US2408081A - Artillery predictor - Google Patents

Description

HR awuagol .Y 'f' i w r s fyi?? Q l j Sept. 24, 1946. c. A. LovELL ET AL 2,408,081

ARTILLERY PREDICTR Filed May 1, 1941 4 sheets-sheet 1 sept 24, 1946 c. A. Lovl-:LL UAL 2,468,081

ARTILLERY PREDI CTOR Filed May l, 1941 4 Sheets-Sl'zeek 2 C0 OED/N/-W'E C UN VE E TEE .IL zo A {ORA/EK Sept. 24, 1946. c. A. LovELL r-:rAL

ARTILLERY PREDICTOR Filed May l, 1941 oar-Par E 93 sal" PRED/C7012 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 35 /PaL Axe/7V ,armes/m6 A TTORNEY Patented Sept. 24, 1946 PATENT OFFICE ARTILLERY PREDICTOR Clarence A. Lovell and David B. Parkinson, Maplewood, and Karl D. Swartzel, Jr., Teaneck, N. J., and Bruce T. Weber, New York, N. Y., assignors to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York App lig; ation May 1, 1941,Y Serial No. 391,438 9 Claims. (Cl. 23S-61.5)

This invention relates to control of artillery fire and particularly to electrical means for computing the values to be used in controlling lire against rapidly moving targets.

The object of the invention is to compute fork 5 a gun the fuse range and the angles of elevation and azimuth which will direct the fire of the gun to the predicted position of a moving target.

A feature of this invention is a method of making predictions of the future position of the target which has only one major feedback involved in the prediction. This feedback consists in the use of the time of flight At, which depends UDOn the predicted position, in the calculations of the increments which are to be added to present position data to give the future position, It has been the practice of many director designers to use not only this type of feedback but to use also formulae as a basis of their predictions which involve directly the time of flight At, the present position coordinates and the future position coordinates. This introduces multiple feedback loops which have detrimental effects on the stability of the instrument.

Another feature of the invention is the conversion by electrical means of measurements taken in polar coordinates into the corresponding rectangular coordinates.

Another feature of the invention is the derivation, from the measurements taken at the point of observa-tion of electrical voltages proportional to the rectangular coordinates of the predicted position of the target at the gun.

Another feature of the invention is the correction of the vertical coordinate of the predicted position of the target for the superelevation of the gun.

A further feature of the invention is, by electrical means to derive a motion proportional to the time of flight of the shell from the gun to Atine pr ed`ieted position of the targetand tenses this motion to control those factors in the ranging of the gun which vary with the time of ight of the shell.

Another feature of the invention is to derive from the motion proportional to the time of flight of the shell a motion proportional to the appropriate setting of the fuse for such time of flight.

A further feature of the invention is the cal- ,30 culation of all predicted values and corrections by means of a null method so that fluctuations of the energizing voltages used in making the calculations will not introduce errors in the results provided all the voltages used rise and fall together. It is a further property of this method that al1 energizing voltages are made to depend on a single voltage source so that they all fluctuate only as this primary source fluctuates.

A further feature of the invention is the conversion of the rectangular coordinates of the predicted position of the target as seen at the gun into the angles of azimuth and elevation to be applied to the gun. I

Further features of the invention will be apparent from the following description, combined with the drawings in which:

Fig. l gives the geometry of the director, target and gun;

Fig. 2 is a schematic drawing of the complete system;

Fig. 3 shows the mechanism for tracking the target;

Fig. 4 diagrammatically shows the mechanism for converting polar coordinates into voltages proportional to the rectangular coordinates;

Figs. 5 and 6 show a type of potentiometer card forming an element of the device in Fig. 2;

Fig. 7 diagrammatically shows apparatus for modifying a rectangular coordinate of the present position of the target to produce a voltage representing the predicted position of the target with respect to the gun;

Fig. 8 diagrammatically shows apparatus for converting voltages proportional to the rectangular coordinates into quantities proportional to the corresponding polar coordinates;

Fig. 8A schematically shows the control circuit of Fig. 8;

In Fig. l, To represents the target, D the director or point of observation, and G represents the gun. By means of any known form of range nder the slant distance ro between the director and target is measured. Also by any suitable instrument, such as the tracker shown in Fig. 3, the angle of azimuth ao between some assumed axis and the target is measured and the angle of elevation en between the horizontal at the director and the target is also measured. Let the origin of the rectangular coordinates be at the director, let the azimuth angle ao be measured from any desired line which is considered as the positive X axis, and let c., yr, and vo be the rectangular coordinates of the gun with respect to the director.

The rectangular coordinates of the target from the director are The horizontal range When expressed in rectangular coordinates, the position of the targetl with respect to the director can be converted into the position of the target with respect to the gun by algebraic addition of the coordinates with proper attention to the algebraio signs.

ho=rn cos en Next consider the increments to these rectangular coordinates which must be added to obtain the coordinates of the predicted position of the target. These increments are given by Ax=iAt Ay= ya: Av: Ai

IPIIO-ixg-II-DA yp=yo+yot lo/f UPI1JO+UG+0At In Fig. 2 a voltage ro proportional to the reading of the range finder, and angular indications respectively proportional to the angles of azimuth and elevation are supplied to the coordinate converter l which converts these indications into electrical voltages proportional to the rectangular coordinates ico, y and vo of the present position of the target as seen from the director or point of observation. The arrow-headed light lines in Fig. 2 represent electrical voltages supplied from one part of the system to another, the arrowheaded heavy lines in Fig. 2 represent mechanical motions, of which only the motion proportional to At, the time of flight of the shell, is fed back to control the magnitudes of the voltages in the system.

These voltages are supplied to prediction mechanisms where they are diierentiated with respect to time to give voltages which, when multiplied by the time of flight At will give the respective increments. These increments are added to the original coordinates together with the gun coordinates to give the rectangular coordinates of the predicted position with respect to the gun.

The voltages proportional to .73p and yp are supplied to the coordinate converter 3 which sets itself to indicate the angle ai, the azimuth angle at the gun corresponding to the predicted position of the target, and also produces a voltage proportional to the horizontal distance from the gun to the predicted position of the target.

The voltage proportional to the predicted Vertical height of the target with respect to the gun is combined in the network 5 with a correction voltage depending upon the superelevation to be applied to the gun, obtained from the corrector 4.

This voltage Us as corrected, together with the voltage proportional to the horizontal projection of the target obtained from the coordinate converter 3, is supplied to the coordinate converter E which sets itself to indicate the angle of elevation ff of the gun at the instant of ring, and produces a voltage proportional to the slant distance rb from the gun to the superelevated position of the target.

Voltages respectively proportional to hp, Us and rb are supplied to the ballistic converter 'I which sets itself to indicate the time of night At from the gun to the predicted position of the target, and at the same time, as indicated by the line joined to the output of this converter, adjusts those elements of the predictors 2, the network 4 and the network 8 which are proportional to the time of Hight.

The ballistic converter also delivers to the fuse setting network 9, a voltage proportional to the time of flight of the shell which is corrected in this network for the dead time required to prepare the gun, set the fuse and re the gun, and then converted into a motion proportional to the setting of the fuse. This motion may be transmitted in any desired manner to the members of the gun crew to indicate the setting of the fuse.

When this system is used in connection with guns, such as machine guns, using solid ammunition, the fuse setting network 9 may be omitted.

The coordinate converter l is shown in greater detail in Fig. 4. One of the main elements of this device is a potentiometer arrangement Il which gives a voltage representing a complete sinusoidal function. In Fig. 5 is shown a curve varying in accordance with the familiar sinusoidal function. Such a function has a positive value in the rst two quadrants and a negative value in the last two quadrants of a complete revolution.

Since physical resistances have only positive values it is necessary to use polarities of the voltages across the potentiometers to get the change in sign cf the function. Thus the complete function is represented by a resistance shaped as shown in Fig, 6 with the voltages across the two halves of the resistance having opposite polarity. The resistor may be made of suitable resistance wire or material formed of some resistance composition, or may be wound around a at strip of some insulating material which is subsequently formed into a. circle, the insulation on the wire on the top edge of the strip being removed, and a wiper arranged when rotatedrto rub over these bare wires. The circuit may conveniently be arranged so that the potentiometer is connected to ground at the points where the sinusoidal function passes through zero. The shape of the flat strip of insulating material may be determined by a consideration of the voltage to be produced at the Wiper.

Let w=width of card varying with angle a, R=resistance per unit length of wire, n=turns of wire per unit length of card, Rm=total resistance of wire for whole card.

Then resistance per unit length of card is ZnRw, and the resistance to the Wiper at angle a is and La w-mz da But, the voltage selected by the wiper is to Vary with sin a, the maximum value Rm of the resistance of the potentiometer representing the maximum value, unity, of sin a.

Thus

The Width of the card and the resistance per unit length of the winding vary with the rate of change of sin a, that is, cosine a. As shown in Fig. 4 the circularly arranged potentiometer II, is grounded at diametrically opposite points 14, 15. A voltage from the source I2 is applied to a potentiometer I3 grounded at its mid-point. Two wipers 10, II moved in accordance with the readings of the range nder produce voltages, respectively positive and negative, proportional to the range. These voltages are applied to diametrically opposite points 12, 'I3 of the potentiometer II. 'I'he wipers I4 and I5 bearing upon the potentiometer I I are moved in accordance with the angle of altitude of the target as observed. If desired, the potentiometer II may conveniently be mounted on a tracking mechanism as shown in Fig. 3 and the Wipers I4 and I5 may be directly moved by the altitude tracking telescope, or any desired intermediary may be used such as gearing, a flexible shaft or Selsyn motors, to produce an angular movement of the wipers proportional to the angle of altitude moved by the telescope.

With the potential applied to the potentiometer II, as shown, zero angle being at the point 'I4 and the wiper I4 rotating counter-clockwise, the wiper I4 will have, during one revolution, a potential with respect to grounds varying in sinusoidal fashion from zero, to positive maximum, to zero, to negative maximum back to zero. The potential of this wiper with respect to ground thus varies as a positive sine. If another wiper be located 180 degrees from the wiper I4, during one revolution of these two wipers, the second wiper willlhave a potential with respect to ground varying in sinusoidal fashion from zero, to negaback to zero. The potential of this second wiper will thus vary as what may be termed a negative sine. The same variation will also be produced if the wiper I4 rotates in a counter-clockwise direction from a zero angle at the point l5 of the potentiometer. If the Wiper I4 rotates in a clockwise direction from a Zero angle at the point 14, the potential of the wiper I4 with respect to y ground will vary with what may be termed a negative sine, and if the wiper I4 rotates in a clockwise direction from a zero angle at the point 15, the potential of the wiper I4 with respect to ground will vary as a positive sine. Also, if the polarities of the potentials applied to the points l2, I3 be reversed, the sign of the function Will be reversed. Thus, the sign of the function may be reversed by a reversal of the direction of the wiper, a reversal of the direction of rotation, a reversal of the point selected as Zero angle, or a reversal of the polarity of the applied potential. When the wiper I4 is rotating counter-clockwise, the wiper I5 leads the Wiper I4 by an angle of 90 degrees, thus the Wiper I5 will have a potential with respect to ground varying as a positive cosine. The factors which reverse the sign of the functional variation of potential of the Wiper I4 will also reverse the sign of the functional variation of potential of the Wiper I5. Further, if the cosine wiper leads the sine wiper by 90 degrees, the cosine function has the same sign as the-sine function; if the cosine-wiper lags behind the sine wiper by degrees, the cosine function has the opposite sign to the sine function.

With zero degrees at the point 14, and counter-clockwise rotation, the positive Wiper I4 will have a potential with respect to ground proportional to the range multiplied by the positive sine of the angle of elevation of the present position of the target, that is, to vo, the vertical height of the target above the horizontal plane at the point of observation. The wiper I5 is placed at right angles to the wiper I4 and selects a voltage proportional to the cosine of the angle of elevation, thus this Wiper Will have a positive potential With respect to ground proportional to the product of the range multiplied by the positive cosine of the angle of elevation, that is, the horizontal distance from the point of observation to the projection of the present position of the target on the horizontal plane. This voltage is supplied through a repeater IB, which may conveniently be of unity voltage gain, and acts to electrically isolate the wiper I5 and reverse the polarity of the potential from wiper I5, to one diametrical point 'I6 of the sinusoidally varying potentiometer I'I and through a polarity reversing repeater I8 to the other diametrical point 'I1 of the potentiometer Il. The repeater I8 reverses the polarity of the voltage supplied to the potentiometer I'I and preferably should have a voltage gain of unity. The other diametrical points of the potentiometer I 'l are grounded as discussed hereinabove. The wipers I9 and 2U of the p0- tentiometer I'I are moved in a counter-clockwise direction from the point 18, in accordance with the angle of the azimuth telescope shown in Fig. 3, when tracking the target. The potentiometer II may, if desired, be mounted directly on the tracking mechanism and the wipers I9 and 20 may be directly attached to the azimuth tracking telescope, or they may be moved in accordance with the movement of this telescope by means of any convenient mechanism, such as gearingf fexibl shaftig", Selsynv mot-orsV or otherY devices.

The voltage from the repeater I6 is proportional to the voltage between the wiper I5 and ground, that is, the product of the range multiplied by the cosine of the angle of elevation, thus the voltage of the wiper I9 with respect to ground will be proportional to the product of the range multiplied by the positive cosine of the angle of elevation and multiplied by the positive sine of the angle of azimuth, that is, to the rectangular coordinate yo.

The wiper 2U is at right angles to the wiper I9 which, as explained hereinabove in connection with the Wiper I5, has the eect of multiplying the voltage applied to the potentiometer Il by the cosine of the angle of rotation of the wiper 20, thus the voltage of this wiper with respect to ground will be proportional to the product of the range multiplied by the positive cosine of the angle of elevation multiplied by the positive cosine of the angle of azimuth, that is, to the coordinate zo.

The converter shown in Fig. 4 has thus received an electrical voltage proportional to the range from the director to the target and angular indications of the angles of elevation and azimuth measured by the tracking telescopes and has converted these indications into positive voltages with respect to ground proportional to the rectangular coordinates zo, yo and vo of the present position of the target with respect to the director.

The predictors 2 may be of the type shown in Fig. 7. The voltage corresponding to the coordinate is supplied over the wire 2| to a circuit 22 which will produce the differential or time derivative of the input voltage. These differentiators may be of any desired formy such as those shown in U. S. Patents 1,311,283, July 29, 1919, R. C. Mathes, or 1,315,539, September 9, 1919, J. R. Carson. or. preferably, of the type disclosed in U. S. application Serial No. 391,332 to H. G. Och and K. D. Swartzel, Jr., filed of even date herewith. The diierentiator disclosed in United States application Serial No. 391,332 includes a repeater of the type shown in Fig, l2 with a capacitor. connected from a tap in the feedback resistor 98 to ground, to produce the differentiating action. The input lead 2l, Fig. 7, is connected to an input resistor, similar to the resistor 99 of Fig. 12. The output of the differentiator 22 will contain a component varying as the differential of the input Voltage, that is, the time derivative of the particular rectangular coordinate, and this voltage is supplied to the summing repeater 23. The summing repeater 23, as shown in Fig. 12, may be a reverse feedback amplifier having three amplifiers 9D, 9|, 92. As the voltages to be summed up may be direct voltages, or of low frequency, the coupling between stages may be of the type shown in United States Patent 1,751,527, March 25, 1930, H. Nyquist. The cathodes are heated by conventional means, not shown. The source 93 supplies power to the anode circuits through the anode coupling resistors 94, 95, 96. The first two stages may be self-biased by the conventional resistors. The circuit elements associated with the amplifier 92 are adjusted so that, in the absence of an applied signal, the voltage of the source 93 is wholly lost in the resistor 96 and the anode of the amplifier 92 is at ground potential, so that no voltage is produced across the output circuit. A source of voltage 91, having the negative pole connected to the cathode of amplifier 92 and the positive pole grounded, maintains the anode current of amplifier 92. A large value of reverse feedback is supplied, through resistor 98 to the input of the repeater. The large value of feedback reduces the apparent input impedance of the amplifier 9U to a small value; thus a plurality of voltages may be connected to the input of the amplifier 9D through individual resistors, such as resistor 99, without interaction. Because of the large value of feedback, the amplification of any input voltage is substantially independent of the voltage amplification of the amplifier, and depends only on the ratio of the resistances of the feedback resistor 98, and the input resistor, such as resistor 99. As the repeater shown in Fig. 12 has an odd number of stages, the input voltage will be reversed in polarity. Thus a repeater of this type may be used for the polarity reversing repeaters I8, 35, 31, and, as all simple thermionic repeaters are inherently unilateral devices, this repeater may also be used as the isolating repeater I8. In many cases the output of the diiierentiator will contain a component varying directly in accordance with the input voltage applied to the differentiator in addition to the voltage varying as the differential of the input voltage. To eliminate this undifferentiated component, sufiicient voltage is supplied by the wire 24 to the summing repeater 23 in such phase as to cancel out the effect of the undifferentiated component in the amplifier 23 and give across the potentiometer 25 a voltage varying only with the differential of the input voltage. The wiper of the potentiometer 25 is moved by the shaft of the servo-motor shown in Fig. 10 in accordance with the time of fiight At from the gun to the predicted position of the target, thus the voltage between the wiper of the potentiometer 25 and ground varies in accordance With a factor having the form ro At. The voltage supplied by the wire 26 will be proportional to zo. A source of current 21 is supplied to a potentiometer 28 having the mid-point of the potentiometer connected to ground. The wiper 29 is adjusted on the potentiometer 28 to give a voltage having a magnitude and polarity proportional to the coordinate from the point of observation to the gun, that is, a coordinate of the character` mc. The voltages from the potentiometers 25 and 2B and from the wire 26 are summed up in the summing repeater 3U. The output of this repeater 30 will be a voltage proportional to u-l-ioit-l-rc. that is, to rp, the rectangular component of the predicted position of the target with respect to the gun. Similar components are summed up for the yp coordinates andthe vp coordinates.

In the present system, the potentials corresponding to the coordinates xo, yo, vo are positive. The differentiator 22 reverses the polarity of the differential, but the polarity of the differential is again reversed by the summing repeater 23. Thus7 the potentials respectively corresponding to the quantities xo, iolt, rc or yo, coat, yo or Do, oAt, UG are all positive. The summing repeater 3l] reverses these polarities, thus, mp, yp and vp are negative potentials.

The coordinate converter 3 may be of the type disclosed in Fig. 8. From Equation 1 by analogy, we may write,

rrp=hp cos a; yp=hp sin af (6) Multiplying both sides of the first equation by sin af, and the second equation by cos a: and reV arranging, we get :rp sin orf-hp cos a; sin a/:O yp cos orf-hp sin af cos a/:O

Subtracting these equations, we get the present position of the target with respect to the director. Each of these volages is modified by a predictor of the type shown in Fig. '7, to produce a voltage proportional to one of the rectangular coordinates rrp, yp, vp of the predicted position of the target with respect to the gun. When controlled by the voltages proportional to :cp and yp, the comparison device shown in Fig. 8 will rotate the wipers of the potentiometers 32 and 33 through an angle equal to af, see Equation 8, the azimuthal angle at the gun between the :cp axis and the predicted position of the target. The device shown in Fig. 8 may conveniently be a modication of the device disclosed in United States Patent 2,003,913, June 4, 1935, E. C. Wente, and comprises a motor geared to two pin.. ions rotatably mounted upon a common shaft. Magnetic clutches are associated with each pinion, so that, when a clutch is energized the respective pinion will drive the com mon shaft. The operation of the magnetic clutches is controlled by a comparison circuit 3|. Voltages supplied to this circuit are compared by the circuit with a standard, and if there is a deviation from the standard, the circuit 3| causes the operation of one of the magnetic clutches to rotate the shaft. As the voltages supplied to the comparison circuit 3| are derived from potentiometers having their Wipers rotated by the shaft, the shaft will rotate, moving the wipers on the potentiometers, until the voltages from the wipers supplied to the circuit 3| equal the standard. The circuit 3| then releases the operated clutch and the shaft and wipers, displaced through an angle proportional to the deviation from standard, come to rest. The pctentiometers 32, 33 have windings, varying in resistance in accordance with a sinusoidal function, similar to the windings of potentiometers and Il. The negative voltage varying with the mp coordinate is supplied through the wire 34 to one diametrical point 80 of the winding of the potentiometer 33, and through a polarity reversing repeater 35 to the other diametrical point 8| of the winding of the potentiometer 33. The function of the repeater 35 is to reverse the polarity of the voltage, in a manner similar to the operation of an inverter tube, thus the repeater 35 should have an odd number of stages and an over-al1 voltage gain of unity. In a similar manner a negative voltage varying with the yp coordinate is applied through the wire 36 to one point 82, and through the reversing repeater 31 to a diametrically opposite point 83 of the winding of the po tentiometer 32. The diametrically opposite intermediate points of the windings of the potentiometers 32, 33 are grounded.

The potentiometers 32, 33 have windings of the type shown in Fig. 6, and, as explained hereinabove in connection with potentiometers due to the reversal of polarity of the voltage supplied to one half of the windingy the voltage drop around the complete winding of potentiometer 32 or 33 varies as a complete sine function. The

Wipers 38, 4| arid-"39,42 rotate counter-clockwise from a zero angle at the points 84, 85. The wipers 38 and 42 will thus have positive voltages above ground proportional to the positive sine of the angle of rotation. A positive cosine function is identical with a positive sine function which it leads by a right angle, thus the wiper 4| will have a positive voltage proportional to the positive cosine of the angle of rotation. Displacing a cosine function through two right angles reverses the 'sign of the function, thus the wiper 39, which is diametrically opposite to the wiper 4| will have a negative voltage proportional to the negative of the cosine of the angle of rotation. The angle of rotation of the wipers will be continually adjusted by the comparison circuit 3| until a balanced condition is attained. The wiper 38 will have a voltage with respect to ground proportional to arp sine af, and the Wiper 39 will have a voltage with respect to ground proportional to -yp cos af. The voltages from the wipers 38 and 39 are added in the device 40, which is of the type shown in Fig. 12 and supplies a voltage proportional to :rp sin ntf-yp cos af to the control circuit 3|, which energizes the appropriate clutch to cause the rotation of the shaft moving the wipers 38 and 39 to such a position that this voltage is reduced to zero. The wipers 38, 39, 4|, 42 have thus been rotated through the angle af.

Equation 8 has as solutions af= tan-1% (9) which is a multiple valued function. If am represents the smallest angle that will satisfy (9) then a/oinvr, 11:1, 2, 3, are also solutions. However there are only two distinct points on the circle represented in this set of solutions i. e., those corresponding to 1L=0 and n=1. It can be shown that if the servo motor is connected so as to correct for deviations in the neighborhood of the desired root then the second root becomes unstable. If the brushes happen to be set on this root when the circuit is energized it will remain at that position only long enough for a small deviation to appear. This deviation will be amplified and will cause the motor to move the brush but it will move away from the unstable root and come to rest 0n the correct solution 180 degrees away. Thus in spite of the fact that the equations have two significant solutions the device will come to rest on only the desired one and there is no ambiguity in the solution.

From Equations 1 and 2 it follows p=hp cos a; (10) yp=hp Sin af Multiplying the first equation by cos a: and the second equation by sin af, we get :rp cos af=hp cos2 al (11) yp sin a/:hp sin2 a; Thus Thus by placing a second wiper 4i on the potentiometer 33 at 90 degrees to the wiper 38 and a second wiper 42 on the potentiometer 32 also at degrees to the wiper 39 we may derive from the potentiometer 33 a positive voltage varying with :rp cos af and from the potentiometer 32 a positive voltage varying with yp sin af and these larity in the repeater 43 to give a negative Voltage proportional to the horizontal range from the gun to the predicted position of the target. In Equation 8 we have a sine term minus a cosine term, whereas in Equation 11 we have a sine term plus a cosine term. To correctly indicate this difference the wiper 4| on the potentiometer 33 is placed 180 degrees from the corresponding wiper 39 on the potentiometer 32 so as to produce this required reversal of sign in the two equa- 11 tions. The motion proportional to ar, which is the angle of azimuth to be applied to the gun, may be communicated to the guns in any desired manner.

In Fig. 1, due to the curvature of the trajectory, the gun is elevated, not to the elevation angle Ep of the predicted position Tp of the target, but to the quadrant elevation, or firing elevation angle EF, to a point above the target. The principal force tending to curve the trajectory is the attraction of gravity, which produces a displacement proportional to the square of the time interval during which it acts upon the shell. The friction of the air also affects the curvature of the trajectory, and this effect is found to be proportional to the predicted height of the target. Thus, the superelevation where K is a factor determined from the firing tables for the particular gun and ammunition, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

In Fig. 9 a source'of voltage 45 is applied through attenuators 46 and 4l to the winding of potentiometer 48. The potentiometer 48 is wound to have a resistance varying with the quadratic function in accordance with the variation of the superelevation of the gun with the time of flight of the shell. A wiper 49 is moved over this potentiometer in accordance with the time of flight of the shell from the gun to the predicted position of the target. The attenuators 46 and 4'| reduce the voltage from the source 45 so that the voltage 49 will have the proper scale. The voltage from the wiper 48 is supplied to the summing repeater 58. A negative voltage from the predictor, Fig. 7, proportional to the coordinate vp is supplied by the wire also to the summing repeater 5D. The voltage from the wire 5| is also applied through the resistance 52 to the potentiometer 48 and supplies a voltage proportional to Kop in accordance with the required function of superelevation. The summing repeater 50 will have a positive output voltage proportional to the apparent vertical component vs due to the superelevation of the gun. The output voltage of the repeater 50 is versed in polarity by the repeater 90 to produce a negative voltage proportional to 12s.

The negative voltage from the coordinate converter 3 proportional to hp, the horizontal projection of the predicted position of the target with respect to the gun, and the negative voltage from the summing repeater 90 of Fig. 9, proportional to Us, the vertical component of the superelevated position of the gun, are supplied to the coordinate converter 6, similar to the converter shown in Fig. 8. The negative voltage proportional to hp has the same sign as the negative voltage proportional to :cp and the negative voltage proportional to Us has the same sign as the negative voltage proportional to yp. With zero angle at points 84, 85 and counter-clockwise rotation, the wiper 38 selects a voltage proportional to +hp sin er and the wiper 39 selects a voltage proportional to Us cos er. The voltages selected by the wipers 38, 39 are algebraically added in the repeater 4D, and the difference is supplied to the circuit 3| which controls the magnetic clutches to rotate the shaft moving all the wipers until the difference is reduced to zero and the wipers have been moved to the angle fr. The voltages from the wipers 4| and 42 respectively proportional to -i-hp cos el and -l-vs sin el are added, and reversed in sign, in the repeater 43, to produce an output voltage proportional to ra which is approximately equal to -rp, the range from the gun to the predicted position of the target.

From the firing tables for a typical gun and ammunition, the time of flight At, of the shell was found to be closely, but not exactly, proportional to the slant distance Tb. By combining with the value of rb small corrections proportional to hp and Us a value exactly proportional to At is obtained.

The time of night of the shell, At, will depend upon the length of the trajectory and the speed of the shell along the trajectory. To a rst approximation, the length of the trajectory may be assumed to be equal to rp, and, if the speed S of the shell were constant, sAt=rp. But as the speed of the shell varies from one trajectory to another, the time of flight will depend, not only on rp but also on ff. The exact relationships between the time of flight, slant range and quadrant elevation are given in the firing tables for the gun used. From a study of these tables the following empirical relationship was deduced: ,f1(At)=hf COS eH-Vs sin ef-hff2(At)+Vsf3(At). But, h/ cos ef-i-Vs sin e/:ra and hfzhp, thus f1 (At)-rz -hpf2 (Atm-Vm (At)=0. The functions fi, f2 and f3 are substantially linear, and may be exactly determined from the ring tables for any particular gun.

As shown in Fig. l0, the voltage hp from the coordinate converter 3, shown in Fig. 8, is supplied to the potentiometer 53, the voltage Us from the network 5 is supplied to the potentiometer 54. The wipers of these potentiometers are moved by the shaft of the servo-motor 56 in accordance with At, the time of ight of the shell, and the voltages produced on these wipers are summed up in the summing repeater 55, together with the voltage rb from the coordinate converter 6, shown in Fig. 8, and a comparison voltage from the wiper of potentiometer 6T. The output voltage of the repeater 55 is supplied to a servo motor 56 of the type described in connection with Fig. 8, and this servo motor adjusts the wipers of the potentiometers 53, 54 and 61 to maintain the output voltage of the repeater 55 constant. The wipers of the potentiometers 25 in the predictors, Fig. '7, of the potentiometer 48 in the superelevator, Fig. 9, are all mounted to be driven by the shaft of the servo motor 56 and adjusted simultaneously with the adjustment of the wipers of the potentiometers 53 and 54 in Fig. 10.

In Fig. l1 a source 51 supplies voltage to the winding of the potentiometer 58. The wiper of the potentiometer 58 is controlled by the servo motor 55 of the ballistic corrector Figs. 2 and l0, to move in accordance with At, the time of flight of the shell from the gun to the predicted position of the target. The voltage selected by the wiper of potentiometer 58 is continuously proportional to the present time of night, that is, Y

assuming the gun were fired at the present instant, the time which the shell would take to reach the target. But, after the fuse is cut, the shell must be loaded into the gun, the breechblock closed and the gun fired. The time interval T from the present time till the gun is red is known as thedead time. The fuse number Z is proportional to the value which the time of night will have after the lapse of the dead time.

The continuously varying values'of the present time of flight are extrapolated over the dead time by Taylors series. Thus, if Z be the fuse number and T the dead time, then z Al+n=z An Jrg-zang The voltage on the wiper 58 is supplied to a diiferentiator 59 of the type described in connection with Fig. '7. The output of the differentiator 59 together with a compensating voltage from the Wiper 58 is supplied to the summing repeater 6B, and the output of the repeater 60, varying in accordance with the dierential of the time of flight, is applied to the potentiometer 6I. The wiper of the potentiometer 6l is adjusted in accordance with the arbitrary assumed dead time to lay the gun, set the fuse and re the gun. A source S2 supplies voltage to the balanced potentiometer 63. The wiper of the potentiometer 63 is moved by a servo motor 64 similar to the servo motors previously described. A voltage from the wiper of the potentiometer 58, a image ,from the wiper of the potentiometer 6l and a voltage 'from the wiper of the potentiometer 63 are summed up in the summing repeater 55 and supplied to the servo motor 64, which will adjust the wiper of the potentiometer 62 to balance the voltages. As the resistance of the winding oi the potentiometer 63 is varied in accordance with the empirical relationship between the time of flight of the shell and the units used to indicate the setting of the fuse, the position of the wiper of the potentiometer 63 will indicate the setting to be applied to the fuse and this information may be transmitted in any desired manner to the gun, or may control some power transmitting mechanism, such as a Selsyn motor or a servo motor driving an automatic fuse setting machine or mechanism. The summing repeaters 23, 3U, 40, 43, 5D, 55, B0 and 65 may all be of the type shown in Fig. 12.

What is claimed is:

1. In an artillery directory means directly controlled by observation of a target for producing a first voltage with respect to ground proportional to the slant distance from an observation point to said target, means moved in accordance with the directly observed angles of elevation and azimuth of said target with respect to said point and an arbitrary axis, means for deriving from said first voltage and said angular motions other voltages with respect to ground proportional to the rectangular coordinates of said target with respect to said point, thermionic means for deriving from said coordinate voltages other voltages with respect to ground proportional to the rates of change of said coordinates, means for selecting from said rate voltages other voltages with respect to ground proportional to the predicted increments in said coordinates, thermionic means for algebraically adding said coordinate and said increment voltages, and electromechanical means controlled by the sums of said voltages to move proportionally to the angles of elevation and azimuth of the predicted position of said target and to produce a voltage proportional to the slant 2. In an artillery director, means directly controlled by observation of a target for producing a rst voltage with respect to ground proportional to the slant distance from an observation point to said target, means moved in accordance with the directly observed angles of elevation and azimuth of s'aid target with respect to said point and arbitrary axes, means for deriving from said first voltage and said angular motions other voltages with respect'to ground proportional to the rectangular coordinates of said target with respect to said point and said axes, means for dev riving from said coordinate voltages other voltages with respect to ground proportional to the predicted increments in said coordinate voltages during a predicted time interval, thermionic means for algebraically adding said coordinate voltages and said increment voltages and electromechanical means controlled by the sums of said voltages to move proportionally to the angles of elevation and azimuth and to produce a voltage proportionalto the slant distance to the predicted position of said target.

3. In a system for directing a shell from a gun to a moving target, means directly controlled by observations of said target for producing voltages with respect to ground proportional to the coordinates of the present position of said target with respect to said gun, adjustable electrical means for deriving from said present position voltages other voltages'with respect to ground proportional to the coordinates of the future position of said target with respect to said gun after the lapse of the time of flight of said shell from said gun to the future position of said target, and electromechanical means controlled by said future position voltages to move proportionally to the elevation and azimuth angles of the future position of said target and the time of flight of said shell, said electrical means being adjusted only by said time of flight means.

4. In a system for directing a shell from a gun to a target, electrical means controlled by observation of the present position of said target forming a source of a first voltage with respect to ground proportional to the predicted elevation of said target, a source of a second voltage, a resistor connected to said first source of voltage, a potentiometer having a grounded Winding varying in resistance with a quadratic function connected across said second source, the ungrounded end of said winding being connected to said resistor and a brush adjusted to select a voltage proportional to the linear height of the superelevated line of said gun above said target, and thermionic means for adding the voltages from said first source and said brush to produce a voltage proportional to the superelevated height of the line of re to said target.

5. In a system for indicating the time of flight of a shell from a gun to a target, a source of a rst voltage with respect to ground proportional to the horizontal distance from said gun to the projection of said target, a first potentiometer having a grounded winding connected to the source of said rst voltage and a rst brush, a source of a second voltage with respect to ground proportional to the superelevated height of the line of re to said target, a second potentiometer having a grounded winding connected to the source of said second voltage and a second brush, a source of a third voltage with respect to ground proportional to the slant distance to the superelevated point on said line of sight vertically above -said'targetfasourceofa fourth voltage: atnird 6. In a system for directing a. shell from a gun to a target, computing elements continuously controlled by observation of said target including motor means rotated in accordance with the present time of flight of the shell from the gun to a predicted position of the target, a source of a rst voltage, a rst potentiometer having a grounded winding connected across said source and a iirst brush moved by said motor to select a second voltage proportional to the present time of flight, first thermionic means connected to said rst brush to produce a third voltage proportional to the rate of change of said second voltage, resistance means connected to said first thermionic means to fractionate said third voltage in proportion to the estimated time interval from the present time to the ring of the gun, second thermionic means connected to said rst brush and said resistance means, a motor connected to said second thermionic means, a source of a fourth voltage, a second potentiometer having a grounded winding connected across the source of said fourth voltage and a second brush connected to said second thermioni'c means and adjusted by said motor to make the output of said thermionic means zero, whereby the position of said second brush is proportional to the fuse number corresponding to the time of night of said shell at the time of ring of said gun.

'7. In a system for directing a shell from a gun to target, computing means continually controlled by observations of said target to produce a first voltage proportional to the present time of flight of the shell from the gun to a predicted position of the target, electrical means connected to said computing means to produce a second voltage proportional to the rate of change of said first voltage, means connected to said electrical means fractionating said second voltage to produce a third Voltage proportional to the estimated time to load and fire the gun, a motor, thermionic means having an input circuit connected to said computing means and said fractionating means and an output circuit connected to said motor for adding said first and said fractionated voltages to produce a fourth voltage proportional to the corrected time of ight of said shell, a source of a fifth voltage, a potentiometer having a winding varying in resistance with the functional relationship between time of flight and fuse number connected across the source of said fth voltage and a brush connected to the input circuit of said .thermionic means and rotated by said motor to make the output voltage of said thermionic means zero, whereby the rotation of said brush is proportional to the fuse number of said shell.

8. In a coordinate converter, a source of voltage, a network connected to said source having one grounded terminal and two free terminals, adjustable means in said network for impressing on said free terminals equal voltages of opposite polarity with respect to ground proportional to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, a winding formed in two sections, each section varying in resistance with a sinusoidal function and shaped to an arc of a circle, the ends of each of said sections being respectively connected to said free terminals and the points of maximum variation of resistance of said sections being grounded, two insulated wipers supported at right angles respectively in contact with the sections of said winding and mechanism for rotating said wipers about the center of said circle proportionally to a base angle of said triangle to respectively select voltages with respect to ground proportional to the sides of said triangle.

9. In a coordinate converter, a source of voltage, a network connected to said source having one grounded terminal and two free terminals, adjustable means in said network for impressing on said free terminals equal voltages of opposite polarity with respect to ground proportional .to the slant distance from a point to an object, a first winding formed in two sections, each section varying in resistance with a sinusoidal function and shaped to an arc of a rst circle, the ends of each of said sections being respectively connected to said free terminals and the points of maximum variation of resistance of said sections being groundedy a first and a second insulated wiper supported at right angles respectively in contact with the sections of said rst winding, mechanism for rotating said rst and second wipers about the center of said rst circle proportionally to the angle of elevation of said object with respect to said point to respectively select voltages with respect to ground proportional to the horizontal distance from said point to the projection of said object and the height of said object, polarity reversing thermionic means, a second winding formed in two sections, each section varying in resistance with a sinusoidal function and shaped to an arc of a second circle, said first wiper being connected directly to one end of each of said sections and through said polarity reversing means to the other end of said sections, a third and a fourth insulated wiper supported at right angles respectively in contact with the sections of said second winding, mechanism for rotating said third and fourth wipers about the center of said second circle proportionally to the azimuth angle between an arbitrary axis and the vertical plane containing said point and said object to respectively select voltages with respect to ground proportional to the horizontal rectangular coordinates of the projection of said object With respect to said point.

CLARENCE A, LOVELL. DAVID B. PARKINSON. KARL D. SWARTZEL, JR. BRUCE T. WEBER.

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