US2837991A - Damper construction for air outlets - Google Patents

Description

June 10, 1958 w. c. DE R00 2,837,991

/ DAMPER CONSTRUCTION FOR AIR OUTLETS Filed March 30. 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG. I

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3 INVENTOR. 62 WILLIAM (lDEROO BY W W 3%? June 10, 1958 Filed March 30. 1954 w. c. DE ROO 2,837,991

DAMPER CONSTRUCTION FOR AIR OUTLETS 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 I F |G.3 v 32 40 25 5| 6 4| 4? 2a 3 I 24 5O 'I ul 27 7 32 '34 7 l8 F |G.4 2 2 log 2 l I IN VEN TOR.

5.1 :5 WILLIAM c. DEROO CMWM.

ATT'YS June 10, 1958 w. c. DE R00 2,837,991

DAMPER CONSTRUCTION FOR AIR OUTLETS Filed March 30. 1954 I 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR. WILLIAM C. DEROO United States Patent 0 DAMPER coNsraucrroN non AIR ourrnrs William C. De R00, Hoiland, Micln, assignor to Hart &

Cooley Manufacturing Co., Holland, Micln, a corporation of Delaware Application March 30, 1954, Serial No. 419,761 12 Claims. (CI. 98-40) This invention relates in general to a damper construction for use in regulating the outlets in air COlldltlOIlll'lg systems where either warm or cold air may pass therethrough, and is particularly directed to a novel damper construction for use with ceiling diffusers.

When a heating or air conditioning system is installed, the particular circumstances encountered on the job itself dictate the type of damper control best suited for that system. In many instances it is desirable for the person installing the system to permanently adjust the damper of the ceiling diffuser so that the damper will remain in that position at all times so that the system will be maintained in balance. In other instances it may be desirable to provide a damper control whereby the damper may be adjusted at will by the occupant of the space being heated or cooled.

Heretofore it has been necessary to provide one type of diffuser and damper construction which can be more or less permanently adjusted and still a different type of construction which can be adjusted by the occupant of the space. In most instances which type of diffuser and damper control is to be used cannot be determined until the time of installation. This obviously presents problems in having on hand a number of both types.

These problems have been overcome in the present invention since the damper construction herein is so de signed that it can be used whether a permanent or temporary adjustment is to be made, and a mere substitution of specific control means may take place on thejob since the damper construction will adapt itself readily to either type. 1

In view of the foregoing, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a damper construction for outlets whereby the damper may be set alternately in a position for balancing the system and permitted to remain in that position or may be moved between closed and open positions manually as and when desired by the occupant of the space being heated or cooled.

Another object of the invention is to provide a damper construction for outlets wherein an arrangement of parts is adaptde to be operated by one means for positively retaining the damper in adjusted position, and to be operated by another means which will enable the damper to be moved as and when desired between open and closed positions, said latter means also being arranged to retain the damper temporarily in adjusted position.

A further object of the invention is to provide a damper construction for ceiling diffusers which includes a pair ofdamper blades normally urged toward open position and an operating mechanism for moving said blades wherein said mechanism is so arranged and constructed that it may be operated by eitherone of two devices, one of which is designed to retain the blades in an adjusted position to balance the system in which the diffuser is used, and the other of which is designed to permit manual adjustment of the blades as and when desiredand to retain the blades in such position tempowily 2,337,991 Patented June 10, 1958 Still another object of the invention is to provide a damper construction for ceiling diffusers which includes a pair of damper blades normally urged toward open position and an operating mechanism for said blades including a member having a threaded opening therethrough and movable bodily in one direction to open the blades, and another direction to close the blades, whereby said member may receive either a screw operable to adjust and retain the blades in a position to balance the system in which the diffuser is used, or a chain device operable manually by an occupant of the.

space to adjust the blades as and when desired and to retain the blades in adjusted position temporarily.

Other-objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which- Fig. 1 is a plan view of a ceiling diffuser embodying the present invention with the damper blades shown in closed position;

Fig. 2 is an elevational view of the device of Fig. 1;.

Fig. 3 is a transverse vertical sectional view taken along the plane of line 3-3 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3 but showing the damper blades in open position;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view takenalong the plane of line 5'-5 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a bracket used as a part of the construction;

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary enlarged detail of a part of the blade actuating means;

Fig. 8 is a view similar to Fig. 3 but showing the blade actuating mechanism operated by screw means rather than a chain pull;

Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 8 showing the blades in open position, and

Fig. 10 is a somewhat enlarged fragmentary view of a detail of the blade actuating mechanism of Figs. 8 and 9.

Briefly described, the invention may be said to consist of a damper and damper actuating mechanism capable of being used and operated by two distinctly diiferent types of operating means; For example, one common way of adjusting a damper for a warm air outlet is by means of a chain pull whereby the damper may be completely closed or completely opened or may be retained in any position between those two extremes by locking the chain in the desired position. It is thus convenient for the occupant of the space to adjust the damper at will.

Another means which may be used for adjusting the as used herein with respect to the adjustment of the damper are relative terms since it is a matter of convenience that the occupant may utilize the chain pull at any time for adjusting the blades and thus the main tenance of the damper in adjusted position is only temporary. On the other hand, the use of the screw means is permanent to the extent that the inconvenience of adjusting the blades by an occupant of the space would be such that the damper would remain in the position in which it was placed by the person installing the system at all times.

With the present construction the arrangement of parts is such that either a chain pull or a screw means may be applied for the purpose of adjusting the damper, thereby avoiding the necessity of having two different damper constructions, one for each type of adjustment.

Referring now more particularly to the drawings, the diffuser itself consists of a frame generally indicated by the numeral 1 which is customarily, although not necessarily, circular. The preferred form of such a diffuser frame includes a substantially vertical intermediate portion 2 having an inturned flange 3 at its upper edge, and an outturned flange 4 at its bottom edge. The frame may thus be inserted into an opening in the ceiling or wal-l 5 of a room so that the bottom flange 4 thereof will bear upwardly against the inner face of the ceiling or wall.

In the present construction a support member generally indicated at 6 extends between opposed sides of the frame and acts not only as a support but also as a pivot for the damper blades. This support member 6 has a substantially flat upper surface 7 and ends 8 which overlie the flange 3 ion the main frame. The support may be secured to the frame in any suitable manner, such as by welding or by mechanical means like that shown in Fig. 5. A suitable retainer 9 which may be in the form of an angle as shown, or a washer, may have a part thereof extending below the flange 3 and then secured to the support 6 by means such as screws 10. The support is thus securely clamped in place and secured to the frame. In the em bodiment shown, the support 6 also is provided with downwardly extending spaced side members 10a.

Suitable recesses are provided in the support 6 for the reception of ears formed in the damper blades thereby to provide means for pivoting the blades. The means for pivotally mounting the blades on the support may assume any desired and suitable form, but for purposes of illustration such means may be seen in Fig. 1 as used in the present embodiment.

A recess or slot 11 is cut in one side of the support 6 at the juncture of the top 7 and the adjacent downwardly extending side 1011. A similar slot 12 is cut in the opposite side of the support 6 and an intermediate opening or slot 13 is placed in the top 7 of the support between the slots 11 and 12. A similar arrangement is provided adjacent the opposite end of the support where it will be seen that a slot'14 is located at one side of the support, a similar slot 15 is cut at the opposite side thereof, and an intermediate slot 16 is positioned therebetween.

The damper in the present instance consists of two blades 17 and 18, each of which is substantially semi-circular, and are formed to overlie the flange 3 of the frame when the blades are in. closed position. The damper blade 17 is provided with an ear 19 on its inner edge which is received by the slot 11 and which terminates in an upwardly extending flange received by the slot 13 when the blade is in closed position. A similar ear 20 on blade 17 is received by the slot 14 in the support andhas its flanged edge received by the slot 16 when in closed position.

Similarly, the damper blade 18 is provided with like ears 21 and 22, the ear 21 being received by slot 12 and terminating upwardly in slot 13, and ear 22 being received by slot 15 and having its upturned end received by slot 16 when the blade is in closed position.

It is thus seen that the damper blades 1.7 and 13 are mounted for pivotal movement on the support 6 so that they may be moved downwardly into contact with the flange 3 on the frame when in closed position and may be pivoted upwardly toward each other to the open position thereof.

Suitable means are provided to urge both damper blades normally to open position toward each other. In the present instance such means includes for damper blade 18 an eye 23 formed in the upper surface 7 of support 6, and

another eye 24 extending upwardly from damper blade 18 between which a tension spring 25 is secured. The curvedends of the spring 25 are received within the eyes 23 and 24 and will thus urge the blade 18 upwardly. A similar arrangement is provided for damper blade 17. An eye 26 extends upwardly from the support 6 and another eye 27 is formed in blade 17. The curved ends of a tension spring 28 are received by these respective eyes so that blade 17 will also be urged upwardly to an open position.

A guide member 29 extends upwardly from the support 6 and is mounted thereon for the purpose of guiding the damper blade actuating means. For purposes of illustration, the guide 29 is shown more clearly in Fig. 5 as including the spaced strips of metal 30 and 31 which at their upper ends extend toward each other and are then flanged upwardly in abutting relation, as at 32 and 33, and are then secured together in this position. The bottom ends of the spaced straps or side members 30 and 31 are flanged outwardly as at 34 and 35, respectively, and are secured to the upper face 7 of the support 6 by means such as the screws 36 and 37.

Elongated vertically extending slots 38 and 39 are provided in the respective side members 30 and 31 for the purpose of guiding an actuating member 40 as it moves in a vertical direction.

The actuating member 40 for adjusting the blades prefferably consists of a square nut having small trunnions 41 and 42 extending outwardly from opposite sides thereof which are received by the slots 38 and 39 and which traverse those slots when moved. The nut 40 also has an opening 43 therethrough which is preferably internally threaded for a purpose which will be pointed out more fully hereinafter.

Suitable links are provided and secured. between the actuating member or nut 40 and the respective damper blades so that movement of member 40 in a vertical direction will cause the blades to rotate about their pivots to open or closed position. In the present instance the link arrangement for damper blade 17. includes a slot 44 stamped out of the blade and an elongated depression 45 extending transversely of said slot. A pivot pin 46 is secured in the depression 45 and has mounted thereon one end of a link 47. The opposite end of link 47 is mounted on trunnion 41 of the actuating member or nut 40 and may be clearly seen in the various figures of the drawing.

A similar arrangement is provided for damper blade 18 where it will be noted that slot 48 is provided through the blade, and the depressed portion 49 extends at right angles thereto and across the slot. A pivot pin 50 rests in the slot and is suitably secured thereto and has mounted thereon one end of a link 51. The opposite end of this link is then mounted upon the opposite trunnion 42 of the actuating member 40 so that movement thereof will operate the blade 18.

Thus far then, it will be seen that the springs 25 and 28 will normally urge the damper blades 17 and 18 upwardly to the open position shown in Figs. 4 and 9. When the blades are in this open position the links 47 and 51, being connected with the actuating member 40, will have moved this member upwardly to the upper limit defined by the slots 38 and 39. If the member 40 is forced downwardly by any suitable means, it will be evident that the links 47 and 51 will urge the blades downwardly against the tension of the springs 25 and 28.

To complete the basic structure a substantially U- shaped bracket 52 is mounted on the underside of the support 6 between the sides 10:: thereof. This bracket is clearly shown in Fig. 6 and is illustrated as applied to the support in Fig. 5.

This bracket 52 includes the spaced legs 53 and 54 which are connected at their lower ends by the web 55. The upper ends of the legs are flanged outwardly as at 56 and 57 so that the bracket may be secured to the support 6. In assembling the bracket the flanges 56 and 57 are placed upwardly against the underside of the support 6 and secured thereto by means of the screws 58 and 59.

The web connecting the lower ends of the legs of this bracket is provided with a keyhole opening 60 having the slot 61 extending from one side thereof so that when a chain, pull is used the slot may cooperate with the chain for locking it in any suitable position.

The structure described thus far constitutes the basic structure which may be utilized in a heating or air conditioning system regardless of what means may later be determined as proper for adjusting the position of the blades. That is to say, this basic structure is the same whether the chain pull is used or whether a more permanent setting of the blades is deemed necessary by the use of a screw means.

' Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive illustrate the invention as used with a chain pull, whereas Figs. 8, 9 and i0 illustrate the same basic structure with the use of an elongated screw to adjust the blades. A typical chain is illustrated at 62 in the various figures and is shown as passing downwardly through the opening 43 in the actuating member 40, and opening 63 through the support 6, and the opening 60 in the bracket 52. A small coiled compression spring 64 is positioned on top of the actuating member 40 and a cup 65 is flanged, as at 66, to rest upon the upper end of the spring. The chain 62 has the upper bead thereof within the cup 65 so that a downward pull on the chain will urge the actuating member 40 downwardly to close the damper blades as described above. The purpose of spring 64 is merely to insure that when the blades are in completely closed position, the chain may be given a slight extra pull to permit a link between adjacent beads to be received by the slot 61, whereupon the chain will be locked against the upward pull of the springs and 28.

The foregoing arrangement is adopted by the person installing the system when it is desirable to allow the damper blades to be adjusted at will by the occupant of the space where the particular diffuser is being used. If the engineer determines that it is preferable to balance the system and to maintain the damper blades in an adjusted position more or less permanently, he then dispenses with the chain 62 and its associated spring 64 and "6 that fewer parts need be stocked since the same structure adapts itself for use for either purpose.

Changes may be made in the form, construction and arrangement of parts from those disclosed herein without in any way departing from the spirit of the invention or sacrificing any of the attendant advantages thereof, provided, however, that such changes fall within the scope of the claims appended hereto. I

The invention is hereby claimed as follows:

1. A damper construction for ceiling diffusers and the like comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a pair of opposed damper blades mounted for pivotal movement along the adjacent edges thereof toward each other and away from said frame to open position, and away from each other toward said frame to closed position, means for continually urging said blades toward each other, guide means, a movable damper actuating member slidably mounted in said guide means, a link connected to each damper blade and to said actuating member, whereby movement of the actuating member toward said frame will close said damper blades, and movement thereof away from said frame will open said blades, and a threaded opening through siad actuating member adapted to receive and threadedly engage a screw for permanently adjusting the position of said blades, said threaded opening also being adapted to have a chain extend therethrough in place of the screw for adjusting said blades and maintaining them temporarily in adjusted position.

2. A damper construction for-ceiling diffusers and the like comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a pair of opposed cup 65, and may use in the place thereof the screw ar- 1 rangement shown in Figs. 8, 9 and 10, to which reference will now be made.

In these latter figures the parts shown are identical with those shown in Figs. 1 to 6 inclusive, except for the chain 62, spring 64 and cup 65. Identical reference numerals have been used to indicate identical parts. In this embodiment of the invention an elongated screw 67 is inserted upwardly through the opening 60 in the bracket, the opening 63 in the support 6 and threadedly engages the opening 43 in the actuating member 40. It will be evident that if the damper blades 17 and 18 are opened by action of springs 25 and 28 as shown in Fig. 9, and the screw 67 is rotated in the normal clockwise direction, the actuating member 44 will move downwardly because the tension of the springs 25 and 28 will tend to main- 1 tain the head of the screw in contact with the web 55 of bracket 52.

When the screw 67 is rotated to move the actuating member downwardly, the trunnions 41 and 42 will traverse the slots 38 .and 39 respectively and the damper blades 17 and 18 will be moved downwardly toward closed position by their respective pivots on the support 6. i It will thus be seen that one who installs the system can utilize the screw 67 to position the damper blades properly for balancing the system. When this device is used it is contemplated that the damper blades will be retained more or less permanently in the position to whichthey have been adjusted.

By furnishing to the engineer installing this system the basic structure together with the chain and spring as Well as the screw, he may utilize either device he deems necessary at the time of installation. It is unnecessary for him to .carry one type of diffuser which can be permanently adjusted and another type of diffuser adapted for utilizing a chain pull. The present invention, therefore, has numerous advantages over structures known .at the present time not only from the standpoint of compactness and ease of operation, but also from the standpoint 75 like comprising, a frame member having an opening damper blades mounted on said frame along the adjacent edges thereof for pivotal movement toward each other away from said frame to open position, and away from each other toward said frame to closed position, yieldable means continually urging said blades toward each other, guide means extending upwardly from said frame at substantially the center thereof and having opposed slots therein, a damper actuating member movable in said guide means, opposed pins on said actuating member adapted to traverse said slots, a link connected to each damper blade and to said actuating member, whereby movement of said actuating member in said guide means toward said frame will close said blades, and movement thereof in said guide means away from said frame will open said blades, and a threaded opening through said actuating member adapted to receive and threadedly engage a screw for permanently adjusting the position ofsaid blades, said threaded opening also being adapted to have a chain extend therethrough in place of the screwffor adjusting said blades and maintaining them temporarily in adjusted position.

3. A damper construction for ceiling diffusers and the like comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a support extending between opposed sides of said frame member and having an opening therethrough, a substantially U-shaped bracket secured to the underside of said support and extending downwardly therefrom and having an opening therethrough in alignment with the opening in said support, damper means movable toward and away from said frame to closed and open positions respectively, a damper actuating member for moving said damper toward and away from said frame, and a threaded opening through said actuating member and in alignment with the openmgs in said bracket and support and adapted to receive and threadedly engage, through said openings, a screw for permanently adjusting the position of said damper, said three last named openings also being adapted to have a chain extend therethrough in place of the screw and secured to said actuating member for adjusting said 1damper and maintaining it temporarily in adjusted posilOIl.

4. A damper construction for ceiling diifusers and the assent therethrough for the passage of air, a support extending between opposed sides of said frame member and havin an opening therethrough, a, substantially U-shaped bracket secured to the underside of said support and extending downwardly therefrom and having a keyhole opening therethrough in alignment with the opening in said support, a pair of opposed damper blades pivotally mounted on said support and movable toward each other to open position and away from each other to closed position, a damper actuating member for moving said blades toward and away from each other, and a threaded opening through said actuating member and in alignment with the openings in said bracket and support and adapted to receive and threadedly engage, through said openings, a screw for permanently adjusting the position of said blades, said three last named openings also being adapted to have a chain extend therethrough in place of the screw and secured to said actuating member for adjusting said blades, said keyhole opening cooperating with the chain for maintaining said blades temporarily in adjusted position.

5. A damper construction for ceiling diffusers and the like comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a support extending between opposed sides of said frame member and having an opening therethrough, a substantially U-shaped bracket secured to the underside of said support and extending downwardly therefrom and having an opening therethrough in alignment with the opening in said support, a pair of opposed damper blades pivotally mounted on said support and movable toward each other to open position and away from each other to closed position, guide means mounted on said support and extending upwardly therefrom, a damper actuating member movable upwardly and downwardly in said guide means, means connecting said actuating member with said blades, a threaded opening in said actuating member, and an elongated screw extending through the openings in said bracket and support and threadedly engaging the opening in said actuating member, whereby rotation of said screw will adjust said blades.

6. A damper construction for ceiling diffusers and the like comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a support extending between opposed sides of said frame member and having an opening therethrough, a substantially U-shaped bracket secured to the underside of said support and extending downwardly therefrom and having a keyhole opening therethrough in alignment with the opening in said support, a pair of opposed damper blades piv'otally mounted on said support and movable toward each other to open position and away from each other to closed position, yieldable means normally urging said blades toward each other, guide means mounted on said support and extending upwardly therefrom, a damper actuating member movable in said guide means, means connecting said actuating member with said blades, an opening through said actuating member, a yieldable member on said actuating member, and a chain device attached to said yieldable member and passing downwardly through the open-- ings in said actuating member, support and bracket, thereby to move said actuating member and adjust said blades, said keyhole opening adapted to receive said chain in the slot thereof to maintain said blades in adjusted position.

7. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, at least one damper blade pivoted to said frame member, means for normally urging said damper blade to o en po on, guide means, a movable damper actuating member slidably mounted in said guide means, a link interconnecting said damper blade and actuating member, whereby move ment of said actuating member toward said frame member will close said damper blade, and control means connected to said actuating member and coacting with said frame member to selectively adjust the damper blade between open and closed positions 8. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a pair of damper blades pivoted to said frame member and sized to collectively cover said opening, means for normally urging said damper blades toward each other into open position, a movable damper actuating member, elongated means for said actuating member secured to said i arne member and operatively engaged with said actuating member for guiding said actuating member for movement longitudinally of said guide means, links connecting said actuating member with each damper blade, whereby nu ment of said actuating member will selectively open close said damper blades, and control means engaging said actuating member and coacting with said frame member to selectively adjust the damper blades between open and closed positions.

9. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a cross support traversing said opening and secured at opposite ends thereof to said frame member, a pair of damper blades pivoted to said support and sized to collectively cover said opening, means for normally urging said damper blades into open position, guide means upstanding from said cross support, a damper actuating member guidably received by said guide means for movement upwardly and downwardly relative thereto, a pair of links pivoted to said actuating member, one each pivoted to a. damper blade, whereby movement of said actuating member will selectively open or close said damper blades, a bar member secured to the side of said cross support opposite said guide means and spaced therefrom, and control means engaging said actuating member and coacting with said bar member for selectively adjusting the damper blades to any position between open and closed positions.

10. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a cross support traversing said opening and secured at opposite ends thereof to said frame member, a pair of damper blades pivoted to said support and sized to collectively cover said opening, means for normally urging said damper blades into open position, guide means upstanding from said cross support, a damper actuating member guidably received by said guide means for movement upwardly and downwardly relative thereto, a pair of links pivoted to said actuating member, one each pivoted to a damper blade, whereby movement of said actuating member will selectively open or close said damper blades, and control means engaging said actuating member and coacting with said cross support for selectively adjusting the damper blades to any position between open and closed positions.

11. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a cross support traversing said opening and secured at opposite ends thereof to said frame member, a pair of damper blades pivoted to said support and sized to collectively cover sm'd opening, means for normally urging said damper blades into open position, elongated guide means upstanding from said cross support, a damper actuating member guidably received by said guide means for movement longitudinally of the latter, a pair of links pivoted to said actuating member, one each pivoted to a damper blade, whereby movement of said actuating member will selectively open or close said damper blades, a bar member secured to the side of said cross support opposite said guide means and spaced therefrom, and control means engaging said actuating member and coacting with said bar member for selectively adjusting the damper blades to any position between open and closed positions, said control means including a threaded screw having a head bearing against the side of said bar member remote from said cross support and a threaded shank threadedly engaging said actuating member.

12. A damper unit for regulating the outlets in air conditioning systems comprising, a frame member having an opening therethrough for the passage of air, a cross support traversing said opening and secured at opposite ends thereof to said frame member, a pair of damper blades pivoted to said support and sized to collectively cover said opening, means for normally urging said damper blades into open position, guide means upstanding from said cross support, a damper actuating member guidably received by saidguide means, a pair of links pivoted to said actuating member, one each pivoted to a damper blade, whereby movement of said actuating member will selectively open or close said damper blades, a bar member secured to the side of said cross support opposite said guide means and spaced therefrom, and control means engaging said actuating member and coacting with said bar member for selectively adjusting the damper blades 10 to any position between open and closed positions, said control means including a chain connected at one end to said actuating member and selectively engagingsaid bar .member to lock the actuating member and damper blades in a desired position.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 683,225 Rosen Sept. 24, 1901 1,219,893 Woolf Mar. 20, 1917 1,648,322 Olson et al Nov. 8, 1927 1,659,880 Kauflman Feb. 21, 1928 1,711,523 Filkins May 7, 1929 2,225,349 Morse Dec. 17, 1940 2,311,195 Young Feb. 16, 1943 2,328,659 McKenna Sept. 7, 1943 2,360,888 Peple Oct. 24, 1944 2,604,029 Richmond July 22, 1952

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