US20110008694A1

US20110008694A1 - Hydrogen generator, ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, and fuel cell

Info

Publication number: US20110008694A1
Application number: US12/920,991
Authority: US
Inventors: Kyoichi Tange; Norihiko Nakamura; Haruyuki Nakanishi; Hidekazu Arikawa
Original assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Current assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date: 2008-03-18
Filing date: 2009-03-18
Publication date: 2011-01-13
Also published as: ZA201006441B; JP5365037B2; MA32222B1; AU2009226379B2; US20140238316A1; CN102089237B; US9506400B2; IL208201A; CN102089237A; WO2009116679A1; JP2009221086A; IL208201A0; ES2375136B1; ES2375136A1; AU2009226379A1

Abstract

A hydrogen generator that can be operated in a broad temperature range is disclosed, which comprises a first ammonia conversion part having a hydrogen-generating material which reacts with ammonia in a first temperature range so as to generate hydrogen; a second ammonia conversion part having an ammonia-decomposing catalyst which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in a second temperature range; an ammonia supply part which supplies ammonia; and an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from said ammonia supply part to the first and second ammonia conversion parts. The first temperature range includes temperatures lower than the second temperature range, and hydrogen is generated from ammonia by selectively using the first and second ammonia conversion parts. An ammonia-burning internal combustion engine and a fuel cell having the hydrogen generator are also disclosed.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a hydrogen generator which generates hydrogen from ammonia, and an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine and a fuel cell having the hydrogen generator.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, due to environmental concerns, such as global warming arising from the emission of carbon dioxide and energy issues of the depletion of oil resources, studies focusing on ammonia as an alternative clean energy source as a substitute for hydrocarbon fuels have been carried out, and for example, it is proposed to obtain motor power by combusting ammonia gas in an internal combustion engine. In this regard, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-332152 describes that hydrogen, in addition to ammonia, is combusted in an internal combustion engine in order to improve the combustion performance of ammonia. In addition, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-332152 proposes an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine having an ammonia-decomposing reaction means which decomposes ammonia by use of the heat of exhaust gas after the combustion of ammonia in the internal combustion engine, and a hydrogen-storing alloy which accumulates hydrogen gas obtained by the ammonia-decomposing reaction means.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Problem to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention provides a hydrogen generator which can be operated in a wide temperature range, and an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine and a fuel cell having the hydrogen generator.

Means for Solving the Problem

(1) A hydrogen generator comprising;
a first ammonia conversion part having a hydrogen-generating material which reacts with ammonia in a first temperature range so as to generate hydrogen;
a second ammonia conversion part having an ammonia-decomposing catalyst which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in a second temperature range;
an ammonia supply part which supplies ammonia; and
an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from the ammonia supply part to the first and second ammonia conversion parts;
wherein
the first temperature range includes temperatures lower than the second temperature range, and hydrogen is generated from ammonia by selectively using the first and second ammonia conversion parts.
(2) The hydrogen generator as described in (1) above, wherein
the hydrogen-generating material is a material which generates hydrogen by reaction with ammonia without heating under room temperature, and the ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal which can decompose ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen only when heated from the room temperature.
(3) The hydrogen generator as described in (1) or (2) above, comprising a hydrogen passage for recycling which supplies the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part.
(4) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (3) above, comprising a heat source which provides heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.
(5) The hydrogen generator as described in (4) above, wherein
the heat source is the combustion/oxidation heat arising from the combustion/oxidation of hydrogen generated in the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.
(6) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (5) above, which supplies all of the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part.
(7) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (6) above, which supplies the ammonia supplied by the ammonia supply part to the first ammonia conversion part only through the second ammonia conversion part.
(8) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (7) above, wherein the hydrogen-generating material is a material which reacts with ammonia to generate hydrogen in the temperature range comprising, at least, 0° C. to 30° C.
(9) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (8) above, wherein the hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkali earth metals, alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof.
(10) The hydrogen generator as described in (9) above, wherein the hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof.
(11) The hydrogen generator as described in (10) above, wherein the hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, and a combination thereof.
(12) The hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (11) above, wherein the ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal selected from the group of transition metals.
(13) The hydrogen generator as described in (12) above, wherein the ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal selected from the group of ruthenium, nickel, cobalt, and iron.
(14) An ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, having the hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (13) above and an internal combustion engine main unit, wherein the internal combustion engine main unit generates motor power by combusting, in addition to ammonia, hydrogen which is supplied by the hydrogen generator.
(15) The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine as described in (14) above, further having an exhaust gas passage for heat exchange, which provides heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts by the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine main unit.
(16) The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine as described in (15) above, wherein the exhaust gas passage for heat exchange has a bypass passage, through which the exhaust gas bypasses the first ammonia conversion part.
(17) The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine as described in any one of (14) to (16) above, wherein the molar ratio of ammonia and hydrogen which are combusted in the internal combustion engine main unit (ammonia: hydrogen) is in the range of 100:0 to 50:50.
(18) A fuel cell having the hydrogen generator as described in any one of (1) to (13) above and a fuel cell main unit, wherein the fuel cell main unit generates electric power by oxidizing the hydrogen supplied by the hydrogen generator.

TECHNICAL ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION

According to the above hydrogen generator, hydrogen can be obtained from ammonia in a relatively wide temperature range. While hydrogen is effective as a fuel for a fuel cell and a combustion additive for an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, the ammonia-decomposing reaction means of the above-mentioned Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-332152 requires heat with a relatively high temperature, and thus requires a large-scale hydrogen reserve unit for hydrogen storage so as to supply hydrogen in the case of low temperature. On the other hand, the above hydrogen generator can obtain hydrogen from ammonia over a relatively wide temperature range, and therefore resolve the problems of hydrogen storage.
Ammonia is currently produced worldwide, and used mainly for fertilizers in a large amount. Ammonia is commercially used in this way in a large amount, and therefore it is assumed that ammonia is socially accepted.
The physical properties of ammonia are close to those of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Ammonia easily liquefies under a pressure of around 8 atm at room temperature, and is commonly stored and transported without any particular problem. In addition, ammonia is defined as a nonflammable material, difficult to ignite. Further, even if ammonia is ignited, the burning speed is slow, and the flammable region is narrow, thus is safe to handle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows an operational example of a hydrogen generator.

FIG. 2 shows another operational example of a hydrogen generator.

FIG. 3 shows an example of an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine.

FIG. 4 shows another example of an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine.

FIG. 5 shows another example of an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine.

FIG. 6 shows another example of an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a fuel cell.

FIG. 8 shows a hydrogen generation property of lithium hydride.

FIG. 9 shows a hydrogen generation property of sodium hydride.

FIG. 10 shows a hydrogen generation property of potassium hydride.

FIG. 11 shows a regeneration property of lithium hydride.

FIG. 12 shows a regeneration property of sodium hydride.

FIG. 13 shows a regeneration property of potassium hydride.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hydrogen Generator

The hydrogen generator described here comprises;
a first ammonia conversion part having a hydrogen-generating material which reacts with ammonia in a first temperature range so as to generate hydrogen;
a second ammonia conversion part having an ammonia-decomposing catalyst which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in a second temperature range;
an ammonia supply part which supplies ammonia; and
an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from the ammonia supply part to the first and second ammonia conversion parts.
In this hydrogen generator, the first temperature range includes temperatures lower than the second temperature range. In other words, this hydrogen generator can generate hydrogen in the first ammonia conversion part at a temperature lower than the temperature for the hydrogen generation in the second ammonia conversion part.
Further, this hydrogen generator generates hydrogen from ammonia by selectively using the first and second ammonia conversion parts. This switching of the ammonia conversion parts can be carried out, depending on the first temperature range in which hydrogen can be generated by feeding ammonia to the hydrogen-generating material, and the second temperature range in which ammonia can be decomposed into hydrogen and nitrogen by feeding ammonia to an ammonia decomposing catalyst.
In other words, when the first ammonia conversion part has a temperature in the first temperature range, hydrogen can be generated from ammonia in the first ammonia conversion part, and when the second ammonia conversion part has a temperature in the second temperature range, hydrogen can be generated from ammonia in the second ammonia conversion part. Optionally, the hydrogen generation in the first ammonia conversion part and the hydrogen generation in the second ammonia conversion part can be carried out at the same time.
The operation of the hydrogen generator may be, for example, as shown in FIG. 1 (a) to (c). The hydrogen generator shown in FIG. 1 has a first ammonia conversion part 10, a second ammonia conversion part 20, an ammonia supply part 30, and an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from the ammonia supply part 30 to the first and second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20.
In the use of this hydrogen generator 100, ammonia (NH₃) is supplied from the ammonia conversion part 30 to the first ammonia conversion part 10 so as to generate hydrogen (H₂) in the first ammonia conversion part 10, as shown in FIG. 1( a), and ammonia is supplied from the ammonia conversion part 30 to the second ammonia conversion part 20 so as to generate hydrogen in the second ammonia conversion part 20, as shown in FIG. 1 (b). In addition, optionally, ammonia is supplied from the ammonia conversion part 30 to the first and second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20 so as to generate hydrogen in both the first and second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20, as shown in FIG. 1 (c).
<Hydrogen Generator—Regeneration of the Hydrogen-generating material in the First Ammonia Conversion Part>
In one aspect of the hydrogen generator, the hydrogen generator comprises a hydrogen passage for recycling, which supplies the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part. According to this hydrogen passage for recycling, the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part is supplied to the first ammonia conversion part so as to regenerate the hydrogen-generating material after the hydrogen-generating reaction. In other words, in this aspect, when hydrogen can be generated in the second ammonia conversion part which requires a relatively high temperature range, the hydrogen-generating material in the first ammonia conversion part is regenerated, and thereby is made ready for a situation in which hydrogen cannot be generated in the second ammonia conversion part, a situation in which hydrogen has to be generated in the first ammonia conversion part as well as the second ammonia conversion part, and other similar situations.
Specifically, in the case where an excessive amount of hydrogen is generated in the second ammonia conversion part, for example, in the case where hydrogen is supplied to the internal combustion engine main unit by the hydrogen generator to generate motor power, and the internal combustion engine main unit is run in the idle state, this regeneration can be carried out.
The hydrogen generator can comprise a heat source which provides heat to the first ammonia conversion part. According to this, in addition to the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part, the heat from the heat source can be provided to the first ammonia conversion part. In the case where the reaction for generating hydrogen from the hydrogen-generating material and ammonia is an exothermic reaction, the reaction for regenerating the hydrogen-generating material after the reaction is an endothermic reaction, and therefore the regeneration of the hydrogen-generating material can be enhanced by providing heat.
Furthermore, the provision of heat to the first ammonia conversion part is sometimes preferred in order to increase the reaction rate of the reaction between ammonia and the hydrogen-generating material which generates hydrogen. In other words, when the reaction for generating hydrogen from ammonia and the hydrogen-generating material is an exothermic reaction, the reaction equilibrium shifts against hydrogen generation by providing heat to the first ammonia conversion part. However, as far as the equilibrium after providing the heat is for the hydrogen generation, it is sometimes preferred to provide heat to the first ammonia conversion part, and thereby provide the activation energy for enhancing the reaction.
As this heat source, any heat source can be used. For example, a heating unit, such as a heater and a heat storage material can be used. In addition, as this heat source, it is possible to use the combustion/oxidation heat arising from the combustion/oxidation of hydrogen generated in the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.
The operation of the hydrogen generator in this aspect may be, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 (a). In the use of this hydrogen generator 200, as shown in FIG. 2( a), ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to the second ammonia conversion part 20 to generate hydrogen, and at least part of the hydrogen thus obtained is supplied from the second ammonia conversion part 20 to the first ammonia conversion part 10 through the hydrogen passage for recycling, and thereby regenerate the hydrogen-generating material in the ammonia conversion part 10. In addition, optionally, as shown in FIG. 2( a), the regeneration of the hydrogen-generating material is enhanced by providing heat to the ammonia conversion part 10.
<Hydrogen Generator—Heat Provision to the Second Ammonia Conversion Part>
In one aspect of the hydrogen generator, the hydrogen generator can comprise a heat source which provides heat to the second ammonia conversion part. The decomposition reaction for decomposing ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in the second ammonia conversion part requires a relatively high temperature. Further, since this decomposition reaction is an endothermic reaction, thermal energy has to be provided. Thus, heat is sometimes preferably provided to the second ammonia conversion part to enhance the decomposition reaction for decomposing ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen.
As this heat source, any heat source can be used. For example, a heating unit such as a heater and a heat storage material can be used. In addition, as this heat source, it is possible to use the combustion/oxidation heat arising from the combustion/oxidation of the hydrogen generated in the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.
<Hydrogen Generator—Other Aspects>
In one aspect of the hydrogen generator, all of the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part is supplied to the first ammonia conversion part.
This hydrogen generator is sometimes since the passage for withdrawing hydrogen directly from the second ammonia conversion part can be omitted, and thus, operation of the hydrogen generator can be simplified.
This hydrogen generator is, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 (b). In the hydrogen generator 220 shown in FIG. 2( b), ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to the second ammonia conversion part 20, and the hydrogen obtained in this second ammonia conversion part 20 is withdrawn through the first ammonia conversion part 10.
Further, in one aspect of the hydrogen generator, the ammonia is supplied by the ammonia supply part to the first ammonia conversion part only through the second ammonia conversion part.
This hydrogen generator is sometimes since the passage for supplying ammonia from the ammonia supply part directly to the first ammonia conversion part can be omitted, and thus, operation of the hydrogen generator can be simplified.
This hydrogen generator is, for example, as shown in FIG. 2 (c). In the hydrogen generator 240 shown in FIG. 2( c), ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to the second ammonia conversion part 20, and the ammonia is supplied through this second ammonia conversion part 20 to the first ammonia conversion part 10, and thereby generates hydrogen in this first ammonia conversion part 10.
<Hydrogen Generator—Hydrogen-Generating Material>
The hydrogen-generating material which can be used in the hydrogen generator may be any material which reacts with ammonia to generate hydrogen in the first temperature range including temperatures lower than the second temperature range.
This hydrogen-generating material is preferably a material which generates hydrogen by reaction with ammonia under room temperature without heating. In addition, the hydrogen-generating material is preferably a material which reacts with ammonia to generate hydrogen in the temperature range comprising, at least, 0° C. to 30° C. The fact that the hydrogen-generating material reacts with ammonia to generate hydrogen at room temperature in this way is sometimes preferred in order to initiate the hydrogen generation in the first ammonia generation part without heat or with little heat externally provided.
As the hydrogen-generating material, a material which is known to ignite or emit a flammable gas in contact with air or water can be considered.
As a specific hydrogen-generating material, a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkali earth metals, alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof can be exemplified. Therefore, as the hydrogen generation reaction between the hydrogen-generating material and ammonia, the reactions shown by Equations (1) to (4) below are exemplified (M^Imeans an alkali metal (Li, Na, K, etc.), and M^IImeans an alkali earth metal (Mg, Ba, etc.));
M^IH+NH₃(endothermic)
←→M^INH₂+H₂(exothermic). Equation (1)
M^IIH₂+2NH₃(endothermic)
←→M^II(NH₂)₂+2H₂(exothermic). Equation (2)
2M^I+2NH₃(endothermic)
←→2M^INH₂+H₂(exothermic). Equation (3)
2M^II+4NH₃(endothermic)
←→2M^II(NH₂)₂+2H₂(exothermic). Equation (4)
As a particular hydrogen generator, specifically a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof; more specifically a material selected from the group consisting of lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, and a combination thereof can be exemplified. These materials are preferable in that these materials can react with ammonia to generate hydrogen in room temperature. Furthermore, these materials are preferable in that these materials can be regenerated by reacting with hydrogen at a relatively low temperature, for example, at 200° C. to 300° C.
<Hydrogen Generator—Ammonia-Decomposing Catalyst>
The ammonia-decomposing catalyst usable for the hydrogen generator may be any material which enhances the reaction which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen.
Note that, in the reaction which decomposes ammonia to obtain hydrogen and nitrogen in the second ammonia conversion part, as shown in the equation (5) and Table 1 below, the molar number of the gas, in other words, the volume at the same temperature becomes twice after the decomposition reaction so that the conversion rate of this reaction can be determined using a flow meter and a thermometer before and after the second ammonia conversion part:
2NH₃→3H₂+N₂(endothermic). Equation (5)

TABLE 1

Correlation between the decomposition rate of
ammonia and the flow rates at the inlet and the outlet of
the conversion part

Inlet

Outlet

Decomposition	NH₃	NH₃	H₂	N₂	Total
rate (%)	(mol)	(mol)	(mol)	(mol)	(mol)

0	100	100	0	0	100
10	100	90	15	5	110
20	100	80	30	10	120
30	100	70	45	15	130
40	100	60	60	20	140
50	100	50	75	25	150
60	100	40	90	30	160
70	100	30	105	35	170
80	100	20	120	40	180
90	100	10	135	45	190
100	100	0	150	50	200

This ammonia-decomposing catalyst is preferably a catalyst comprising a metal which can decompose ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen only when heated from room temperature. As a particular ammonia-decomposing catalyst, a catalyst comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of the transition metals, specifically, a catalyst comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, nickel, cobalt, and iron is exemplified. These metals enable the decomposition reaction of ammonia at a relatively low temperature. For example, ruthenium can enhance the decomposition reaction of ammonia even at the temperature of around 300° C.
<Ammonia-Burning Internal Combustion Engine>
The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine shown here comprises the above hydrogen generator and the internal combustion engine main unit, and the internal combustion engine main unit burns the hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen generator, in addition to ammonia, so as to generate motor power. As the internal combustion engine main unit, any internal combustion engine main unit which can burn ammonia to generate motor power can be exemplified, for example, as shown in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-332152.
According to this ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, hydrogen is supplied in a wide temperature range by the above hydrogen generator, and the burning of ammonia is assisted by this hydrogen so that preferable motor power generation can be accomplished at the time of starting, acceleration, etc. When the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine main unit is used as the heat source for hydrogen generation, the temperature of the exhaust gas is low at the time of starting of the internal combustion engine main unit, and heat can be sufficiently provided to the second ammonia conversion part, so that hydrogen cannot be generated at the second ammonia conversion part. However, this ammonia-burning internal combustion engine can appropriately supply hydrogen to the internal combustion engine main unit by the first ammonia conversion part which can generate hydrogen at a relatively low temperature, even when the temperature of the exhaust gas is low, for example when starting, etc. The molar ratio (ammonia:hydrogen) between ammonia and hydrogen which are burnt in the internal combustion engine main unit may be, for example, in the range of 100:0 to 50:50, specifically 100:0 to 80:20.
Note that, in the burning of ammonia, the combustion reaction as shown in Equation (6) below can be carried out. The reaction does not contribute to global warming, since it does not generate carbon dioxide:
2NH₃+3/2O₂→N₂+3H₂O+(exothermic). Equation (6)
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is, for example, as shown in FIG. 3. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 300 shown in FIG. 3 comprises a hydrogen generator 310 and the internal combustion engine main unit 40. This hydrogen generator 310 comprises a first ammonia conversion part 10, a second ammonia conversion part 20, an ammonia supply part 30, and an ammonia supply passage 31 which supplies ammonia from the ammonia supply part 30 to the first and the second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20.
In the use of this ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to the internal combustion engine main unit 40 through the flow meter M₁and M₂. Together therewith, by adjusting with the valves V₁and V₂as needed, ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to both or either one of the first and the second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20 through flow meters M₃and M₅, and thereby generate hydrogen. The obtained hydrogen is supplied to the internal combustion engine main unit 40.
In addition, when the hydrogen generator 310 used comprises a hydrogen passage for recycling 21 which supplies the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part 20 to the first ammonia conversion part 10, hydrogen is supplied to the first ammonia conversion part 10 through the flow meter M₇with the amount of hydrogen which flows in the hydrogen passage for recycling 21 adjusted with the valve V₃, and thereby regenerate the hydrogen-generating material in the ammonia conversion part 10.
<Ammonia-Burning Internal Combustion Engine—Exhaust Gas Passage for Heat Exchange>
The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine can further comprise an exhaust gas passage for heat exchange, which provides heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts by the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine main unit.
According to this ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, the heat required in the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts is provided by the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine main unit. Regarding the hydrogen generator, as described above, the heat is sometimes preferably provided to the first and second ammonia conversion parts in order to increase the reaction rate of the hydrogen generation reaction and/or enhance regeneration of the hydrogen-generating material in the first ammonia conversion part, to enhance ammonia decomposition in the second ammonia conversion part, etc.
This exhaust gas passage for heat exchange can comprise a bypass passage, through which the exhaust gas bypasses the first ammonia conversion part. As described above, the reaction of the hydrogen-generating material and ammonia in the first ammonia conversion part could be an exothermic reaction. Therefore, when the regeneration of the hydrogen-generating material is not underway in the first ammonia conversion part, the equilibrium of the reaction can be made to proceed toward hydrogen generation, by preventing the heating of the hydrogen-generating material with the exhaust gas and thereby maintaining the hydrogen-generating material at a relatively low temperature.
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is, for example, as shown in FIG. 4. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 400 shown in FIG. 4 comprises a hydrogen generator 410 and an internal combustion engine main unit 40. This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 400 further comprises an exhaust gas passage for heat exchange 41 which can provide heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20 by the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine main unit 40, in addition to the constitution of an ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 300 shown in FIG. 3. This exhaust gas passage for heat exchange 41 can comprise a first heat exchanger 15 which can provide heat to the first ammonia conversion part 10, a second heat exchanger 25 which can provide heat to the second ammonia conversion part 20, and a pipe through which the exhaust gas flows.
When this exhaust gas passage for heat exchange has a bypass passage 42, through which the exhaust gas bypasses the first ammonia conversion part, the heating of the hydrogen-generating material by the exhaust gas can be prevented by adjusting, with the valve V₄, the amount of the exhaust gas which flows through this bypass passage 42.
<Ammonia-Burning Internal Combustion Engine—Other Aspects>
In one aspect of the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine supplies all of the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part.
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is sometimes since the passage for supplying hydrogen from the second ammonia conversion part directly to the internal combustion engine main unit can be omitted, and thus, the operation of the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine can be simplified.
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is, for example, as shown in FIG. 5. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 500 shown in FIG. 5 comprises a hydrogen generator 510 and an internal combustion engine main unit 40. This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 500 differs from the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 400 shown in FIG. 4, only in that the former does not comprise a passage, a valve, etc. for supplying hydrogen from the second ammonia conversion part 20 directly to the internal combustion engine main unit 40.
Further, in one aspect of the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, the ammonia supplied by the ammonia supply part is supplied to the first ammonia conversion part only through the second ammonia conversion part.
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is sometimes since the passage for supplying ammonia from the ammonia supply part directly to the first ammonia conversion part can be omitted, and thus, operation of the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine can be simplified.
This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine is, for example, as shown in FIG. 6. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 600 shown in FIG. 6 comprises a hydrogen generator 610 and an internal combustion engine main unit 40. This ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 600 differs from the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 400 shown in FIG. 4, only in that the former does not comprise a passage, a valve, etc. for supplying hydrogen from the second ammonia conversion part 20 directly to the internal combustion engine main unit 40, and a passage, a valve, etc. for supplying ammonia from the ammonia supply part 30 directly to the first ammonia conversion part 10. Furthermore, this ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 600 differs from the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine 500 shown in FIG. 5, only in that the former does not comprise a passage, a valve, etc. for supplying ammonia from the ammonia supply part 30 directly to the first ammonia conversion part 10.
As described above, according to the ammonia-burning internal combustion engine where the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine main unit is used as the heat source for hydrogen generation, when the temperature of the exhaust gas is low as in the case of starting of the internal combustion engine main unit, hydrogen is generated in the first conversion part which generates hydrogen at a relatively low temperature specifically by an exothermic reaction, and when the temperature of the exhaust gas becomes high, the heat of this exhaust gas is provided to the second ammonia conversion part so that hydrogen is generated in the second ammonia conversion part which generates hydrogen at a relatively high temperature by an endothermic reaction. By generating hydrogen in this manner, hydrogen can be generated over almost the entire operating range of the internal combustion engine. Further, after the temperature of the exhaust gas becomes high, the hydrogen-generating material, which is required when the temperature of the exhaust gas is low as in the case of the next start time, can be regenerated in the first ammonia conversion part by providing heat of the exhaust gas to the first ammonia conversion part.
<Fuel Cell>
The fuel cell described here comprises a hydrogen generator and a fuel cell main unit described above, and generates electric power by oxidizing hydrogen supplied by the hydrogen generator. As the fuel cell main unit, any fuel cell main unit using hydrogen as the fuel can be exemplified, and the fuel cell is already known in the art.
According to this fuel cell, hydrogen can be provided in a wide temperature range, and therefore electric power can be generated in a wide temperature range.
This fuel cell is, for example, as shown in FIG. 7. The fuel cell 700 shown in FIG. 7 comprises a hydrogen generator 710 and a fuel cell main unit 50. This hydrogen generator 710 comprises a first ammonia conversion part 10, a second ammonia conversion part 20, an ammonia supply part 30, and an ammonia supply passage 31 which supplies ammonia from the ammonia supply part 30 to the first and second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20.
In the use of this fuel cell 700, ammonia is supplied from the ammonia supply part 30 to both or either one of the first and the second ammonia conversion parts 10 and 20 through the flow meters M₃and M₅by adjusting the valves V₁and V₂, and thereby generate hydrogen. The obtained hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell main unit 50.
In addition, when this hydrogen generator 710 comprises a hydrogen passage for recycling 21 which supplies the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part 20 to the first ammonia conversion part 10, hydrogen can be supplied to the first ammonia conversion part 10, and thereby regenerate the hydrogen-generating material in the ammonia conversion part 10 by adjusting the amount of hydrogen which flows in this hydrogen passage for recycling 21 with the valve V₃.
Note that, for simplification, in FIGS. 1 to 7 show only embodiments wherein the conversion rate from ammonia to hydrogen at the first and second ammonia conversion parts is 0% or 100%. However, the present invention is not limited to these, and the conversion rate at the first and second ammonia conversion parts may be any value.

EXAMPLES

Hydrogen-Generating Material

The hydrogen generation property and the regeneration property of hydrogen-generating materials were evaluated below.
As a hydrogen-generating material, lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), and potassium hydride (KH) were evaluated. These generate hydrogen and are regenerated respectively by the reactions as shown below:
LiH+NH₃←→LiNH₂+H₂+43 kcal/mol
NaH+NH₃←→LiNH₂+H₂+21 kcal/mol
KH+NH₃←→LiNH₂+H₂+25 kcal/mol
Hydrogen generation by a hydrogen-generating material (the reaction which proceeds from the left part to the right part of the above equation) was evaluated by the amount of hydrogen produced in one minute when ammonia was provided to 1 g of the hydrogen-generating material over the temperature range of −30° C. to 150° C. The results of lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and potassium hydride are shown in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10, respectively. From these results, it is understood that, even at the temperature of −30° C., the hydrogen generation reaction proceeds, and as the temperature increases, the reaction rate increases.
In addition, the regeneration of the hydrogen-generating material after hydrogen generation (the reaction which proceeds from the right part to the left part of the above equation) was evaluated as the change in the regeneration rate over time, at the temperatures of 300° C., 200° C., and 250° C. for lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and potassium hydride, respectively. The results of lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and potassium hydride are shown in FIGS. 11, 12, and 13, respectively. From these results, it is understood that the hydrogen-generating materials are regenerated at a significant rate at the temperatures of 200° C. to 300° C.
<Ammonia-Decomposing Catalyst>
The ammonia decomposition property by ammonia-decomposing catalysts, which are usable in the hydrogen generator, was evaluated below.
As an ammonia-decomposing catalyst, nickel supported by alumina (Ni/Al), cobalt-lanthanum supported by silica (Co—La/SiO₂), ruthenium supported by alumina (Ru/Al), and ruthenium-barium supported by activated charcoal (Ru—Ba/activated charcoal) were evaluated by supplying ammonia at the temperatures of 400° C. to 600° C. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Ammonia decomposition properties of ammonia-
decomposing catalysts

				Ru-Ba/
	Ni/	Co-La/	Ru/	Activated
Catalyst	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	charcoal

Space velocity

1800

1200

710

1720

Decomposition	Reaction	400	2.1	16.7	97.5	99.0
rate	temperature	500	5.3	93.3	99.5	99.5
(%)	(° C.)	600	40.8	99.9	99.5	99.9

From Table 2, it is understood that, while these ammonia-decomposing catalysts require temperatures of over 300° C. for the ammonia decomposition reaction, almost all ammonia can be decomposed into hydrogen and nitrogen when the required temperature is available.

Claims

1. A hydrogen generator comprising;

a first ammonia conversion part having a hydrogen-generating material which reacts with ammonia in a first temperature range so as to generate hydrogen;

a second ammonia conversion part having an ammonia-decomposing catalyst which decomposes ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen in a second temperature range;

an ammonia supply part which supplies ammonia; and

an ammonia supply passage which supplies ammonia from said ammonia supply part to the first and second ammonia conversion parts;

wherein

the first temperature range includes temperatures lower than the second temperature range, and hydrogen is generated from ammonia by selectively using the first and second ammonia conversion parts.

2. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, wherein

said hydrogen-generating material is a material which generates hydrogen by reaction with ammonia without heating under room temperature, and the ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal which can decompose ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen only when heated from the room temperature.

3. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, comprising a hydrogen passage for recycling which supplies the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part.

4. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, comprising a heat source which provides heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.

5. The hydrogen generator according to claim 4, wherein

said heat source is the combustion/oxidation heat arising from the combustion/oxidation of hydrogen generated in the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts.

6. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, which supplies all of the hydrogen obtained in the second ammonia conversion part to the first ammonia conversion part.

7. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, which supplies the ammonia supplied by said ammonia supply part to the first ammonia conversion part only through the second ammonia conversion part.

8. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, wherein said hydrogen-generating material is a material which reacts with ammonia to generate hydrogen in the temperature range comprising, at least, 0° C. to 30° C.

9. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, wherein said hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkali earth metals, alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof.

10. The hydrogen generator according to claim 9, wherein said hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydrides, alkali earth metal hydrides, and a combination thereof.

11. The hydrogen generator according to claim 10, wherein said hydrogen-generating material is a material selected from the group consisting of lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, and a combination thereof.

12. The hydrogen generator according to claim 1, wherein said ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal selected from the group of transition metals.

13. The hydrogen generator according to claim 12, wherein said ammonia-decomposing catalyst comprises a metal selected from the group of ruthenium, nickel, cobalt, and iron.

14. An ammonia-burning internal combustion engine, having said hydrogen generator according to claim 1 and an internal combustion engine main unit, wherein said internal combustion engine main unit generates motor power by combusting, in addition to ammonia, hydrogen which is supplied by said hydrogen generator.

15. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine according to claim 14, further having an exhaust gas passage for heat exchange, which provides heat to the first and/or second ammonia conversion parts by the exhaust gas from said internal combustion engine main unit.

16. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine according to claim 15, wherein said exhaust gas passage for heat exchange has a bypass passage, through which said exhaust gas bypasses the first ammonia conversion part.

17. The ammonia-burning internal combustion engine according to claim 14, wherein the molar ratio of ammonia and hydrogen which are combusted in said internal combustion engine main unit ammonia: hydrogen is in the range of 100:0 to 50:50.

18. A fuel cell having said hydrogen generator according to claim 1 and a fuel cell main unit, wherein said fuel cell main unit generates electric power by oxidizing the hydrogen supplied by said hydrogen generator.