-11-02 | 1963-01-22 | Inland Steel Co | Tin plate and method of producing |
| US3528892A (en) * | 1968-04-08 | 1970-09-15 | Joseph J Mazur | Plating method |
| US3982314A (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1976-09-28 | Kozo Yoshizaki | Method of producing tin coated steel sheet used for seamless steel container |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US3056694A (en) | Galvanizing process | |
| US3782909A (en) | Corrosion resistant aluminum-zinc coating and method of making | |
| US2533048A (en) | Process of hot dip tinning | |
| US2282511A (en) | Coating cupreous surfaces with tin | |
| US3226315A (en) | Continuous electroplating apparatus | |
| US2839437A (en) | Method of producing a dull finished fused tin coating | |
| US2111826A (en) | Galvanizing process | |
| US2274963A (en) | Process for plating tin and tin alloys | |
| US3123493A (en) | Art of bonding of vacuum metallized coatings | |
| US2276232A (en) | Metal coating process | |
| US3027269A (en) | Process for coating ferrous metal with aluminum | |
| US3149987A (en) | Method of coating metals | |
| US1902493A (en) | Wire making process | |
| US3181963A (en) | Alkali metal borate masking in galvanizing process | |
| US1807875A (en) | Method of electroplating and product thereof | |
| US2876176A (en) | Marking or dulling of tin plate | |
| US3364057A (en) | Metal hydroxide intermediate coating for metal | |
| US3632447A (en) | Metal-treating process | |
| US2418087A (en) | Method of heat-treating electroplated material | |
| US3184326A (en) | Coating of iron and steel | |
| US3062725A (en) | Method of making tin plate | |
| US2738289A (en) | Hot dip aluminum coating process | |
| US1787477A (en) | Process for chromium plating | |
| US2709516A (en) | Drawing compound and method | |
| US2104269A (en) | Metal plating |