US20180343555A1 - System and method for detecting a cellular device - Google Patents
System and method for detecting a cellular device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20180343555A1 US20180343555A1 US15/605,147 US201715605147A US2018343555A1 US 20180343555 A1 US20180343555 A1 US 20180343555A1 US 201715605147 A US201715605147 A US 201715605147A US 2018343555 A1 US2018343555 A1 US 2018343555A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cellular
- wideband receiver
- uplink transmission
- uplink
- block
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/005—Discovery of network devices, e.g. terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
- H04W48/16—Discovering, processing access restriction or access information
Definitions
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.
- FIG. 2 shows a system for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.
- FIG. 3 shows an example receiver in accordance with this disclosure.
- FIG. 4 shows an example computational kernel for detecting a UMTS cellular device in accordance with this disclosure.
- FIG. 5 shows an example computational kernel for detecting an LTE cellular device in accordance with this disclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for accurate detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.
- a plan for RF scanning of these uplink cellular bands may be identified. This plan may provide for scanning all RF uplink cellular bands of interest with a minimum of RF tuning frequencies (i.e., by using the maximum receiver bandwidth per RF tuning frequency).
- the process in FIG. 1 begins with block 101 in which an RF signal processing receiver acquires a block of digitized samples in an uplink frequency band.
- the RF signal processing receiver may iterate through each tuning frequency in the frequency plan, acquiring a large contiguous block of digitized samples at each step.
- the RF signal processing receiver may be a wideband receiver that captures multiple cellular channels simultaneously.
- one or more computational kernels are applied to the block of digitized samples to determine the likelihood of the presence of a cellular uplink signal from a transmitting cellular device.
- Each cellular technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) may have its own specific computational kernel for determining the likelihood of the presence of a transmitting cellular device.
- Multiple signal processing devices may operate simultaneously in block 103 .
- the computational kernel may run on the signal processing receiver or may run remote from the signal processing receiver. For example, the digitized samples may be transferred to a remote server where the computational kernel may be run.
- the computational kernel is designed to identify a triggering event in block 103 .
- the triggering event and thus detection of a potential uplink transmission, can be based on one or more physical layer measurements.
- the triggering event in a cellular uplink band may include a high RF power level, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a likely presence of a known sequence or signal within the received signal, or specific properties or structures of the received signal which indicate the received signal is likely structured instead of random noise.
- Signal properties or structures may include occupied bandwidth, signal duration, and/or signal autocorrelation.
- UMTS uplink transmissions occupy 3.84 MHz of bandwidth
- LTE uplink transmissions occupy a multiple of 180 kHz of bandwidth.
- an identification of the standard will determine the occupied uplink bandwidth to be expected.
- LTE uplink transmissions, especially uplink control channel transmissions are often limited of 0.5 milliseconds in duration.
- uplink transmissions are channelized or localized in the frequency domain.
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- uplink transmissions are localized to be certain multiples of a resource block, which is 12 subcarriers, each 15 kHz wide, for a total of 180 kHz per resource block.
- the uplink signal may be transformed into the frequency domain, and a triggering event declared when the power in one or more frequency bins exceeds a threshold.
- the occupied bandwidth of the potential uplink transmission is determined. If the bandwidth is commensurate with the cellular technology detected in block 105 , a center frequency of the uplink transmission may be estimated and the method proceeds to block 109 . If the bandwidth is not commensurate with the cellular technology detected in block 105 , the method returns to block 101 where a new block of digitized samples is acquired. The new block of digitized samples may correspond to a next step in the frequency plan.
- one or more candidate downlink channels may be determined according to: 1) the uplink transmission technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) indicated by the computational kernels in block 103 ; 2) the list of potential carrier frequencies of the uplink transmission indicated by the computational kernels in block 103 ; and 3) the pairing between downlink and uplink RF carrier frequencies in licensed cellular bands.
- the one or more candidate downlink channels may be surveyed to detect a cellular basestation transmitting on the downlink.
- the RF signal processing receiver may be used to perform a cellular network survey for each candidate downlink channel. This may be the same RF signal processing receiver used for acquiring samples of the uplink transmission in block 101 .
- the cellular provider operating on an RF downlink frequency AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.
- AT&T AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.
- MNC Mobile Network Code
- a cellular device has been detected, qualified, and associated with a cellular provider, band, channel, and RF frequency.
- CNDL Cell Network Descriptor List
- MNC Mobile Network Code
- the CNDL may be populated, for example, by a third party using an RF signal processing receiver that comprises a cellular network survey.
- cell synchronization may be achieved in both frequency and timing. Cell synchronization may also yield details of the frame structure used by the particular basestation.
- the RF signal processing receiver is synchronized with a particular basestation, downlink broadcast messages from a basestation can be received, demodulated and decoded. Successful decoding of these broadcast messages confirms the presence of the basestation, the cellular technology employed by the basestation (e.g., GSM, UMTS, FD-LTE, etc.), and the RF downlink frequency, channel and/or band.
- a complete cellular network survey may require the receiver to repeat basestation analysis for the possible cellular technologies.
- the contents of the broadcast messages that were successfully decoded may be stored in the CNDL.
- the CNDL may also store additional relevant data such as the cellular technology, MNC, cellular carrier (e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.), and paired uplink frequency. Entries in the CNDL may also be associated with a GPS location.
- the CNDL entries of one RF signal processing receiver may be shared with other RF signal processing receivers.
- the other RF signal processing receivers can be either collocated with or remote from the RF signal processing receiver which produced the CNDL information.
- the RF signal processing receivers may comprise (or be operably coupled to) cellular data services.
- the CNDL may be sorted based on a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a received signal quality, or other fields within the CNDL.
- RSSI received signal strength indicator
- a sorted CNDL may be more appropriate for prioritizing basestations to which a nearby cellular device is likely to request access.
- the basestation's confirmed cellular technology, downlink frequency, channel and/or band may be used to define the uplink parameters (e.g., uplink frequency, channel and/or band) to which a user can compare in block 109 .
- a cellular standard may, for example, pair uplink frequencies with downlink frequencies.
- the cellular carrier e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.
- MNC Mobile Network Code
- a cellular device has been detected, qualified, and associated with a cellular provider, band, channel, and RF frequency.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a cellular phone 201 and a cellular basestation 205
- the process may be implemented to detect any cellular device.
- a cellular device is any device with embedded cellular capability which is capable to access the cellular network.
- FIG. 2 shows a system for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.
- the system in FIG. 2 comprises a cellular basestation 205 , a cellular phone 201 and an RF signal processing receiver 209 .
- a signal processing receiver may comprise a microprocessor, digital signal processor, or other software programmable device.
- such devices may have limited ability to continually process real time signals. Additionally, such devices may need to handle other tasks within a signal processing receiving system. Thus, they may not be suitable for detecting a triggering event, where the channel needs to be continually monitored in real time. In such cases, it may be advantageous to use a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to continually monitor the uplink band for the triggering event.
- the software programmable device may operate on other tasks while awaiting the triggering event. When the triggering event occurs, the sampled signal is passed from the FPGA to the software programmable device for subsequent demodulation and decoding.
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- the cellular phone 201 When in use on a cellular network, the cellular phone 201 sends an RF uplink transmission 207 to one or more basestations 205 in a local area, i.e., in a cell. This uplink transmission 207 may also be detected and received by the RF signal processing receiver 209 .
- One or more RF signal processing receivers 209 may attempt to receive an uplink transmission 207 at an uplink frequency. In some situations, the number of potential uplink frequencies may be narrowed according to a predetermined CNDL and a determination of location. Each of the one or more RF signal processing receivers 209 may be directed to receive one or more RF uplink channel. Each of the one or more RF signal processing receivers 209 attempts to detect a triggering event.
- the triggering event in a cellular uplink band may include a high RF power level, a likely presence of a known sequence or signal within the received signal, or specific properties or structures of the received signal which indicate the received signal is likely structured and not random noise. The triggering event indicates that a cellular device may be transmitting.
- the mere presence of RF power in the bands licensed for uplink cellular traffic may or may not be from the cellular phone 201 .
- the cellular uplink bands are licensed bands, and thus only licensed devices are allowed to transmit in these bands, it is quite common to have sporadic and unintended RF signals in these bands that could be detected as falsely identified as cellular devices requesting network. Therefore, when the RF signal processing receiver 209 detects power in a cellular uplink band, the RF signal processing receiver 209 may determine the bandwidth of the potential uplink transmission.
- RF signal processing receiver 209 may apply a computational kernel.
- the computational kernel may yield a numerical score indicating the likelihood of the presence of an uplink signal and a list of possible carrier frequencies at which the uplink signal may reside.
- the presence of a basestation is investigated. If the likelihood from the computational kernel exceeds a threshold, the presence of a cellular device is deemed likely and the presence of a basestation is subsequently investigated.
- the cellular basestation 205 sends an RF downlink transmission 211 to the cellular phone 201 , which may also be received by the RF signal processing receiver 209 .
- downlink and uplink frequencies are typically paired. If the presence of a cellular device has been deemed likely at a particular uplink frequency, RF signal processing receiver may attempt to decode an RF downlink at the downlink frequency paired with the uplink frequency. If an RF downlink is successfully decoded, the presence of the cellular device is confirmed, as are the frequency, band, channel, and cellular provider of the cellular device.
- a full cellular network scan may be predetermined or may be learned over time.
- a CNDL may store relevant data such as the cellular technology and frequency of the uplink and downlink channels.
- the CNDL may be subsequently sorted based on the location of a receiver 209 . For example, once a potential uplink transmission is determined and the bandwidth is verified, the CNDL can be consulted. Based on the center frequency of the potential uplink transmission and the current location of the receiver 209 , the CNDL can sorted to give a likelihood that a cellular basestation is close enough to be able to receive the potential uplink transmission. Furthermore, if the cellular basestation is not close enough, a downlink transmission can also be measured to confirm the CNDL. Discrepancies between the CNDL and actual measurements may be used to adapt or train the CNDL
- FIG. 3 illustrates an example receiver in accordance with this disclosure.
- the antenna 301 receives a signal that is shifted in frequency by tuner 303 .
- Tuner 303 may comprise one or more filtering stages and one or more mixing stages.
- Tuner 303 may shift the received signal down according to a variable local oscillator stage 305 .
- the down-converted signal may then pass through filter 307 .
- Filter 307 attenuates signals outside of the band (or sub-band) of interest.
- the filtered signal may be sampled by an analog-to-digital converter (A/D) 309 .
- Digital samples from the A/D 309 may be processed by one or more computational kernels 311 .
- the sample rate of the A/D 309 also determines the widest bandwidth of filter 307 .
- filter 307 in combination with any filtering in tuner 303 ) may provide a low-pass filter response with a cut-off frequency of 25 MHz or less.
- the tuner output may be a complex I/Q signal (i.e., comprising In-phase and Quadrature-phase signals) centered around 0 Hz.
- the I signal may be filtered in parallel with the Q signal by filter 307 .
- the filtered I/Q signal may be sampled by A/D 309 .
- variable local oscillator stage 305 Prior to searching for a cellular uplink signal, the variable local oscillator stage 305 must be set such that the tuner 303 outputs the band (or sub-band) of interest. As discussed above, the band (or sub-band) of interest may be centered at 0 Hz or a predetermined IF.
- a UMTS cellular device may be detected in accordance with the system in FIG. 4 .
- the detection may begin by obtaining a plurality of I/Q sample sets (g(t, n)) 401 , each set spanning a 10 msec time slot (n).
- each sample set 401 comprise 500,000 I/Q samples.
- Consecutive sample sets 401 may be processed by correlator 403 .
- the output of correlator 403 may be filtered by filter 405 .
- filter 405 may accumulate an absolute value (or power) of the correlation results over N (e.g., 10 ) slots.
- the first element (the 0th lag) of the accumulation may be compared to an average of the other correlation elements. If the ratio of the 0th lag to the other correlation elements is above a predetermined threshold (T 1 ), a strong peak is determined. If the accumulated correlation results do not have a strong peak near the 0th lag, the receiver may be tuned to a different center frequency and new I/Q sample sets 401 may be sent to correlator 403 .
- a power spectral density (PSD) generator 411 may generate a PSD of the I/Q sample sets 401 using Welch's method, where a window function is applied to each I/Q sample set 401 prior to generating a periodogram.
- Threshold generator 413 generates a “signal present” threshold (T 2 ).
- the “signal present” threshold may be twice the standard deviation of the entire PSD.
- the “signal present” threshold may be the mean plus the standard deviation multiplied by a constant.
- the “signal present” threshold may be applied in comparator 415 to generate a Boolean vector from the PSD.
- the UMTS bandwidth detector 417 may sweep through the Boolean vector to find contiguous areas above the “signal present” threshold. If no contiguous window of “signal present” Boolean values matches (within a small margin of error) the bandwidth of a UMTS signal at 419 , the receiver may be tuned to a different center frequency and new I/Q samples 401 may be sent to correlator 403 .
- the uplink frequency determiner 421 translates the center of the contiguous window to a potential uplink center frequency of a UMTS signal.
- the potential uplink center frequency of the UMTS signal with respect to the center frequency of the receiver may also be determined based on the phase change between I/Q samples (not illustrated). For example, the phase of the autocorrelation between one set of samples and another set of samples delayed by a single sample will be the phase rotation that occurs in one sample period.
- the downlink frequency determiner 423 translates the potential uplink center frequency into a set of one or more potential downlink center frequencies.
- the basestation detector 425 surveys the potential downlink center frequencies for the presence of a UMTS basestation. If a UMTS basestation is detected at 427 on any of the potential downlink center frequencies, the detected uplink signal is confirmed. Further verification may be performed by decoding cellular parameters (e.g., carrier, base station ID, etc) from the detected basestation downlink signal.
- An LTE cellular device may be detected in accordance with the system in FIG. 5 .
- the detection may begin by obtaining I/Q samples 501 over a time period (e.g., 50 msec). For a sampling rate of 30.72 MHz, for example, a 500 ⁇ sec LTE burst comprises 15,360 I/Q samples.
- FFT 503 may process the I/Q samples 501 . For example, a length 128 FFT may be applied to a plurality of evenly spaced I/Q sample sets. If the plurality of evenly spaced I/Q sample sets are non-overlapping, up to 120 time samples (i.e., 120 FFT's) may be produced over a 500 ⁇ sec period.
- each FFT bin corresponds to 240 kHz. If the band of interest is larger than the sample rate, the receiver may be sequentially tuned to a different center frequency for each sub-band.
- LTE burst detector 505 may filter the power in each FFT bin. As part of the filtering, LTE burst detector 505 may create a threshold according to the standard deviation of the time samples in each bin (e.g., over 50 msec). The output power vector of each FFT bin may then be converted into a Boolean vector that indicates which time samples exceed the threshold. LTE burst detector 505 may filter each Boolean vector to find possible LTE bursts. For example, if 120 time samples are computed over a 500 ⁇ s burst, a possible LTE burst may be indicated by a filter length of slightly less than 120. For each possible LTE burst, the FFT bin and the burst's location in time are recorded. If the band of interest comprises multiple sub-bands, the sub-band offset, FFT bin, and the burst's location in time are recorded.
- the downlink frequency determiner 511 translates the potential uplink center frequency into a set of one or more potential downlink center frequencies.
- the basestation detector 513 surveys the potential downlink center frequencies for the presence of an LTE basestation. If an LTE basestation is detected at 515 on any of the potential downlink center frequencies, a detected uplink signal is confirmed. Further verification may be performed by decoding cellular parameters (e.g., carrier, basestation ID, etc) from the detected basestation downlink signal.
- cellular parameters e.g., carrier, basestation ID, etc
- circuits and circuitry refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware.
- code software and/or firmware
- a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code.
- and/or means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”.
- x and/or y means any element of the three-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (x, y) ⁇ .
- x and/or y means “one or both of x and y”.
- x, y, and/or z means any element of the seven-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z) ⁇ .
- x, y and/or z means “one or more of x, y and z”.
- the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration.
- the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.
- inventions may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machine readable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform the processes as described herein.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Limitations and disadvantages of conventional method and systems for detecting a cellular device will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
- Systems and methods are provided for accurate detection of a cellular device, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims.
- Advantages, aspects and novel features of the present disclosure, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. -
FIG. 2 shows a system for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. -
FIG. 3 shows an example receiver in accordance with this disclosure. -
FIG. 4 shows an example computational kernel for detecting a UMTS cellular device in accordance with this disclosure. -
FIG. 5 shows an example computational kernel for detecting an LTE cellular device in accordance with this disclosure. - Accurate detection of cellular devices in a moving vehicle is desired for numerous security, safety, and regulatory reasons.
-
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for accurate detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. According to the licensed RF uplink cellular bands in use in a given location, a plan for RF scanning of these uplink cellular bands may be identified. This plan may provide for scanning all RF uplink cellular bands of interest with a minimum of RF tuning frequencies (i.e., by using the maximum receiver bandwidth per RF tuning frequency). The process inFIG. 1 begins withblock 101 in which an RF signal processing receiver acquires a block of digitized samples in an uplink frequency band. The RF signal processing receiver may iterate through each tuning frequency in the frequency plan, acquiring a large contiguous block of digitized samples at each step. Accordingly, the RF signal processing receiver may be a wideband receiver that captures multiple cellular channels simultaneously. - In
block 103, one or more computational kernels are applied to the block of digitized samples to determine the likelihood of the presence of a cellular uplink signal from a transmitting cellular device. Each cellular technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) may have its own specific computational kernel for determining the likelihood of the presence of a transmitting cellular device. Multiple signal processing devices, either collocated or remote from each other, may operate simultaneously inblock 103. The computational kernel may run on the signal processing receiver or may run remote from the signal processing receiver. For example, the digitized samples may be transferred to a remote server where the computational kernel may be run. - While the presence of RF power in an uplink cellular band can be an indicator that a cellular device is present, RF power alone cannot definitively identify a cellular device. Though the cellular uplink bands are licensed bands, and thus only licensed devices are allowed to transmit in these bands, it is quite common to have sporadic and unintended RF signals in these bands. Without further qualification, sporadic and unintended RF signals could be falsely identified as cellular devices requesting network access. Systems that rely on RF power alone in an uplink cellular band to identify cellular device requesting network access often suffer from a high false positive rate and thus exhibit poor reliability and/or usability.
- The computational kernel is designed to identify a triggering event in
block 103. The triggering event, and thus detection of a potential uplink transmission, can be based on one or more physical layer measurements. The triggering event in a cellular uplink band may include a high RF power level, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a likely presence of a known sequence or signal within the received signal, or specific properties or structures of the received signal which indicate the received signal is likely structured instead of random noise. Signal properties or structures may include occupied bandwidth, signal duration, and/or signal autocorrelation. As an example of signal bandwidth, UMTS uplink transmissions occupy 3.84 MHz of bandwidth, whereas LTE uplink transmissions occupy a multiple of 180 kHz of bandwidth. Thus, an identification of the standard will determine the occupied uplink bandwidth to be expected. As an example of signal duration, LTE uplink transmissions, especially uplink control channel transmissions, are often limited of 0.5 milliseconds in duration. - In some cellular systems, uplink transmissions are channelized or localized in the frequency domain. One example of this is LTE, where uplink transmissions are localized to be certain multiples of a resource block, which is 12 subcarriers, each 15 kHz wide, for a total of 180 kHz per resource block. In such cases, it may be advantageous to process the uplink signal in the frequency domain to detect the triggering event. For example, the uplink signal may be transformed into the frequency domain, and a triggering event declared when the power in one or more frequency bins exceeds a threshold.
- A computational kernel for a given cellular technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) in
block 103 may yield a numerical score indicating the likelihood of the presence of an uplink signal and a list of possible carrier frequencies at which the uplink signal may reside. If the likelihood score from a computational kernel for a given technology exceeds a threshold atblock 105, an uplink signal of that technology is deemed to be present and the method proceeds to block 107. If the likelihood scores from all computational kernels inblock 103 fall below the threshold atblock 107, a transmitting cellular device is deemed unlikely, and the method returns toblock 101 where a new block of digitized samples is acquired. The new block of digitized samples may correspond to a next tuning frequency in the frequency plan. - In
block 107, the occupied bandwidth of the potential uplink transmission is determined. If the bandwidth is commensurate with the cellular technology detected inblock 105, a center frequency of the uplink transmission may be estimated and the method proceeds to block 109. If the bandwidth is not commensurate with the cellular technology detected inblock 105, the method returns toblock 101 where a new block of digitized samples is acquired. The new block of digitized samples may correspond to a next step in the frequency plan. - In
block 109, one or more candidate downlink channels may be determined according to: 1) the uplink transmission technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) indicated by the computational kernels inblock 103; 2) the list of potential carrier frequencies of the uplink transmission indicated by the computational kernels inblock 103; and 3) the pairing between downlink and uplink RF carrier frequencies in licensed cellular bands. The one or more candidate downlink channels may be surveyed to detect a cellular basestation transmitting on the downlink. - In
block 109, the RF signal processing receiver may be used to perform a cellular network survey for each candidate downlink channel. This may be the same RF signal processing receiver used for acquiring samples of the uplink transmission inblock 101. The cellular provider operating on an RF downlink frequency (AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.) can be identified via a broadcast message. Typically, this information can be deduced by decoding the Mobile Network Code (MNC) being broadcasted by the basestation. - If the presence of a cellular downlink channel is confirmed, the exact band, channel, and RF frequency of the detected cellular device may also be confirmed. At this point, in
block 111, a cellular device has been detected, qualified, and associated with a cellular provider, band, channel, and RF frequency. - If no cellular basestation is detected during the survey in
block 109, the affirmative result detected inblock block 101 where a new block of digitized samples is acquired. The new block of digitized samples may correspond to a next tuning frequency in the frequency plan. - An alternate version of the above method can be employed for cases where the cellular basestations in an area are known. For example, if a cellular survey has already been performed, a Cell Network Descriptor List (CNDL) may accessible. This CNDL would contain cell survey details, such as RF downlink frequency, paired uplink frequency, RF channel number, RF band, Mobile Network Code (MNC), and others. If this CNDL is available, the detection of cellular uplink transmissions from
block block 109 is no longer required. Having access to a predetermined CNDL is particularly advantageous when a cellular environment is rapidly changing (i.e., in a train or other moving vehicle). - The CNDL may be populated, for example, by a third party using an RF signal processing receiver that comprises a cellular network survey. During a cellular network survey, cell synchronization may be achieved in both frequency and timing. Cell synchronization may also yield details of the frame structure used by the particular basestation. When the RF signal processing receiver is synchronized with a particular basestation, downlink broadcast messages from a basestation can be received, demodulated and decoded. Successful decoding of these broadcast messages confirms the presence of the basestation, the cellular technology employed by the basestation (e.g., GSM, UMTS, FD-LTE, etc.), and the RF downlink frequency, channel and/or band. If the cellular technology of a candidate basestation is unknown to begin with, a complete cellular network survey may require the receiver to repeat basestation analysis for the possible cellular technologies. The contents of the broadcast messages that were successfully decoded may be stored in the CNDL. The CNDL may also store additional relevant data such as the cellular technology, MNC, cellular carrier (e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.), and paired uplink frequency. Entries in the CNDL may also be associated with a GPS location. Additionally, the CNDL entries of one RF signal processing receiver may be shared with other RF signal processing receivers. The other RF signal processing receivers can be either collocated with or remote from the RF signal processing receiver which produced the CNDL information. For example, the RF signal processing receivers may comprise (or be operably coupled to) cellular data services.
- The CNDL may be sorted based on a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a received signal quality, or other fields within the CNDL. A sorted CNDL may be more appropriate for prioritizing basestations to which a nearby cellular device is likely to request access.
- The basestation's confirmed cellular technology, downlink frequency, channel and/or band may be used to define the uplink parameters (e.g., uplink frequency, channel and/or band) to which a user can compare in
block 109. A cellular standard may, for example, pair uplink frequencies with downlink frequencies. The cellular carrier (e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, etc.) may also be determined by decoding the Mobile Network Code (MNC) in a basestation's broadcast message. To use a CNDL to confirm the presence of a cellular downlink channel, the paired uplink frequency field of the CNDL is compared to the list of potential uplink carrier frequencies produced by the computational kernel. If a match is found, the presence of a cellular downlink channel is confirmed, and the exact band, channel, and RF frequency of the detected cellular device is thereby also confirmed. At this point, inblock 111, a cellular device has been detected, qualified, and associated with a cellular provider, band, channel, and RF frequency. - The process in
FIG. 1 may be described further with reference toFIG. 2 . WhileFIG. 2 illustrates acellular phone 201 and acellular basestation 205, the process may be implemented to detect any cellular device. A cellular device is any device with embedded cellular capability which is capable to access the cellular network.FIG. 2 shows a system for detection of a cellular device in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. The system inFIG. 2 comprises acellular basestation 205, acellular phone 201 and an RFsignal processing receiver 209. - A signal processing receiver may comprise a microprocessor, digital signal processor, or other software programmable device. However, such devices may have limited ability to continually process real time signals. Additionally, such devices may need to handle other tasks within a signal processing receiving system. Thus, they may not be suitable for detecting a triggering event, where the channel needs to be continually monitored in real time. In such cases, it may be advantageous to use a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to continually monitor the uplink band for the triggering event. In such an implementation, the software programmable device may operate on other tasks while awaiting the triggering event. When the triggering event occurs, the sampled signal is passed from the FPGA to the software programmable device for subsequent demodulation and decoding.
- When in use on a cellular network, the
cellular phone 201 sends anRF uplink transmission 207 to one ormore basestations 205 in a local area, i.e., in a cell. Thisuplink transmission 207 may also be detected and received by the RFsignal processing receiver 209. - One or more RF
signal processing receivers 209 may attempt to receive anuplink transmission 207 at an uplink frequency. In some situations, the number of potential uplink frequencies may be narrowed according to a predetermined CNDL and a determination of location. Each of the one or more RFsignal processing receivers 209 may be directed to receive one or more RF uplink channel. Each of the one or more RFsignal processing receivers 209 attempts to detect a triggering event. The triggering event in a cellular uplink band may include a high RF power level, a likely presence of a known sequence or signal within the received signal, or specific properties or structures of the received signal which indicate the received signal is likely structured and not random noise. The triggering event indicates that a cellular device may be transmitting. - However, the mere presence of RF power in the bands licensed for uplink cellular traffic may or may not be from the
cellular phone 201. Though the cellular uplink bands are licensed bands, and thus only licensed devices are allowed to transmit in these bands, it is quite common to have sporadic and unintended RF signals in these bands that could be detected as falsely identified as cellular devices requesting network. Therefore, when the RFsignal processing receiver 209 detects power in a cellular uplink band, the RFsignal processing receiver 209 may determine the bandwidth of the potential uplink transmission. In order to detect real transmissions from a cellular device while simultaneously preventing falsely identifying sporadic or unintended RF signal as real transmissions, RFsignal processing receiver 209 may apply a computational kernel. The computational kernel may yield a numerical score indicating the likelihood of the presence of an uplink signal and a list of possible carrier frequencies at which the uplink signal may reside. - If the bandwidth of the potential uplink transmission is commensurate with the assumed technology (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.), the presence of a basestation is investigated. If the likelihood from the computational kernel exceeds a threshold, the presence of a cellular device is deemed likely and the presence of a basestation is subsequently investigated. The
cellular basestation 205 sends anRF downlink transmission 211 to thecellular phone 201, which may also be received by the RFsignal processing receiver 209. In cellular technologies, downlink and uplink frequencies are typically paired. If the presence of a cellular device has been deemed likely at a particular uplink frequency, RF signal processing receiver may attempt to decode an RF downlink at the downlink frequency paired with the uplink frequency. If an RF downlink is successfully decoded, the presence of the cellular device is confirmed, as are the frequency, band, channel, and cellular provider of the cellular device. - In some situations, a full cellular network scan may be predetermined or may be learned over time. A CNDL may store relevant data such as the cellular technology and frequency of the uplink and downlink channels. The CNDL may be subsequently sorted based on the location of a
receiver 209. For example, once a potential uplink transmission is determined and the bandwidth is verified, the CNDL can be consulted. Based on the center frequency of the potential uplink transmission and the current location of thereceiver 209, the CNDL can sorted to give a likelihood that a cellular basestation is close enough to be able to receive the potential uplink transmission. Furthermore, if the cellular basestation is not close enough, a downlink transmission can also be measured to confirm the CNDL. Discrepancies between the CNDL and actual measurements may be used to adapt or train the CNDL -
FIG. 3 illustrates an example receiver in accordance with this disclosure. Theantenna 301 receives a signal that is shifted in frequency bytuner 303.Tuner 303 may comprise one or more filtering stages and one or more mixing stages.Tuner 303 may shift the received signal down according to a variablelocal oscillator stage 305. - The down-converted signal may then pass through
filter 307.Filter 307 attenuates signals outside of the band (or sub-band) of interest. The filtered signal may be sampled by an analog-to-digital converter (A/D) 309. Digital samples from the A/D 309 may be processed by one or morecomputational kernels 311. - The maximum bandwidth of the band (or sub-band) of interest is determined by the sample rate of the A/
D 309. For example, if the sample rate of the A/D 309 is 50 MHz, the digital bandwidth of the samples processed by acomputational kernel 311, would be 50 MHz. - The sample rate of the A/
D 309 also determines the widest bandwidth offilter 307. For example, if the sample rate of the A/D 309 is 50 MHz, filter 307 (in combination with any filtering in tuner 303) may provide a low-pass filter response with a cut-off frequency of 25 MHz or less. Iffilter 307 is a low-pass filter, the tuner output may be a complex I/Q signal (i.e., comprising In-phase and Quadrature-phase signals) centered around 0 Hz. The I signal may be filtered in parallel with the Q signal byfilter 307. The filtered I/Q signal may be sampled by A/D 309. - Alternatively,
tuner 303 may down-convert the received signal to a low intermediate frequency (IF). In this embodiment,filter 307 may be a band-pass filter centered on the IF frequency, and the A/D 309 would sub-sample the IF signal. Conversion to I/Q samples may then be performed digitally in thecomputational kernel 311. - Prior to searching for a cellular uplink signal, the variable
local oscillator stage 305 must be set such that thetuner 303 outputs the band (or sub-band) of interest. As discussed above, the band (or sub-band) of interest may be centered at 0 Hz or a predetermined IF. - Table 1, below, describes the locations of two UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) bands. In UTRA band 5, the uplink channels occupy 25 MHz. If the sample rate of the A/
D 309 is 50 MHz, the entire bandwidth of the uplink channels in UTRA band 5 may be captured and analyzed. In UTRA band 2, the uplink channels occupy 60 MHz. If the sample rate of the A/D 309 is 50 MHz, the entire bandwidth of the uplink channels in UTRA band 2 may overlap in the digital domain. In this situation, UTRA band 2 may be captured and analyzed as two or more sub-bands. -
TABLE 1 Uplink fre- Downlink fre- UTRA quencies UE quencies UE Band- Duplex band transmit (MHz) receive (MHz) width (MHz) gap (MHz) 2 1850-1910 1930-1990 60 80 5 824-849 869-894 25 45 - A UMTS cellular device may be detected in accordance with the system in
FIG. 4 . The detection may begin by obtaining a plurality of I/Q sample sets (g(t, n)) 401, each set spanning a 10 msec time slot (n). For a sampling rate of 50 MHz, for example, each sample set 401 comprise 500,000 I/Q samples. Consecutive sample sets 401 may be processed bycorrelator 403.Correlator 403 may: compute an FFT (G(f, n)=FFT[g(t, n)]) of sample set 401; multiply respective components of consecutive FFT's (G*(f, n) G(f, n−1)); and compute an inverse FFT of the product (IFFT[G(f, n) G*(f, n−1)]). Correlation discontinuities may be reduced by using a large FFT size (up to the number of samples in 10 ms) and/or calculating over multiple frames. - The output of
correlator 403 may be filtered byfilter 405. For example, filter 405 may accumulate an absolute value (or power) of the correlation results over N (e.g., 10) slots. Inblock 407, the first element (the 0th lag) of the accumulation may be compared to an average of the other correlation elements. If the ratio of the 0th lag to the other correlation elements is above a predetermined threshold (T1), a strong peak is determined. If the accumulated correlation results do not have a strong peak near the 0th lag, the receiver may be tuned to a different center frequency and new I/Q sample sets 401 may be sent tocorrelator 403. - If the accumulated correlation does have a strong peak near the 0th lag, a possible UMTS signal is detected at 409, and the I/Q sample sets 401 are processed further. A power spectral density (PSD)
generator 411 may generate a PSD of the I/Q sample sets 401 using Welch's method, where a window function is applied to each I/Q sample set 401 prior to generating a periodogram.Threshold generator 413 generates a “signal present” threshold (T2). For example, the “signal present” threshold may be twice the standard deviation of the entire PSD. Alternatively, the “signal present” threshold may be the mean plus the standard deviation multiplied by a constant. The “signal present” threshold may be applied incomparator 415 to generate a Boolean vector from the PSD. - The
UMTS bandwidth detector 417 may sweep through the Boolean vector to find contiguous areas above the “signal present” threshold. If no contiguous window of “signal present” Boolean values matches (within a small margin of error) the bandwidth of a UMTS signal at 419, the receiver may be tuned to a different center frequency and new I/Q samples 401 may be sent tocorrelator 403. - If a contiguous window of “signal present” Boolean values matches (within a small margin of error) the bandwidth of a UMTS signal at 419, processing continues. The
uplink frequency determiner 421 translates the center of the contiguous window to a potential uplink center frequency of a UMTS signal. The potential uplink center frequency of the UMTS signal with respect to the center frequency of the receiver may also be determined based on the phase change between I/Q samples (not illustrated). For example, the phase of the autocorrelation between one set of samples and another set of samples delayed by a single sample will be the phase rotation that occurs in one sample period. - The
downlink frequency determiner 423 translates the potential uplink center frequency into a set of one or more potential downlink center frequencies. Thebasestation detector 425 surveys the potential downlink center frequencies for the presence of a UMTS basestation. If a UMTS basestation is detected at 427 on any of the potential downlink center frequencies, the detected uplink signal is confirmed. Further verification may be performed by decoding cellular parameters (e.g., carrier, base station ID, etc) from the detected basestation downlink signal. - An LTE cellular device may be detected in accordance with the system in
FIG. 5 . The detection may begin by obtaining I/Q samples 501 over a time period (e.g., 50 msec). For a sampling rate of 30.72 MHz, for example, a 500 μsec LTE burst comprises 15,360 I/Q samples.FFT 503 may process the I/Q samples 501. For example, a length 128 FFT may be applied to a plurality of evenly spaced I/Q sample sets. If the plurality of evenly spaced I/Q sample sets are non-overlapping, up to 120 time samples (i.e., 120 FFT's) may be produced over a 500 μsec period. Fewer time samples may also be used by allowing gaps between sequential I/Q sample sets. For a sampling rate of 30.72 MHz and a length 128 FFT, each FFT bin corresponds to 240 kHz. If the band of interest is larger than the sample rate, the receiver may be sequentially tuned to a different center frequency for each sub-band. - LTE burst
detector 505 may filter the power in each FFT bin. As part of the filtering, LTE burstdetector 505 may create a threshold according to the standard deviation of the time samples in each bin (e.g., over 50 msec). The output power vector of each FFT bin may then be converted into a Boolean vector that indicates which time samples exceed the threshold. LTE burstdetector 505 may filter each Boolean vector to find possible LTE bursts. For example, if 120 time samples are computed over a 500 μs burst, a possible LTE burst may be indicated by a filter length of slightly less than 120. For each possible LTE burst, the FFT bin and the burst's location in time are recorded. If the band of interest comprises multiple sub-bands, the sub-band offset, FFT bin, and the burst's location in time are recorded. -
Burst processor 507 determines the time and frequency offsets differences between the possible LTE bursts. If two bursts are offset in time by 500 μs (+/−some predetermined uncertainty) and offset in frequency by an empirically determined LTE channels spacing (e.g., 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz), the possible LTE burst is used by theuplink frequency determiner 509 to determine the potential uplink center frequency. - The
downlink frequency determiner 511 translates the potential uplink center frequency into a set of one or more potential downlink center frequencies. Thebasestation detector 513 surveys the potential downlink center frequencies for the presence of an LTE basestation. If an LTE basestation is detected at 515 on any of the potential downlink center frequencies, a detected uplink signal is confirmed. Further verification may be performed by decoding cellular parameters (e.g., carrier, basestation ID, etc) from the detected basestation downlink signal. - As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. In other words, “x and/or y” means “one or both of x and y”. As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. In other words, “x, y and/or z” means “one or more of x, y and z”. As utilized herein, the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations. As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled or not enabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory trim, etc.).
- Accordingly, the present invention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be a general-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that it carries out the methods described herein. Another typical implementation may comprise an application specific integrated circuit or chip. Other embodiments of the invention may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machine readable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machine code and/or a computer program having at least one code section executable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machine and/or computer to perform the processes as described herein.
- While the present invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/605,147 US20180343555A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2017-05-25 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
US17/387,153 US11751040B2 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2021-07-28 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/605,147 US20180343555A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2017-05-25 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/387,153 Continuation US11751040B2 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2021-07-28 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20180343555A1 true US20180343555A1 (en) | 2018-11-29 |
Family
ID=64401731
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/605,147 Abandoned US20180343555A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2017-05-25 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
US17/387,153 Active US11751040B2 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2021-07-28 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/387,153 Active US11751040B2 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2021-07-28 | System and method for detecting a cellular device |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20180343555A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20190260626A1 (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-08-22 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Modem performing modulation or demodulation based on length of burst in data packet, and method performed by the modem |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11622355B2 (en) * | 2021-03-29 | 2023-04-04 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Wireless fidelity uplink non-orthogonal multiple access |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6397077B1 (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2002-05-28 | Conexant Systems, Inc. | Wide frequency range couplers and detectors for power detection in multiple frequency band systems |
US20120040650A1 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2012-02-16 | Michael Rosen | System for automated detection of mobile phone usage |
US20120252463A1 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2012-10-04 | Jialin Zou | Method for determining a location of a mobile unit using a system reference time maintained by the mobile unit |
US20130183931A1 (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2013-07-18 | Steven Leo Company | Detector of uplink frequencies with feedback |
US20140177748A1 (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2014-06-26 | Honeywell International Inc. | Wideband multi-channel receiver with fixed-frequency notch filter for interference rejection |
US20150341921A1 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Techniques for managing resources for uplink transmissions in a shared radio frequency spectrum band |
US20170289960A1 (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | Intel IP Corporation | Methods and devices for cell search |
US20180184309A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-06-28 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and Methods for Maintaining Service on Multiple SIMs in a Wireless Communication Device Operating in a Multi-SIM Multi-Standby (MSMS) Mode |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015077371A1 (en) * | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR MONITORING OCCUPANCY OF WIDEBAND GHz SPECTRUM, AND SENSING RESPECTIVE FREQUENCY COMPONENTS |
-
2017
- 2017-05-25 US US15/605,147 patent/US20180343555A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2021
- 2021-07-28 US US17/387,153 patent/US11751040B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6397077B1 (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2002-05-28 | Conexant Systems, Inc. | Wide frequency range couplers and detectors for power detection in multiple frequency band systems |
US20120040650A1 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2012-02-16 | Michael Rosen | System for automated detection of mobile phone usage |
US20140177748A1 (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2014-06-26 | Honeywell International Inc. | Wideband multi-channel receiver with fixed-frequency notch filter for interference rejection |
US20120252463A1 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2012-10-04 | Jialin Zou | Method for determining a location of a mobile unit using a system reference time maintained by the mobile unit |
US20130183931A1 (en) * | 2012-01-18 | 2013-07-18 | Steven Leo Company | Detector of uplink frequencies with feedback |
US20150341921A1 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Techniques for managing resources for uplink transmissions in a shared radio frequency spectrum band |
US20170289960A1 (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | Intel IP Corporation | Methods and devices for cell search |
US20180184309A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-06-28 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and Methods for Maintaining Service on Multiple SIMs in a Wireless Communication Device Operating in a Multi-SIM Multi-Standby (MSMS) Mode |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20190260626A1 (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2019-08-22 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Modem performing modulation or demodulation based on length of burst in data packet, and method performed by the modem |
US10637707B2 (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2020-04-28 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Modem performing modulation or demodulation based on length of burst in data packet, and method performed by the modem |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US11751040B2 (en) | 2023-09-05 |
US20210368323A1 (en) | 2021-11-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
KR101108461B1 (en) | Systems and methods for detecting the presence of a transmission signal in a wireless channel | |
KR100990538B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for radar pulse detection and estimation in wireless lan physical layer | |
EP1530834B1 (en) | Dynamic frequency selection and radar detection with a wireless lan | |
US8547911B2 (en) | Method and system for channel scanning in a wireless communications system | |
US9877330B2 (en) | WLAN device with auxiliary receiver chain | |
US8542638B2 (en) | System and method for interference identification and frequency allocation | |
US20070188376A1 (en) | Radar protection device for wireless networks | |
TWI465109B (en) | Method,device and computer readable medium for detecting the presence of a television signal | |
US11751040B2 (en) | System and method for detecting a cellular device | |
US8599820B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for communication | |
US10567093B1 (en) | Combined parallel processing of spectral information for a radio frequency environment | |
KR101584846B1 (en) | Autocorrelation-based spectrum sensing for fm signals | |
FI86015B (en) | FOERFARANDE OCH ANORDNING FOER AOSTADKOMMANDE AV FOERBINDELSE I KORTVAOGSRADIONAET. | |
US10416282B2 (en) | Method and device for radar signal detection | |
JP5813216B2 (en) | Femto cell device | |
US20240064501A1 (en) | System and Method for Detecting A Cellular Device | |
US8938016B1 (en) | Fast identification of OFDM signal | |
JP2003134059A (en) | Radio wave monitoring device and radio wave monitoring system using the same | |
US8606189B2 (en) | System and method for wideband wireless system scanning |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: EPIQ SOLUTIONS, ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JOHNSON, MICHAEL;MADSEN, AARON;ORLANDO, JOHN;REEL/FRAME:049111/0996 Effective date: 20170522 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE AFTER FINAL ACTION FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: NOTICE OF APPEAL FILED |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: APPEAL BRIEF (OR SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF) ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: EXAMINER'S ANSWER TO APPEAL BRIEF MAILED |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: ON APPEAL -- AWAITING DECISION BY THE BOARD OF APPEALS |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: BOARD OF APPEALS DECISION RENDERED |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- AFTER EXAMINER'S ANSWER OR BOARD OF APPEALS DECISION |