US20200087435A1

US20200087435A1 - Grafted crosslinked cellulose

Info

Publication number: US20200087435A1
Application number: US16/549,903
Authority: US
Inventors: Karen BROGAN; Charles E. Miller; Angel Stoyanov; Torsten Lindner; Maike SIEMONS
Original assignee: International Paper Co
Current assignee: International Paper Co
Priority date: 2015-07-24
Filing date: 2019-08-23
Publication date: 2020-03-19
Also published as: EP3121313A1; US10287383B2; US20170022314A1; CN106367963A; EP4431659A2; EP4431659A3; US11591429B2; US20170066865A1; CN106367963B; US20210246247A1; US20230212341A1

Abstract

Grafted, crosslinked cellulosic materials include cellulose fibers and polymer chains composed of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer (such as acrylic acid) grafted thereto, in which one or more of said cellulose fibers and said polymer chains are crosslinked (such as by intra-fiber chain-to-chain crosslinks). Some of such materials are characterized by a wet bulk of about 10.0-17.0 cm3/g, an IPRP value of about 1000 to 7700 cm2/MPa·sec, and/or a MAP value of about 7.0 to 38 cm H2O. Methods for producing such materials may include grafting polymer chains from a cellulosic substrate, followed by treating the grafted material with a crosslinking agent adapted to effect crosslinking of one or more of the cellulosic substrate or the polymer chains. Example crosslinking mechanisms include esterfication reactions, ionic reactions, and radical reactions, and example crosslinking agents include pentaerythritol, homopolymers of the graft species monomer, and hyperbranched polymers.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/808,010, filed Jul. 24, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to cellulose fibers, and in particular to grafted, crosslinked cellulose.

BACKGROUND

Cellulosic fibers find utility in many applications, including absorbents. Indeed, cellulosic fibers are a basic component of many absorbent products such as diapers. The fibers form a liquid absorbent structure, a key element in an absorbent product.
Cellulosic fluff pulp, a form of cellulosic fibers, has been used for absorbent applications because the fluff pulp form provides a high void volume, or high bulk, liquid absorbent fiber structure. However, this structure tends to collapse upon wetting, which reduces the volume of liquid that can be retained in the wetted structure. Further, such collapse may inhibit transfer of liquid into unwetted portions of the cellulose fiber structure, leading to local saturation.
Whereas the ability of an absorbent product containing cellulosic fibers to initially acquire and distribute liquid (such as from an initial liquid insult) relates to the product's dry bulk and capillary structure, the ability of a wetted structure to acquire additional liquid (such as from subsequent and/or extended liquid insults) relates to the structure's wet bulk. Due to diminished acquisition and capacity properties related to loss of fiber bulk associated with liquid absorption, the potential capacity of a dry high bulk fiber structure such as cellulosic fluff pulp may not be fully realized, with the liquid holding capacity instead determined by the structure's wet bulk.
Intra-fiber crosslinked cellulose fibers and structures formed therefrom generally have enhanced wet bulk as compared to non-crosslinked fibers. The enhanced bulk is a consequence of the stiffness, twist, and curl imparted to fibers as a result of crosslinking. Accordingly, crosslinked fibers are incorporated into absorbent products to enhance their wet bulk and liquid acquisition rate.
In addition to wet bulk and liquid acquisition rate, a material's suitability for use in absorbent products may be characterized in terms of other performance properties, such as liquid permeability. As noted above, performance properties tend to result from different fiber characteristics such as fiber length, fiber stiffness, and so forth. However, relationships between some performance properties indicate the existence of trade-off trends for many cellulose fiber (and other) materials. For example, liquid permeability tends to decrease as capillary pressure, expressed in terms of medium absorption pressure, increases. As explained in greater detail below, this particular relationship manifests in a manner that can be mathematically approximated as a power curve function of the two properties, which is characteristic for many if not all materials used in absorbent applications, including cellulose fiber materials, synthetic fiber materials, blends, and so forth. Of these materials, the “trade-off” curve for cellulose fiber products is the highest, but successful efforts to raise this curve higher—that is, to produce materials that exhibit better liquid permeability value at a given capillary pressure value (and vice versa) than as predicted by the power curve function described by cellulose fibers—have not yet been observed.
There are a number of methods for preparing crosslinked cellulose fibers; several are summarized in U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,511 to Westland, et al. Much effort has been spent improving crosslinking processes, such as to lower production and/or material costs, to modify absorbent and/or other fiber properties of the products, and so forth. In one example, polycarboxylic acids have been used to crosslink cellulosic fibers (such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,137,537, 5,183,707, and 5,190,563, all to Herron, et al., and so forth), to produce absorbent structures containing cellulosic fibers crosslinked with a C2-C9 polycarboxylic acid. Despite advantages that polycarboxylic acid crosslinking agents provide, cellulosic fibers crosslinked with low molecular weight (monomeric) polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, have been found to undergo reversion to a non-crosslinked condition and thus have a useful shelf-life that is relatively short. Polymeric polycarboxylic acid crosslinked fibers, however, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,998,511, 6,184,271, and 6,620,865, all to Westland, et al., amongst others, resist such aging or reversion, due in part to the participation of the polymeric polycarboxylic acid molecule in the crosslinking reaction with an increased number of reactive carboxyl groups than is the case with monomeric polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,797 to Stoyanov, et al., discloses the use of a comparatively low molecular weight polyacrylic acid having phosphorous (in the form of a phosphinate) incorporated into the polymer chain as a crosslinking agent to achieve crosslinked cellulose fibers having improved brightness and whiteness (as well as other properties) as compared to those prepared with higher molecular weight phosphinated agents or polyacrylic acid agents without phosphinates.
Thus, there is a continuing need to produce crosslinked cellulose fibers and compositions and materials including such fibers suitable for use in absorbent and other applications.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Various embodiments of crosslinked cellulosic materials composed of a cellulosic substrate, such as cellulose fibers, having grafted polymer chains, with such cellulose fibers and/or grafted polymer chains being crosslinked, and various methods of producing such compositions, are disclosed herein. The fibrous materials produced according to the present disclosure are also referred to herein as “grafted crosslinked cellulose” and may be described as “compositions” as well as “materials.” In embodiments of the grafted crosslinked cellulose of the present disclosure, the polymer chains are composed of monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (non-limiting examples include acrylic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, etc., and combinations thereof), which may be crosslinked in a variety of manners (non-limiting examples include ester intra-fiber crosslinks via crosslinking agents such as homopolymers, hyperbranched polymers, pentaerythritol, and so forth).
In some embodiments, acrylic acid is used as the monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer. Some embodiments are characterized by a graft yield of 5-35 weight %, and more particularly 10-20 weight %. Some embodiments are characterized by a wet bulk at least 6% greater, and up to at least 40% greater, than untreated cellulose (referring to the cellulose substrate in an untreated, i.e., non-grafted and non-crosslinked, state). Some embodiments are characterized by a wet bulk of about 10.0-17.0 cm³/g, and more particularly of about 15.0-17.0 cm³/g. Some embodiments include mainly intra-fiber chain-to-chain crosslinks composed of a crosslinking agent such as pentaerythritol or a hyperbranched polymer. Some embodiments include intra-fiber chain-to-cellulose crosslinks.
In some of the aforementioned embodiments, the material is characterized by an IPRP value of about 1000 to 7700 cm²/MPa·sec and a medium absorption pressure (MAP) of about 7.0 to 20 cm H₂O. Some embodiments are further characterized by power curve function wherein for a given IPRP value y (in cm²/MPa·sec) from 1000 to 7700, the MAP value of the material (in cm H₂O) is within +/−30% of the value of x in the formula y=mx^z; wherein m is from 600 to 1200, and wherein z is from −0.590 to −0.515. Some embodiments are more particularly characterized in that z is from −0.560 to −0.520 and/or m is from 800 to 1100. In some embodiments, at a given IPRP value (in cm²/MPa·sec) from 800 to 5400, the material has a MAP value that is equal to or higher (e.g., 0-20% higher) than the corresponding MAP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber, and/or at a given MAP value (in cm H₂O) from 7.0 to 20, the material has an IPRP value that is equal to or higher (e.g., 0-15% higher) than the corresponding IPRP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber. Some embodiments have an IPRP value of 5400 cm²/MPa·sec or above.
Example methods of producing grafted crosslinked cellulose in accordance with the present disclosure include grafting polymer chains of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer from a cellulosic substrate to produce a grafted cellulosic material, followed by crosslinking the grafted cellulosic material by treating the material with a crosslinking agent adapted to effect crosslinking of one or more of the cellulosic substrate or the polymer chains. In some methods, the grafting is performed in situ and may include reacting the monomer with the cellulosic substrate in the presence of a grafting initiator such as cerium(IV) sulfate. In some methods, acrylic acid is used as the monomer. Some methods include varying the amounts of the initiator and/or the ratio of cellulose to monomer to achieve a desired graft level.
Such methods may include any of a variety of crosslinking procedures. Some methods include establishing intra-fiber crosslinks via an esterification reaction via one or more crosslinking agents such as pentaerythritol, a polymeric crosslinking agent (for example, a homopolymer formed of the at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer), a hyperbranched polymer, and so forth. Some methods include establishing intra-fiber crosslinks via an ionic reaction via a multivalent inorganic compound (such as aluminum sulfate) as a crosslinking agent. Some methods include establishing intra-fiber crosslinks via a radical reaction via a suitable inorganic salt (such as ammonium persulfate) as a cross-linking agent. Some methods include at least partially neutralizing the grafted polymer side chains by treating the grafted cellulosic material with an alkaline solution.
The materials, concepts, features, and methods briefly described above are clarified with reference to the detailed description below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1 and 2 show partially schematic views of an equipment assembly used in the In-Plane Radial Permeability (IPRP) Test described herein.

FIG. 3 shows a partially schematic view of an equipment assembly used in the Medium Absorption Pressure (MAP) Test described herein.

FIG. 4 is a graph comparing best-fit curves showing the relationship between MAP and IPRP values exhibited by example embodiments of grafted cellulose materials produced in accordance with the present disclosure (including crosslinked as well as non-crosslinked cellulose materials, collectively represented as the solid line) and example non-grafted cellulose materials (including crosslinked as well as non-crosslinked cellulose materials, collectively represented by the dashed line).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The complete disclosures of the aforementioned references, and those of all of the other references cited herein, are incorporated in their entireties for all purposes.
There has been much research on grafting copolymers, including grafting copolymers from cellulosic materials, such as with grafting polymer chains or “arms” consisting of acrylic acid monomers, from holocellulose (see, e.g., Okieimen, E. F., and Ebhoaye, J. E., Grafting Acrylic Acid Monomer on Cellulosic Materials, J. Macromol. Sci.-Chem., pp 349-353 (1986)). However, there has been no investigation of subjecting grafted cellulose structures to conditions suitable to effect crosslinking in non-grafted cellulose materials.
The inventors have discovered, however, that various absorbent and other properties of certain grafted cellulose structures are changed upon undergoing crosslinking by various reactions and mechanisms. In particular, absorbent properties of some grafted, crosslinked cellulose structures, such as wet bulk, absorbent capacity, permeability (e.g., in-plane radial permeability or IPRP), capillary pressure (e.g., as measured by medium absorption pressure or MAP), as described in greater detail below, are consistent with or improved relative to those achieved by crosslinked cellulose products produced by other methods, and are favorable when compared to cellulose fibers that are not crosslinked and/or not grafted.
As an example of a non-crosslinked, non-grafted cellulose fiber, a bleached kraft pulp product available from Weyerhaeuser NR Company under the designation CF416 has a wet bulk of 11.71 cm³/g and an absorbent capacity of 11.75 g/g. When grafted with polymer chains composed of monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers (with a graft yield in the range of about 5-35 weight %) the resulting grafted CF416 exhibited lower wet bulk values (of about 9.8-11.2 cm³/g, with acrylic acid used as the graft species) and absorbent capacity values (of 10.0-11.3 g/g, with acrylic acid used as the graft species), but when subjected to subsequent crosslink treatment, the grafted, crosslinked cellulose structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure exhibited improved wet bulk values of about 15.0-17.0 cm³/g, and/or absorbent capacity values of about 15.0-17.0 g/g. A crosslinked (and non-grafted) fiber product available from Weyerhaeuser NR Company under the designation CMC530, useful as a control, has a wet bulk of approximately 16.4 cm³/g and an absorbent capacity of 16.5 g/g. Accordingly, the grafted, crosslinked cellulose fibers of the present disclosure may have suitability, for example, in absorbent applications similar to those for which non-grafted crosslinked cellulose fibers are used.
As another example of this suitability, the grafted cellulose structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure exhibit IPRP and MAP values consistent with or improved relative to non-grafted cellulose fibers. As explained in greater detail below, IPRP and MAP values indicate a trade-off relationship that approximates a power law function of the two properties. IPRP and MAP values relating to CMC530 and other non-grafted controls as compared to that of example embodiments of grafted cellulose structures indicate that the grafted, crosslinked structures exhibit (or are predicted to exhibit, according to formulae expressing best-fit curves generated by measured IPRP and MAP data) comparable or increased values, up to 15 or 20%, or even greater.
Cellulosic fibers useful for making the grafted crosslinked cellulose of the present disclosure are derived primarily from wood pulp. Although suitable wood pulp fibers may be obtained from chemical processes such as the kraft and sulfite processes, with or without subsequent and/or prior mercerization and/or bleaching, the pulp fibers may also be processed by thermomechanical or chemithermomechanical methods, or various combinations thereof. Ground wood fibers, recycled or secondary wood pulp fibers, and bleached and unbleached wood pulp fibers may be used. One example starting material is prepared from long-fiber coniferous wood species, such as southern pine, Douglas fir, spruce, hemlock, and so forth. Details of the production of wood pulp fibers are known to those skilled in the art. Suitable fibers are commercially available from a number of sources, including the Weyerhaeuser NR Company. For example, suitable cellulose fibers produced from southern pine that may be used as the cellulose substrate in the materials of the present disclosure are available from the Weyerhaeuser NR Company under the designations CF416, CF405, NF405, NB416, FR416, FR516, PW416, and PW405, amongst others.
The graft species suitable for grafting to the cellulosic fiber “backbone” to produce the grafted crosslinked cellulose materials of the present disclosure include those that may be described as monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomers, which include, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, vinyl acetic acid, methallyl sulfonic acid, and so forth, as well as their alkali and/or ammonium salts, and various combinations of the aforementioned examples. The choice of suitable graft species is guided in part by the nature of the backbone from which the grafted arms are grown, achieving a suitable polymer architecture, the desired end result of the crosslink treatment, and so forth.
For example, grafting, in the context of polymer chemistry, refers in general to the synthesis of polymer chains attached to a substrate, and thus encompasses mechanisms such as “grafting to,” which refers to a polymer chain adsorbing onto a substrate out of solution, as well as “grafting from,” which refers to initiating and propagating a polymer chain (such as by step-growth addition of monomer units) at a grafting site on the substrate. The latter mechanism is generally considered to offer greater control over the resulting polymer architecture, density of grafting sites, polymer chain lengths and linearity, and so forth. Considering these factors, graft species that include one or more acid groups are chemically appropriate when considered against a goal of establishing intra-fiber crosslinks, such as chain-to-chain crosslinks between grafted arms of an individual cellulose fiber. Further, monoethylenenically unsaturated graft species are suitable for the grafted crosslinked cellulose materials herein because of their ability to graft to a cellulose substrate without creating additional branches or side chains (as opposed, for example, to species with more than one unsaturated group, the use of which is more difficult to control). Monomeric graft species are considered to be easier to control, in terms of reactivity, density of polymer chains, establishing desired chain lengths and polymer chain architectures (e.g., linear, unbranched polymers grafted at one end to the cellulose backbone), suppressing crosslink reactions from occurring in the grafting stage, and so forth.
“Grafting,” as the term is used herein, refers collectively to the processes of initiation, growth, and termination of growth polymerization of the (monomeric) graft species from one or more grafting sites on the cellulosic substrate. Typically, grafting according to methods discussed herein is performed in situ, in which an initiator is used, such as to create active centers on the substrate and, usually to a lesser extent, initiate homopolymerization in the aqueous phase. As such, although the grafting processes described herein proceed mainly by way of the “grafting from” mechanism described above, the term does not exclusively refer to this mechanism. Rather, “grafting” also encompasses the “grafting to” mechanism, other mechanisms, and/or combinations thereof. Moreover, the terms “to” and “from,” when used when referring to grafting, do not exclusively refer to the corresponding grafting mechanism, but instead may each encompass some degree of the other grafting mechanism (or mechanisms).
It was found that by controlling the amount of graft species used, various levels of grafting were obtained, characterized by graft yield %, defined below as the additional weight of a grafted sample attributable to the polymerized graft species. For example, acrylic acid readily grafted from cellulose up to approximately 30% graft yield. Additionally, by varying the levels (e.g., weight %) of initiator, the number of graft sites available on the cellulosic substrate was altered. Variations in graft yield were also obtained by varying the ratio of cellulose to graft species.
In general, grafted cellulose fibers were produced in situ by dissolving a measured amount of initiator, such as cerium(IV) sulfate, in deionized water, and then dissipating a designated amount of graft species, such as 4-60 weight % acrylic acid (based on the oven-dry weight of the cellulose), in the solution. The levels of cerium(IV) sulfate initiator were varied between about 4.5-7.0 weight % (based on the oven-dry weight of the cellulose). The grafting solution was added to the cellulosic substrate, the treated cellulose was allowed to react, then washed and filtered to remove unreacted grafting solution and excess homopolymers of the graft species, dried, and weighed to determine graft yield %. In some examples, cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid was then treated with dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide to at least partially neutralize the grafted arms on the cellulosic substrate.
A variety of cross-linking agents and reaction mechanisms were applied to various grafted cellulose materials, including ionic crosslinking reactions using multivalent inorganic compounds (such as aluminum sulfate, a trivalent salt, and titanium-based crosslinking agents), covalent ester crosslinking reactions using polymeric crosslinking agents (for example, a homopolymer of the graft species, such as poly(acrylic) acid or “PAA” when acrylic acid was used as the graft species), pentaerythritol, and various hyperbranched polymers (“HPB”), and a radical-based cross-linking mechanism using ammonium persulfate. Each was performed, at various levels, on various graft yield levels of fiberized, grafted cellulose and/or partially neutralized grafted cellulose, with various factors determining the conditions and amounts of reagents selected (e.g. solubility in water, ability to distribute evenly across the grafted cellulose, etc.).
In general, the grafted structures assumed a polymer architecture consisting mainly of linear, unbranched polymer chain arms attached to the cellulose backbone at one end. When subjected to the various cross-linking reactions, the resulting crosslinked, grafted structures generally exhibited intra-fiber crosslinks between grafted arms (such as via pentaerythritol, or a hyperbranched polymer), also referred to as chain-to-chain crosslinks. Additionally, in some cases, for example when treated with polymeric crosslinking agents, some of the chain arms attached to the cellulose backbone at more than one point, also referred to as chain-to-cellulose crosslinks, and some polymer bonded along the cellulose backbone. While not being bound by theory, it is believed that the stiffness and resiliency imparted by establishing intra-fiber chain-to-chain and/or chain-to-cellulose crosslinks strengthen the high void volume structure and provide the observed, improved absorbent properties as compared to non-crosslinked grafted cellulose fibers and non-crosslinked, non-grafted cellulose fibers.
Although the methods disclosed herein primarily establish intra-fiber crosslinks (such as chain-to-chain crosslinks between grafted arms of an individual cellulose fiber, chain-to-cellulose crosslinks between a grafted arm of a cellulose fiber to elsewhere on the cellulose fiber, and so forth), some materials also exhibited a minor degree of inter-fiber crosslinking, such as between separate cellulose fibers and/or grafted chains thereon. In general, inter-fiber crosslinking is thought to increase the number of “knots” in the resulting fibers. Although a higher knot content is generally not considered to be a desirable characteristic in cellulosic material used in absorbent applications (both for the sake of overall product appearance, as well as for the comparative ease of processing lower knot content fibers), a greater degree of inter-fiber crosslinking may be achieved by using the processes described herein, such as, for example, by applying and curing the crosslinking agent to cellulose in sheet form, rather than to fiberized cellulose. Other variations may include selecting graft species and/or crosslinking agent(s) appropriate for establishing such inter-fiber crosslinking, suitably varying process conditions, and so forth, to achieve a desired amount of inter-fiber crosslinking. All of such variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure.
AFAQ Analysis
Some performance properties of the grafted, crosslinked cellulosic compositions according to the present disclosure—specifically, absorbent properties of wet bulk, wick time, wick rate, and absorbent capacity—were determined using the Automatic Fiber Absorption Quality (AFAQ) Analyzer (Weyerhaeuser Co., Federal Way, Wash.), according to the following procedure:
A dry 4-gram sample of the pulp composition is placed through a pinmill to open the pulp, and then airlaid into a tube. The tube is then placed in the AFAQ Analyzer. A plunger then descends on the airlaid fluff pad at a pressure of 0.6 kPa. The pad height is measured, and the pad bulk (or volume occupied by the sample) is determined from the pad height.
The weight is increased to achieve a pressure of 2.5 kPa and the bulk recalculated. The result is two bulk measurements on the dry fluff pulp at two different pressures.
While the dry fluff pulp is still compressed at the higher pressure, water is introduced into the bottom of the tube (to the bottom of the pad), and the time required for water to wick upward through the pad and reach the plunger (defined as wick time) is measured. The bulk of the wet pad at 2.5 kPa is also calculated. From distance measurements used to calculate the bulk, the wick rate is determined by dividing the wick time by the distance traveled by the water (e.g. the height of the wetted fluff pad). The plunger is then withdrawn from the tube and the wet pad is allowed to expand for 60 seconds. In general, the more resilient the sample, the more it will expand to reach its wet rest state. Once expanded, this resiliency is measured by reapplying the plunger to the wet pad at 0.6 kPa and determining the bulk. The final bulk of the wet pad at 0.6 kPa is considered to be the “wet bulk at 0.6 kPa” (in cm³/g, indicating volume occupied by the wet pad, per weight of the wet pad, under the 0.6 kPa plunger load) of the pulp composition. When the term “wet bulk” is used herein, it refers to “wet bulk at 0.6 kPa” as determined according to this procedure.
Absorbent capacity is calculated by weighing the wet pad after water is drained from the equipment and reported as grams water per gram dry pulp.
In-Plane Radial Permeability (IPRP) Analysis
Permeability generally refers to the quality of a porous material that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it and, as such, is generally determined from the mass flow rate of a given fluid through it. The permeability of an absorbent structure is related to the material's ability to quickly acquire and transport a liquid within the structure, both of which are key features of an absorbent article. Accordingly, measuring permeability is one metric by which a material's suitability for use in absorbent articles may be assessed.
The following test is suitable for measurement of the In-Plane Radial Permeability (IPRP) of a porous material. The quantity of a saline solution (0.9% NaCl) flowing radially through an annular sample of the material under constant pressure is measured as a function of time.
Testing is performed at 23° C.±2 C° and a relative humidity of 50%±5%. All samples are conditioned in this environment for twenty four (24) hours before testing.
The IPRP sample holder 400 is shown in FIG. 1 and comprises a cylindrical bottom plate 405, top plate 410, and cylindrical stainless steel weight 415.
Top plate 410 comprises an annular base plate 420 9 mm thick with an outer diameter of 70 mm and a tube 425 of 150 mm length fixed at the center thereof. The tube 425 has an outer diameter of 15.8 mm and an inner diameter of 12 mm. The tube is adhesively fixed into a circular 16 mm hole in the center of the base plate 420 such that the lower edge of the tube is flush with the lower surface of the base plate, as depicted in FIG. 1. The bottom plate 405 and top plate 410 are fabricated from Lexan® or equivalent. The stainless steel weight 415 has an outer diameter of 70 mm and an inner diameter of 15.9 mm so that the weight is a close sliding fit on tube 425. The thickness of the stainless steel weight 415 is approximately 22 mm and is adjusted so that the total weight of the top plate 410 and the stainless steel weight 415 is 687 g±1 g to provide 2.0 kPa of confining pressure during the measurement.
Bottom plate 405 is approximately 25 mm thick and has two registration grooves 430 cut into the lower surface of the plate such that each groove spans the diameter of the bottom plate and the grooves are perpendicular to each other. Each groove is 1.5 mm wide and 2 mm deep. Bottom plate 405 has a horizontal hole 435 which spans the diameter of the plate. The horizontal hole 435 has a diameter of 8 mm and its central axis is 15 mm below the upper surface of bottom plate 405. Bottom plate 405 also has a central vertical hole 440 which has a diameter of 8 mm and is 10 mm deep. The central hole 440 connects to the horizontal hole 435 to form a T-shaped cavity in the bottom plate 405. The outer portions of the horizontal hole 435 are threaded to accommodate pipe elbows 445 which are attached to the bottom plate 405 in a watertight fashion. One elbow is connected to a vertical transparent tube 460 with a total height of 175 mm measured from the bottom of bottom plate 405 (including elbow 445) and an internal diameter of 6 mm. The tube 460 is scribed with a suitable mark 470 at a height of 100 mm above the upper surface of the bottom plate 420. This is the reference for the fluid level to be maintained during the measurement. The other elbow 445 is connected to the fluid delivery reservoir 700 (described below) via a flexible tube.
A suitable fluid delivery reservoir 700 is shown in FIG. 2. Reservoir 700 is situated on a suitable laboratory jack 705 and has an air-tight stoppered opening 710 to facilitate filling of the reservoir with fluid. An open-ended glass tube 715 having an inner diameter of 10 mm extends through a port 720 in the top of the reservoir such that there is an airtight seal between the outside of the tube and the reservoir. Reservoir 700 is provided with an L-shaped delivery tube 725 having an inlet 730 that is below the surface of the fluid in the reservoir, a stopcock 735, and an outlet 740. The outlet 740 is connected to elbow 445 via flexible plastic tubing 450 (e.g. Tygon®). The internal diameter of the delivery tube 725, stopcock 735, and flexible plastic tubing 450 enable fluid delivery to the IPRP sample holder 400 at a high enough flow rate to maintain the level of fluid in tube 460 at the scribed mark 470 at all times during the measurement. The reservoir 700 has a capacity of approximately 6 liters, although larger reservoirs may be required depending on the sample thickness and permeability. Other fluid delivery systems may be employed provided that they are able to deliver the fluid to the sample holder 400 and maintain the level of fluid in tube 460 at the scribed mark 470 for the duration of the measurement.
The IPRP catchment funnel 500 is shown in FIG. 2 and comprises an outer housing 505 with an internal diameter at the upper edge of the funnel of approximately 125 mm. Funnel 500 is constructed such that liquid falling into the funnel drains rapidly and freely from spout 515. A stand with horizontal flange 520 around the funnel 500 facilitates mounting the funnel in a horizontal position. Two integral vertical internal ribs 510 span the internal diameter of the funnel and are perpendicular to each other. Each rib 510 is 1.5 mm wide and the top surfaces of the ribs lie in a horizontal plane. The funnel housing 500 and ribs 510 are fabricated from a suitably rigid material such as Lexan® or equivalent in order to support sample holder 400. To facilitate loading of the sample it is advantageous for the height of the ribs to be sufficient to allow the upper surface of the bottom plate 405 to lie above the funnel flange 520 when the bottom plate 405 is located on ribs 510. A bridge 530 is attached to flange 520 in order to mount two digital calipers 535 to measure the relative height of the stainless steel weight 415. The digital calipers 535 have a resolution of ±0.01 mm over a range of 25 mm. A suitable digital caliper is a Mitutoyo model 543-4926 or equivalent. Each caliper is interfaced with a computer to allow height readings to be recorded periodically and stored electronically on the computer. Bridge 530 has a circular hole 22 mm in diameter to accommodate tube 425 without the tube touching the bridge.
Funnel 500 is mounted over an electronic balance 600, as shown in FIG. 2. The balance has a resolution of ±0.01 g and a capacity of at least 1000 g. The balance 600 is also interfaced with a computer to allow the balance reading to be recorded periodically and stored electronically on the computer. A suitable balance is Mettler-Toledo model MS6002S or equivalent. A collection container 610 is situated on the balance pan so that liquid draining from the funnel spout 515 falls directly into the container 610.
The funnel 500 is mounted so that the upper surfaces of ribs 510 lie in a horizontal plane. Balance 600 and container 610 are positioned under the funnel 500 so that liquid draining from the funnel spout 515 falls directly into the container 610. The IPRP sample holder 400 is situated centrally in the funnel 500 with the ribs 510 located in grooves 430. The upper surface of the bottom plate 405 must be perfectly flat and level. The top plate 410 is aligned with and rests on the bottom plate 405. The stainless steel weight 415 surrounds the tube 425 and rests on the top plate 410. Tube 425 extends vertically through the central hole in the bridge 530. Both calipers 535 are mounted firmly to the bridge 530 with the foot resting on a point on the upper surface of the stainless steel weight 415. The calipers are set to zero in this state. The reservoir 700 is filled with 0.9% saline solution and re-sealed. The outlet 740 is connected to elbow 445 via flexible plastic tubing 450.
An annular sample 475 of the material to be tested is cut by suitable means. The sample has an outer diameter of 70 mm and an inner hole diameter of 12 mm. One suitable means of cutting the sample is to use a die cutter with sharp concentric blades.
The top plate 410 is lifted enough to insert the sample 475 between the top plate and the bottom plate 405 with the sample centered on the bottom plate and the plates aligned. The stopcock 735 is opened and the level of fluid in tube 460 is set to the scribed mark 470 by adjusting the height of the reservoir 700 using the jack 705 and by adjusting the position of the tube 715 in the reservoir. When the fluid level in the tube 460 is stable at the scribed mark 470 initiate recording data from the balance and calipers by the computer. Balance readings and time elapsed are recorded every 10 seconds for five minutes. The average sample thickness B is calculated from all caliper reading between 60 seconds and 300 seconds and expressed in cm. The flow rate in grams per second is the slope calculated by linear least squares regression fit of the balance reading (dependent variable) at different times (independent variable) considering only the readings between 60 seconds and 300 seconds.
Permeability k is then calculated by the following equation:
$\begin{matrix} k = \frac{(Q / ρ_{i}) \cdot μ \cdot \ln (R_{0} / R_{i})}{2 π \cdot B \cdot Δ p} & (1) \end{matrix}$
Where:
k is the permeability (cm²);
Q is the flow rate (g/s);
ρ₁is the liquid density at 20° C. (g/cm³);
μ is the liquid viscosity at 20° C. (Pa·s);
R₀is the outer sample radius (cm);
R_iis the inner sample radius (cm);
B is the average sample thickness (cm); and
Δp is the pressure drop (Pa) calculated according to the following equation:
$\begin{matrix} Δ p = (Δ h - \frac{B}{2}) \cdot g \cdot ρ_{i} \cdot 10 & (2) \end{matrix}$
Where:
Δh is the measured liquid hydrostatic pressure (cm);
g is the acceleration constant (m/sec²); and
ρ₁is the liquid density (g/cm³).
In-plane radial permeability is dependent on the fluid being used, so the IPRP value (in cm²/MPa·sec) may be defined and calculated as follows:
IPRP value=(k/μ) (3)
Where:
k is the permeability (cm²); and
μ is the liquid viscosity at 20° C. (MPa·s).
MAP Analysis
Capillary pressure can be considered representative of a material's ability to wick fluid by capillary action and is expressed in the context of the present disclosure in terms of Medium Absorption Pressure (MAP), as explained below.
Capillary pressure measurements are made on a TRI/Autoporosimeter (TRI/Princeton Inc. of Princeton, N.J.). The TRI/Autoporosimeter is an automated computer-controlled instrument for measuring capillary pressure in porous materials, which can be schematically represented in FIG. 3. Complimentary Automated Instrument Software, Release Version 2007.6WD, is used to capture the data. More information on the TRI/Autoporosimeter, its operation and data treatments can be found in The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 162 (1994), pp. 163-170, incorporated here by reference.
As used herein, determining capillary pressure hysteresis curve of a material as function of saturation, involves recording the increment of liquid that enters a porous material as the surrounding air pressure changes. A sample in the test chamber is exposed to precisely controlled changes in air pressure which at equilibrium (no more liquid uptake/release) corresponds to the capillary pressure.
The equipment operates by changing the test chamber air pressure in user-specified increments, either by decreasing pressure (increasing pore size) to absorb liquid, or increasing pressure (decreasing pore size) to drain liquid. The liquid volume absorbed (or drained) is measured with a balance at each pressure increment. The saturation is automatically calculated from the cumulative volume.
All testing is performed at 23° C.±2 C° and a relative humidity of 50%±5%. A saline solution of 0.9% weight to volume in deionized water is used. The surface tension (mN/m), contact angle (°), and density (g/cc) for all solutions are determined by any method known in the art. Alternatively (as done for measuring the Examples below), reference values for these parameters may be provided to the TRI/Autoporosimeter's software.
Surface tension (mN/m), contact angle (°), and density (g/cm³) is provided to the instrument's software. Reference values used for the tests described herein were as follows: surface tension of 72 mN/m; contact angle of 0°; and liquid density of 1 g/cm³. The balance is leveled at 156.7 g and equilibration rate set to 90 mg/min. The pore radius protocol (corresponding to capillary pressure steps) scans capillary pressures according to the following equation:
R=2γ cos ϑ/Δp (4)
Where:
R is the pore radius;
γ is the surface tension;
ϑ is the contact angle; and
Δp is the capillary pressure.
Tests are performed with the sample compressed with an applied load of approximately 0.3 psi. The weight applied to the sample is 428 g and is 50 mm in diameter.
The pressure sequence in Table 1, below, is applied to the measurement cell in the standard test protocol which corresponds to an individual pore radius as indicated.

TABLE 1

	Height (mm)	Radius (μm)

1	600	24.5
2	450	32.7
3	350	42.0
4	300	49.0
5	250	58.8
6	200	73.5
7	150	98.0
8	100	147
9	80	184
10	60	245
11	40	368
12	20	735
13	10	1470
14	20	735
15	40	368
16	60	245
17	80	184
18	100	147
19	150	98.0
20	200	73.5
21	250	58.8
22	300	49.0
23	350	42.0
24	450	32.7
25	600	24.5

The sample is cut into a circle with 5 cm diameter and then conditioned at 23° C.±2 C° and a relative humidity 50%±5% for at least 24 hours before testing. The sample weight (to ±0.001 g) is measured. The empty sample chamber is closed. After the instrument has applied the appropriate air pressure to the cell, the liquid valve is closed and the chamber is opened. The specimen and confining weight are placed into the chamber and the chamber is closed. After the instrument has applied the appropriate air pressure to the cell, the liquid valve is opened to allow free movement of liquid to the balance and the test under the radius protocol is started. The instrument proceeds through one absorption/desorption cycle (also called a hysteresis loop). A blank (without specimen) is run in like fashion.
For calculations and reporting, the mass uptake from a blank run is directly subtracted from the uptake of the sample. Medium Absorption Pressure (MAP) is the pressure at which 50% of the liquid uptake has been achieved—or, in other words, the pressure that corresponds to 50% of the total liquid absorbed on the absorption branch of the hysteresis loop generated by the autoporosimeter.
The following examples summarize representative methods of treating cellulose fibers in accordance with the methods and concepts discussed above, and are illustrative in nature. The reagent amounts, times, conditions, and other process conditions may be varied from those disclosed in the specific representative procedures disclosed in the following examples without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1: Grafting

Representative procedure: cellulose pulpsheets (CF416, 93% solids, Columbus Mill, from Weyerhaeuser NR Company, Federal Way, Wash.) were cut into rectangles (of 13.25″×4″), weighed, and placed into re-sealable plastic bags in pairs. A Ce⁴⁺ catalyst solution was produced by stirring and dissolving a measured quantity of ammonium cerium(IV) sulfate (94%, from Sigma Aldrich) in 150.0 mL deionized water. Acrylic acid (99%, with 180-200 ppm MEHQ inhibitor, from Sigma Aldrich) in a measured volume was then added to the Ce⁴⁺ solution and stirred for 5 minutes. The resulting solution was slowly poured over the cellulose pulpsheets, on both sides, in the bag, which was then sealed and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The sealed bag was then cured in a ventilated oven at 50° C. for 2 hours, followed by cooling to room temperature. The treated cellulose (cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid) was then washed with 2.5 L deionized water in a Waring Blendor at low speed. Unreacted grafting solution, excess homopolymers of poly(acrylic) acid, and other impurities, were removed via vacuum filtration with Buchner funnel and filter paper, washed and vacuum filtered again, then oven-dried overnight at 50° C.
Graft yield was calculated using the following formula:
% Graft Yield=[(W ₂ −W ₁)/W ₁]×100 (5)
Where W₁=weight of starting cellulose material, and W₂=grafted product weight.
Representative data indicating weights and volumes used in a number of runs performed according to Example 1, and graft yields achieved, are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

	Wt Starting	AA	Catalyst	Wt Product	Graft Yield
Run #	Material (g)	(mL)	(g)	(g)	(%)

1	48.79	2.2	3.44	51.06	4.66
2	48.62	15.5	2.92	57.60	18.47
3	48.55	9.0	2.92	54.40	12.06
4	48.57	2.2	3.44	50.74	4.46
5	48.26	9.0	2.92	53.82	11.53
6	48.64	2.7	2.40	50.62	4.07
7	48.37	9.0	2.92	53.73	11.08
8	48.65	9.0	2.92	54.44	11.91
9	48.87	16.0	2.40	58.04	18.76
10	48.74	10.0	2.40	54.33	11.47
11	48.72	9.0	2.92	54.33	11.51
12	48.18	2.7	2.40	50.35	4.50
13	48.44	8.5	3.44	54.24	11.97
14	48.75	2.5	2.92	50.83	4.27
15	48.21	14.0	3.44	56.49	17.17
16 (control)	48.92	0	0	49.04	0.25

A variety of cross-linking agents and reaction mechanisms were then applied to cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid materials prepared in accordance with the procedure in Example 1, as described in Examples 2-7 infra.

Example 2: PAA Ester Cross-Linking

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, 12″×12″ British handsheets were prepared using all the material from one run (there was some loss during process). The handsheets were equilibrated to 93% solids in a humidity-controlled room. Each handsheet was cut into strips (of 12″×4″).
Polyacrylic acid (“PAA”) crosslinking agent (Aquaset™ 1676 available from The Dow Chemical Company; other suitable examples of suitable crosslinking agents are listed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 20110077354 of Stoyanov, et al.) was applied, in some cases in the presence of a sodium hypophosphite (“SHP”) catalyst, to the handsheet strips. The treated strips were allowed to equilibrate, then air-dried, fiberized with a Kamas hammermill, and cured.
Representative data indicating weights and volumes used are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3

	Wt Handsheet @	PAA	PAA
Run	93% (g)	%	(g)

1	53.05	0	0
2	59.16	1.5	1.49
3	56.40	0	0
4	52.78	3	2.96
5	55.70	1.5	1.47
6	52.68	0	0
7	55.58	1.5	1.48
8	56.38	3	2.97
9	60.01	0	0
10	56.31	1.5	1.49
11	56.34	1.5	1.49
12	52.37	3	2.94
13	56.19	1.5	1.48
14	52.86	1.5	1.49
15	58.35	0	0
16 (control)	51.31	6.5	6.44

Example 3: Pentaerythritol Ester Cross-Linking

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, an aqueous slurry was prepared using all the material from one run, which was then vacuum-filtered using a Buchner funnel to produce a pad. The pad was then oven-dried at 50° C. to constant weight.
A solution of 5.00 g pentaerythritol (from Sigma Aldrich) and 0.15 g sodium hypophosphite in 60 mL deionized water was prepared at 40° C., which was then cooled to room temperature and evenly applied to both sides of the pad via transfer pipette, and the treated pad was placed in a sealed plastic bag and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The pad was then fiberized in a Waring Blendor, and cured in an oven at 193° C. for 5 minutes.

Example 4: Trivalent Salt Ionic Cross-Linking

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, an aqueous slurry was prepared using all the material from one run, which was then vacuum-filtered using a Buchner funnel to produce a pad. The pad was then air-dried to 43.5% solids content.
An aluminum sulfate solution was prepared by dissolving 10.00 g of aluminum sulfate octodecahydrate (from Sigma Aldrich) in 250 mL deionized water. The solution was evenly applied to both sides of the air-dried pad via transfer pipette, and the treated pad was placed in a sealed plastic bag and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The treated pad was then vacuum filtered in a Buchner funnel and gently rinsed, once, with 500 mL deionized water, then air-dried at room temperature until constant weight was achieved.

Example 5: Titanium-Based Ionic Cross-Linking

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, an aqueous slurry was prepared using all the material from one run, which was then vacuum-filtered using a Buchner funnel to produce a pad. The pad was then oven-dried to constant weight.
A solution was prepared by dissolving 6.61 g of Tyzor® LA (lactic acid titanate chelate, from DuPont) in 26.4 mL deionized water at room temperature. The solution was evenly applied to both sides of the air-dried pad via transfer pipette, and the treated pad was placed in a sealed plastic bag and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The pad was then fiberized in a Waring Blendor, and cured in an oven at 175° C. for 15 minutes.

Example 6: Radical Cross-Linking

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, 12″×12″ British handsheets were prepared using 50 g of the material. The handsheets were equilibrated to 93% solids in a humidity-controlled room. Each handsheet was cut into strips (of 12″×4″).
A solution of 2.22 g of ammonium persulfate (from Sigma Aldrich) in 45 mL deionized water was prepared and evenly applied across the handsheet strips via transfer pipette, and the treated strips were placed in a sealed plastic bag and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The treated strips were then air-dried to about 70% solids and then fiberized with a Kamas hammermill. The material was then gently and evenly sprayed with 110 mL deionized water, placed in a foil pouch that was perforated to allow evaporation, and oven-cured at 390° F. (199° C.) for 15 minutes. After removal from the oven, the pouch was cooled to room temperature, and then the material was removed and allowed to air-dry at room temperature until constant weight was achieved.

Example 7: Ester Cross-Linking with Hyperbranched Polymers

Representative procedure: using cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid prepared according to the procedure in Example 1, 12″×12″ British handsheets were prepared using 50 g of the material. The handsheets were equilibrated to 93% solids in a humidity-controlled room. Each handsheet was cut into strips (of 12″×4″).
A solution of a measured quantity of a hyperbranched polymer (e.g., 0.22 g Lutensit® Z96 or 0.95 Lutensol® FP620, both from BASF) along with 0.14 g sodium hypophosphite in 45 mL deionized water was prepared and evenly applied across the handsheet strips via transfer pipette, and the treated strips were placed in a sealed plastic bag and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature overnight.
The treated strips were then air-dried to about 70% solids, fiberized with a Kamas hammermill, air-dried overnight, and cured at 370° F. (187.8° C.) for 5 minutes in a large dispatch oven.
AFAQ analysis was performed on the cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid materials prepared in accordance with the representative procedure of Example 1, as well as on various crosslinked cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid materials prepared in accordance with the representative procedures of Examples 2-7. The representative values presented in Table 4 (below) are averages from multiple runs of the indicated crosslink method on the indicated graft yield % level of cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid.

	TABLE 4

	AFAQ Analysis

	Wick	Wick	Wet Bulk	Absorbent
	Time	Rate	0.6 kPa	Capacity	Sample Description

Sample #	sec	mm/s	cm³/g	g/g	% graft	crosslink method

1	2.1	9.42	9.73	9.93	11	ionic (Al³⁺)
2	2.6	8.03	12.07	12.49	11	ester (pentaerythritol)
3	2.0	10.58	10.55	10.62	11	titanium (Tyzor LA)
4	4.6	6.63	16.53	16.74	12	ester (PAA)
5	4.0	6.89	11.19	11.32	6.6	none
6	3.8	8.43	15.92	15.83	6.6	ester (HPB)
7	3.8	7.12	10.93	11.01	11	none
8	3.7	6.32	11.26	11.56	11	radical
9	3.3	9.11	16.73	16.43	11	ester (HPB)
10	3.4	7.22	10.12	10.17	19.8	none
11	2.9	9.51	16.15	15.75	19.8	ester (HPB)
12	3.2	6.82	9.84	9.97	25.2	none
13	2.85	8.72	15.53	15.09	25.2	ester (HPB)
Control A (CMC530)	2.3	11.87	16.39	16.45	n/a	n/a
Control B (CMC530)	2.6	10.71	16.45	16.65	n/a	n/a
Control C (CF416)	—	—	11.71	11.75	n/a	n/a

Table 4 shows, for example, that cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid produced from CF416 cellulose pulp fiber tends to exhibit lower wet bulk and absorbent capacity values as compared with untreated (i.e. non-grafted, non-crosslinked) CF416, across a range of graft yield levels tested. However, when subjected to subsequent crosslink treatment, the grafted, crosslinked cellulose structures produced thereby generally exhibited improved wet bulk values and/or absorbent capacity values. For example, ester cross-linking using PAA or a hyperbranched polymer as the cross-linking agent yielded improvements in wet bulk and absorbent capacity values, from about 6% to over 40%, as compared to untreated cellulose. Indeed, the improved values of these properties were found to be comparable with those exhibited by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose samples (e.g., CMC530). Some crosslinking treatments, however, such as ionic trivalent salt and titanium-based reactions, did not increase, and in some cases further decreased, wet bulk and absorbent capacity values as compared to untreated cellulose. Also, in general, cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid materials produced from CF416 exhibited lower wick rates than non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose samples, but when subjected to subsequent crosslink treatment, wick rates were seen to further decrease with some PAA/SHP and radical treatment processes, but increase with others (such as with ester cross-linking with HPB and pentaerythritol, and ionic processes). Thus, various absorbent properties may be modified through a selection of graft species, cross-linking reaction, and other process conditions.
Another performance metric by which the grafted, crosslinked cellulose materials produced in accordance with the present disclosure may be characterized and/or compared is by means of liquid permeability and capillary pressure, two properties important for absorbent products. Liquid permeability may be measured by in-plane radial permeability (IPRP) and capillary pressure may be measured by medium absorption pressure (MAP), according to the tests described above.
As noted above, there is a trade-off between IPRP and MAP with known absorbent materials, including cellulose materials, synthetic fibers, blends, and so forth, in which IPRP tends to decrease as MAP increases. This trade-off is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 4, in the form of a dashed line following the least-squares best-fit curve that corresponds to IPRP and MAP values exhibited by example cellulose fiber controls, including crosslinked cellulose products such as CMC530 (used as a control in the Examples and subsequent AFAQ analysis described above) as well as non-crosslinked cellulose products such as NB416, CF416, and so forth. The IPRP and MAP values are shown in Table 5, below. The curve can be described mathematically as a power law function y=mx^z, with IPRP value as the abscissa and MAP as the ordinate. For the Table 5 data, the best-fit curve for the non-grafted controls can be expressed by the formula y=896.38x^−0.549, with R²=0.9479.

TABLE 5

IPRP Value	MAP
(cm²/MPa · sec)	(cm H₂O)	Material

594	21.3	non-crosslinked
651	23.9	control
736	23.7
737	25.6
759	31.6
2144	12.9	crosslinked
2360	12.3	control
2674	11.8
2723	11.5
3061	11.6
3219	10.3
3453	9.7
3659	10.6
3708	9.8
4350	9.0
5189	8.1
5296	8.0

As exemplified, for example, in FIG. 4 (and Table 5), cellulose fibers have been observed to be bounded by a maximum IPRP value of about 5400 cm²/MPa·sec and a maximum MAP value of about 32 cm H₂O. Higher IPRP values have been achieved, but only with blends of cellulose with synthetic fibers (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polyester fibers) or synthetic nonwovens produced from, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polyester fibers or filaments.
Focusing in particular on crosslinked cellulose fibers, such products have been observed to be bounded by a maximum MAP value of about 13 cm H₂O.
The grafted, crosslinked cellulose materials prepared in accordance with the present disclosure, however, exhibit IPRP values as high as 7700 cm²/MPa·sec and MAP values up to 20 cm H₂O.
In some examples, IPRP and MAP values for grafted, crosslinked cellulose materials approximate a trade-off curve that is slightly shifted (i.e. raised) and also elongated (i.e. spans a broader IPRP range), with respect to that exhibited by the non-grafted cellulose controls, as shown in FIG. 4. The trade-off for the grafted materials is shown as a solid line following the best-fit curve for the example data presented in Table 6, below.

TABLE 6

IPRP Value	MAP
(cm²/MPa · sec)	(cm H₂O)	Material

517	27.67	grafted, non-
601	37.55	crosslinked
1113	19.13	grafted,
1139	20.02	crosslinked
1143	18.06
1267	18.31
1465	17.56
1479	17.01
1555	16.62
1774	16.45
1868	14.79
2122	13.44
2129	13.09
2139	13.58
2152	13.34
2270	13.17
2270	13.20
2308	13.31
2384	13.13
2386	13.16
2470	12.95
2502	12.95
2532	12.94	grafted,
2564	12.69	crosslinked
2649	12.55
2651	12.45
2710	11.78
2714	12.33
2722	12.69
2801	12.18
2832	11.80
2851	12.36
2875	12.15
2879	11.98
2940	12.20
2971	11.16
3816	9.39
4143	9.34
4434	10.07
5038	8.00
5483	9.24
5713	8.49
5999	9.61
7672	7.55

The best-fit curve generated by the example data set in Table 6, corresponding to grafted cellulose materials, can be expressed by the formula y=869.93x^−0.538(with R²=0.9471). Best-fit curves for example materials prepared in accordance with the present disclosure can be characterized by the same general power law function represented by the formula y=mx^z, with m values ranging from about 600 to about 1200 (and more particularly from about 800 to about 1100), and z values ranging from about −0.590 to −0.515 (and more particularly from about −0.560 to about −0.520). These best-fit curve models for the grafted materials of the present disclosure correspond to or predict the IPRP value for a given MAP value (and vice versa) within about +/−30% of the value of x (or y) in the respective formula, particularly at IPRP values y (in cm²/MPa·sec) ranging from about 1000 to about 7700.
Comparing the best-fit curves for the example non-grafted controls (dashed line) and the example grafted materials (solid line), the “shift” visible in FIG. 4 (and shown by the data in Tables 5 and 6) illustrates that, in the range of IPRP values exhibited by non-grafted cellulose fiber control materials (that is, a range of from about 600 to about 5400 cm²/MPa·sec), the example grafted materials exhibit (or are predicted to exhibit) MAP values equal to or higher than the corresponding MAP values possessed by non-grafted cellulose materials. Also, for a given MAP value (in cm H₂O) in a range of from about 7.0 to about 25, the grafted materials exhibit (or are predicted to exhibit) IPRP values equal to or higher than the corresponding IPRP values possessed by non-grafted cellulose fiber. Focusing specifically on the data corresponding to crosslinked materials, the difference in IPRP values is generally up to about 20% higher for the example grafted materials as compared to the example non-grafted controls over an MAP range of about 7.0 to 20 (although the differences are even greater in some instances, for example with IPRP values exhibited at MAP values between about 7.0 and about 10), and the difference in MAP values is generally up to about 15% higher for grafted materials over a range of IPRP values of about 800 to 5400 cm²/MPa·sec.
Comparing the best-fit curves for the example non-grafted controls and the example grafted materials, the “elongation” visible in FIG. 4 (and shown by the data in Tables 5 and 6) illustrates that IPRP values greater than those achieved with non-grafted cellulose products (e.g., IPRP values greater than about 5400 cm²/MPa·sec) are exhibited by the grafted, crosslinked cellulose materials of the present disclosure.
Accordingly, the grafted, crosslinked cellulose of the present disclosure may have suitability, for example, in absorbent applications similar to those for which non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fibers are used, as well as other applications.
Although the inventive subject matter for which protection is sought is defined in the appended claims, other illustrative, non-exclusive examples of inventive subject matter according to the present disclosure are described in the following enumerated paragraphs:
A. A cellulosic material comprising a cellulose fiber and polymer chains composed of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer grafted thereto, wherein one or more of said cellulose fiber and said polymer chains are crosslinked.
A.1. The material of A, wherein the cellulose fiber is wood fiber.
A.2. The material of A or A.1, wherein the material includes mainly intra-fiber crosslinks.
A.3. The material of any of A through A.2, wherein the at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer includes one or more of acrylic acid, maleic acid, and methacrylic acid.
A.4. The material of any of A through A.3, wherein the at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer is acrylic acid.
A.5. The material of any of A through A.4, characterized by a graft yield of 5-35 weight %.
A.6. The material of any of A through A.5, characterized by a graft yield of 10-20 weight %.
A.7. The material of any of A through A.6, wherein the material has a wet bulk at least 6% greater than untreated cellulose fiber.
A.8. The material of any of A through A.7, wherein the material has a wet bulk at least 40% greater than untreated cellulose fiber.
A.9. The material of any of A through A.8, wherein the material has a wet bulk of about 10.0-17.0 cm³/g.
A.10. The material of any of A through A.9, wherein the material has a wet bulk of about 15.0-17.0 cm³/g.
A.11. The material of any of A through A.10, wherein the material has an absorbent capacity of about 10.0-17.0 g/g.
A.12. The material of any of A through A.11, wherein the material has an absorbent capacity of about 15.0-17.0 g/g.
A.13. The material of any of A through A.12, wherein the material has an IPRP value of about 1000 to 7700 cm²/MPa·sec and a MAP of about 7.0 to 20 cm H₂O.
A.14. The material of any of A through A.13, wherein for a given IPRP value y (in cm²/MPa·sec) from 1000 to 7700, the MAP value of the material (in cm H₂O) is within +/−30% of the value of x in the formula y=mx^z; wherein m is from 600 to 1200, and wherein z is from −0.590 to −0.515.
A.15 The material of A.14, wherein z is from −0.560 to −0.520.
A.16. The material of A.14 or A.15, wherein m is from 800 to 1100.
A.17. The material of any of A through A.16, characterized in that at a given IPRP value (in cm²/MPa·sec) from 800 to 5400, the material has a MAP value that is equal to or higher than the corresponding MAP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.
A.18. The material of A.17, wherein the material at the given IPRP value has a MAP value that is between 0 and 20% higher than the corresponding MAP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.
A.19. The material of any of A through A.17, characterized in that at a given MAP value (in cm H₂O) from 7.0 to 20, the material has an IPRP value that is equal to or higher than the corresponding IPRP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.
A.20. The material of A.19, wherein the material at the given MAP value has an IPRP value that is between 0 and 15% higher than the corresponding IPRP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.
A.21. The material of any of A through A.12, wherein the material has an IPRP value of 5400 cm²/MPa·sec or above.
B. A fibrous cellulosic material comprising cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic) acid having a graft yield of 10-20 weight % and wherein two or more grafted polymer chains of poly(acrylic) acid are intra-fiber crosslinked.
B.1. The material of B, wherein the material has a wet bulk of about 15.0-17.0 cm³/g.
B.2. The material of B or B.1, wherein said two or more polymer chains of poly(acrylic) acid are intra-fiber crosslinked by a hyperbranched polymer.
B.3. The material of any of B through B.2, wherein said two or more polymer chains of poly(acrylic) acid are intra-fiber crosslinked by pentaerythritol.
C. A method of producing a grafted, crosslinked cellulosic material, the method comprising (a) grafting polymer chains of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer from a cellulosic substrate to produce a grafted cellulosic material, and (b) subsequently crosslinking the grafted cellulosic material by treating the material with a crosslinking agent adapted to effect crosslinking of one or more of the cellulosic substrate or the polymer chains.
C.1. The method of C, wherein the cellulosic material is cellulose fiber.
C.2. The method of C of C.1, wherein the grafting is performed in situ.
C.3. The method of any of C through C.2, wherein the grafting includes reacting the at least one monomer with the cellulosic substrate in the presence of a grafting initiator.
C.3.1. The method of C.3., wherein the grafting initiator includes ammonium cerium(IV) sulfate.
C.3.2. The method of C or C.3.1., wherein the grafting includes varying one or more of the weight percent of the initiator, and the ratio of the cellulosic substrate to the monomer, to achieve a desired graft yield level.
C.4. The method of any of C through C.3.2., including using acrylic acid as the at least one monomer.
C.5. The method of any of C through C.4., wherein the crosslinking includes establishing intra-fiber crosslinks via an esterification reaction, and wherein the crosslinking agent includes one or more of pentaerythritol, a homopolymer formed of the at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer, and a hyperbranched polymer.
C.5.1. The method of C.5., wherein the crosslinking also includes establishing intra-fiber chain-to-cellulose crosslinks.
C.6. The method of any of C through C.5.1, wherein the crosslinking includes establishing intra-fiber chain-to-chain crosslinks via an ionic reaction, and wherein the crosslinking agent includes a multivalent inorganic compound.
C.6.1. The method of C.6, wherein the crosslinking agent includes aluminum sulfate.
C.7. The method of any of C through C.5.1., wherein the crosslinking includes establishing intra-fiber chain-to-chain crosslinks via a radical reaction, and wherein the crosslinking agent includes an inorganic salt of a strong acid and a weak base.
C.7.1. The method of C.7, wherein the crosslinking agent includes ammonium persulfate.
C.8. The method of any of C through C.7.1., further including, prior to the crosslinking, at least partially neutralizing the grafted polymer side chains by treating the grafted cellulosic material with an alkaline solution.
C.9. The material produced by the method of any of C through C.8.
Although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to the foregoing principles and illustrated examples and embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form, detail, conditions, and so forth, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A cellulosic material comprising a cellulose fiber and polymer chains composed of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer grafted thereto, wherein one or more of said cellulose fiber and said polymer chains are intra-fiber crosslinked, and wherein at a given IPRP value (in cm²/MPa·sec) from 800 to 5400, the material has an MAP value (in cm H₂O) higher than the corresponding MAP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.

2. The material of claim 1, wherein the at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer includes acrylic acid.

3. The material of claim 1, characterized by a graft yield of 5-35 weight %.

4. The material of claim 3, characterized by a graft yield of 10-20 weight %.

5. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a wet bulk at least 6% greater than untreated cellulose fiber.

6. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has a wet bulk of about 10.0-17.0 cm³/g.

7. The material of claim 1, wherein the material has an IPRP value of about 1000 to 5400 cm²/MPa·sec and a MAP of about 8.0 to 20 cm H₂O.

8. The material of claim 1, characterized in that at a given MAP value (in cm H₂O) from 7.0 to 20, the material has an IPRP value that is equal to or higher than the corresponding IPRP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.

9. A cellulosic material comprising a cellulose fiber and polymer chains composed of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated acid group-containing monomer grafted thereto, wherein one or more of said cellulose fiber and said polymer chains are intra-fiber crosslinked, and wherein at a given MAP value (in cm H₂O) from 7.0 to 20, the material has an IPRP value (in cm²/MPa·sec) higher than the corresponding IPRP value possessed by non-grafted, crosslinked cellulose fiber.