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US20140112926A1 - Fc VARIANTS - Google Patents

Fc VARIANTS Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140112926A1
US20140112926A1 US14/005,517 US201214005517A US2014112926A1 US 20140112926 A1 US20140112926 A1 US 20140112926A1 US 201214005517 A US201214005517 A US 201214005517A US 2014112926 A1 US2014112926 A1 US 2014112926A1
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substitutions
chain comprises
seq
chain
containing protein
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US14/005,517
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Zhi Liu
Gunasekaran Kannan
Wei Yan
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Amgen Inc
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Amgen Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/283—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against Fc-receptors, e.g. CD16, CD32, CD64
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/39558—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against tumor tissues, cells, antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/31—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency multispecific
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/40—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by post-translational modification
    • C07K2317/41—Glycosylation, sialylation, or fucosylation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C07K2317/524—CH2 domain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C07K2317/526—CH3 domain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/72—Increased effector function due to an Fc-modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to polypeptides comprising variant Fc regions that can be heterodimeric and contain amino acid substitutions.
  • the invention further relates to methods of making and using such polypeptides.
  • Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used in various oncologic indications. See, e.g., Reichert et al. (2007), Nature Rev. Drug Discovery 6: 349-356. Efficacy can be dependent upon effector functions of the antibody, such as complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) or upon antibody-induced formation of complexes of the antigen on the tumor cell surface, which can, in some cases, induce apoptosis. See, e.g., Deans et al. (2002), Immunology 107: 176-182.
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • ADCP antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis
  • Fc ⁇ Rs Fc gamma receptors
  • the invention includes an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region, which comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to a human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V and/or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F with a K D of less than or equal to one fifth of the K D with which a second protein binds to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V and/or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions.
  • the human IgG Fc region can be a human IgG1 or IgG3 Fc region.
  • the Fc-containing protein can bind to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V and/or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F with a K D of less than or equal to one tenth or one twentieth of the K D with which the second protein binds to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V and/or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F.
  • the IgG Fc region of the Fc-containing protein can be an IgG1 Fc region, and the Fc region can be defucosylated.
  • the A chain and the B chain of the Fc-containing protein each comprise from 1 to 6 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain. At least one of these substitutions can be a heterodimerizing alteration.
  • the A chain and the B chain can each contain at least two amino acid substitutions that are heterodimerizing alterations and can, for example, contain two or three substitutions that are heterodimerizing alterations.
  • the heterodimerizing alterations can be charge pair mutations, such as the substitutions K392D and K409D in the A chain and the substitutions E356K and D399K in the B chain, or vice versa.
  • the heterodimerizing alterations can be pairs of knobs and holes substitutions.
  • the Fc-containing protein can comprise an Fc region in which the following substitutions are present: (a) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (b) the A chain comprises E233L, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (c) the A chain comprises L2341, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (d) the A chain comprises S298T and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (e) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W
  • the A chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, or 37 and the B chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 18, 39, or 41.
  • the B chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, or 34, and the A chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 10, or 18.
  • the Fc-containing protein can comprise one of the following combinations of amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 20 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 28 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:39; or SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:41.
  • any of the Fc-containing proteins described herein can be an antibody or an Fc fusion protein and can be made in a CHO cell, a HEK 293 cell, or NS0 cell.
  • Such an antibody can be a full length human IgG1 antibody, which can be monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or multispecific and/or can be monovalent or multivalent, including bivalent or tetravalent.
  • the Fc-containing protein can bind to one or more target molecules selected from the group consisting of WT1, MUC1, LMP2, EGFRvIII, HER-2/neu, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1, PSMA, GM2/GD2 synthase, CEA, MLANA/MART1, gp100, survivin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), sarcoma translocation breakpoints, EPHA2, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP), ⁇ -fetoprotein (AFP), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ERG, NA17.A2 peptide (VLPDVFIRC), paired box 3 (PAX3), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), androgen receptor, claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 6, claudin 9, cyclin B1, polys
  • the Fc-containing proteins described herein can bind to HER-2/neu or mesothelin or can bind to both CD38 and CD138.
  • the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the Fc-containing proteins described above and below plus a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • nucleic acids encoding any of the Fc-containing proteins described above and below plus a host cell containing such nucleic acids.
  • an A chain and a B chain are encoded by separate nucleic acid molecules, whereas in other embodiments an A chain and a B chain can be encoded on the same nucleic acid molecule.
  • the host cell can be a CHO cell, a HEK 293 cell, or an NS0 cell.
  • described herein is a method of making an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric Fc region comprising culturing the host cell under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed and, in some embodiments, recovering the polypeptide from the cell mass or the culture medium.
  • Also described herein is a method of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising an Fc-containing protein containing a heterodimeric Fc region comprising the following steps: (a) culturing a host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein as described herein under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed; (b) recovering the Fc-containing protein from the cell mass or the culture medium; and (c) formulating the Fc-containing protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Also described herein is a method of making an Fc-containing protein containing a heterodimeric Fc region comprising the following steps: (a) providing a host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region and a binding region, wherein the Fc region comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F and/or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V with a K D of less than or equal to one fifth of the K D with which a second protein binds to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F or Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions; (b) culturing the host cell containing one or more nucle
  • a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the Fc-containing protein or pharmaceutical composition described above or below, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to a molecule that is displayed on the cancer cells.
  • a chemotherapeutic agent or a non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agent can be administered to the patient before, after, or concurrently with administration of the Fc-containing protein.
  • the cancer can be selected from the group consisting of mesothelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, myeloma, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, glioma, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, meningioma, Hodgkin's disease, Sézary syndrome, multiple myeloma, and lung, non-small cell lung, small cell lung, laryngeal, breast, head and neck, bladder, ovarian, skin, prostate, cervical, vaginal, gastric, renal cell, kidney, pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, hepatobiliary, bone, skin, and hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the oral cavity, the oropharynx, the larynx
  • described herein are uses of the Fc-containing protein or pharmaceutical composition described above or below in the treatment of a human disease, for example autoimmune diseases, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious diseases, or cell proliferative diseases such as cancer, or in the manufacture of a medicament, wherein the medicament can be for treating cancer, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or an infectious disease.
  • a human disease for example autoimmune diseases, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious diseases, or cell proliferative diseases such as cancer, or in the manufacture of a medicament, wherein the medicament can be for treating cancer, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or an infectious disease.
  • FIG. 1 Diagram of the tertiary structure of Fc ⁇ RIIIB bound to an Fc region.
  • This figure is a representation of the X-ray crystal structure of the Fc-Fc ⁇ RIIIB (Protein Data Bank code: 1T83) complex, which includes the extracellular region of Fc ⁇ RIIIB and a dimeric Fc region.
  • the Fc ⁇ RIIIB structure is shown in a wire model above.
  • Fc Chain A and Fc Chain B are shown below in ribbon models.
  • the tertiary structures of the extracellular regions of Fc ⁇ RIIIA and Fc ⁇ RIIIB are expected to be similar since only five of the 176 amino acids in these two extracellular regions differ.
  • a later-determined structure of an Fc-Fc ⁇ RIIIA complex (Protein Data Bank code: 3SGK) is very similar to this Fc-Fc ⁇ RIIIB complex structure.
  • FIG. 2 The amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide.
  • the amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc region, starting with the hinge region and ending with the carboxyl terminus of the C H 3 region, is shown in single letter notation and is numbered according to the EU system of Edelman et al. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 63: 78-85.
  • the amino acids underlined and in boldface type were randomized in constructing the libraries as described in Example 1. Beneath each of these amino acids is a “1,” a “2,” or a “3,” which indicates that DNAs encoding variants at the corresponding site were included in a Tier 1, 2, or 3 library as described in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 Diagram showing the primary screening and initial combinatorial screening for substitutions that enhance binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA.
  • SIG represents a polynucleotide encoding a signal sequence, which facilitates protein secretion from mammalian cells.
  • a region encoding a hinge region is represented by a horizontal line labeled “hinge.”
  • a rectangle labeled “Fc polypeptide” represents a polynucleotide encoding an Fc polypeptide chain.
  • the five-pointed and four-pointed stars mean that the polynucleotides encoding the Fc polypeptide chains contain one randomized codon in each molecule at selected positions as explained in Example 1.
  • the circles labeled “VH” and “VL” represent regions encoding a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, respectively.
  • the “++” and “ ⁇ ” signs in the rectangles labeled “Fc polypeptide” mean that these regions include mutations such that the encoded Fc polypeptide chain will have the substitutions E356K, D399K and K392D, K409D, respectively.
  • FIG. 4 Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor.
  • the various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 5 Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor.
  • the various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 6 Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor.
  • the various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 7 Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration.
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 8 Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration.
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 9 Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration.
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 10 Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal for binding to human Fc ⁇ R IIIA (158F) allelic variant by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the log of the competitor concentration.
  • the various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • the designation “AFUCO” preceding an alias means that the antibody lacks fucose.
  • FIG. 11 Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal for binding to human Fc ⁇ R IIIA (158V) allelic variant by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the log of the competitor concentration.
  • the various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • the designation “AFUCO” preceding an alias means that the antibody lacks fucose.
  • FIG. 12 Percent cell lysis of cells expressing high levels of antigen by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration (pM).
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 13 Percent cell lysis of cells expressing moderate levels of antigen by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions.
  • the graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration (pM).
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 14 Comparisons of ADCC activity of fucosylated and defucosylated preparations of IgG1 antibodies containing a wild type or a variant Fc region.
  • the graphs show the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration [pM].
  • a cell line that expresses high levels of the antigen that the antibody binds to was used as a target cell (SKBR3).
  • SKBR3 target cell
  • JIMT1 a cell line that expresses moderate levels of the antigen was used as a target cell
  • the various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated in the graph as follows: “M01” indicates an IgG1 antibody containing a wild type Fc region that binds to the antigen; “AFUCO-M01” indicates a preparation of the same IgG1 antibody that contains no fucose; “W117” indicates an IgG1 antibody that binds to the antigen and contains a W117 variant Fc region; “AFUCO-W117” indicates a preparation of W117 that contains no fucose; “W125” indicates an IgG1 antibody that binds to the antigen and contains a W125 variant Fc region; and “AFUCO-W125” indicates a preparation of “W125” that contains no fucose.
  • ADCC Fc ⁇ receptors
  • asymmetric alterations in the Fc region may be needed to maximally enhance the interaction of Fc ⁇ RIIIA with the Fc region of an Fc-containing protein and, thus, enhance ADCC.
  • such heterodimeric Fc regions can also have different binding regions attached to each Fc polypeptide chain, thus creating a molecule that can have different binding specificities on each of its two binding arms.
  • the instant invention provides Fc-containing proteins comprising such asymmetric substitutions in their Fc regions and having increased binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA and enhanced ADCC activity.
  • polypeptides can also be bispecific, or multispecific, that is, they may bind to two or more different target molecules.
  • FIG. 2 shows the sequence of the Fc region of a human IgG1 antibody numbered according to the EU system. Particular amino acid residues in an IgG1 constant region of an antibody are notated using the one letter code for amino acids and the EU numbering system.
  • D399 refers to an aspartic acid that is present in wild type IgG at position 399. Mutations at a particular residue are notated similarly.
  • D399K means that the aspartic acid that is present in a wild type IgG1 at position 399 has been changed to a lysine.
  • ADCC refers to a process called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which is an immune response mediated primarily by natural killer (NK) cells in humans.
  • NK natural killer
  • Fc ⁇ RIII on the surface of an NK cell recognizes the Fc region of antibody that is bound to antigen displayed on the surface of a target cell. This activates the NK cell, which releases perforins and granzymes, leading to lysis and apoptosis of the target cells.
  • CDC refers to a complex process called complement-dependent cytotoxicity that can lead to cell killing through the action of a cascade of proteins that can act through either of two major pathways. See, e.g., Liszewski and Atkinson, Ch. 26 in F UNDAMENTAL I MMUNOLOGY, 3 rd ed., Paul, ed., Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 917-940, the portions of which describe CDC are incorporated herein by reference.
  • ADCP refers to a process called antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis.
  • target cells to which antibodies are bound are engulfed by phagocytic cells, such as macrophage, monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Multiple Fc receptors are involved in this process.
  • phagocytic cells such as macrophage, monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
  • Multiple Fc receptors are involved in this process.
  • an “antibody,” as meant herein, is a protein containing at least one heavy or light chain immunoglobulin variable region, in many cases a heavy and a light chain variable region.
  • the term “antibody” encompasses single chain Fv antibodies (scFv, which contain heavy and light chain variable regions joined by a linker), Fab, F(ab) 2 ′, Fab′, scFv:Fc antibodies (as described in Carayannopoulos and Capra, Ch. 9 in F UNDAMENTAL I MMUNOLOGY, 3 rd ed., Paul, ed., Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp.
  • IgG antibodies can be of the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype and can be human antibodies.
  • the portions of Carayannopoulos and Capra that described the structure of antibodies are incorporated herein by reference.
  • antibody includes dimeric antibodies containing two heavy chains and no light chains such as the naturally-occurring antibodies found in camels and other dromedary species and sharks. See, e.g., Muldermans et al., 2001, J. Biotechnol.
  • An antibody can be monospecific (that is, binding to only one kind of antigen) or multispecific (that is, binding to more than one kind of antigen). In some embodiments, an antibody can be bispecific (that is, binding to two different kinds of antigen). Further, an antibody can be monovalent, bivalent, or multivalent, meaning that it can bind to one or two or more antigen molecules at once.
  • Some of the possible formats for such antibodies include monospecific or bispecific full length antibodies, monospecific monovalent antibodies (as described in International Application WO 2009/089004 and US Publication 2007/0105199, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference) that may inhibit or activate the molecule to which they bind, bivalent monospecific or bispecific dimeric Fv-Fc, scFv-Fc, or diabody Fc, monospecific monovalent scFv-Fc/Fc's, and the multispecific binding proteins and dual variable domain immunoglobulins described in US Publication 2009/0311253 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference), among many other possible antibody formats.
  • an “Fc fusion protein,” as meant herein, is a protein containing an Fc polypeptide chain fused to another polypeptide, which comprises a binding region that binds to a target molecule, and which does not comprise a heavy or light chain variable region of an antibody.
  • the binding region of an Fc fusion protein can comprise a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide such as a soluble portion of a receptor or one or more peptides that bind to a target molecule (such as, for example, a “monomer domain” as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,820,790 that binds to a target protein, which can be selected as discussed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • scaffold domains include, for example, T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4; Nuttall et al. (1999), Proteins 36: 217-227), the Z domain of Staphylococcal protein 1 (Nord et al. (1995), Protein Eng.
  • Fc fusion proteins like other proteins containing Fc polypeptide chains generally form multimers, which can be dimers. Since the Fc regions described herein are generally heterodimeric, such Fc fusion proteins can form heterodimers.
  • the polypeptide fused to the Fc polypeptide chain can be different in each of polypeptide chains that, together form the heterodimer.
  • an Fc fusion protein can be heterodimeric and bispecific or monospecific or multispecific.
  • a “binding region,” as meant herein, is a region of an Fc-containing protein as described herein that binds to a target molecule, such as, for example, a protein that is expressed at high levels on a cancer cell, on a cell mediating an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, on an infected cell, on an infectious agent, or on a cell mediating an immune effector function, for example, an NK cell.
  • a binding region can contain a heavy or light chain immunoglobulin variable region or a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
  • an “scFv-Fc,” as meant herein, is a polypeptide that consists of a heavy and a light chain variable region of an antibody joined by a linker, which is followed by an Fc polypeptide chain of an antibody, optionally the Fc region of a human IgG antibody, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 antibody.
  • a full length “heavy chain,” as meant herein, comprises a heavy chain variable region (V H ), a first heavy chain constant domain (C H 1), a hinge domain, a second heavy chain constant domain (C H 2), and a third heavy chain constant domain (C H 3).
  • a full length “light chain,” as meant herein, comprises a light chain variable region (VD and a light chain constant domain (C L ).
  • an “Fc region” is a dimer consisting of two polypeptide chains joined by one or more disulfide bonds, each chain comprising part or all of a hinge domain plus a C H 2 and a C H 3 domain.
  • Each of the polypeptide chains is referred to as an “Fc polypeptide chain.”
  • a chain an “A chain” and the other is referred to as a “B chain.”
  • the Fc regions contemplated for use with the present invention are IgG Fc regions, which can be mammalian or human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 Fc regions.
  • allelic types are known.
  • One allelic type has the sequence as shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2).
  • Another has two substitutions relative to the sequence in FIG. 2 namely E356D and M358L.
  • the alanine at position 431 is a glycine.
  • a human IgG1 Fc region as meant herein can contain any of these amino acid sequence variations.
  • Fc-containing protein is a protein comprising an Fc region as described herein and a binding region that binds to a target molecule.
  • the term “Fc-containing protein” encompasses an antibody or an Fc fusion protein that contains an Fc region.
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V refers to the allelic variant of human Fc ⁇ RIIIA that has a valine at position 158 in the amino acid sequence of Fc ⁇ RIIIA as shown in SEQ ID NO:35.
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F refers to the allelic variant of human Fc ⁇ RIIIA that has a phenylalanine at position 158 in the amino acid sequence of Fc ⁇ RIIIA.
  • the sequence of human Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158F, including the 17 amino acid signal peptide is reported in NCBI Accession Number NP — 001121065, which is incorporated herein by reference. Since this sequence includes the signal peptide, which is absent in the mature protein, position 158 is equivalent to amino acid 176.
  • SEQ ID NO:35 contains the amino acid sequence of the mature form of Fc ⁇ RIIIA-158V.
  • a “heterodimeric” Fc region is one in which the A chain and the B chain of the Fc region have different amino acid sequences rather than identical amino acid sequences.
  • an “scFv-Fc/Fc” is a dimeric protein consisting essentially of an scFv-Fc plus an Fc polypeptide chain (referred to herein as a “dummy Fc”).
  • the scFv-Fc can be linked to the dummy Fc via one or more disulfide bridges.
  • the Fc region can contain “heterodimerizing alterations” in the C H 3 domains, such as one, two, three, or more pairs of charge pair substitutions, as described below.
  • the “C H 3-C H 3 interface” consists of those amino acids in the C H 3 region that come into close contact with residues of the other C H 3 region in the context of an Fc region and/or a full length antibody. More specifically these residues are within 4.5 ⁇ of an amino acid residue on the other C H 3 region in the context of an Fc region.
  • “Chemotherapy,” as used herein, means the treatment of a cancer patient with a “chemotherapeutic agent” that has cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells.
  • a “chemotherapeutic agent” specifically targets cells engaged in cell division and not cells that are not engaged in cell division. Chemotherapeutic agents directly interfere with processes that are intimately tied to cell division such as, for example, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, the assembly, disassembly, or function of the mitotic spindle, and/or the synthesis or stability of molecules that play a role in these processes, such as nucleotides or amino acids. A chemotherapeutic agent therefore has cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on both cancer cells and other cells that are engaged in cell division.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents are well-known in the art and include, for example: alkylating agents (e.g. busulfan, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, lomustine (CCNU), methyllomustine, streptozotocin, cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum, aziridinylbenzo-quinone, and thiotepa); inorganic ions (e.g. cisplatin and carboplatin); nitrogen mustards (e.g. melphalan hydrochloride, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, and mechlorethamine HCl); nitrosoureas (e.g.
  • alkylating agents e.g. busulfan, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, lomustine (CCNU), methyllomustine, streptozotocin, cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum, azirid
  • BCNU carmustine
  • anti-neoplastic antibiotics e.g. adriamycin (doxorubicin), daunomycin, mitomycin C, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mithramycin, and bleomycin
  • plant derivatives e.g. vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vindesine, VP-16, and VM-26
  • antimetabolites e.g.
  • Alkylating agents and nitrogen mustard act by alkylating DNA, which restricts uncoiling and replication of strands.
  • Methotrexate, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine interfere with nucleotide synthesis.
  • Plant derivatives such a paclitaxel and vinblastine are mitotic spindle poisons. The podophyllotoxins inhibit topoisomerases, thus interfering with DNA replication.
  • Other mechanisms of action include carbamoylation of amino acids (lomustine, carmustine), and depletion of asparagine pools (asparaginase).
  • chemotherapeutic agents are those that directly affect the same cellular processes that are directly affected by the chemotherapeutic agents listed above.
  • Non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents are chemical agents, compounds, or molecules having cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells other than chemotherapeutic agents.
  • Non-chemotherapeutic antineoplastic agents may, however, be targeted to interact directly with molecules that indirectly affect cell division such as cell surface receptors, including receptors for hormones or growth factors.
  • non-chemotherapeutic antineoplastic agents do not interfere directly with processes that are intimately linked to cell division such as, for example, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or mitotic spindle function, assembly, or disassembly.
  • non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents include inhibitors of Bcl2, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, anti-estrogenic agents such as tamoxifen, anti-androgenic compounds, interferon, arsenic, retinoic acid, retinoic acid derivatives, antibodies targeted to tumor-specific antigens, and inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase (e.g. the small molecule STI-571 marketed under the trade name GLEEVECTM by Novartis, New York and New Jersey, USA and Basel, Switzerland), among many possible non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents.
  • Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase e.g. the small molecule STI-571 marketed under the trade name GLEEVECTM by Novartis, New York and New Jersey, USA and Basel, Switzerland
  • Heterodimerizing alterations generally refer to alterations in the A and B chains of an Fc region that facilitate the formation of heterodimeric Fc regions, that is, Fc regions in which the A chain and the B chain of the Fc region do not have identical amino acid sequences. Heterodimerizing alterations can be asymmetric, that is, a A chain having a certain alteration can pair with a B chain having a different alteration. These alterations facilitate heterodimerization and disfavor homodimerization. Whether hetero- or homo-dimers have formed can be assessed by size differences as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in situations where one polypeptide chain is a dummy Fc and the other is an scFv-Fc.
  • knobs and holes substitutions are so-called “knobs and holes” substitutions. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,695,936 and US Patent Application Publication 2003/0078385, the portions of which describe such mutations are incorporated herein by reference. As meant herein, an Fc region that contains one pair of knobs and holes substitutions, contains one substitution in the A chain and another in the B chain.
  • knobs and holes substitutions in the A and B chains of an IgG1 Fc region have been found to increase heterodimer formation as compared with that found with unmodified A and B chains: 1) Y407T in one chain and T366Y in the other; 2) Y407A in one chain and T366W in the other; 3) F405A in one chain and T394W in the other; 4) F405W in one chain and T394S in the other; 5) Y407T in one chain and T366Y in the other; 6) T366Y and F405A in one chain and T394W and Y407T in the other; 7) T366W and F405W in one chain and T394S and Y407A in the other; 8) F405W and Y407A in one chain and T366W and T394S in the other; and 9) T366W in one polypeptide of the Fc and T366S, L368A
  • substitutions creating new disulfide bridges can facilitate heterodimer formation. See, e.g., US Patent Application Publication 2003/0078385, the portions of which describe such mutations are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Such alterations in an IgG1 Fc region include, for example, the following substitutions: Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and S354C in the other; Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356C in the other; Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E357C in the other; L351C in one Fc polypeptide chain and S354C in the other; T394C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E397C in the other; or D399C in one Fc polypeptide chain and K392C in the other.
  • substitutions changing the charge of a one or more residue can enhance heterodimer formation as explained in WO 2009/089004, the portions of which describe such substitutions are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Such substitutions are referred to herein as “charge pair substitutions,” and an Fc region containing one pair of charge pair substitutions contains one substitution in the A chain and a different substitution in the B chain.
  • charge pair substitutions include the following: 1) K409D or K409E in one chain plus D399K or D399R in the other; 2) K392D or K392E in one chain plus D399K or D399R in the other; 3) K439D or K439E in one chain plus E356K or E356R in the other; and 4) K370D or K370E in one chain plus E357K or E357R in the other.
  • the substitutions R355D, R355E, K360D, or K360R in both chains can stabilize heterodimers when used with other heterodimerizing alterations. Specific charge pair substitutions can be used either alone or with other charge pair substitutions.
  • single pairs of charge pair substitutions and combinations thereof include the following: 1) K409E in one chain plus D399K in the other; 2) K409E in one chain plus D399R in the other; 3) K409D in one chain plus D399K in the other; 4) K409D in one chain plus D399R in the other; 5) K392E in one chain plus D399R in the other; 6) K392E in one chain plus D399K in the other; 7) K392D in one chain plus D399R in the other; 8) K392D in one chain plus D399K in the other; 9) K409D and K360D in one chain plus D399K and E356K in the other; 10) K409D and K370D in one chain plus D399K and E357K in the other; 11) K409D and K392D in one chain plus D399K, E356K, and E357K in the other; 12) K409D and K370D
  • a “target molecule,” as meant herein, is a molecule to which the binding region of an Fc-containing protein described herein binds.
  • a target molecule is a protein that is expressed at high levels, for example, on a cancer cell, on a cell mediating an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, on an infected cell, on an infectious agent, or on a cell mediating an immune effector function, for example, an NK cell.
  • Tumor burden refers to the number of viable cancer cells, the number of tumor sites, and/or the size of the tumor(s) in a patient suffering from a cancer.
  • a reduction in tumor burden can be observed, for example, as a reduction in the amount of a tumor-associated antigen or protein in a patient's blood or urine, a reduction in the number of tumor cells or tumor sites, and/or a reduction in the size of one or more tumors.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a protein comprising a variant Fc region as described herein is an amount that has the effect of, for example, reducing or eliminating the tumor burden of a cancer patient or reducing or eliminating the symptoms of any disease condition that the protein is used to treat.
  • a therapeutically effective amount need not completely eliminate all symptoms of the condition, but may reduce severity of one or more symptoms or delay the onset of more serious symptoms or a more serious disease that can occur with some frequency following the treated condition.
  • Treatment of any disease mentioned herein encompasses an alleviation of at least one symptom of the disease, a reduction in the severity of the disease, or the delay or prevention of disease progression to more serious symptoms that may, in some cases, accompany the disease or lead to at least one other disease. Treatment need not mean that the disease is totally cured. A useful therapeutic agent needs only to reduce the severity of a disease, reduce the severity of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or its treatment, or delay the onset of more serious symptoms or a more serious disease that can occur with some frequency following the treated condition.
  • the present invention encompasses Fc-containing proteins that comprise a binding region that binds to a target molecule and a variant Fc region.
  • Fc-containing proteins that comprise a binding region that binds to a target molecule and a variant Fc region.
  • These include antibodies and Fc fusion proteins, containing human or non-human IgG Fc regions, which could be IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 Fc regions, that are altered at selected amino acid residues as compared to an unchanged human or non-human Fc region and that bind to Fc ⁇ RIIIA with enhanced affinity as compared to the unchanged human or non-human Fc region.
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA interacts with an Fc region in an asymmetric fashion, i.e., contacting different amino acid residues in the two Fc polypeptide chains that make up the Fc region
  • the asymmetrically altered Fc regions described herein can be particularly effective in enhancing affinity to Fc ⁇ RIIIA and, thus, ADCC.
  • the altered human Fc regions described herein can be altered such that the sequences of the two Fc polypeptide chains that make up an Fc region, that is, the A chain and the B chain, differ.
  • these Fc regions can also contain heterodimerizing alterations, which are different in the A and B chains, that discourage the formation of homodimeric Fc-containing proteins and encourage the formation of heterodimeric Fc-containing proteins.
  • Proteins containing the altered Fc regions can be more effective at binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA and at eliciting ADCC as compared to proteins comprising an unaltered Fc region, or to an Fc region containing only heterodimerizing alterations, and can have increased efficacy as therapeutics in vivo, for example in oncologic or neoplastic indications and/or in treating autoimmune or infectious conditions.
  • Fc fusion proteins include heterodimers in which each Fc polypeptide chain is fused to a different protein. Such Fc fusion proteins are bivalent and bispecific. Also included are bivalent and monospecific Fc fusion protein. Similarly, monospecific or bispecific full length antibodies, monovalent antibodies, and bispecific or monospecific scFv-Fc's are among the many kinds of proteins that could contain the altered Fc regions described herein.
  • the invention also encompasses nucleic acids encoding the Fc polypeptide chains in the altered Fc regions and proteins containing these Fc polypeptide chains. Also provided are methods of making these proteins and methods of using these proteins to treat various human conditions.
  • Fc ⁇ Rs human Fc gamma receptors
  • Id immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
  • ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
  • Fc ⁇ RIIB receptors are the only known human inhibitory Fc ⁇ R and contain an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the intracellular domain that mediates inhibition of cell activation. Id.
  • Enhanced affinity of an antibody for Fc ⁇ RIIIA can be indicative of enhanced clinical efficacy in oncologic indications.
  • Allelic variants of Fc ⁇ RIIIA having either a valine or a phenylalanine at amino acid 158 have been associated with higher or lower affinity binding to IgG, respectively. Koene et al. (1997), Blood 90(3): 1109-1114.
  • allelic differences also significantly correlate with clinical efficacy observed in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with rituximab (an IgG1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) and in patients with solid tumors treated with either cetuximab (a chimeric IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody) or trastuzumab (an IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibody).
  • cetuximab a chimeric IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody
  • trastuzumab an IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibody
  • Each of the Fc polypeptide chains can have amino acid sequences that differ because of amino acid substitutions relative to the sequence of a human IgG Fc polypeptide chain.
  • An Fc polypeptide chain can be of a human IgG1 or IgG3 Fc polypeptide.
  • each Fc polypeptide chain comprises from one to twenty, one to ten, or one to five amino acid substitutions relative to a naturally-occurring human Fc sequence.
  • an Fc polypeptide chain can comprise zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten amino acid substitutions relative to a naturally-occurring human Fc polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an Fc polypeptide chain can comprise no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acid substitutions.
  • substitutions can occur, for example, at one or more of the following sites in an Fc polypeptide chain: E233, L234, L235, S239, F241, F243, K246, K248, D249, L251, M252, I253, S254, R255, T256, E258, T260, V264, D265, S267, H268, E269, D270, E272, K274, F275, N276, Y278, V279, D280, V282, E283, V284, H285, N286, A287, K288, T289, K290, R292, E293, E294, Q295, Y296, S298, Y300, R301, V302, V303, V305, T307, L309, H310, Q311, D312, W313, L314, N315, K317, E318, K320, K322, S324, K326, A327, L328, A330, I332, E333, K334, T335, I33
  • the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein, which comprise an Fc region can contain one or more of the following particular amino acid substitutions in one or both of the A chain and the B chain that make up the Fc region: E233L, L234I, L234Y, L235S, G236Y, S239D, S239E, S239N, S239T, F243M, F243L, F243V, F2431, K246W, K246E, K246S, K246V, K248Y, K248L, M252D, I253V, I253K, R255S, R255N, T256V, T256Q, E258S, E258V, H268E, H268K, A287F, K288T, K2881, K290G, K290F, K290S, K290W, K290Q, K290Y, E294L, Y296W, Y296L, S298A, S
  • the proteins of the invention can comprise an Fc region in which the A and B chains comprise the following substitutions: (1) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and Y296W plus S298C in the other; (2) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (3) L235S, S239D, and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (4) L235S, S239D, and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (5) Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, F243V, and Y296W in the other; (6) Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other
  • amino acid sequences of Fc polypeptide chains include SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, and 41. These sequences contain heterodimerizing alterations and substitutions that enhance binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA.
  • the Fc-containing proteins of the invention can contain heterodimeric human IgG1 Fc regions. That is, the two Fc polypeptide chains that, together, make up the Fc region each have a different amino acid sequence.
  • a heterodimeric Fc region of the invention contains heterodimerizing alterations (as defined above), thus greatly facilitating production of proteins containing the heterodimeric Fc.
  • An IgG Fc region is generally glycosylated at N297 when it is produced by a mammalian cell, and the absence of fucose in this carbohydrate can increase binding to Fc ⁇ RIII and the ability of an IgG antibody to elicit ADCC. Malphettes et al. (2010), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106(5): 774-783.
  • the Fc-containing proteins, including antibodies and Fc fusion proteins, described herein can be “defucosylated,” that is, essentially free of fucose or containing only minor amounts of fucose. As meant herein, at least about 85%, 90%, or 95% of the glycans released from a defucosylated protein preparation do not contain fucose.
  • defucosylated and “afucosylated” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Such proteins can be produced as described above, for example, in FUT8 ⁇ / ⁇ or GFT / ⁇ CHO cells.
  • the fucose contents of a protein can be determined by as described by Ishiguro et al. (2010), Cancer Sci 101: 2227-2233, at 2228-2229, the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • proteins are known to be expressed at high levels on cancer cells, on cells that mediate an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, or on infectious agents or infected cells. Such proteins are potential target molecules for therapeutic Fc-containing proteins described herein. Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins that bind to such potential target proteins are particularly appropriate for use with the present invention.
  • Potential target proteins known to be expressed on human cancer cells include the following human proteins: WT1, MUC1, LMP2, EGFRvIII, HER-2/neu, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1, PSMA, GM2/GD2 synthase, CEA, MLANA/MART1, gp100, survivin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), sarcoma translocation breakpoints, EPHA2, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP), ⁇ -fetoprotein (AFP), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ERG, NA17.A2 peptide (VLPDVFIRC), paired box 3 (PAX3), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), androgen receptor, cyclin B1, polysialic acid, rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC, v-my
  • Cancer antigens also include the human herpes virus 4 protein LMP2, the human papillomavirus proteins E6 and E7, and the glycoceramide globo H (as described in Gilewski et al. (2001), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • the ⁇ 4 subunit of the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrins the ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 integrin, BAFF, APRIL, CD2, CD3, CD20, CD52, CD73, CD80, CD86, the C 5 complement protein, IgE, IL-1 ⁇ , IL-5, IL-6R, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF ⁇ ).
  • targets include proteins or other molecules displayed on the surface of pathogenic organisms including viruses, bacteria (including the species Borrelia, Staphylococcus, Escherichia , among many other species), fungi (including yeast), giardia , amoeba, eukarytic protists of the genus Plasmodium , ciliates, trypanosomes, nematodes, and other eukaryotic parasites.
  • bacteria including the species Borrelia, Staphylococcus, Escherichia , among many other species
  • fungi including yeast
  • giardia amoeba
  • amoeba eukarytic protists of the genus Plasmodium
  • ciliates trypanosomes
  • nematodes eukaryotic parasites.
  • the Fc-containing protein can bind one or two or multiple target molecules, which can be identical or different target molecules and can be monomers or multimers, on the same cells or different types of cells, to antagonize or agonize the signaling pathway; or to increase the avidity or specificity of an interaction between a target molecule and another molecule (which may or may not be a target molecule).
  • a bispecific or multispecific Fc-containing protein can bind to a target molecule, such as those mentioned in the paragraphs above, and another molecule, which can also be a target molecule, expressed at high levels on a cell involved in mediating a cytotoxic response by the immune system, such as, for example, NKG2D on NK cells or CD3 or T cell receptor on T cells.
  • the target molecule could be, for example, one of the following: (1) a human protein that is selectively expressed on cancer cells; (2) a protein of a virus or other pathogen that is highly expressed on the surface of the pathogen or on the surface of a pathogen-infected host cell; or (3) a human protein that is selectively expressed on the surface of a human cell type that mediates a condition such as an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
  • nucleic acids encoding the Fc polypeptide chains of the Fc-containing proteins described herein are also provided.
  • nucleic acids are provided that encode Fc polypeptides, and/or Fc-containing proteins comprising them, comprising one or more of the following amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, or 41.
  • sequences encoding such Fc polypeptide chains include SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38, and 40.
  • These nucleic acids encode the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, and 41, respectively.
  • nucleic acid sequences encoding the many variant Fc polypeptide chains described herein, are also encompassed by the instant invention. These nucleic acids are useful for, inter alia, producing recombinant proteins containing altered Fc polypeptide chains, as described herein. These altered Fc polypeptide chains can be part of a heterodimeric Fc region that binds to Fc ⁇ RIIIA with enhanced affinity, as shown by binding with a lower K D than a wild type Fc region. Such nucleic acids can also encode a signal sequence that facilitates the secretion of a protein in mammalian cells and/or a binding region that binds to a target molecule.
  • signal sequences are cleaved from the remainder of a protein during maturation and are not part of a mature protein, even though they are encoded in a nucleic acid encoding the protein.
  • Signal sequences can be easily identified, e.g., as described by Kertein et al. (2000), Bioinformatics 16(8): 741-742, Nielsen and Krogh (1998), Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biol (AAAI Press): 122-130, Nielsen et al. (1997), Protein Eng. 10(1): 1-6, and Nielsen et al. (1997), Int. J. Neural Systems 8(5&6): 581-599.
  • the relevant portions of the references are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the nucleic acids of the invention include DNA and RNA in single- and double-stranded forms.
  • both polypeptide chains of a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein are encoded on a single nucleic acid molecule.
  • a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein can be encoded on two, three, or more nucleic acid molecules.
  • isolated nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that has been separated from adjacent sequences present in the genome of the organism from which the nucleic acid was initially isolated. For example, if the nucleic acid encodes an altered human IgG1 Fc region, the adjacent sequences would be the sequences adjacent to the sequences encoding an IgG1 Fc in the human genome. It is to be understood that nucleic acids synthesized chemically or produced enzymatically by PCR are “isolated nucleic acids,” as meant herein.
  • An isolated nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct.
  • Fc-containing proteins such as antibodies and fusion proteins, encompassed by the invention can be made by methods known in the art. More specifically, a nucleic acid that encodes an Fc-containing protein including an altered Fc polypeptide chain, as described herein, can be introduced into a vector, which can be introduced into a host cell. Since the heterodimeric, Fc-containing proteins described herein necessarily contain at least two polypeptide chains, nucleic acids encoding these chains may be present on either a single vector or two or more vectors. If more than one vector is used, these vectors can be introduced together into a host cell. Vectors and host cells comprising nucleic acids encoding such a protein are encompassed by the invention.
  • the host cell containing the nucleic acids encoding the Fc-containing protein can be cultured under conditions such that the protein can be expressed.
  • the expressed protein can then be obtained from the medium in which the cells are cultured or from the cells themselves and purified by any of the many appropriate means known in the art.
  • genetic engineering methods for the production of proteins include the expression of the polynucleotide molecules in cell free expression systems, in cellular hosts, in tissues, and in animal models, according to known methods.
  • the vector can include a selectable marker and an origin of replication, for propagation in a host.
  • the vector can further include suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory sequences, such as those derived from mammalian, avian, microbial, viral, plant, or insect genes, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the protein. Examples of such regulatory sequences include transcriptional promoters, operators, or enhancers, mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and appropriate sequences that control transcription and translation. Nucleotide sequences are operably linked when the regulatory sequence functionally relates to the DNA encoding the target protein. Thus, a promoter nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence if the promoter nucleotide sequence directs the transcription of the nucleic acid sequence.
  • Suitable host cells for expression of the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein include prokaryotic cells, yeast cells, plant cells, insect cells, and higher eukaryotic cells, including mammalian or avian cells.
  • the regulatory sequences in the vector will be chosen such that they are operable in the host cell.
  • Suitable prokaryotic host cells include bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Bacillus , and Salmonella , as well as members of the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces , and Staphylococcus .
  • prokaryotic cells for example, in E.
  • the polynucleotide molecule encoding the protein preferably includes an N-terminal methionine residue to facilitate expression of the recombinant polypeptide.
  • the N-terminal methionine may optionally be cleaved from the expressed polypeptide.
  • Suitable yeast host cells include cells from genera including Saccharomyces, Pichia , and Kluveromyces .
  • Preferred yeast hosts are S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris .
  • a suitable system for expression in an insect host cell is described, for example, in the review by Luckow and Summers ((1988), BioTechnology 6:47), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Suitable mammalian host cells include the COS-7 line of monkey kidney cells (Gluzman et al. (1981), Cell 23: 175-182), baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Puck et al. (1958), PNAS USA 60: 1275-1281), CV-1 (Fischer et al. (1970), Int. J. Cancer 5: 21-27), HEK 293 cells from human embryonic kidney (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC®) catalog no. CRL-1573), and human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA) (ATCC® CCL 2).
  • the relevant portions of the references referred to in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference. Many other host cells are known in the art.
  • Expression vectors for use in cellular hosts generally comprise one or more phenotypic selectable marker genes. Such genes encode, for example, a protein that confers antibiotic resistance or that supplies an auxotrophic requirement.
  • phenotypic selectable marker genes encode, for example, a protein that confers antibiotic resistance or that supplies an auxotrophic requirement.
  • a wide variety of such vectors are readily available from commercial sources. Examples include pGEM® vectors (Promega), pSPORT vectors, and pPROEXTM vectors (InVitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), Bluescript vectors (Stratagene), and pQE vectors (Qiagen).
  • Yeast vectors will often contain an origin of replication sequence from a 2 ⁇ yeast plasmid, an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a promoter region, sequences for polyadenylation, sequences for transcription termination, and a selectable marker gene.
  • Vectors replicable in both yeast and E. coli may also be used.
  • a shuttle vector will also include sequences for replication and selection in E. coli .
  • Direct secretion of the target polypeptides expressed in yeast hosts may be accomplished by the inclusion of nucleotide sequence encoding the yeast ⁇ -factor leader sequence at the 5′ end of the Fc-containing protein. Brake (1989), Biotechnology 13: 269-280.
  • suitable expression vectors for use in mammalian host cells include pcDNA3.1/Hygro + (Invitrogen), pDC409 (McMahan et al. (1991), EMBO J. 10: 2821-2832), and pSVL (Pharmacia Biotech).
  • Expression vectors for use in mammalian host cells can include transcriptional and translational control sequences derived from viral genomes. Commonly used promoter sequences and enhancer sequences that can be used to promote transcription of RNA encoding the proteins described herein include, but are not limited to, those derived from human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Adenovirus 2, Polyoma virus, and Simian virus 40 (SV40).
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • SV40 Simian virus 40
  • Fc-containing proteins of the invention can be used as therapeutics, particularly in disease contexts in which the selective killing of cells on which a particular target molecule is displayed is desirable.
  • the Fc-containing proteins of the invention can also be useful for eliminating soluble ligands, viruses, or foreign pathogenic cells. For example, in cancer patients, it is desirable to kill cancer cells, which may selectively express certain proteins that can be targeted by the Fc-containing proteins described herein.
  • antibodies or Fc fusion proteins that bind to such cancer target proteins and have enhanced cell killing properties can be desirable therapeutics in cancer indications.
  • cancer target protein that is, a protein expressed on a cancer cell
  • cytotoxic cell a protein expressed on a cytotoxic cell
  • CD16 which is expressed on NK cells
  • NKG2D which is expressed on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
  • cytotoxic T cells and NK cells are proteins expressed on cytotoxic cells that can be target proteins.
  • asthma an inflammatory condition, it can be useful to kill eosinophils, which mediate damage of cells in the airway and induce hyperresponsiveness and mucus hypersecretion. Kolbeck et al. (2010), J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
  • Fc-containing proteins with enhanced cell killing properties against antigens preferentially expressed on eosinophils can be useful in asthma.
  • viruses, foreign pathogenic cells, or infected host cells can also be targeted by the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein.
  • the invention contemplates methods for treating patients suffering from a cell proliferative disease, including various forms of cancer, with the Fc-containing proteins described herein or with combinations including Fc-containing proteins comprising an altered Fc region plus other therapeutic agents.
  • the patient can be a human, but the methods may be applied to any mammal, including domestic animals such as pets and farm animals.
  • compositions for use in such methods that include a therapeutically effective amount of a protein containing an altered Fc region and, in some cases, an effective amount of another therapeutic agent, plus a suitable diluent, excipient, or carrier.
  • the Fc-containing proteins described herein can be administered with a variety of drugs and treatments have been widely employed in cancer treatment such as, for example, chemotherapeutic agents, non-chemotherpeutic, anti-neoplastic agents, and/or radiation.
  • chemotherapy and/or radiation can occur before, during, and/or after any of the treatments described herein.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, cisplatin, taxol, etoposide, mitoxantrone (Novantrone), actinomycin D, cycloheximide, camptothecin (or water soluble derivatives thereof), methotrexate, mitomycin (e.g., mitomycin C), dacarbazine (DTIC), anti-neoplastic antibiotics such as adriamycin (doxorubicin) and daunomycin, and all the chemotherapeutic agents mentioned above.
  • mitomycin e.g., mitomycin C
  • DTIC dacarbazine
  • anti-neoplastic antibiotics such as adriamycin (doxorubicin) and daunomycin
  • the Fc-containing proteins described herein can be used to treat cell proliferative diseases, including cancer, which involve the unregulated and/or inappropriate proliferation of cells, sometimes accompanied by destruction of adjacent tissue and growth of new blood vessels, which can allow invasion of cancer cells into new areas, i.e. metastasis.
  • cell proliferative diseases including cancer
  • cancer which involve the unregulated and/or inappropriate proliferation of cells, sometimes accompanied by destruction of adjacent tissue and growth of new blood vessels, which can allow invasion of cancer cells into new areas, i.e. metastasis.
  • non-malignant conditions that involve inappropriate cell growth, including colorectal polyps, cerebral ischemia, gross cystic disease, polycystic kidney disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and endometriosis.
  • cancers including mesotheliomas, squamous cell carcinomas, myelomas, osteosarcomas, glioblastomas, gliomas, carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and meningiomas, Hodgkin's disease, Sézary syndrome, multiple myeloma, and lung, non-small cell lung, small cell lung, laryngeal, breast, head and neck, bladder, ovarian, skin, prostate, cervical, vaginal, gastric, renal cell, kidney, pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, and esophageal, hepatobiliary, bone, skin, and hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the oral cavity
  • the Fc-containing proteins described herein can find further use in other kinds of conditions where it is beneficial to deplete certain cell types. For example, depletion of human eosinophils in asthma, excess human B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, excess human Th2 T cells in autoimmune conditions, or pathogen-infected cells in infectious diseases can be beneficial.
  • compositions comprising the Fc-containing proteins described herein, such as antibodies or Fc fusion proteins.
  • Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of an Fc-containing protein having an altered Fc region with one or more additional components such as a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent.
  • additional components can include buffers, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids, chelating agents, stabilizers, and/or preservatives, among many possibilities.
  • compositions comprising Fc-containing proteins comprising an altered Fc region described above can be administered by any appropriate means including, but not limited to, parenteral, topical, oral, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or pulmonary (by inhalation) administration. If injected, the composition(s) can be administered intra-articularly, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, intraarticularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Localized administration, that is, at the site of disease, such as direct injection into a tumor, is contemplated, as are transdermal delivery and sustained release from implants or skin patches.
  • Delivery by inhalation includes, for example, nasal or oral inhalation, use of a nebulizer, inhalation in aerosol form, and the like.
  • Administration via a suppository inserted into a body cavity can be accomplished, for example, by inserting a solid form of the composition in a chosen body cavity and allowing it to dissolve.
  • Other alternatives include eye drops, oral preparations such as pills, lozenges, syrups, and chewing gum, and topical preparations such as lotions, gels, sprays, and ointments.
  • therapeutic molecules that are polypeptides such as those described herein can be administered topically or by injection or inhalation.
  • the Fc-containing proteins described herein can be administered at any dosage, frequency, and duration that can be effective to treat the condition being treated.
  • the therapeutically effective dosage depends on the molecular nature of the Fc-containing protein and the nature of the disorder being treated. Treatment may be continued as long as necessary to achieve the desired results.
  • the Fc-containing protein can be administered as a single dosage or as a series of dosages given periodically, including multiple times per day, daily, every other day, twice a week, three times per week, weekly, every other week, monthly, every six weeks, every two months, every three, four, five or six months, among other possible dosage regimens.
  • the periodicity of treatment may or may not be constant throughout the duration of the treatment.
  • treatment may initially occur at weekly intervals and later occur every other week or at longer intervals as mentioned above. Treatments having durations of days, weeks, months, or years are encompassed by the invention. Treatment may be discontinued and then restarted. Maintenance doses may be administered after an initial treatment.
  • Dosage may be measured as milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) or as milligrams per square meter of skin surface (mg/m 2 ) or as a fixed dose, irrespective of height or weight. All of these are standard dosage units in the art. A person's skin surface area is calculated from her height and weight using a standard formula. With respect to the proteins containing an altered Fc region described herein, dosages can range from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 70 mg/kg, optionally from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, or about 2.5 mg/kg.
  • patients of all sizes can receive the same dosage, ranging from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, optionally from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 25 mg to about 50 mg, from about 100 mg to about 300 mg, or from about 100 mg to about 200 mg.
  • the dosage may be from about 5 mg/m 2 to about 800 mg/m 2 , from about 10 mg/m 2 to about 600 mg/m 2 , or from about 25 mg/m 2 to about 500 mg/m 2 .
  • Dosages may or may not be constant throughout the duration of the treatment. For example, dosage may steadily escalate throughout the duration of the treatment.
  • a first dose may be higher than subsequent doses.
  • dosage may be reduced at later stages of the treatment.
  • nucleic acids encoding either an scFv-Fc containing the charge pair substitutions E356K and D399K or an Fc polypeptide chain (“dummy Fc”) containing the charge pair substitutions K392D and K409D, with additional alterations at selected sites within the Fc-encoding regions, were created using PCR. For each site within the Fc selected for substitution, the nucleic acid was changed such that Fc regions with all twenty different amino acids at the selected site would be generated. Each codon in the nucleic acid was randomized independently so that the nucleic acid molecules in the resulting library were each potentially modified within only one codon.
  • the library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 1” library.
  • Another group of sites were within the C H 2 region and were either close to or part of the area that contacts Fc ⁇ RIIIA (239, 241, 255, 256, 258, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 276, 280, 285, 286, 290, 294, 295, 296, 298, 300, 307, 309, 315, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, and 339; see FIG. 2 ).
  • the library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 2” library.
  • a third group included sites within the C H 2 region that were solvent-exposed, but were not close to or part of the area that contacts Fc ⁇ RIIIA (243, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 274, 275, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 301, 302, 303, 305, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 320, 322, 324, 335, 336, 338, and 340; see FIG. 2 ).
  • the library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 3” library.
  • FIG. 2 shows the positions of these sites within a human IgG1 Fc region.
  • a DNA fragment encoding the scFv of the M315 antibody (a rat-anti-mouse NKG2D antibody) fused to a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide with E356K and D399K charge pair mutations in C H 3 domain was subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pTTS. Zhang et al. (2009), Protein Expression and Purification 65(1): 77-82. A DNA fragment encoding a huIgG1 Fc polypeptide with K392D and K409D charge pair mutations in the C H 3 domain was also subcloned into pTTS.
  • the libraries were made as follows. For each of the 82 selected codons within each Fc-encoding region, an oligonucleotide randomized at the first two positions of the codon and having either a G or a C at third position (an “NNG/C codon”) was made (an “NNG/C oligonucleotide”). This NNG/C codon was placed in the middle of the NNG/C oligonucleotide with about 21 bases extending upstream and downstream. The NNG/C oligonucleotide was oriented such that its 5′ end was upstream of its 3′ end in the Fc-encoding region.
  • reverse oligonucleotides that match the upstream 21 bases of the NNG/C oligonucleotides were synthesized individually.
  • a universal downstream primer was combined with each of the NNG/C oligonucleotides and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to produce downstream fragments.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • a universal upstream oligonucleotide and each of the reverse oligonucleotides were combined and subjected to PCR reactions to make upstream DNA fragments.
  • the NNG/C oligonucleotide may point upstream, and the reverse primer may point downstream.
  • the initial PCR reactions described above would include the NNG/C oligonucleotide plus the upstream oligonucleotide in one PCR reaction to produce an upstream fragment and the reverse oligonucleotide and the downstream oligonucleotide in another PCR reaction to produce a downstream fragment.
  • the upstream and downstream PCR fragments were purified using agarose gels, and the amounts of these PCR products were quantified.
  • the same molar amounts of individual upstream and downstream DNA fragments were combined with the universal upstream and downstream primers for a second round PCR reaction to assemble the full length PCR product.
  • Full length PCR fragments were then purified from agarose gels, and equal amounts of individual full length fragments from a tier were combined, digested with restriction enzymes Sal I and BamH I, and inserted into an expression vector.
  • a total of six libraries were made. Three libraries, a Tier 1, a Tier 2, and a Tier 3 library, having mutations in a nucleic acid encoding an scFv-Fc were made. Similarly, a Tier 1, a Tier 2, and a Tier 3 library having mutations at the same positions within the Fc-encoding region in a nucleic acid encoding a dummy Fc were made. As illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 3 , initial screening was performed as follows. The libraries were introduced into Escherichia coli , and enough individual colonies were picked such that at least three times as many colonies were picked as there were different variants in the library. For example, each Tier 1 library contained twenty different amino acids at each of nine sites, for a total of 180 different variants.
  • ten microtiter plates of colonies (96 wells/plate for a total of about 960) were picked and grown. Plasmid DNA was isolated.
  • Each Tier 2 and Tier 3 library contained twenty different amino acids at each of 34 and 39 sites for a total of 680 and 780 different variants, respectively. Accordingly, 45 plates of colonies (for a total of 4320) were picked for each Tier 2 and Tier 3 library, and plasmid DNA was isolated. These mutated plasmid DNAs were combined with unaltered DNAs (if the altered DNA was an scFv-Fc, the unaltered DNA was a dummy Fc, and vice versa, as shown in FIG.
  • HEK 293 cells a transformed human embryonic kidney cell line
  • Transfectants were cultured, and the culture medium was assayed using an AlphaLISA® assay using reagents purchased from Perkin Elmer (catalog numbers 6760002 and AL109M).
  • the AlphaLISA® assay was performed as follows.
  • Cell culture medium from the transfected HEK 293 cells was added to wells containing streptavidin-coated donor beads (Perkin Elmer catalog number 6760002), a biotinylated human IgG antibody (which binds to the donor beads via the streptavidin-biotin interaction), acceptor beads (Perkin Elmer catalog number AL109M) conjugated to an anti-glutathione S-transferase (GST) antibody, a GST-tagged version of human Fc ⁇ RIIIA (which binds to the acceptor beads via the GST-anti-GST antibody interaction and which binds to the donor beads via the interaction of Fc ⁇ RIIIA with the biotinylated human IgG antibody).
  • streptavidin-coated donor beads Perkin Elmer catalog number 6760002
  • a biotinylated human IgG antibody which binds to the donor beads via the streptavidin-biotin interaction
  • acceptor beads
  • the donor beads are activated. If the acceptor beads are in close physical proximity to the activated donor cells, they will be activated by the donor beads to emit fluorescence at about 615 nm.
  • the cell culture supernatants that inhibited the signal to a greater extent than did supernatants from cells transfected with unmutated (except for the charge pair mutations which were also included in the libraries) versions of the scFv-Fc and dummy Fc were retested twice more to confirm that they were positive. In the third round of testing, tests were performed in duplicate.
  • the Fc-encoding regions of the plasmids encoding these scFv-Fc's or dummy Fc's that yielded a positive signal were sequenced.
  • Tables 1 and 2 below show the data only from these positive transfectants resulting from the Tier 1, 2, and 3 libraries that were mutated in the scFv-Fc- and dummy Fc-encoding nucleic acids, respectively.
  • N-glycosylation site N297-S298-T299
  • P329 site P329 site in either Fc chain
  • substitutions within both of these areas i.e., S298C, S298A, A330M, and A330V
  • S298C, S298A, A330M, and A330V had been found in the primary screen.
  • Combinations that appeared to be favorable based on molecular modeling as discussed below were constructed and tested for binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA and, in some cases, for activity in an ADCC assay.
  • substitutions at positions S298, A327, and A330 were identified that might improve Fc binding to Fc ⁇ RIII using EGAD. Each of the three positions was changed to all other 19 amino acids in silico, and the change in the stability of the Fc-Fc ⁇ RIII interaction was predicted. EGAD was also used to analyze some of the combinations of mutations that bound well to Fc ⁇ Rs according to the data reported above. Examples of substitutions that EGAD predicted might enhance binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA include S298C, S298I, S298V, S298T, A327Y, A327W, A327F, A327H, A330H, A330F, and A330M.
  • AlphaLISA® assay confirmed that some of the predicted mutations at positions S298 and A330 showed improved binding to the Fc ⁇ Rs.
  • the combination designated “W23,” which has L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W mutations in one chain and S298T and K334V mutations in the other chain resulted from this approach.
  • Beneficial combinations were selected and incorporated into DNA encoding an anti-human Protein X huIgG1 heavy chain using the SOE by PCR technique described above.
  • Heterodimeric huIgG1s were made by transiently transfecting HEK 293 cells at small scale. The crude supernatants were concentrated, and the buffer was exchanged. In such a way, a panel of heterodimeric huIgG1 antibodies containing novel Fc variants having multiple substitutions was created.
  • FIGS. 4-6 show the percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the concentration of the competitor antibody. In the Tables 3 and 4 below, such data is presented as an “EC 50 ”, which is the concentration of antibody at which half of the maximal inhibition of the AlphaLISA® signal is achieved.
  • ADCC assays were performed as follows. Cell lines having high (tumor cell line SKBR3), medium (tumor cell line JIMT1), and low (tumor cell line MCF7) Protein X expression were used. These Protein X-expressing target cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and then washed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) before being deposited into 96-well microtiter plates with V-shaped wells. Purified NK cells from an Fc ⁇ RIIIA 158F/158F donor were added to each well.
  • CFSE carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the heterodimeric human anti-Protein X IgG1 antibodies and an isotype-matched control antibody were diluted in a 1:3 series and added to each well.
  • the cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 for 3.5 hrs.
  • the cells were spun down and re-suspended in 1 ⁇ FACS buffer (1 ⁇ phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)) with the dye TO-PRO®-3 iodide (Molecular Probes, Inc. Corporation, Oregon, USA), which stains dead cells, before analysis by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • the percentage of cell killing was calculated by dividing the number of dead cells (stained TO-PRO®-3 iodide) by number of total cells (stained with CFSE).
  • FIGS. 7-9 show the percentage of cells killed as a function of antibody concentration.
  • EC 50 's determined from such data are shown in Table 3. These data indicated that all fourteen of the antibodies containing variant Fc regions were very potent in killing tumor cells, each having an EC 50 of about 1 pM, which was much lower than the EC 50 of an unaltered antibody or an antibody containing only charge pair mutations. Table 3. Further, lower EC 50 's for ADCC generally correlated with lower EC 50 's for Fc ⁇ RIIIA binding, which would be expected since binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA is a prerequisite for activity in this ADCC assay.
  • Binding of some of the Fc variants to recombinant human and murine Fc ⁇ Rs was tested using BiacoreTM technology by capturing His-tagged Fc ⁇ Rs using a murine anti-His antibody attached to a Sensor Chip CM5 (Biacore).
  • BiacoreTM technology by capturing His-tagged Fc ⁇ Rs using a murine anti-His antibody attached to a Sensor Chip CM5 (Biacore).
  • Fc ⁇ RIIA with a histidine at position 131 Fc ⁇ RIIIA with a valine at position 158
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIA with a phenylalanine at position 158 were tested.
  • Human IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions were injected over the surface of the Sensor Chip CM5 to which the Fc ⁇ receptor was tethered and allowed to associate and disassociate from the Fc ⁇ receptor for defined times.
  • FIG. 10 shows that a human wild type IgG1 Fc (M01) inhibits IgG1 binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA (158F) by only about 25% at the highest concentration tested (360 nM).
  • M01 a human wild type IgG1 Fc
  • M04 an IgG1 antibody that contains heterodimerizing alterations (K392D+K409D in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356K+ D399K in other), was only slightly more effective than M01.
  • W117, W125, and an afucosylated wild type human IgG1 competed much more strongly, as evidenced by a shift to the left in the curves. See W117, W125, and AFUCO-M01 in FIG. 10 .
  • Afucosylated preparations of W117 and W125 (AFUCO-W117 and AFUCO-W125) showed a very high affinity for the human Fc ⁇ RIIIA 158F, since these two preparations produced the leftmost curves in FIG. 10 .
  • Fc variants W157 and W165 also exhibited strong competition.
  • FIG. 11 Similar results for binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA (158V) are shown in FIG. 11 . M01 and M04 exhibited weak competition for binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA (158V). As in FIG. 10 , AFUCO-W117 and AFUCO-W125 were the most effective competitors, followed by W157 and W165. W117 and AFUCO-IgG1, followed by W125, were less effective, but still far more effective than M01 and M04. These data show that a synergistic enhancement of binding to Fc ⁇ RIIIA can be achieved using defucosylated preparations of IgG1 heterodimeric variants.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show the results obtained using SKBR3 cells.
  • Control antibodies M01 having a wild type Fc region
  • M04 having an Fc region containing only heterodimerizing alterations
  • Cell killing dropped off steeply at lower antibody concentrations of M01 and M04.
  • antibodies containing variant Fc regions including W23, W117, W125, W141, W144, W165, W168, and W187, exhibited higher levels of cell killing than either M01 or M04 at most antibody concentrations.
  • Variant W187 exhibited the highest activity in this assay, correlating with the fact that it also exhibited the highest affinity to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA. Table 4.
  • Variants W117, W125, W165, and W168 also elicited potent ADCC activity in this assay.
  • FIG. 14 shows the results (percent specific cell lysis) of an ADCC assay done using full length human IgG1 anti-Protein X antibodies and JIMT1 cells, which express moderate levels of Protein X.
  • M01 antibodies which contain a wild type Fc region
  • a defucosylated preparation of an M01 antibody achieved 86% specific cell lysis at the highest concentration tested and had an EC 50 of 0.274 pM in this assay.
  • FIG. 14 bottom panel. Since the defucoyslated versions of IgG1 antibodies containing either a W117 or a W125 Fc region both had much higher activity than the fucosylated versions of these antibodies, these data indicate a synergistic improvement in ADCC activity when the Fc region of an IgG1 antibody is defucosylated and also contains amino acid changes that increase its affinity to Fc ⁇ RIIIA.
  • Antibodies containing variant Fc regions had K D values for binding to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA, including the 158F and 158V allelic variants, ranging from 6.4 nM to 143 nM.
  • a defucosylated preparation had a K D for binding to human Fc ⁇ RIIIA (158F) about eleven fold lower than that of a fucosylated preparation (compare 9.0 nM to 105 nM) and had an EC 50 in the ADCC assay described in Example 4 that was about 100 fold lower (compare 0.015 pM to 1.15 pM).
  • the increases in activity in the ADCC assay of the defucosylated versus fucosylated preparations of the W117 and W125 antibodies were synergistic since they exceeded expectations based on the increases in binding affinity to Fc ⁇ RIIIA (158F).

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Abstract

Disclosed are Fc-containing proteins comprising a binding region and a variant Fc region that can elicit one or more immune effector function and/or bind to an Fc receptor more effectively than a similar Fc-containing protein comprising a wild type Fc region. Also disclosed are nucleic acids encoding such Fc-containing proteins, methods for making such proteins, and methods of treatment utilizing such proteins.

Description

  • This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/453,433, filed Mar. 16, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD
  • The invention relates to polypeptides comprising variant Fc regions that can be heterodimeric and contain amino acid substitutions. The invention further relates to methods of making and using such polypeptides.
    • BACKGROUND
  • Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used in various oncologic indications. See, e.g., Reichert et al. (2007), Nature Rev. Drug Discovery 6: 349-356. Efficacy can be dependent upon effector functions of the antibody, such as complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) or upon antibody-induced formation of complexes of the antigen on the tumor cell surface, which can, in some cases, induce apoptosis. See, e.g., Deans et al. (2002), Immunology 107: 176-182. Anti-tumor activity of some antibodies is dependent on the interactions between the therapeutic antibody and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). de Haij et al. (2010), Cancer Res. 70(8): 3209-3217. There are a number of different FcγRs, some of which mediate intracellular signaling events leading to cell activation, which leads to cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and phagocytosis/endocytosis followed by antigen presentation. Other FcγRs mediate such activities through accessory proteins. There is a need in the art for antibodies that can more effectively elicit effector functions including ADCC, CDC and/or ADCP.
    • SUMMARY
  • Described herein is an Fc-containing protein containing an altered heterodimeric Fc region that can have enhanced effector function compared to a similar protein having an unaltered Fc region. In one embodiment, the invention includes an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region, which comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to a human FcγRIIIA-158V and/or FcγRIIIA-158F with a KD of less than or equal to one fifth of the KD with which a second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158V and/or FcγRIIIA-158F, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions. The human IgG Fc region can be a human IgG1 or IgG3 Fc region. In some embodiments the Fc-containing protein can bind to human FcγRIIIA-158V and/or FcγRIIIA-158F with a KD of less than or equal to one tenth or one twentieth of the KD with which the second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158V and/or FcγRIIIA-158F. The IgG Fc region of the Fc-containing protein can be an IgG1 Fc region, and the Fc region can be defucosylated. In some embodiments, the A chain and the B chain of the Fc-containing protein each comprise from 1 to 6 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain. At least one of these substitutions can be a heterodimerizing alteration. The A chain and the B chain can each contain at least two amino acid substitutions that are heterodimerizing alterations and can, for example, contain two or three substitutions that are heterodimerizing alterations. The heterodimerizing alterations can be charge pair mutations, such as the substitutions K392D and K409D in the A chain and the substitutions E356K and D399K in the B chain, or vice versa. Alternatively, the heterodimerizing alterations can be pairs of knobs and holes substitutions.
  • In further aspects, the Fc-containing protein can comprise an Fc region in which the following substitutions are present: (a) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (b) the A chain comprises E233L, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (c) the A chain comprises L2341, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (d) the A chain comprises S298T and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (e) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (f) the A chain comprises A330F and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (g) the A chain comprises Q311M, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (h) the A chain comprises Q311M, A330F, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (i) the A chain comprises S298T, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (j) the A chain comprises S298T, A330F, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (k) the A chain comprises S239D, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (l) the A chain comprises S239D, S298T, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (m) the A chain comprises a K334V substitution and the B chain comprises Y296W and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (n) the A chain comprises a K334V substitution and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (o) the A chain comprises L235S, S239D, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W, substitutions or vice versa; (p) the A chain comprises L235S, S239D, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (q) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, F243V, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (r) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (s) the A chain comprises S239D and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (t) the A chain comprises S239D and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (u) the A chain comprises F243V and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W, substitutions or vice versa; (v) the A chain comprises F243V and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (w) the A chain comprises E294L and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; (x) the A chain comprises E294L and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa; (y) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; or (z) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises K290Y and Y296W substitutions or vice versa. In some embodiments, the A chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, or 37 and the B chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 18, 39, or 41. In some embodiments, the B chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, or 34, and the A chain can comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, 10, or 18.
  • Any of the Fc-containing proteins described above or below can be defucosylated.
  • The Fc-containing protein can comprise one of the following combinations of amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 20 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 28 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:39; or SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:41.
  • Any of the Fc-containing proteins described herein can be an antibody or an Fc fusion protein and can be made in a CHO cell, a HEK 293 cell, or NS0 cell. Such an antibody can be a full length human IgG1 antibody, which can be monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or multispecific and/or can be monovalent or multivalent, including bivalent or tetravalent. The Fc-containing protein can bind to one or more target molecules selected from the group consisting of WT1, MUC1, LMP2, EGFRvIII, HER-2/neu, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1, PSMA, GM2/GD2 synthase, CEA, MLANA/MART1, gp100, survivin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), sarcoma translocation breakpoints, EPHA2, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP), α-fetoprotein (AFP), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ERG, NA17.A2 peptide (VLPDVFIRC), paired box 3 (PAX3), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), androgen receptor, claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 6, claudin 9, cyclin B1, polysialic acid, rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC, v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene (MYCN), TRP-2, GD3 ganglioside, fucosyl GM1, mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), MAGE-A1, CYP1B1, PLAC1, GM3, BORIS, tetranectin (TN), ETV6-AML1 (especially peptides including the breakpoint), NY-BR-1, RGS5, SART3, STn, carbonic anhydrase IX, PAX5, proacrosin binding protein sp32 precursor (OY-TES-1), sperm protein 17 (Sp17), LCK, high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMWMAA, also known as melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), AKAP-4, SSX2, XAGE-1, B7H3 (also known as CD276), legumain, TIE2, prostate-associated gene 4 protein (PAGE-4), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), protamine 2 (also known as MAD-CT-1), glomulin (also known as FAP), PDGFR-β, SSX2, SSX5, Fos-related antigen 1, CD20, integrin αvβ3, 5T4 oncofetal antigen, CA IX, CD5, CD19, CD22 (also known as Siglec-2), CD30 (also known as TNFRSF8), CD33 (also known as Siglec-3), CD38, CD138, CD40, CD44V6, CD55, CD56 (also known as NCAM), CTLA-4 (also known as CD152), EGFR, GD2, HER2, HLA-DR10 (MHC II), IGF1R, IL-6, sialyl Lewis Y, Mesothelin, TAG-72, TALE, TRAILR2, VEGF, CD52 (also known as CAMPATH-1), CD4, CD73, CA125 (also known as MUC16), CD66e, CD80 (also known as B7-1), PDGFRβ, prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA, also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase 2, among many other names), the herpes virus 4 protein LMP2, the human papillomavirus proteins E6 and E7, and the glycoceramide globo H, the α4 subunit of the α4β1 and α4β7 integrins, the α4β7 integrin, BAFF, APRIL, CD2, CD3, CD20, CD52. CD80, CD86, the C5 complement protein, IgE, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6R, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α). In particular embodiments, the Fc-containing proteins described herein can bind to HER-2/neu or mesothelin or can bind to both CD38 and CD138. CDH19, CDH3, BCMA, and IL13RA2.
  • In a further embodiment, the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any of the Fc-containing proteins described above and below plus a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • In another embodiment, described herein are nucleic acids encoding any of the Fc-containing proteins described above and below plus a host cell containing such nucleic acids. In some embodiments, an A chain and a B chain are encoded by separate nucleic acid molecules, whereas in other embodiments an A chain and a B chain can be encoded on the same nucleic acid molecule. The host cell can be a CHO cell, a HEK 293 cell, or an NS0 cell. Further, described herein is a method of making an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric Fc region comprising culturing the host cell under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed and, in some embodiments, recovering the polypeptide from the cell mass or the culture medium.
  • Also described herein is a method of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising an Fc-containing protein containing a heterodimeric Fc region comprising the following steps: (a) culturing a host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein as described herein under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed; (b) recovering the Fc-containing protein from the cell mass or the culture medium; and (c) formulating the Fc-containing protein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Also described herein is a method of making an Fc-containing protein containing a heterodimeric Fc region comprising the following steps: (a) providing a host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region and a binding region, wherein the Fc region comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V with a KD of less than or equal to one fifth of the KD with which a second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F or FcγRIIIA-158V, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions; (b) culturing the host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding the heterodimeric Fc-containing protein under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed; and (c) recovering the Fc-containing protein from the cell mass or the culture medium. Further, the Fc-containing protein can be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to make a pharmaceutical composition.
  • In another aspect, described herein is a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the Fc-containing protein or pharmaceutical composition described above or below, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to a molecule that is displayed on the cancer cells. A chemotherapeutic agent or a non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agent can be administered to the patient before, after, or concurrently with administration of the Fc-containing protein. The cancer can be selected from the group consisting of mesothelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, myeloma, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, glioma, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, meningioma, Hodgkin's disease, Sézary syndrome, multiple myeloma, and lung, non-small cell lung, small cell lung, laryngeal, breast, head and neck, bladder, ovarian, skin, prostate, cervical, vaginal, gastric, renal cell, kidney, pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, hepatobiliary, bone, skin, and hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the oral cavity, the oropharynx, the larynx, the hypolarynx, the salivary glands, the mediastinum, the stomach, the small intestine, the colon, the rectum and anal region, the ureter, the urethra, the penis, the testis, the vulva, the endocrine system, the central nervous system, and plasma cells.
  • In another aspect, described herein are uses of the Fc-containing protein or pharmaceutical composition described above or below in the treatment of a human disease, for example autoimmune diseases, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, infectious diseases, or cell proliferative diseases such as cancer, or in the manufacture of a medicament, wherein the medicament can be for treating cancer, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or an infectious disease.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1: Diagram of the tertiary structure of FcγRIIIB bound to an Fc region. This figure is a representation of the X-ray crystal structure of the Fc-FcγRIIIB (Protein Data Bank code: 1T83) complex, which includes the extracellular region of FcγRIIIB and a dimeric Fc region. The FcγRIIIB structure is shown in a wire model above. Fc Chain A and Fc Chain B are shown below in ribbon models. The tertiary structures of the extracellular regions of FcγRIIIA and FcγRIIIB are expected to be similar since only five of the 176 amino acids in these two extracellular regions differ. A later-determined structure of an Fc-FcγRIIIA complex (Protein Data Bank code: 3SGK) is very similar to this Fc-FcγRIIIB complex structure.
  • FIG. 2: The amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc region, starting with the hinge region and ending with the carboxyl terminus of the CH 3 region, is shown in single letter notation and is numbered according to the EU system of Edelman et al. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 63: 78-85. The amino acids underlined and in boldface type were randomized in constructing the libraries as described in Example 1. Beneath each of these amino acids is a “1,” a “2,” or a “3,” which indicates that DNAs encoding variants at the corresponding site were included in a Tier 1, 2, or 3 library as described in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3: Diagram showing the primary screening and initial combinatorial screening for substitutions that enhance binding to FcγRIIIA. The rectangle labeled “SIG” represents a polynucleotide encoding a signal sequence, which facilitates protein secretion from mammalian cells. A region encoding a hinge region is represented by a horizontal line labeled “hinge.” A rectangle labeled “Fc polypeptide” represents a polynucleotide encoding an Fc polypeptide chain. The five-pointed and four-pointed stars mean that the polynucleotides encoding the Fc polypeptide chains contain one randomized codon in each molecule at selected positions as explained in Example 1. The circles labeled “VH” and “VL” represent regions encoding a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, respectively. The “++” and “−−” signs in the rectangles labeled “Fc polypeptide” mean that these regions include mutations such that the encoded Fc polypeptide chain will have the substitutions E356K, D399K and K392D, K409D, respectively.
  • FIG. 4: Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor. The various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 5: Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor. The various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 6: Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of concentration of competitor. The various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 7: Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration. The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 8: Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration. The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 9: Percent cell killing by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxity (% ADCC) versus antibody concentration. The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each antibody are indicated in Table 3.
  • FIG. 10: Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal for binding to human FcγR IIIA (158F) allelic variant by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the log of the competitor concentration. The various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4. The designation “AFUCO” preceding an alias means that the antibody lacks fucose.
  • FIG. 11: Percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal for binding to human FcγR IIIA (158V) allelic variant by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percent inhibition of an AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the log of the competitor concentration. The various competitors, which are human IgG1 antibodies, are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4. The designation “AFUCO” preceding an alias means that the antibody lacks fucose.
  • FIG. 12: Percent cell lysis of cells expressing high levels of antigen by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration (pM). The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 13: Percent cell lysis of cells expressing moderate levels of antigen by full length IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions. The graph shows the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration (pM). The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated by alias in the graph, and the substitutions contained in each competitor are indicated in Tables 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 14: Comparisons of ADCC activity of fucosylated and defucosylated preparations of IgG1 antibodies containing a wild type or a variant Fc region. The graphs show the percentage of cells killed in an assay for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (% Specific Lysis) versus the log of the antibody concentration [pM]. In the top panel, a cell line that expresses high levels of the antigen that the antibody binds to was used as a target cell (SKBR3). In the bottom panel, a cell line that expresses moderate levels of the antigen was used as a target cell (JIMT1). The various human IgG1 antibodies used in these assays are indicated in the graph as follows: “M01” indicates an IgG1 antibody containing a wild type Fc region that binds to the antigen; “AFUCO-M01” indicates a preparation of the same IgG1 antibody that contains no fucose; “W117” indicates an IgG1 antibody that binds to the antigen and contains a W117 variant Fc region; “AFUCO-W117” indicates a preparation of W117 that contains no fucose; “W125” indicates an IgG1 antibody that binds to the antigen and contains a W125 variant Fc region; and “AFUCO-W125” indicates a preparation of “W125” that contains no fucose.
    •  BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTINGS
  • Sequence Listing
    Number Description of the Sequence
    SEQ ID NO: 1 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    SEQ ID NO: 2 Amino acid sequence of a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    SEQ ID NO: 3 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D and K409D (encoding one Fc
    polypeptide of variant M04)
    SEQ ID NO: 4 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 3
    SEQ ID NO: 5 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions E356K and D399K (encoding one Fc
    polypeptide of variant M04)
    SEQ ID NO: 6 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 5
    SEQ ID NO: 7 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, Q311M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variants M75, M77, and M78)
    SEQ ID NO: 8 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 7
    SEQ ID NO: 9 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions E356K, D399K, L234Y, E294L, and Y296W
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variants M77, M138, M142, W157, and
    W160)
    SEQ ID NO: 10 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 9
    SEQ ID NO: 11 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, E233L, Q311M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant M138)
    SEQ ID NO: 12 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 11
    SEQ ID NO: 13 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, L234I, Q311M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant M142)
    SEQ ID NO: 14 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 13
    SEQ ID NO: 15 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, S298T, and K334V (encoding
    one Fc polypeptide of variant W23)
    SEQ ID NO: 16 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 15
    SEQ ID NO: 17 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions E356K, D399K, L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W23, W141, W144, W165,
    W168, W187, and W189)
    SEQ ID NO: 18 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 17
    SEQ ID NO: 19 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, A330M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W141)
    SEQ ID NO: 20 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 19
    SEQ ID NO: 21 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, A330F, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W144)
    SEQ ID NO: 22 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 21
    SEQ ID NO: 23 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, Q311M, A330M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W157)
    SEQ ID NO: 24 Amino acid sequence of the Fc region encoded by SEQ ID NO: 23
    SEQ ID NO: 25 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, Q311M, A330F, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W160)
    SEQ ID NO: 26 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 25
    SEQ ID NO: 27 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, S298T, A330M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W165)
    SEQ ID NO: 28 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 27
    SEQ ID NO: 29 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, S298T, A330F, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W168)
    SEQ ID NO: 30 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 29
    SEQ ID NO: 31 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, S239D, A330M, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W187)
    SEQ ID NO: 32 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 31
    SEQ ID NO: 33 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K392D, K409D, S239D, S298T, and K334V
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W189)
    SEQ ID NO: 34 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 33
    SEQ ID NO: 35 Amino acid sequence of the mature human FcγRIIIA-158V protein
    SEQ ID NO: 36 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions A330M, K334V, K392D, and K409D
    (encoding a variant Fc polypeptide chain that is part of both W117 and
    W125)
    SEQ ID NO: 37 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 36
    SEQ ID NO: 38 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions L234Y, Y296W, E356K, and D399K
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W117)
    SEQ ID NO: 39 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 38
    SEQ ID NO: 40 Nucleotide sequence encoding a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide chain
    containing the substitutions K290Y, Y296W, E356K, and D399K
    (encoding one Fc polypeptide of variant W125)
    SEQ ID NO: 41 Amino acid sequence of the Fc polypeptide chain encoded by SEQ ID
    NO: 40
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • There is a need in the art for therapeutic polypeptides that bind to a target molecule and that have improved activity as therapeutics due to enhanced effector functions associated with Fc-containing proteins, such as ADCC, CDC, and/or ADCP. Such proteins can be particularly useful in treating cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, and/or any condition in which the selective killing of cells expressing a particular target molecule is beneficial. ADCC depends on the interaction of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), especially FcγRIIIA in humans, with the Fc region of an antibody or Fc-containing protein. As shown in FIG. 1, the interaction of human FcγRIIIA with a human Fc region is asymmetric, that is, FcγRIIIA comes into contact with different amino acid residues on the two Fc polypeptide chains that make up the Fc region. See also Sondermann et al. (2000), Nature 406: 267-273. The binding sites of the FcγRs on an IgG Fc region have been mapped in some detail. Shields et al. (2001), J. Biol. Chem. 276(9): 6591-6604. Specifically, portions of FcγRIIIA are within 5.0
  • A of amino acid residues L235, S239, D265, L328, P329, A330, and 1332 on one Fc polypeptide chain and amino acid residues L235, P238, S239, D265, S267, D270, Y296, N297, S298, T299, and A327 on the other as determined by X-ray crystallography. Thus, asymmetric alterations in the Fc region may be needed to maximally enhance the interaction of FcγRIIIA with the Fc region of an Fc-containing protein and, thus, enhance ADCC. In another aspect, such heterodimeric Fc regions can also have different binding regions attached to each Fc polypeptide chain, thus creating a molecule that can have different binding specificities on each of its two binding arms. The instant invention provides Fc-containing proteins comprising such asymmetric substitutions in their Fc regions and having increased binding to FcγRIIIA and enhanced ADCC activity. In some cases, such polypeptides can also be bispecific, or multispecific, that is, they may bind to two or more different target molecules.
    • DEFINITIONS
  • All numbering of amino acid residues in an IgG constant region is done according to the EU numbering system as used Edelman et al. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 63: 78-85. The portions of this reference describing and/or illustrating this numbering system are incorporated herein by reference. This system is a sequential numbering of the amino acids of a human IgG1 antibody. FIG. 2 shows the sequence of the Fc region of a human IgG1 antibody numbered according to the EU system. Particular amino acid residues in an IgG1 constant region of an antibody are notated using the one letter code for amino acids and the EU numbering system. For example, “D399” refers to an aspartic acid that is present in wild type IgG at position 399. Mutations at a particular residue are notated similarly. For example, “D399K” means that the aspartic acid that is present in a wild type IgG1 at position 399 has been changed to a lysine.
  • “ADCC” refers to a process called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which is an immune response mediated primarily by natural killer (NK) cells in humans. In ADCC, FcγRIII on the surface of an NK cell recognizes the Fc region of antibody that is bound to antigen displayed on the surface of a target cell. This activates the NK cell, which releases perforins and granzymes, leading to lysis and apoptosis of the target cells.
  • “CDC” refers to a complex process called complement-dependent cytotoxicity that can lead to cell killing through the action of a cascade of proteins that can act through either of two major pathways. See, e.g., Liszewski and Atkinson, Ch. 26 in FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, 3rd ed., Paul, ed., Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 917-940, the portions of which describe CDC are incorporated herein by reference.
  • “ADCP” refers to a process called antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis. In this Fc receptor-mediated process, target cells to which antibodies are bound are engulfed by phagocytic cells, such as macrophage, monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Multiple Fc receptors are involved in this process. Richards et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 7(8): 2517-2527 (2008) describe an in vitro assay for ADCP. The portion of Richards et al. describing this assay is incorporated herein by reference.
  • An “antibody,” as meant herein, is a protein containing at least one heavy or light chain immunoglobulin variable region, in many cases a heavy and a light chain variable region. Thus, the term “antibody” encompasses single chain Fv antibodies (scFv, which contain heavy and light chain variable regions joined by a linker), Fab, F(ab)2′, Fab′, scFv:Fc antibodies (as described in Carayannopoulos and Capra, Ch. 9 in FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, 3rd ed., Paul, ed., Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 284-286) or full length antibodies containing two full length heavy and two full length light chains, such as naturally-occurring IgG antibodies found in mammals. Id. Such IgG antibodies can be of the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype and can be human antibodies. The portions of Carayannopoulos and Capra that described the structure of antibodies are incorporated herein by reference. Further, the term “antibody” includes dimeric antibodies containing two heavy chains and no light chains such as the naturally-occurring antibodies found in camels and other dromedary species and sharks. See, e.g., Muldermans et al., 2001, J. Biotechnol. 74:277-302; Desmyter et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276:26285-90; Streltsov et al. (2005), Protein Science 14: 2901-2909. An antibody can be monospecific (that is, binding to only one kind of antigen) or multispecific (that is, binding to more than one kind of antigen). In some embodiments, an antibody can be bispecific (that is, binding to two different kinds of antigen). Further, an antibody can be monovalent, bivalent, or multivalent, meaning that it can bind to one or two or more antigen molecules at once. Some of the possible formats for such antibodies include monospecific or bispecific full length antibodies, monospecific monovalent antibodies (as described in International Application WO 2009/089004 and US Publication 2007/0105199, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference) that may inhibit or activate the molecule to which they bind, bivalent monospecific or bispecific dimeric Fv-Fc, scFv-Fc, or diabody Fc, monospecific monovalent scFv-Fc/Fc's, and the multispecific binding proteins and dual variable domain immunoglobulins described in US Publication 2009/0311253 (the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference), among many other possible antibody formats.
  • An “Fc fusion protein,” as meant herein, is a protein containing an Fc polypeptide chain fused to another polypeptide, which comprises a binding region that binds to a target molecule, and which does not comprise a heavy or light chain variable region of an antibody. The binding region of an Fc fusion protein can comprise a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide such as a soluble portion of a receptor or one or more peptides that bind to a target molecule (such as, for example, a “monomer domain” as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,820,790 that binds to a target protein, which can be selected as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,820,790), or other polypeptides. The portions of U.S. Pat. No. 7,820,790 describing monomer domains and how they are selected are incorporated herein by reference. Other polypeptides that can be part of a binding region of an Fc fusion protein include polypeptides comprising scaffold domains that have been randomized in certain positions and subjected to selection for binding to a certain target molecule. Such scaffold domains include, for example, T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4; Nuttall et al. (1999), Proteins 36: 217-227), the Z domain of Staphylococcal protein 1 (Nord et al. (1995), Protein Eng. 8: 601-608), green fluorescent protein, and the tenth type III domain of human fibronectin (FN3; Koide et al. (1998), J. Mol. Biol. 284: 1141-1151; Karatan et al. (2004), Chem. & Biol. 11: 835-844). The portions of these references describing the scaffold domains and their use to generate binding domains are incorporated herein by reference. Fc fusion proteins, like other proteins containing Fc polypeptide chains generally form multimers, which can be dimers. Since the Fc regions described herein are generally heterodimeric, such Fc fusion proteins can form heterodimers. In such a case, the polypeptide fused to the Fc polypeptide chain can be different in each of polypeptide chains that, together form the heterodimer. Thus, an Fc fusion protein can be heterodimeric and bispecific or monospecific or multispecific.
  • A “binding region,” as meant herein, is a region of an Fc-containing protein as described herein that binds to a target molecule, such as, for example, a protein that is expressed at high levels on a cancer cell, on a cell mediating an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, on an infected cell, on an infectious agent, or on a cell mediating an immune effector function, for example, an NK cell. A binding region can contain a heavy or light chain immunoglobulin variable region or a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
  • An “scFv-Fc,” as meant herein, is a polypeptide that consists of a heavy and a light chain variable region of an antibody joined by a linker, which is followed by an Fc polypeptide chain of an antibody, optionally the Fc region of a human IgG antibody, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 antibody.
  • A full length “heavy chain,” as meant herein, comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH), a first heavy chain constant domain (CH1), a hinge domain, a second heavy chain constant domain (CH2), and a third heavy chain constant domain (CH3).
  • A full length “light chain,” as meant herein, comprises a light chain variable region (VD and a light chain constant domain (CL).
  • As meant herein, an “Fc region” is a dimer consisting of two polypeptide chains joined by one or more disulfide bonds, each chain comprising part or all of a hinge domain plus a C H2 and a C H3 domain. Each of the polypeptide chains is referred to as an “Fc polypeptide chain.” To distinguish the two Fc polypeptide chains, one is referred to herein as an “A chain” and the other is referred to as a “B chain.” More specifically, the Fc regions contemplated for use with the present invention are IgG Fc regions, which can be mammalian or human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 Fc regions. Among human IgG1 Fc regions, at least two allelic types are known. One allelic type has the sequence as shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO:2). Another has two substitutions relative to the sequence in FIG. 2, namely E356D and M358L. In another naturally occurring human IgG1, the alanine at position 431 (corresponding to position 216 in SEQ ID NO:2) is a glycine. A human IgG1 Fc region as meant herein can contain any of these amino acid sequence variations.
  • An “Fc-containing protein,” as meant herein, is a protein comprising an Fc region as described herein and a binding region that binds to a target molecule. The term “Fc-containing protein” encompasses an antibody or an Fc fusion protein that contains an Fc region.
  • “FcγRIIIA-158V” refers to the allelic variant of human FcγRIIIA that has a valine at position 158 in the amino acid sequence of FcγRIIIA as shown in SEQ ID NO:35. Similarly, “FcγRIIIA-158F” refers to the allelic variant of human FcγRIIIA that has a phenylalanine at position 158 in the amino acid sequence of FcγRIIIA. The sequence of human FcγRIIIA-158F, including the 17 amino acid signal peptide, is reported in NCBI Accession Number NP—001121065, which is incorporated herein by reference. Since this sequence includes the signal peptide, which is absent in the mature protein, position 158 is equivalent to amino acid 176. SEQ ID NO:35 contains the amino acid sequence of the mature form of FcγRIIIA-158V.
  • A “heterodimeric” Fc region, as meant herein is one in which the A chain and the B chain of the Fc region have different amino acid sequences rather than identical amino acid sequences.
  • An “scFv-Fc/Fc” is a dimeric protein consisting essentially of an scFv-Fc plus an Fc polypeptide chain (referred to herein as a “dummy Fc”). The scFv-Fc can be linked to the dummy Fc via one or more disulfide bridges. Further, the Fc region can contain “heterodimerizing alterations” in the C H3 domains, such as one, two, three, or more pairs of charge pair substitutions, as described below.
  • The “CH3-C H3 interface” consists of those amino acids in the C H3 region that come into close contact with residues of the other C H3 region in the context of an Fc region and/or a full length antibody. More specifically these residues are within 4.5 Å of an amino acid residue on the other C H3 region in the context of an Fc region. In an IgG1 antibody, these are the residues at the following positions (with EU residue number followed by position in SEQ ID NO:2 in parenthesis): 347 (132), 349 (134), 350 (135), 351 (136), 352 (137), 353 (138), 354 (139), 355 (140), 356 (141), 357 (142), 360 (145), 364 (149), 366 (151), 368 (153), 370 (155), 390 (175), 392 (177), 393 (178), 394 (179), 395 (180), 397 (182), 398 (183), 399 (184), 400 (185), 405 (190), 407 (192), 408 (193), 409 (194), and 439 (224).
  • “Chemotherapy,” as used herein, means the treatment of a cancer patient with a “chemotherapeutic agent” that has cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells. A “chemotherapeutic agent” specifically targets cells engaged in cell division and not cells that are not engaged in cell division. Chemotherapeutic agents directly interfere with processes that are intimately tied to cell division such as, for example, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, the assembly, disassembly, or function of the mitotic spindle, and/or the synthesis or stability of molecules that play a role in these processes, such as nucleotides or amino acids. A chemotherapeutic agent therefore has cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on both cancer cells and other cells that are engaged in cell division. Chemotherapeutic agents are well-known in the art and include, for example: alkylating agents (e.g. busulfan, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, lomustine (CCNU), methyllomustine, streptozotocin, cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum, aziridinylbenzo-quinone, and thiotepa); inorganic ions (e.g. cisplatin and carboplatin); nitrogen mustards (e.g. melphalan hydrochloride, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, and mechlorethamine HCl); nitrosoureas (e.g. carmustine (BCNU)); anti-neoplastic antibiotics (e.g. adriamycin (doxorubicin), daunomycin, mitomycin C, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mithramycin, and bleomycin); plant derivatives (e.g. vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, vindesine, VP-16, and VM-26); antimetabolites (e.g. methotrexate with or without leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil with or without leucovorin, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, gemcitabine, and fludarabine); podophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide, irinotecan, and topotecan); as well as actinomycin D, dacarbazine (DTIC), mAMSA, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, L-asparaginase, and mitoxantrone, among many known in the art. See e.g. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th Edition, DeVita et al., eds., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (1993), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. Alkylating agents and nitrogen mustard act by alkylating DNA, which restricts uncoiling and replication of strands. Methotrexate, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine interfere with nucleotide synthesis. Plant derivatives such a paclitaxel and vinblastine are mitotic spindle poisons. The podophyllotoxins inhibit topoisomerases, thus interfering with DNA replication. Antibiotics doxorubicin, bleomycin, and mitomycin interfere with DNA synthesis by intercalating between the bases of DNA (inhibiting uncoiling), causing strand breakage, and alkylating DNA, respectively. Other mechanisms of action include carbamoylation of amino acids (lomustine, carmustine), and depletion of asparagine pools (asparaginase). Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th Edition, Section 11, Hematology and Oncology, 144. Principles of Cancer Therapy, Table 144-2 (1999). Specifically included among chemotherapeutic agents are those that directly affect the same cellular processes that are directly affected by the chemotherapeutic agents listed above.
  • “Non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents” are chemical agents, compounds, or molecules having cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on cancer cells other than chemotherapeutic agents. Non-chemotherapeutic antineoplastic agents may, however, be targeted to interact directly with molecules that indirectly affect cell division such as cell surface receptors, including receptors for hormones or growth factors. However, non-chemotherapeutic antineoplastic agents do not interfere directly with processes that are intimately linked to cell division such as, for example, DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or mitotic spindle function, assembly, or disassembly. Examples of non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents include inhibitors of Bcl2, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, anti-estrogenic agents such as tamoxifen, anti-androgenic compounds, interferon, arsenic, retinoic acid, retinoic acid derivatives, antibodies targeted to tumor-specific antigens, and inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase (e.g. the small molecule STI-571 marketed under the trade name GLEEVEC™ by Novartis, New York and New Jersey, USA and Basel, Switzerland), among many possible non-chemotherapeutic anti-neoplastic agents.
  • “Heterodimerizing alterations” generally refer to alterations in the A and B chains of an Fc region that facilitate the formation of heterodimeric Fc regions, that is, Fc regions in which the A chain and the B chain of the Fc region do not have identical amino acid sequences. Heterodimerizing alterations can be asymmetric, that is, a A chain having a certain alteration can pair with a B chain having a different alteration. These alterations facilitate heterodimerization and disfavor homodimerization. Whether hetero- or homo-dimers have formed can be assessed by size differences as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in situations where one polypeptide chain is a dummy Fc and the other is an scFv-Fc. One example of such paired heterodimerizing alterations are the so-called “knobs and holes” substitutions. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,695,936 and US Patent Application Publication 2003/0078385, the portions of which describe such mutations are incorporated herein by reference. As meant herein, an Fc region that contains one pair of knobs and holes substitutions, contains one substitution in the A chain and another in the B chain. For example, the following knobs and holes substitutions in the A and B chains of an IgG1 Fc region have been found to increase heterodimer formation as compared with that found with unmodified A and B chains: 1) Y407T in one chain and T366Y in the other; 2) Y407A in one chain and T366W in the other; 3) F405A in one chain and T394W in the other; 4) F405W in one chain and T394S in the other; 5) Y407T in one chain and T366Y in the other; 6) T366Y and F405A in one chain and T394W and Y407T in the other; 7) T366W and F405W in one chain and T394S and Y407A in the other; 8) F405W and Y407A in one chain and T366W and T394S in the other; and 9) T366W in one polypeptide of the Fc and T366S, L368A, and Y407V in the other. Alternatively or in addition to such alterations, substitutions creating new disulfide bridges can facilitate heterodimer formation. See, e.g., US Patent Application Publication 2003/0078385, the portions of which describe such mutations are incorporated herein by reference. Such alterations in an IgG1 Fc region include, for example, the following substitutions: Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and S354C in the other; Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356C in the other; Y349C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E357C in the other; L351C in one Fc polypeptide chain and S354C in the other; T394C in one Fc polypeptide chain and E397C in the other; or D399C in one Fc polypeptide chain and K392C in the other. Similarly, substitutions changing the charge of a one or more residue, for example, in the CH3-C H3 interface, can enhance heterodimer formation as explained in WO 2009/089004, the portions of which describe such substitutions are incorporated herein by reference. Such substitutions are referred to herein as “charge pair substitutions,” and an Fc region containing one pair of charge pair substitutions contains one substitution in the A chain and a different substitution in the B chain. General examples of charge pair substitutions include the following: 1) K409D or K409E in one chain plus D399K or D399R in the other; 2) K392D or K392E in one chain plus D399K or D399R in the other; 3) K439D or K439E in one chain plus E356K or E356R in the other; and 4) K370D or K370E in one chain plus E357K or E357R in the other. In addition, the substitutions R355D, R355E, K360D, or K360R in both chains can stabilize heterodimers when used with other heterodimerizing alterations. Specific charge pair substitutions can be used either alone or with other charge pair substitutions. Specific examples of single pairs of charge pair substitutions and combinations thereof include the following: 1) K409E in one chain plus D399K in the other; 2) K409E in one chain plus D399R in the other; 3) K409D in one chain plus D399K in the other; 4) K409D in one chain plus D399R in the other; 5) K392E in one chain plus D399R in the other; 6) K392E in one chain plus D399K in the other; 7) K392D in one chain plus D399R in the other; 8) K392D in one chain plus D399K in the other; 9) K409D and K360D in one chain plus D399K and E356K in the other; 10) K409D and K370D in one chain plus D399K and E357K in the other; 11) K409D and K392D in one chain plus D399K, E356K, and E357K in the other; 12) K409D and K392D on one chain and D399K on the other; 13) K409D and K392D on one chain plus D399K and E356K on the other; 14) K409D and K392D on one chain plus D399K and D357K on the other; 15) K409D and K370D on one chain plus D399K and D357K on the other; 16) D399K on one chain plus K409D and K360D on the other; and 17) K409D and K439D on one chain plus D399K and E356K on the other. Any of the these heterodimerizing alterations can be used in polypeptides comprising the variant F regions described herein, which bind to FcγRIIIA with a lower KD than does a similar polypeptide with an unaltered Fc region.
  • A “target molecule,” as meant herein, is a molecule to which the binding region of an Fc-containing protein described herein binds. In some embodiments, a target molecule is a protein that is expressed at high levels, for example, on a cancer cell, on a cell mediating an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, on an infected cell, on an infectious agent, or on a cell mediating an immune effector function, for example, an NK cell.
  • “Tumor burden” refers to the number of viable cancer cells, the number of tumor sites, and/or the size of the tumor(s) in a patient suffering from a cancer. A reduction in tumor burden can be observed, for example, as a reduction in the amount of a tumor-associated antigen or protein in a patient's blood or urine, a reduction in the number of tumor cells or tumor sites, and/or a reduction in the size of one or more tumors.
  • A “therapeutically effective amount” of a protein comprising a variant Fc region as described herein is an amount that has the effect of, for example, reducing or eliminating the tumor burden of a cancer patient or reducing or eliminating the symptoms of any disease condition that the protein is used to treat. A therapeutically effective amount need not completely eliminate all symptoms of the condition, but may reduce severity of one or more symptoms or delay the onset of more serious symptoms or a more serious disease that can occur with some frequency following the treated condition.
  • “Treatment” of any disease mentioned herein encompasses an alleviation of at least one symptom of the disease, a reduction in the severity of the disease, or the delay or prevention of disease progression to more serious symptoms that may, in some cases, accompany the disease or lead to at least one other disease. Treatment need not mean that the disease is totally cured. A useful therapeutic agent needs only to reduce the severity of a disease, reduce the severity of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or its treatment, or delay the onset of more serious symptoms or a more serious disease that can occur with some frequency following the treated condition.
    • Proteins Containing Variant Fc Regions
  • The present invention encompasses Fc-containing proteins that comprise a binding region that binds to a target molecule and a variant Fc region. These include antibodies and Fc fusion proteins, containing human or non-human IgG Fc regions, which could be IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 Fc regions, that are altered at selected amino acid residues as compared to an unchanged human or non-human Fc region and that bind to FcγRIIIA with enhanced affinity as compared to the unchanged human or non-human Fc region. Since FcγRIIIA interacts with an Fc region in an asymmetric fashion, i.e., contacting different amino acid residues in the two Fc polypeptide chains that make up the Fc region, the asymmetrically altered Fc regions described herein can be particularly effective in enhancing affinity to FcγRIIIA and, thus, ADCC. The altered human Fc regions described herein can be altered such that the sequences of the two Fc polypeptide chains that make up an Fc region, that is, the A chain and the B chain, differ. To facilitate the formation of such asymmetrically altered Fc regions, these Fc regions can also contain heterodimerizing alterations, which are different in the A and B chains, that discourage the formation of homodimeric Fc-containing proteins and encourage the formation of heterodimeric Fc-containing proteins. Proteins containing the altered Fc regions can be more effective at binding to FcγRIIIA and at eliciting ADCC as compared to proteins comprising an unaltered Fc region, or to an Fc region containing only heterodimerizing alterations, and can have increased efficacy as therapeutics in vivo, for example in oncologic or neoplastic indications and/or in treating autoimmune or infectious conditions. Included among the antibodies and Fc fusion proteins described herein are heterodimers in which each Fc polypeptide chain is fused to a different protein. Such Fc fusion proteins are bivalent and bispecific. Also included are bivalent and monospecific Fc fusion protein. Similarly, monospecific or bispecific full length antibodies, monovalent antibodies, and bispecific or monospecific scFv-Fc's are among the many kinds of proteins that could contain the altered Fc regions described herein. The invention also encompasses nucleic acids encoding the Fc polypeptide chains in the altered Fc regions and proteins containing these Fc polypeptide chains. Also provided are methods of making these proteins and methods of using these proteins to treat various human conditions.
  • There are three different classes of human Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) for IgG antibodies, FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIII. Aloes et al. (2009), Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 5(6): 735-747. Seven subclasses have been characterized, that is, FcγRIA, FcγRIB, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIC, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB. Id. These subclasses can be further divided into isoforms resulting from alternative splicing, and several allelic variants having differing capacities to bind various IgG subclasses and trigger effector functions have also been found. Id. Most of these receptors activate cells following their engagement by IgG antibodies, especially IgG1 or IgG3 antibodies, leading to cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and phagocytosis/endocytosis followed by antigen presentation. Activation is mediated through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) present either in the intracellular domain of the FcγR or in the intracellular part of an accessory signaling protein. Id. FcγRIIB receptors are the only known human inhibitory FcγR and contain an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the intracellular domain that mediates inhibition of cell activation. Id.
  • Enhanced affinity of an antibody for FcγRIIIA can be indicative of enhanced clinical efficacy in oncologic indications. Allelic variants of FcγRIIIA having either a valine or a phenylalanine at amino acid 158 have been associated with higher or lower affinity binding to IgG, respectively. Koene et al. (1997), Blood 90(3): 1109-1114. These allelic differences also significantly correlate with clinical efficacy observed in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with rituximab (an IgG1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) and in patients with solid tumors treated with either cetuximab (a chimeric IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody) or trastuzumab (an IgG1 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibody). Abes et al. (2009), Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 5(6): 735-747. Provided herein are Fc-containing proteins that have enhanced affinity for both alleles of FcγRIIIA and therefore could also have enhanced efficacy as therapeutics in oncologic indications.
  • Each of the Fc polypeptide chains, that is, the A chain and the B chain which together make up an altered Fc region of the invention, can have amino acid sequences that differ because of amino acid substitutions relative to the sequence of a human IgG Fc polypeptide chain. An Fc polypeptide chain can be of a human IgG1 or IgG3 Fc polypeptide. In some embodiments, each Fc polypeptide chain comprises from one to twenty, one to ten, or one to five amino acid substitutions relative to a naturally-occurring human Fc sequence. In other embodiments, an Fc polypeptide chain can comprise zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten amino acid substitutions relative to a naturally-occurring human Fc polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an Fc polypeptide chain can comprise no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acid substitutions. The substitutions can occur, for example, at one or more of the following sites in an Fc polypeptide chain: E233, L234, L235, S239, F241, F243, K246, K248, D249, L251, M252, I253, S254, R255, T256, E258, T260, V264, D265, S267, H268, E269, D270, E272, K274, F275, N276, Y278, V279, D280, V282, E283, V284, H285, N286, A287, K288, T289, K290, R292, E293, E294, Q295, Y296, S298, Y300, R301, V302, V303, V305, T307, L309, H310, Q311, D312, W313, L314, N315, K317, E318, K320, K322, S324, K326, A327, L328, A330, I332, E333, K334, T335, I336, S337, K338, A339, K340, R355, E356, D356, E357, K360, K362, K370, K392, D399, K409, D413, and/or K439. Different or the same individual substitutions listed above or combinations of these substitutions can be used in an A chain and a B chain of an Fc region. A variant Fc region can comprise alterations at sites in addition to those listed above.
  • In particular, the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein, which comprise an Fc region, can contain one or more of the following particular amino acid substitutions in one or both of the A chain and the B chain that make up the Fc region: E233L, L234I, L234Y, L235S, G236Y, S239D, S239E, S239N, S239T, F243M, F243L, F243V, F2431, K246W, K246E, K246S, K246V, K248Y, K248L, M252D, I253V, I253K, R255S, R255N, T256V, T256Q, E258S, E258V, H268E, H268K, A287F, K288T, K2881, K290G, K290F, K290S, K290W, K290Q, K290Y, E294L, Y296W, Y296L, S298A, S298C, S298T, V302Q, T307P, T307S, T307E, T307G, L309C, L309S, L309K, L309E, Q311M, N315A, N315S, A330H, A330F, A330M, 1332E, K334L, K334V, K334A, K334M, A339T, K340N, R355D, R355E, E356K, E356R, D356K, D356R, E357K, E357R, K360D, K360E, K370D, K370E, K392D, K392E, D399K, D399R, K409D, K409E, D413N, K439D, and K439E. In addition, any of the above proteins can comprise additional alterations such as heterodimerizing alterations. For example, they can comprise K392D and K409D in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356K and D399K in the other.
  • More particularly, the proteins of the invention can comprise an Fc region in which the A and B chains comprise the following substitutions: (1) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and Y296W plus S298C in the other; (2) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (3) L235S, S239D, and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (4) L235S, S239D, and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (5) Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, F243V, and Y296W in the other; (6) Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other, as in, for example, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10, respectively; (7) Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (8) S239D and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (9) S239D and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (10) F243V and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (11) F243V and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (12) E294L and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (13) E294L and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and S298C in the other; (14) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (15) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and S298C in the other; (16) K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and E294L and Y296W in the other; (17) K334V and S298C in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (18) K334V and S2981 in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (19) K334V and S298T in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (20) K334V and S298V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (21) K334V and S298C in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and K290Y in the other; (22) K334V and S2981 in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and K290Y in the other; (23) K334V and S298T in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and K290Y in the other; (24) K334V and S298V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, Y296W, and K290Y in the other; (25) S298T and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other, as in, for example, SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:18, respectively; (26) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (27) A330F and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (28) Q311M and A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other; (29) Q311M and A330F and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other; (30) S298T and A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (31) S298T and A330F and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (32) S239D and A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (33) S239D and S298T and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (34) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (35) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and E294L and Y296W in the other; (36) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; (37) E233L and Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other; (38) L2341 and Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, E294L, and Y296W in the other; (39) E233L and A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (40) L2341 and Q311M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other; (41) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and L234Y and Y296W in the other; or (42) A330M and K334V in one Fc polypeptide chain and K290Y and Y296W in the other. Any of the above proteins can also comprise heterodimerizing alteration as described above. In some embodiments, they can further comprise K392D and K409D in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356K and D399K in the other.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of Fc polypeptide chains, as described herein, include SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, and 41. These sequences contain heterodimerizing alterations and substitutions that enhance binding to FcγRIIIA.
  • The Fc-containing proteins of the invention can contain heterodimeric human IgG1 Fc regions. That is, the two Fc polypeptide chains that, together, make up the Fc region each have a different amino acid sequence. In some embodiments a heterodimeric Fc region of the invention contains heterodimerizing alterations (as defined above), thus greatly facilitating production of proteins containing the heterodimeric Fc.
  • An IgG Fc region is generally glycosylated at N297 when it is produced by a mammalian cell, and the absence of fucose in this carbohydrate can increase binding to FcγRIII and the ability of an IgG antibody to elicit ADCC. Malphettes et al. (2010), Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106(5): 774-783. A number of approaches for producing defucosylated antibodies have been explored including the use of CHO cell line Lec13 to produce antibodies, use of a cell line for antibody production in which the alfa-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) gene or the GDP-fucose transporter (GFT) gene has been disrupted, use of a cell line for antibody production that contains a small interfering RNA against the FUT8 gene or the GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase gene, or coexpression in an antibody-producing cell line of β-1,4-N-acetylglucoaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) and Golgi α-mannosidase II (MannII). Ishiguro et al. (2010), Cancer Sci 101: 2227-2233. The Fc-containing proteins, including antibodies and Fc fusion proteins, described herein can be “defucosylated,” that is, essentially free of fucose or containing only minor amounts of fucose. As meant herein, at least about 85%, 90%, or 95% of the glycans released from a defucosylated protein preparation do not contain fucose. The terms “defucosylated” and “afucosylated” are used interchangeably herein. Such proteins can be produced as described above, for example, in FUT8−/− or GFT/− CHO cells. The fucose contents of a protein can be determined by as described by Ishiguro et al. (2010), Cancer Sci 101: 2227-2233, at 2228-2229, the relevant portion of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Many proteins are known to be expressed at high levels on cancer cells, on cells that mediate an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, or on infectious agents or infected cells. Such proteins are potential target molecules for therapeutic Fc-containing proteins described herein. Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins that bind to such potential target proteins are particularly appropriate for use with the present invention. Potential target proteins known to be expressed on human cancer cells include the following human proteins: WT1, MUC1, LMP2, EGFRvIII, HER-2/neu, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1, PSMA, GM2/GD2 synthase, CEA, MLANA/MART1, gp100, survivin, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), sarcoma translocation breakpoints, EPHA2, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP), α-fetoprotein (AFP), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), ERG, NA17.A2 peptide (VLPDVFIRC), paired box 3 (PAX3), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), androgen receptor, cyclin B1, polysialic acid, rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoC, v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene (MYCN), TRP-2, GD3 ganglioside, fucosyl GM1, mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), MAGE-A1, CYP1B1, PLAC1, GM3, BORIS, tetranectin (TN), ETV6-AML1 (especially peptides including the breakpoint), NY-BR-1, RGS5, SART3, STn, carbonic anhydrase IX, PAX5, proacrosin binding protein sp32 precursor (OY-TES-1), sperm protein 17 (Sp17), LCK, high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMWMAA, also known as melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), AKAP-4, SSX2, XAGE-1, B7H3 (also known as CD276), legumain, TIE2, prostate-associated gene 4 protein (PAGE-4), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), protamine 2 (also known as MAD-CT-1), glomulin (also known as FAP), PDGFR-β, SSX2, SSX5, Fos-related antigen 1, CD20, integrin αvβ3, 5T4 oncofetal antigen, CA IX, CD5, CD19, CD22 (also known as Siglec-2), CD30 (also known as TNFRSF1), CD33 (also known as Siglec-3), CD40, CD44V6, CD55, CD56 (also known as NCAM), CTLA-4 (also known as CD152), EGFR, GD2, HER2, HLA-DR10 (MHC II), IGF1R, IL-6, sialyl Lewis Y, TAG-72, TALE, TRAILR2, VEGF, CD52 (also known as CAMPATH-1), CD4, CD73, CA125 (also known as MUC16), CD66e, CD80 (also known as B7-1), PDGFRβ, prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA, also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase 2, among many other names). Cancer antigens also include the human herpes virus 4 protein LMP2, the human papillomavirus proteins E6 and E7, and the glycoceramide globo H (as described in Gilewski et al. (2001), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98(6): 3270-3275, the portions of which describe globo H are incorporated herein by reference), the α4 subunit of the α4β1 and α4β7 integrins, the α4β7 integrin, BAFF, APRIL, CD2, CD3, CD20, CD52, CD73, CD80, CD86, the C5 complement protein, IgE, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6R, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α).
  • Other targets include proteins or other molecules displayed on the surface of pathogenic organisms including viruses, bacteria (including the species Borrelia, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, among many other species), fungi (including yeast), giardia, amoeba, eukarytic protists of the genus Plasmodium, ciliates, trypanosomes, nematodes, and other eukaryotic parasites.
  • In embodiments where the Fc-containing protein is monospecific or bispecific or multispecific, the Fc-containing protein can bind one or two or multiple target molecules, which can be identical or different target molecules and can be monomers or multimers, on the same cells or different types of cells, to antagonize or agonize the signaling pathway; or to increase the avidity or specificity of an interaction between a target molecule and another molecule (which may or may not be a target molecule). In another aspect, a bispecific or multispecific Fc-containing protein can bind to a target molecule, such as those mentioned in the paragraphs above, and another molecule, which can also be a target molecule, expressed at high levels on a cell involved in mediating a cytotoxic response by the immune system, such as, for example, NKG2D on NK cells or CD3 or T cell receptor on T cells. As explained above, the target molecule could be, for example, one of the following: (1) a human protein that is selectively expressed on cancer cells; (2) a protein of a virus or other pathogen that is highly expressed on the surface of the pathogen or on the surface of a pathogen-infected host cell; or (3) a human protein that is selectively expressed on the surface of a human cell type that mediates a condition such as an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
    • Nucleic Acids Encoding Proteins Containing Altered Fc Regions
  • Nucleic acids encoding the Fc polypeptide chains of the Fc-containing proteins described herein are also provided. In one aspect, nucleic acids are provided that encode Fc polypeptides, and/or Fc-containing proteins comprising them, comprising one or more of the following amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, or 41. Examples of sequences encoding such Fc polypeptide chains include SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38, and 40. These nucleic acids encode the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, and 41, respectively. Many additional nucleic acid sequences, encoding the many variant Fc polypeptide chains described herein, are also encompassed by the instant invention. These nucleic acids are useful for, inter alia, producing recombinant proteins containing altered Fc polypeptide chains, as described herein. These altered Fc polypeptide chains can be part of a heterodimeric Fc region that binds to FcγRIIIA with enhanced affinity, as shown by binding with a lower KD than a wild type Fc region. Such nucleic acids can also encode a signal sequence that facilitates the secretion of a protein in mammalian cells and/or a binding region that binds to a target molecule. It is understood in the art that signal sequences are cleaved from the remainder of a protein during maturation and are not part of a mature protein, even though they are encoded in a nucleic acid encoding the protein. Signal sequences can be easily identified, e.g., as described by Kertein et al. (2000), Bioinformatics 16(8): 741-742, Nielsen and Krogh (1998), Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biol (AAAI Press): 122-130, Nielsen et al. (1997), Protein Eng. 10(1): 1-6, and Nielsen et al. (1997), Int. J. Neural Systems 8(5&6): 581-599. The relevant portions of the references are incorporated herein by reference. The nucleic acids of the invention include DNA and RNA in single- and double-stranded forms. In some embodiments, both polypeptide chains of a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein are encoded on a single nucleic acid molecule. In other embodiments, a heterodimeric Fc-containing protein can be encoded on two, three, or more nucleic acid molecules.
  • An “isolated nucleic acid,” as meant herein, is a nucleic acid that has been separated from adjacent sequences present in the genome of the organism from which the nucleic acid was initially isolated. For example, if the nucleic acid encodes an altered human IgG1 Fc region, the adjacent sequences would be the sequences adjacent to the sequences encoding an IgG1 Fc in the human genome. It is to be understood that nucleic acids synthesized chemically or produced enzymatically by PCR are “isolated nucleic acids,” as meant herein. An isolated nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct.
    • Methods of Making Fc-Containing Proteins with Variant Fc Regions
  • Fc-containing proteins, such as antibodies and fusion proteins, encompassed by the invention can be made by methods known in the art. More specifically, a nucleic acid that encodes an Fc-containing protein including an altered Fc polypeptide chain, as described herein, can be introduced into a vector, which can be introduced into a host cell. Since the heterodimeric, Fc-containing proteins described herein necessarily contain at least two polypeptide chains, nucleic acids encoding these chains may be present on either a single vector or two or more vectors. If more than one vector is used, these vectors can be introduced together into a host cell. Vectors and host cells comprising nucleic acids encoding such a protein are encompassed by the invention. The host cell containing the nucleic acids encoding the Fc-containing protein can be cultured under conditions such that the protein can be expressed. The expressed protein can then be obtained from the medium in which the cells are cultured or from the cells themselves and purified by any of the many appropriate means known in the art. In addition, genetic engineering methods for the production of proteins include the expression of the polynucleotide molecules in cell free expression systems, in cellular hosts, in tissues, and in animal models, according to known methods.
  • The vector can include a selectable marker and an origin of replication, for propagation in a host. The vector can further include suitable transcriptional or translational regulatory sequences, such as those derived from mammalian, avian, microbial, viral, plant, or insect genes, operably linked to the nucleic acid encoding the protein. Examples of such regulatory sequences include transcriptional promoters, operators, or enhancers, mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and appropriate sequences that control transcription and translation. Nucleotide sequences are operably linked when the regulatory sequence functionally relates to the DNA encoding the target protein. Thus, a promoter nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence if the promoter nucleotide sequence directs the transcription of the nucleic acid sequence.
  • Suitable host cells for expression of the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein include prokaryotic cells, yeast cells, plant cells, insect cells, and higher eukaryotic cells, including mammalian or avian cells. The regulatory sequences in the vector will be chosen such that they are operable in the host cell. Suitable prokaryotic host cells include bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Bacillus, and Salmonella, as well as members of the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus. For expression in prokaryotic cells, for example, in E. coli, the polynucleotide molecule encoding the protein preferably includes an N-terminal methionine residue to facilitate expression of the recombinant polypeptide. The N-terminal methionine may optionally be cleaved from the expressed polypeptide. Suitable yeast host cells include cells from genera including Saccharomyces, Pichia, and Kluveromyces. Preferred yeast hosts are S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris. A suitable system for expression in an insect host cell is described, for example, in the review by Luckow and Summers ((1988), BioTechnology 6:47), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. Suitable mammalian host cells include the COS-7 line of monkey kidney cells (Gluzman et al. (1981), Cell 23: 175-182), baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Puck et al. (1958), PNAS USA 60: 1275-1281), CV-1 (Fischer et al. (1970), Int. J. Cancer 5: 21-27), HEK 293 cells from human embryonic kidney (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC®) catalog no. CRL-1573), and human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA) (ATCC® CCL 2). The relevant portions of the references referred to in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference. Many other host cells are known in the art.
  • Expression vectors for use in cellular hosts generally comprise one or more phenotypic selectable marker genes. Such genes encode, for example, a protein that confers antibiotic resistance or that supplies an auxotrophic requirement. A wide variety of such vectors are readily available from commercial sources. Examples include pGEM® vectors (Promega), pSPORT vectors, and pPROEX™ vectors (InVitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.), Bluescript vectors (Stratagene), and pQE vectors (Qiagen). Yeast vectors will often contain an origin of replication sequence from a 2μ yeast plasmid, an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a promoter region, sequences for polyadenylation, sequences for transcription termination, and a selectable marker gene. Vectors replicable in both yeast and E. coli (termed shuttle vectors) may also be used. In addition to the above-mentioned features of yeast vectors, a shuttle vector will also include sequences for replication and selection in E. coli. Direct secretion of the target polypeptides expressed in yeast hosts may be accomplished by the inclusion of nucleotide sequence encoding the yeast α-factor leader sequence at the 5′ end of the Fc-containing protein. Brake (1989), Biotechnology 13: 269-280.
  • Examples of suitable expression vectors for use in mammalian host cells include pcDNA3.1/Hygro+ (Invitrogen), pDC409 (McMahan et al. (1991), EMBO J. 10: 2821-2832), and pSVL (Pharmacia Biotech). Expression vectors for use in mammalian host cells can include transcriptional and translational control sequences derived from viral genomes. Commonly used promoter sequences and enhancer sequences that can be used to promote transcription of RNA encoding the proteins described herein include, but are not limited to, those derived from human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Adenovirus 2, Polyoma virus, and Simian virus 40 (SV40). Methods for the construction of mammalian expression vectors are disclosed, for example, in Okayama and Berg ((1982) Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:161-170), Cosman et al. ((1986) Mol. Immunol. 23:935-941), Cosman et al. ((1984) Nature 312: 768-771), EP-A-0 367 566, and WO 91/18982. The relevant portions of these references are incorporated herein by reference.
    • Uses for Fc-Containing Proteins with Enhanced FcγRIIIA Binding
  • Fc-containing proteins of the invention, such as antibodies and Fc fusion proteins, can be used as therapeutics, particularly in disease contexts in which the selective killing of cells on which a particular target molecule is displayed is desirable. However, the Fc-containing proteins of the invention can also be useful for eliminating soluble ligands, viruses, or foreign pathogenic cells. For example, in cancer patients, it is desirable to kill cancer cells, which may selectively express certain proteins that can be targeted by the Fc-containing proteins described herein. Hence, antibodies or Fc fusion proteins that bind to such cancer target proteins and have enhanced cell killing properties can be desirable therapeutics in cancer indications. Further, it can also be useful to bring cancer cells and cytotoxic cells into close proximity to each other using bispecific Fc-containing proteins as described herein that bind to a cancer target protein, that is, a protein expressed on a cancer cell, and a protein expressed on a cytotoxic cell. For example, CD16, which is expressed on NK cells, or NKG2D, which is expressed on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, are proteins expressed on cytotoxic cells that can be target proteins. In asthma, an inflammatory condition, it can be useful to kill eosinophils, which mediate damage of cells in the airway and induce hyperresponsiveness and mucus hypersecretion. Kolbeck et al. (2010), J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125: 1344-1353. Thus, Fc-containing proteins with enhanced cell killing properties against antigens preferentially expressed on eosinophils can be useful in asthma. Similarly, viruses, foreign pathogenic cells, or infected host cells can also be targeted by the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein.
  • The invention contemplates methods for treating patients suffering from a cell proliferative disease, including various forms of cancer, with the Fc-containing proteins described herein or with combinations including Fc-containing proteins comprising an altered Fc region plus other therapeutic agents. The patient can be a human, but the methods may be applied to any mammal, including domestic animals such as pets and farm animals. Also provided are compositions for use in such methods that include a therapeutically effective amount of a protein containing an altered Fc region and, in some cases, an effective amount of another therapeutic agent, plus a suitable diluent, excipient, or carrier.
  • The Fc-containing proteins described herein can be administered with a variety of drugs and treatments have been widely employed in cancer treatment such as, for example, chemotherapeutic agents, non-chemotherpeutic, anti-neoplastic agents, and/or radiation. For example, chemotherapy and/or radiation can occur before, during, and/or after any of the treatments described herein. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, cisplatin, taxol, etoposide, mitoxantrone (Novantrone), actinomycin D, cycloheximide, camptothecin (or water soluble derivatives thereof), methotrexate, mitomycin (e.g., mitomycin C), dacarbazine (DTIC), anti-neoplastic antibiotics such as adriamycin (doxorubicin) and daunomycin, and all the chemotherapeutic agents mentioned above.
  • Among the texts providing guidance for cancer therapy is Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th Edition, DeVita et al., Eds. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (1993). An appropriate therapeutic approach is chosen according to the particular type of cancer, and other factors such as the general condition of the patient, as is recognized in the pertinent field. The treatments described herein using the antibodies or Fc fusion proteins described herein may be added to a therapy regimen using other anti-neoplastic agents in treating a cancer patient.
  • The Fc-containing proteins described herein can be used to treat cell proliferative diseases, including cancer, which involve the unregulated and/or inappropriate proliferation of cells, sometimes accompanied by destruction of adjacent tissue and growth of new blood vessels, which can allow invasion of cancer cells into new areas, i.e. metastasis. Included within conditions treatable with the proteins described herein are non-malignant conditions that involve inappropriate cell growth, including colorectal polyps, cerebral ischemia, gross cystic disease, polycystic kidney disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and endometriosis. Other cell proliferative diseases that can be treated using the proteins of the present invention are, for example, cancers including mesotheliomas, squamous cell carcinomas, myelomas, osteosarcomas, glioblastomas, gliomas, carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and meningiomas, Hodgkin's disease, Sézary syndrome, multiple myeloma, and lung, non-small cell lung, small cell lung, laryngeal, breast, head and neck, bladder, ovarian, skin, prostate, cervical, vaginal, gastric, renal cell, kidney, pancreatic, colorectal, endometrial, and esophageal, hepatobiliary, bone, skin, and hematologic cancers, as well as cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the oral cavity, the oropharynx, the larynx, the hypolarynx, the salivary glands, the mediastinum, the stomach, the small intestine, the colon, the rectum and anal region, the ureter, the urethra, the penis, the testis, the vulva, the endocrine system, the central nervous system, and plasma cells.
  • The Fc-containing proteins described herein can find further use in other kinds of conditions where it is beneficial to deplete certain cell types. For example, depletion of human eosinophils in asthma, excess human B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, excess human Th2 T cells in autoimmune conditions, or pathogen-infected cells in infectious diseases can be beneficial.
    • Pharmaceutical Compositions
  • The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the Fc-containing proteins described herein, such as antibodies or Fc fusion proteins. Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of an Fc-containing protein having an altered Fc region with one or more additional components such as a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. Such additional components can include buffers, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids, chelating agents, stabilizers, and/or preservatives, among many possibilities.
    • Dosing and Methods of Administration
  • Compositions comprising Fc-containing proteins comprising an altered Fc region described above can be administered by any appropriate means including, but not limited to, parenteral, topical, oral, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or pulmonary (by inhalation) administration. If injected, the composition(s) can be administered intra-articularly, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, intraarticularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Localized administration, that is, at the site of disease, such as direct injection into a tumor, is contemplated, as are transdermal delivery and sustained release from implants or skin patches. Delivery by inhalation includes, for example, nasal or oral inhalation, use of a nebulizer, inhalation in aerosol form, and the like. Administration via a suppository inserted into a body cavity can be accomplished, for example, by inserting a solid form of the composition in a chosen body cavity and allowing it to dissolve. Other alternatives include eye drops, oral preparations such as pills, lozenges, syrups, and chewing gum, and topical preparations such as lotions, gels, sprays, and ointments. In most cases, therapeutic molecules that are polypeptides such as those described herein can be administered topically or by injection or inhalation.
  • The Fc-containing proteins described herein can be administered at any dosage, frequency, and duration that can be effective to treat the condition being treated. The therapeutically effective dosage depends on the molecular nature of the Fc-containing protein and the nature of the disorder being treated. Treatment may be continued as long as necessary to achieve the desired results. The Fc-containing protein can be administered as a single dosage or as a series of dosages given periodically, including multiple times per day, daily, every other day, twice a week, three times per week, weekly, every other week, monthly, every six weeks, every two months, every three, four, five or six months, among other possible dosage regimens. The periodicity of treatment may or may not be constant throughout the duration of the treatment. For example, treatment may initially occur at weekly intervals and later occur every other week or at longer intervals as mentioned above. Treatments having durations of days, weeks, months, or years are encompassed by the invention. Treatment may be discontinued and then restarted. Maintenance doses may be administered after an initial treatment.
  • Dosage may be measured as milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg) or as milligrams per square meter of skin surface (mg/m2) or as a fixed dose, irrespective of height or weight. All of these are standard dosage units in the art. A person's skin surface area is calculated from her height and weight using a standard formula. With respect to the proteins containing an altered Fc region described herein, dosages can range from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 70 mg/kg, optionally from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, from about 0.3 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, or about 2.5 mg/kg. Alternatively, patients of all sizes can receive the same dosage, ranging from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, optionally from about 10 mg to about 100 mg, from about 25 mg to about 50 mg, from about 100 mg to about 300 mg, or from about 100 mg to about 200 mg. Alternatively, the dosage may be from about 5 mg/m2 to about 800 mg/m2, from about 10 mg/m2 to about 600 mg/m2, or from about 25 mg/m2 to about 500 mg/m2. Dosages may or may not be constant throughout the duration of the treatment. For example, dosage may steadily escalate throughout the duration of the treatment. Alternatively, a first dose may be higher than subsequent doses. As a further alternative, dosage may be reduced at later stages of the treatment.
  • The foregoing description of the specific embodiments reveals the general nature of the invention so that others can readily modify and/or adapt such embodiments for various applications without departing from the generic concepts presented herein. Any such adaptions or modifications are intended to be embraced within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. The following examples are meant to be exemplary and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention. Phraseology and terminology employed in these examples are for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction and Screening of Libraries of Altered Fc Regions as Fc Heterodimers Library Construction and Primary Screening
  • Libraries of nucleic acids encoding either an scFv-Fc containing the charge pair substitutions E356K and D399K or an Fc polypeptide chain (“dummy Fc”) containing the charge pair substitutions K392D and K409D, with additional alterations at selected sites within the Fc-encoding regions, were created using PCR. For each site within the Fc selected for substitution, the nucleic acid was changed such that Fc regions with all twenty different amino acids at the selected site would be generated. Each codon in the nucleic acid was randomized independently so that the nucleic acid molecules in the resulting library were each potentially modified within only one codon. One group of sites was entirely within the lower hinge region (residues 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, and 238; see FIG. 2). The library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 1” library. Another group of sites were within the C H2 region and were either close to or part of the area that contacts FcγRIIIA (239, 241, 255, 256, 258, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 276, 280, 285, 286, 290, 294, 295, 296, 298, 300, 307, 309, 315, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, and 339; see FIG. 2). The library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 2” library. A third group included sites within the C H2 region that were solvent-exposed, but were not close to or part of the area that contacts FcγRIIIA (243, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 274, 275, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 301, 302, 303, 305, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 320, 322, 324, 335, 336, 338, and 340; see FIG. 2). The library containing nucleic acids with mutations at sites encoding these residues was referred to as the “Tier 3” library. FIG. 2 shows the positions of these sites within a human IgG1 Fc region.
  • In more detail, a DNA fragment encoding the scFv of the M315 antibody (a rat-anti-mouse NKG2D antibody) fused to a human IgG1 Fc polypeptide with E356K and D399K charge pair mutations in C H3 domain was subcloned into the mammalian expression vector pTTS. Zhang et al. (2009), Protein Expression and Purification 65(1): 77-82. A DNA fragment encoding a huIgG1 Fc polypeptide with K392D and K409D charge pair mutations in the C H3 domain was also subcloned into pTTS. The six small Fc libraries described above were made using splice overhang extension by polymerase chain reaction (SOE by PCR) as described below. See, e.g., Warrens et al. (1997), Gene 186: 29-35, the portions of which describe this method are incorporated herein by reference.
  • The libraries were made as follows. For each of the 82 selected codons within each Fc-encoding region, an oligonucleotide randomized at the first two positions of the codon and having either a G or a C at third position (an “NNG/C codon”) was made (an “NNG/C oligonucleotide”). This NNG/C codon was placed in the middle of the NNG/C oligonucleotide with about 21 bases extending upstream and downstream. The NNG/C oligonucleotide was oriented such that its 5′ end was upstream of its 3′ end in the Fc-encoding region. Accordingly, “reverse oligonucleotides” that match the upstream 21 bases of the NNG/C oligonucleotides were synthesized individually. A universal downstream primer was combined with each of the NNG/C oligonucleotides and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to produce downstream fragments. Similarly, a universal upstream oligonucleotide and each of the reverse oligonucleotides were combined and subjected to PCR reactions to make upstream DNA fragments. Alternatively, the NNG/C oligonucleotide may point upstream, and the reverse primer may point downstream. In this case the initial PCR reactions described above would include the NNG/C oligonucleotide plus the upstream oligonucleotide in one PCR reaction to produce an upstream fragment and the reverse oligonucleotide and the downstream oligonucleotide in another PCR reaction to produce a downstream fragment. The upstream and downstream PCR fragments were purified using agarose gels, and the amounts of these PCR products were quantified. The same molar amounts of individual upstream and downstream DNA fragments were combined with the universal upstream and downstream primers for a second round PCR reaction to assemble the full length PCR product. Full length PCR fragments were then purified from agarose gels, and equal amounts of individual full length fragments from a tier were combined, digested with restriction enzymes Sal I and BamH I, and inserted into an expression vector.
  • A total of six libraries were made. Three libraries, a Tier 1, a Tier 2, and a Tier 3 library, having mutations in a nucleic acid encoding an scFv-Fc were made. Similarly, a Tier 1, a Tier 2, and a Tier 3 library having mutations at the same positions within the Fc-encoding region in a nucleic acid encoding a dummy Fc were made. As illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 3, initial screening was performed as follows. The libraries were introduced into Escherichia coli, and enough individual colonies were picked such that at least three times as many colonies were picked as there were different variants in the library. For example, each Tier 1 library contained twenty different amino acids at each of nine sites, for a total of 180 different variants. In this case, ten microtiter plates of colonies (96 wells/plate for a total of about 960) were picked and grown. Plasmid DNA was isolated. Each Tier 2 and Tier 3 library contained twenty different amino acids at each of 34 and 39 sites for a total of 680 and 780 different variants, respectively. Accordingly, 45 plates of colonies (for a total of 4320) were picked for each Tier 2 and Tier 3 library, and plasmid DNA was isolated. These mutated plasmid DNAs were combined with unaltered DNAs (if the altered DNA was an scFv-Fc, the unaltered DNA was a dummy Fc, and vice versa, as shown in FIG. 2) and used to transfect HEK 293 cells (a transformed human embryonic kidney cell line). Transfectants were cultured, and the culture medium was assayed using an AlphaLISA® assay using reagents purchased from Perkin Elmer (catalog numbers 6760002 and AL109M).
  • Briefly, the AlphaLISA® assay was performed as follows. Cell culture medium from the transfected HEK 293 cells was added to wells containing streptavidin-coated donor beads (Perkin Elmer catalog number 6760002), a biotinylated human IgG antibody (which binds to the donor beads via the streptavidin-biotin interaction), acceptor beads (Perkin Elmer catalog number AL109M) conjugated to an anti-glutathione S-transferase (GST) antibody, a GST-tagged version of human FcγRIIIA (which binds to the acceptor beads via the GST-anti-GST antibody interaction and which binds to the donor beads via the interaction of FcγRIIIA with the biotinylated human IgG antibody). In the absence of a competitor (such as an scFv-Fc/Fc), when the wells are illuminated with light at 680 nm, the donor beads are activated. If the acceptor beads are in close physical proximity to the activated donor cells, they will be activated by the donor beads to emit fluorescence at about 615 nm. In the presence of a competitor that binds to FcγRIIIA (such as an scFv-Fc/Fc), this signal will be decreased since the donor and acceptor beads will be allowed to drift apart when the competitor, rather than the biotinylated human IgG antibody, binds to FcγRIIIA, particularly if the competitor binds more effectively to FcγRIIIA than the biotinylated human IgG antibody.
  • The cell culture supernatants that inhibited the signal to a greater extent than did supernatants from cells transfected with unmutated (except for the charge pair mutations which were also included in the libraries) versions of the scFv-Fc and dummy Fc were retested twice more to confirm that they were positive. In the third round of testing, tests were performed in duplicate. The Fc-encoding regions of the plasmids encoding these scFv-Fc's or dummy Fc's that yielded a positive signal were sequenced.
  • Tables 1 and 2 below show the data only from these positive transfectants resulting from the Tier 1, 2, and 3 libraries that were mutated in the scFv-Fc- and dummy Fc-encoding nucleic acids, respectively.
  • TABLE 1
    Primary positive hits from scFv-Fc libraries
    1st round of 2nd round 3rd round
    primary screen of screen of screen
    Tier Substitution Alpha signal % inhibition Alpha signal % inhibition Alpha signal % inhibition
    no substitution 76003 0.0 80429 0.0 78582 0.0
    1 L234Y 55075 27.5 45915 42.9 50495 35.7
    1 L235S 7789 89.8 6262 92.2 7025 91.1
    1 G236Y 64581 15.0 61733 23.2 62157 20.9
    2 S239D 24347 68.0 16863 79.0 21421 72.7
    2 S239N 31926 58.0 26111 67.5 24500 68.8
    3 F243L 46048 39.4 57412 28.6 55205 29.7
    3 F243V 41730 45.1 42089 47.7 40375 48.6
    3 F243I 29972 60.6 21670 73.1 21364 72.8
    3 I253K 57394 24.5 52131 35.2 51343 34.7
    2 T256Q 26517 65.1 19094 76.3 20846 73.5
    2 E258V 23310 69.3 19494 75.8 22403 71.5
    2 H268E 54810 27.9 56630 29.6 57069 27.4
    2 H268K 60627 20.2 62217 22.6 61602 21.6
    3 A287F 39907 47.5 33473 58.4 25468 67.6
    3 K288I 56406 25.8 57487 28.5 57289 27.1
    2 K290G 52396 31.1 53843 33.1 55724 29.1
    2 K290S 57139 24.8 55906 30.5 54625 30.5
    2 K290W 53869 29.1 52574 34.6 59537 24.2
    2 K290Q 37430 50.8 36682 54.4 40252 48.8
    2 K290Y 9168 87.9 7893 90.2 10215 87.0
    2 E294L 24347 68.0 22911 71.5 18221 76.8
    2 Y296W 25317 66.7 21765 72.9 24756 68.5
    2 Y296L 58469 23.1 60581 24.7 64317 18.2
    2 S298A 17868 76.5 25331 68.5 27486 65.0
    2 S298C 12163 84.0 10352 87.1 13443 82.9
    2 T307S 44581 41.3 46542 42.1 51427 34.6
    2 T307E 21667 71.5 18943 76.4 25776 67.2
    2 T307G 32517 57.2 36732 54.3 38498 51.0
    2 L309S 60518 20.4 61549 23.5 63542 19.1
    2 L309K 23426 69.2 18876 76.5 27215 65.4
    2 L309E 25050 67.0 21115 73.7 25441 67.6
    2 N315A 23792 68.7 19723 75.5 28619 63.6
    2 N315S 25958 65.8 19461 75.8 28793 63.4
    2 A330M 55444 27.1 50996 36.6 57992 26.2
    2 I332E 18900 75.1 20396 74.6 18450 76.5
    2 K334A 51677 32.0 54810 31.9 56456 28.2
    2 K334M 22262 70.7 19782 75.4 24376 69.0
  • TABLE 2
    Primary positive hits from dummy Fc libraries
    1st round of 2nd round 3rd round
    primary screen of screen of screen
    Alpha % Alpha % Alpha %
    Tier Substitution signal inhibition signal inhibition signal inhibition
    no 76003 0.0 80429 0.0 78582 0.0
    substitution
    2 S239D 6120 91.9 6155 92.3 9874 87.4
    2 S239E 32510 57.2 34836 56.7 33673 57.1
    2 S239E + K340N 11484 84.9 11757 85.4 26132 66.7
    3 F243M 43121 43.3 37720 53.1 32424 58.7
    3 F243L 20563 72.9 18203 77.4 18794 76.1
    3 F243V 38776 49.0 32101 60.1 29266 62.8
    3 F243I 29808 60.8 25768 68.0 23762 69.8
    3 + 2 F243V + S239T 11564 84.8 13705 83.0 12525 84.1
    3 K246W 60773 20.0 57107 29.0 51701 34.2
    3 K246E 58947 22.4 62557 22.2 53343 32.1
    3 K246S 45132 40.6 42377 47.3 37902 51.8
    3 K246V 43826 42.3 44452 44.7 42791 45.5
    3 K248Y 52092 31.5 51035 36.5 46986 40.2
    3 K248L 24674 67.5 23108 71.3 24831 68.4
    3 M252D 60526 20.4 58066 27.8 60269 23.3
    3 I253V 58498 23.0 61503 23.5 58403 25.7
    2 R255S 59331 21.9 49837 38.0 61045 22.3
    2 R255N 47547 37.4 48542 39.6 44532 43.3
    2 T256V 30486 59.9 31764 60.5 28809 63.3
    2 E258S 60338 20.6 57893 28.0 61591 21.6
    3 K288T 55695 26.7 53102 34.0 50325 36.0
    2 K290G 20557 73.0 20088 75.0 38478 51.0
    2 K290F 58476 23.1 55435 31.1 60116 23.5
    2 E294L 30129 60.4 35365 56.0 32178 59.1
    3 V302Q 40294 47.0 35937 55.3 33446 57.4
    2 T307P 18993 75.0 20019 75.1 14102 82.1
    2 L309C 59701 21.4 55632 30.8 61787 21.4
    3 Q311M 13143 82.7 11115 86.2 9798 87.5
    2 A330V 56425 25.8 54114 32.7 58445 25.6
    2 I332E 10781 85.8 9879 87.7 11532 85.3
    2 K334L 26701 64.9 23400 70.9 25092 68.1
    2 K334V 27080 64.4 26926 66.5 30164 61.6
    2 K334V + D413N 20192 73.4 21412 73.4 25438 67.6
    2 A339T 56391 25.8 58448 27.3 49783 36.6
  • By calculation, a total of about 1640 different variants were included in the scFv-Fc- encoding Tier 1, 2, and 3 libraries combined. The same number of variants was included in the dummy Fc- encoding Tier 1, 2, and 3 libraries combined. Given the number of variants tested, it was likely that all variants were represented at least once among the transfectants tested. However, only 37 different scFv-Fc's and 34 different dummy Fc's gave a positive signal in this primary screen. Many of these variants were recovered multiple times. Thus, in total, only about 2% of the 1640 different variants included in the libraries yielded a positive signal.
    • Combinatorial Screening of Positive Hits
  • All of the substitutions identified in the primary screen in the dummy Fc libraries (as shown in Table 2) were combined with all substitutions identified in the primary screen of the scFv-Fc libraries (as shown in Table 1) to identify combinations that could bind FcγRIIIA more effectively. Thus, in total 37×34=1258 combinations were tested. Surprisingly, only the following 21 of the 1258 combinations tested showed strong competition to the biotin-huIgG1/FcγIIIA interaction in an AlphaLISA® assay: (1) E294L in the dummy Fc and E294L in the scFv-Fc; (2) E294L in the dummy Fc and Y296L in the scFv-Fc; (3) E294L in the dummy Fc and K290G in the scFv-Fc; (4) E294L in the dummy Fc and K290S in the scFv-Fc; (5) E294L in the dummy Fc and S298A in the scFv-Fc; (6) E294L in the dummy Fc and T307G in the scFv-Fc; (7) T307P in the dummy Fc and T307G in the scFv-Fc; (8) T307P in the dummy Fc and K290G in the scFv-Fc; (9) T307P in the dummy Fc and Y296L in the scFv-Fc; (10) T307P in the dummy Fc and K290S in the scFv-Fc; (11) R255S in the dummy Fc and S298C in the scFv-Fc; (12) T307P in the dummy Fc and S298C in the scFv-Fc; (13) E294L in the dummy Fc and S298C in the scFv-Fc; (14) K334V in the dummy Fc and K290Y in the scFv-Fc; (15) T307P in the dummy Fc and L309E in the scFv-Fc; (16) E294L in the dummy Fc and L309E in the scFv-Fc; (17) T307P in the dummy Fc and L234Y in the scFv-Fc; (18) E294L in the dummy Fc and L234Y in the scFv-Fc; (19) Q311M in the dummy Fc and Y296W in the scFv-Fc; (20) Q311M in the dummy Fc and L234Y in the scFv-Fc; and (21) K334V in the dummy Fc and Y296W in the scFv-Fc. Thus, only a very small number of the combinations of Fc mutants tested showed highly synergistic binding to FcγIIIA.
    • Example 2 Construction and characterization of combination variants in IgG format
  • To determine whether full length antibodies containing substitutions in their Fc regions would function to bind more effectively to FcγRIIIA, combinations of substitutions were made in a full length human anti-Protein X IgG1 antibody using the techniques described above. All the primary hits (see Tables 1 and 2) were mapped out on the Fc:FcγRIIIB co-crystal structure using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), a molecular modeling program from Chemical Computing Group, Inc. Montreal CA. See Protein Data Bank code 1T83. As noted in the legend to FIG. 1 above, the extracellular region of FcγRIIIB that is in this structure (shown in FIG. 1) is very similar in primary amino acid sequence to FcγRIIIA, such that it was considered likely that information from the Fc:FcγRIIIB co-crystal structure would be relevant to the Fc:FcγRIIIA interaction. Candidate substitutions which had mutations at Fc:FcγRIIIB interface (i.e., at Tier 2 positions shown in FIG. 2) were selected for further engineering based on the results of the primary screening and/or computer-assisted molecular modeling. In an effort to further enhance the Fc:FcγRIIIA interaction, additional substitutions in other parts of the Fc polypeptide were added to the Tier 2 substitutions. Specifically, substitutions within N-glycosylation site (N297-S298-T299), and/or near the P329 site in either Fc chain were explored using molecular modeling. Substitutions within both of these areas (i.e., S298C, S298A, A330M, and A330V) had been found in the primary screen. Combinations that appeared to be favorable based on molecular modeling as discussed below were constructed and tested for binding to FcγRIIIA and, in some cases, for activity in an ADCC assay.
  • In order to arrive at candidate combinations of substitutions and to eliminate substitutions that might create manufacturability issues (e.g., replacing another amino acid with a cysteine), structural analyses were performed using the Fc-FcγRIIIB crystal structures (Protein Data Bank Codes: 1T83, 1T89, and 1E4K), and binding energy calculations were carried out using the Genetic Algorithm for Protein Design (EGAD). Pokala, N and Handel, T M, J Mol. Biol. 347(1): 203-227. (2005), the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. EGAD is a computational protein design algorithm that predicts changes in protein stability upon substitution one or more amino acid residues in a protein.
  • Substitutions at positions S298, A327, and A330 were identified that might improve Fc binding to FcγRIII using EGAD. Each of the three positions was changed to all other 19 amino acids in silico, and the change in the stability of the Fc-FcγRIII interaction was predicted. EGAD was also used to analyze some of the combinations of mutations that bound well to FcγRs according to the data reported above. Examples of substitutions that EGAD predicted might enhance binding to FcγRIIIA include S298C, S298I, S298V, S298T, A327Y, A327W, A327F, A327H, A330H, A330F, and A330M. AlphaLISA® assay confirmed that some of the predicted mutations at positions S298 and A330 showed improved binding to the FcγRs. For example, the combination designated “W23,” which has L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W mutations in one chain and S298T and K334V mutations in the other chain resulted from this approach.
  • Beneficial combinations were selected and incorporated into DNA encoding an anti-human Protein X huIgG1 heavy chain using the SOE by PCR technique described above. Heterodimeric huIgG1s were made by transiently transfecting HEK 293 cells at small scale. The crude supernatants were concentrated, and the buffer was exchanged. In such a way, a panel of heterodimeric huIgG1 antibodies containing novel Fc variants having multiple substitutions was created.
  • These substituted antibodies were tested for their ability to mediate ADCC in vitro and to bind to FcγRIIIA using the AlphaLISA® assay at a variety of concentrations. FIGS. 4-6 show the percent inhibition of AlphaLISA® signal as a function of the concentration of the competitor antibody. In the Tables 3 and 4 below, such data is presented as an “EC50”, which is the concentration of antibody at which half of the maximal inhibition of the AlphaLISA® signal is achieved.
  • ADCC assays were performed as follows. Cell lines having high (tumor cell line SKBR3), medium (tumor cell line JIMT1), and low (tumor cell line MCF7) Protein X expression were used. These Protein X-expressing target cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and then washed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) before being deposited into 96-well microtiter plates with V-shaped wells. Purified NK cells from an FcγRIIIA 158F/158F donor were added to each well. The heterodimeric human anti-Protein X IgG1 antibodies and an isotype-matched control antibody were diluted in a 1:3 series and added to each well. The cells were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2 for 3.5 hrs. The cells were spun down and re-suspended in 1×FACS buffer (1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)) with the dye TO-PRO®-3 iodide (Molecular Probes, Inc. Corporation, Oregon, USA), which stains dead cells, before analysis by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The percentage of cell killing was calculated by dividing the number of dead cells (stained TO-PRO®-3 iodide) by number of total cells (stained with CFSE).
  • FIGS. 7-9 show the percentage of cells killed as a function of antibody concentration. EC50's determined from such data are shown in Table 3. These data indicated that all fourteen of the antibodies containing variant Fc regions were very potent in killing tumor cells, each having an EC50 of about 1 pM, which was much lower than the EC50 of an unaltered antibody or an antibody containing only charge pair mutations. Table 3. Further, lower EC50's for ADCC generally correlated with lower EC50's for FcγRIIIA binding, which would be expected since binding to FcγRIIIA is a prerequisite for activity in this ADCC assay.
  • TABLE 3
    FcγRIIIA binding and ADCC activity of human IgG1 antibodies containing Fc variants
    Negative/negative Positive/positive chain FcγRIIIA (158F) ADCC EC50
    Alias chain (K392D, K409D) (E356K, D399K) EC50 (nM) (pM)
    M01 wild type (no charge wild type (no charge pair 103.2 75.00
    pair substitutions) substitution)
    M04 charge pair charge pair substitutions 86.97 55.50
    substitutions only only
    M64 K334V Y296W + S298C 18.3 0.75
    M68 K334V L234Y + Y296W + S298C 5.44 0.82
    M70 L235S + S239D + K334V L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 5.28 1.54
    M71 L235S + S239D + K334V L234Y + Y296W + S298C 4.82 0.63
    M75 Q311M + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + F243V + Y296W 7.94 1.01
    NO: 8)
    M77 Q311M + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + E294L + Y296W 7.07 1.47
    NO: 8) (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    M78 Q311M + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + Y296W + S298C 5.84 0.53
    NO: 8)
    M79 S239D + K334V L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 5.04 0.97
    M81 S239D + K334V L234Y + Y296W + S298C 4.25 0.31
    M83 F243V + K334V L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 7.85 2.42
    M84 F243V + K334V L234Y + Y296W + S298C 5.77 0.79
    M85 E294L + K334V L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 5.66 1.71
    M86 E294L + K334V L234Y + Y296W + S298C 5.57 0.79
    W23 S298T + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 5.23 0.68
    NO: 16) (SEQ ID NO: 18)
  • TABLE 4
    FcγRIIIA binding of human IgG1 antibodies containing Fc variants
    Positive/positive FcγRIIIA FcγRIIIA
    Negative/negative chain (E356K, (158F) EC50 (158V) EC50
    Alias chain (K392D, K409D) D399K) (nM) (nM)
    M77 Q311M + K334V L234Y + E294L + Y296W 13.2 10.87
    (SEQ ID NO: 8) (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    M138 E233L + Q311M + K334V L234Y + E294L + 12.74 8.45
    (SEQ ID NO: 12) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    M142 L234I + Q311M + K334V L234Y + E294L + 10.37 8.25
    (SEQ ID NO: 14) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    W23 S298T + K334V L234Y + K290Y + Y296W 5.94 6.80
    (SEQ ID NO: 16) (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W117 A330M + K334V L234Y + Y296W 28.92 40.04
    (SEQ ID NO: 37) (SEQ ID NO: 39)
    W125 A330M + K334V K290Y + Y296W 59.32 76.92
    (SEQ ID NO: 37) (SEQ ID NO: 41)
    W141 A330M + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + K290Y + 4.30 7.02
    NO: 20) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W144 A330F + K334V (SEQ ID L234Y + K290Y + 4.44 6.77
    NO: 22) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W157 Q311M + A330M + K334V L234Y + E294L + 6.76 9.10
    (SEQ ID NO: 24) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    W160 Q311M + A330F + K334V L234Y + E294L + 7.04 8.42
    (SEQ ID NO: 26) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    W165 S298T + A330M + K334V L234Y + K290Y + 5.24 7.56
    (SEQ ID NO: 28) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W168 S298T + A330F + K334V L234Y + K290Y + 5.54 8.41
    (SEQ ID NO: 30) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W187 S239D + A330M + K334V L234Y + K290Y + 2.25 4.69
    (SEQ ID NO: 32) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    W189 S239D + S298T + K334V L234Y + K290Y + 4.14 5.41
    (SEQ ID NO: 34) Y296W
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
  • Binding of some of the Fc variants to recombinant human and murine FcγRs was tested using Biacore™ technology by capturing His-tagged FcγRs using a murine anti-His antibody attached to a Sensor Chip CM5 (Biacore). In separate experiments, FcγRIIA with a histidine at position 131, FcγRIIIA with a valine at position 158, and FcγRIIIA with a phenylalanine at position 158 were tested. Human IgG1 antibodies containing variant Fc regions were injected over the surface of the Sensor Chip CM5 to which the Fcγ receptor was tethered and allowed to associate and disassociate from the Fcγ receptor for defined times. These data were used to determine the binding constants, that is, kon (1/Ms), koff (1/s) and KD (nM), which were calculated from global fittings using the 1:1 kinetics binding model on BIAevaluation™ software. Generally, the antibodies containing altered Fc regions had KD values at low double digit nM to both FcγRIIIA 158F and 158V alleles.
  • TABLE 5
    Kinetic and Equilibrium Binding Data
    −/− +/+
    chain chain FcγRIIA FcγRIIA FcγRIIIA (158V) FcγRIIIA (158F)
    (K392D, (E356K, (131H) (131R) FcγRIIB kon koff KD kon # koff # KD
    Alias K409D) D399K) KD (nM) KD (nM) KD (nM) (1/Ms) (1/s) (nM) (1/Ms) (1/s) (nM)
    M01 wild wild >1000 >1000 >1000 ND* ND >500 ND ND >1000
    type type
    M04 charge charge >1000 >1000 >1000 ND ND >500 ND ND >1000
    pair pair
    substitutions substitutions
    only only
    M70 L235S + L234Y + >1000 >1000 >1000 2.0 × 105 4.0 × 10−3 20 1.7 × 105 6.8 × 10−3 40
    S239D + K290Y +
    K334V Y296W
    M75 Q311 + L234Y + >500 >1000 >1000 1.5 × 105 3.8 × 10−3 25 1.3 × 105 7.6 × 10−3 60
    K334V F243V +
    Y296W
    M77 Q311M + L234Y + >500 >1000 >1000 1.8 × 105 4.5 × 10−3 26 1.3 × 105 7.9 × 10−3 62
    K334V E294L +
    Y296W
    M81 S239D + L234Y + >500 >1000 >500 2.7 × 105 3.1 × 10−3 11 2.1 × 105 4.1 × 10−3 19
    K334V Y296W +
    S298C
    M85 E294L + L234Y + >500 >1000 >1000 1.6 × 105 5.1 × 10−3 32 1.1 × 105 7.9 × 10−3 76
    K334V K290Y +
    Y296W
    M86 E294L + L234Y + 320 >500 >1000 2.2 × 105 4.3 × 10−3 20 1.7 × 105 5.0 × 10−3 32
    K334V Y296 +
    S298C
    *“ND” means not determined
    #All of these rates were independently determined twice except those for M75, which was determined only once. The values shown for all other samples are the average of the two measurements.
  • These data indicate that introduction of the charge pair substitutions made no detectable difference in the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for binding to any of the FcγRs tested. Compare row M01 to row M04. Further, the various asymmetric Fc alterations tested drastically reduced (more than ten-fold in all cases) the KD for binding to both allelic variants of FcγRIIIA, but had little or no effect on the KD for binding to FcγRIIA or FcγRIIB. Thus, the substitutions in the Fc regions of the variant IgG1 antibodies listed in Table 5 dramatically increased the avidity of binding of these Fc regions to FcγRIIIA.
    • Example 3 Competition assays of additional Fc variants
  • To determine the relative binding affinity to the 158V and 158L allelic variants of FcγRIIIA of a number of additional Fc variants, AlphaLISA® assays were performed essentially as described above in Example 1. The full length human anti-Protein X IgG1 antibodies assayed were purified from transfected HEK 293 cells supernatants. In some cases the antibody preparations lacked fucose. Results are shown in FIGS. 10 (for the FcγRIIIA 158F allelic variant) and 11 (for the FcγRIIIA 158V allelic variant).
  • These data indicate that all tested antibodies comprising Fc variants competed with biotinylated IgG1 for binding to FcγRIIIA more effectively than an antibody comprising a wild type Fc. For example, FIG. 10 shows that a human wild type IgG1 Fc (M01) inhibits IgG1 binding to FcγRIIIA (158F) by only about 25% at the highest concentration tested (360 nM). M04, an IgG1 antibody that contains heterodimerizing alterations (K392D+K409D in one Fc polypeptide chain and E356K+ D399K in other), was only slightly more effective than M01. As compared to M01 and M04, W117, W125, and an afucosylated wild type human IgG1 competed much more strongly, as evidenced by a shift to the left in the curves. See W117, W125, and AFUCO-M01 in FIG. 10. Afucosylated preparations of W117 and W125 (AFUCO-W117 and AFUCO-W125) showed a very high affinity for the human FcγRIIIA 158F, since these two preparations produced the leftmost curves in FIG. 10. Fc variants W157 and W165 also exhibited strong competition.
  • Similar results for binding to FcγRIIIA (158V) are shown in FIG. 11. M01 and M04 exhibited weak competition for binding to FcγRIIIA (158V). As in FIG. 10, AFUCO-W117 and AFUCO-W125 were the most effective competitors, followed by W157 and W165. W117 and AFUCO-IgG1, followed by W125, were less effective, but still far more effective than M01 and M04. These data show that a synergistic enhancement of binding to FcγRIIIA can be achieved using defucosylated preparations of IgG1 heterodimeric variants.
    • Example 4 ADCC Assay of Antibodies Containing Variant Fc Regions
  • To determine ADCC activity of full length human anti-Protein X antibodies containing additional variant Fc regions, cell based ADCC assays were carried out using two different cell lines mentioned above as target cells, one expressing high levels of Protein X (SKBR3) and the other expressing moderate levels of Protein X (JIMT1). Assays were performed as described in Example 2. FIGS. 12 and 13 show the results obtained using SKBR3 cells.
  • Control antibodies M01 (having a wild type Fc region) and M04 (having an Fc region containing only heterodimerizing alterations) exhibited about 60% and 75% killing at the highest concentration of antibody tested (2,667 pM). Cell killing dropped off steeply at lower antibody concentrations of M01 and M04. However, antibodies containing variant Fc regions, including W23, W117, W125, W141, W144, W165, W168, and W187, exhibited higher levels of cell killing than either M01 or M04 at most antibody concentrations. Variant W187 exhibited the highest activity in this assay, correlating with the fact that it also exhibited the highest affinity to human FcγRIIIA. Table 4. Variants W117, W125, W165, and W168 also elicited potent ADCC activity in this assay.
  • FIG. 14 shows the results (percent specific cell lysis) of an ADCC assay done using full length human IgG1 anti-Protein X antibodies and JIMT1 cells, which express moderate levels of Protein X. M01 antibodies (which contain a wild type Fc region) achieved only about 64 percent cell lysis at the highest antibody concentration tested, and the EC50 of an M01 antibody in this assay was 98 pM. A defucosylated preparation of an M01 antibody achieved 86% specific cell lysis at the highest concentration tested and had an EC50 of 0.274 pM in this assay. An antibody containing Fc variant W117 exhibited enhanced ADCC killing compared to M01 antibody, reaching a maximum specific lysis of about 85% and having an 85.5-fold lower of EC50 (1.15 pM). A defucosylated preparation of the same antibody (AFUCO-W117) showed even higher killing activity and had a very low EC50 (0.015 pM) in this assay. FIG. 14, top panel.
  • A similar increase in ADCC activity was observed in a defucosylated preparation of an antibody containing a W125 variant Fc region (EC50 was 0.061 pM) as compared to a fucosylated preparation (EC50 was 3.99 pM). FIG. 14, bottom panel. Since the defucoyslated versions of IgG1 antibodies containing either a W117 or a W125 Fc region both had much higher activity than the fucosylated versions of these antibodies, these data indicate a synergistic improvement in ADCC activity when the Fc region of an IgG1 antibody is defucosylated and also contains amino acid changes that increase its affinity to FcγRIIIA.
    • Example 5 Binding Constants of Antibodies Containing Additional Variant Fc Regions
  • On and off rates for binding of a number of human IgG1 antibodies having additional variant Fc regions to the 158V and 158F allelic variants of human FcγRIIIA and to murine FcγRIV were determined using Biacore™ technology as described in Example 2. Briefly, the FcγRs, which were tagged with poly histidine, were captured on a CM5 Sensor Chip (Biacore™). The human IgG1 antibodies were injected over the surface of the CM5 chip to which the FcγRs were tethered and allowed to associate and dissociate from the Fcγs for defined times. The resulting data were used to determine the binding constants reported in Table 6 from BIAevaluation™ software. These data are shown in Table 6 below.
  • TABLE 6
    On and Off Rates of Human IgG1 antibodies Containing Variant Fc Regions
    huFcγRIIIa-158V huFcγRIIIa-158F muFcγR IV
    Kinetic Affinity kon KD kon KD kon KD
    Sample (1/Ms) kd (1/s) (nM) (1/Ms) kd (1/s) (nM) (1/Ms) kd (1/s) (nM)
    huIgG1 (W23 Fc) 1.6 × 105 4.8 × 10−3 30 1.3 × 105 7.7 × 10−3 61 1.8 × 105 1.4 × 10−2 75
    huIgG1 (W141 1.4 × 105 4.8 × 10−3 34 1.1 × 105 6.4 × 10−3 59 1.6 × 105 1.2 × 10−2 72
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W144 1.5 × 105 4.6 × 10−3 32 1.0 × 105 6.3 × 10−3 62 1.0 × 105 1.3 × 10−2 128
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W157 1.2 × 105 4.3 × 10−3 35 9.8 × 104 5.5 × 10−3 56 1.1 × 105 8.4 × 10−3 78
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W165 1.6 × 105 4.8 × 10−3 30 1.1 × 105 6.1 × 10−3 54 1.7 × 105 1.2 × 10−2 69
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W168 1.7 × 105 4.5 × 10−3 27 1.2 × 105 6.0 × 10−3 48 1.2 × 105 1.1 × 10−2 97
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W187 2.9 × 105 4.8 × 10−3 16 2.2 × 105 4.9 × 10−3 22 2.9 × 105 8.0 × 10−3 28
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (B50 Fc)* 1.0 × 105 4.5 × 10−3 44 8.2 × 104 6.4 × 10−3 78 4.9 × 104 1.5 × 10−2 301
    huIgG1 (W117 1.5 × 105 6.6 × 10−3 43 1.1 × 105 1.1 × 10−2 105 2.5 × 105 2.2 × 10−2 90
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (W125 1.3 × 105 7.1 × 10−3 57 5.5 × 104 7.9 × 10−3 143 1.4 × 105 1.3 × 10−2 89
    Fc)
    huIgG1 (afuco- 3.9 × 105 2.5 × 10−3 6.4 3.5 × 105 3.2 × 10−3 9.0 3.1 × 105 4.6 × 10−3 15
    W117 Fc)
    huIgG1 (afuco- 3.6 × 105 3.1 × 10−3 8.8 3.0 × 105 4.4 × 10−3 15 2.7 × 105 4.9 × 10−3 18
    W125 Fc)
    *The B50 variant Fc region has the alterations K392D, K409D, L234I, A330M, and K334V in one Fc polypeptide and E356K, D399K, L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W in the other.
  • Antibodies containing variant Fc regions had KD values for binding to human FcγRIIIA, including the 158F and 158V allelic variants, ranging from 6.4 nM to 143 nM. These data, combined with the ADCC assay discussed above, show that increased cell killing in an ADCC assay by defucosylated preparations of antibodies containing a W125 or a W117 Fc region, as compared to fucosylated preparations, correlates with increased on rates and decreased off rates, i.e., a decreased KD. Taken together with the data in Example 4, an approximately 10 fold decrease in KD for binding to human FcγRIIIA (158F) for defucosylated as compared to fucosylated W125 antibody (compare 15.0 nM to 143 nM) correlated with an approximately 50 fold decrease in EC50 in the ADCC assay described in Example 4 (compare 0.061 pM to 3.99 pM). Similarly for a W117 antibody, a defucosylated preparation had a KD for binding to human FcγRIIIA (158F) about eleven fold lower than that of a fucosylated preparation (compare 9.0 nM to 105 nM) and had an EC50 in the ADCC assay described in Example 4 that was about 100 fold lower (compare 0.015 pM to 1.15 pM). Thus, the increases in activity in the ADCC assay of the defucosylated versus fucosylated preparations of the W117 and W125 antibodies were synergistic since they exceeded expectations based on the increases in binding affinity to FcγRIIIA (158F). Similarly, the fact that the defucosylated preparations of W117 and W125 had much higher activity in the ADCC assay described in Example 4 than did fucosylated preparations of these antibodies or a defucoylated preparation of an antibody having a wild type Fc region (M01), was a further indication of synergistic activity.

Claims (21)

What is claimed is:
1-52. (canceled)
53. An Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region and a binding region, wherein the Fc region comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V with a KD of less than or equal to one fifth of the KD with which a second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions.
54. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V with a KD of less than or equal to one tenth of the KD with which the second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V.
55. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein the A chain and the B chain each comprise from 1 to 6 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain.
56. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, which comprises charge pair substitutions.
57. The Fc-containing protein of claim 56, wherein the A chain comprises the substitutions K392D and K409D and the B chain comprises the substitutions E356K and D399K or vice versa.
58. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein the IgG Fc region is an IgG1 Fc region.
59. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein
(a) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(b) the A chain comprises E233L, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions;
(c) the A chain comprises L234I, Q311M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(d) the A chain comprises S298T and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(e) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(f) the A chain comprises A330F and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(g) the A chain comprises Q311M, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(h) the A chain comprises Q311M, A330F, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, E294L, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(i) the A chain comprises S298T, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(j) the A chain comprises S298T, A330F, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(k) the A chain comprises S239D, A330M, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(l) the A chain comprises S239D, S298T, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(m) the A chain comprises a K334V substitution and the B chain comprises Y296W and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(n) the A chain comprises a K334V substitution and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(o) the A chain comprises L235S, S239D, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(p) the A chain comprises L235S, S239D, and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(q) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, F243V, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(r) the A chain comprises Q311M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(s) the A chain comprises S239D and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(t) the A chain comprises S239D and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(u) the A chain comprises F243V and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W, substitutions or vice versa;
(v) the A chain comprises F243V and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(w) the A chain comprises E294L and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, K290Y, and Y296W substitutions or vice versa;
(x) the A chain comprises E294L and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y, Y296W, and S298C substitutions or vice versa;
(y) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises L234Y and Y296W substitutions or vice versa; or
(z) the A chain comprises A330M and K334V substitutions and the B chain comprises K290Y and Y296W substitutions or vice versa.
60. The Fc-containing protein of claim 59, wherein the A chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, or 37 and the B chain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 18, 39, or 41.
61. The Fc-containing protein of claim 60 comprising a pair of amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 20 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO: 28 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 32 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:39; and SEQ NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:41.
62. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein:
the Fc-containing protein is defucosylated, is made in a CHO cell, and/or is an antibody; or
the Fc-containing protein is defucosylated, is made in a CHO cell, and/or is an Fc fusion protein.
63. The Fc-containing protein of claim 62, wherein the Fc-containing protein is an antibody and wherein the antibody is bispecific and/or is a full length human IgG1 antibody.
64. The Fc-containing protein of claim 53, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to HER-2/neu, wherein the Fc-containing protein is a bispecific antibody that binds to CD38 and CD138, or wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to mesothelin.
65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the Fc-containing protein of claim 53 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
66. One or more nucleic acids encoding the Fc-containing protein of claim 53.
67. The one or more nucleic acids of claim 66, which comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, or 36 and SEQ ID NO:9, 17, 38, or 40.
68. A host cell comprising the one or more nucleic acids of claim 66.
69. The host cell of claim 68, which is a CHO cell.
70. A method of making an Fc-containing protein containing a heterodimeric Fc region comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a host cell containing one or more nucleic acids encoding an Fc-containing protein comprising a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region and a binding region, wherein the Fc region comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V with a KD of less than or equal to one fifth of the KD with which a second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions;
(b) culturing the host cell under conditions such that the Fc-containing protein will be expressed; and
(c) recovering the Fc-containing protein from the cell mass or the culture medium.
71. A method for treating cancer comprising administering an Fc-containing protein or pharmaceutical composition comprising the Fc-containing protein to a cancer patient, wherein the Fc-containing protein comprises a heterodimeric human IgG Fc region and a binding region, wherein the Fc region comprises an A chain and a B chain, which each comprise from 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions relative to a wild type human Fc polypeptide chain, wherein the Fc-containing protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V with a KD of less than or equal to one fifth of the KD with which a second protein binds to human FcγRIIIA-158F and/or FcγRIIIA-158V, wherein the second protein is the same as the Fc-containing protein except that it contains a wild type human IgG Fc region without substitutions.
72. The method of claim 71, wherein chemotherapy and/or radiation is administered before, after, or concurrently with the administration of the Fc-containing protein.
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