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US20080264289A1 - Propellant for fracturing wells - Google Patents

Propellant for fracturing wells Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080264289A1
US20080264289A1 US12/169,946 US16994608A US2008264289A1 US 20080264289 A1 US20080264289 A1 US 20080264289A1 US 16994608 A US16994608 A US 16994608A US 2008264289 A1 US2008264289 A1 US 2008264289A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
propellant
propellant charge
cord
ignition
ignition cord
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/169,946
Inventor
John P. Tiernan
Richard S. Passamaneck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Propellant Fracturing and Stimulation LLC
Original Assignee
Propellant Fracturing and Stimulation LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Propellant Fracturing and Stimulation LLC filed Critical Propellant Fracturing and Stimulation LLC
Priority to US12/169,946 priority Critical patent/US20080264289A1/en
Assigned to PROPELLANT FRACTURING & STIMULATION, LLC reassignment PROPELLANT FRACTURING & STIMULATION, LLC NUNC PRO TUNC ASSIGNMENT (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PASSAMANECK, RICHARD S., TIERNAN, JOHN P.
Publication of US20080264289A1 publication Critical patent/US20080264289A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42D—BLASTING
    • F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
    • F42D1/04—Arrangements for ignition
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E21B43/263—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures using explosives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of well fracturing. More specifically, the present invention discloses a propellant assembly for fracturing wells.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-section diagram of a well 10 with a packer 12 and a series of propellant charges 20
  • the propellant charges 20 are ignited to rapidly generate combustion gases that create sufficient pressure within the well bore to generate fractures in the surrounding strata.
  • propellant burn should be predictable and reproducible for the purpose of accurately modeling the fracturing process. It is difficult to accurately model a propellant burn unless the entire exposed surface of the propellant is ignited almost simultaneously. Modeling of propellants has been contemplated in the past, but with the assumption that ignition of the propellant surface over the entire exposed area of the propellant is simultaneous. Practically speaking, such simultaneous ignition is difficult to achieve.
  • the problem consists of igniting sufficient surface area of propellant simultaneously to overcome the effects of not only a limited flame spread rate, but also to mitigate the effects of any sealing coating placed on the propellant.
  • one must be able to accurately predict the amount of gas generation by burning of the exposed surface area at any given point in time for proper modeling.
  • the solution to the problem is to rapidly ignite the entire outer surface of the propellant charge by wrapping the ignition cord around the propellant charge in order to produce a burn that is reproducible, and can be accurately modeled to predict the resulting conditions in the well and surrounding strata during the fracturing process.
  • This invention provides an apparatus for fracturing wells that employs a propellant charge and an ignition cord wrapped around the outer surface of the propellant charge to rapidly ignite the outer surface of the propellant charge
  • the ignition cord can be either a detonating cord or a deflagrating cord.
  • the resulting rapid ignition of the outer surface of the propellant charge can be modeled more accurately and results in a more efficient use of the propellant charge in fracturing the well.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a well 10 with a packer 12 and a series of propellant charges 20 .
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge assembly embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge 20 with a helical groove to receive the ignition cord 30 .
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment with a metal sheath 35 surrounding the ignition cord 30 and a protective coating 40 covering the entire assembly.
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of another embodiment with the ignition cord 30 wrapped longitudinally around the propellant charge 20 .
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge 20 with longitudinal grooves to receive the ignition cord.
  • FIG. 7 is an end view of the propellant charge 20 corresponding to the FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 2 a side elevational view of a first embodiment of the present invention is shown.
  • the outer surface of the propellant charge 20 has a generally cylindrical shape. Ignition of the outer surface of the propellant charge 20 is accomplished by an ignition cord 30 wrapped around the propellant charge 20 in a helical pattern.
  • the ignition cord 30 is a high-speed mild detonating cord.
  • the ignition cord 30 can be ignited conventionally (e.g., with an igniter patch 15 ).
  • the detonating cord can either be enclosed in a metal sheath 35 (e.g., a mild steel tube designed to fail directionally toward the propellant charge 20 ), or placed directly in contact with the surface of the propellant 20 .
  • Mild detonating cord is also commercially available with various metal sheathes, such as lead, silver, aluminum or tin, A grain size of approximately 2.5 to 15 gr/ft has been found to be satisfactory to reliably produce a speed of about 17,000 to 22,000 ft/sec.
  • rapid deflagrating cord could be employed, although rapid deflagrating cord has a much slower speed on the order of about 1000 ft/sec. Both detonating cord and deflagrating cord should be considered as examples of the types of the ignition cords that could be used.
  • the pitch and/or distance between each turn of the ignition cord 30 can be modified to reduce the spacing between each adjacent turns, to thus limit or substantially eliminate the reliance on the initial flame spread rate to achieve the desired surface burning area.
  • the amount of time required for the flame to spread becomes insignificant, and the entire surface area of the propellant charge 20 is in effect ignited simultaneously.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment in which the outer surface of the propellant charge 20 includes a helical groove 25 to receive the ignition cord 30 and substantially increase the burning surface area of the propellant charge 20 .
  • the initial surface area burning can be modified by changing the depth and/or cross-sectional geometry of the groove 25 into which the cord 30 is placed.
  • initial gas generation rates can also be modified by the design of the groove 25 .
  • the groove 25 reduces the overall diameter of the assembly and helps to protect the cord 25 from damage,
  • the assembly can be coated and sealed from the well bore fluids, thus helping to preventing leaching.
  • the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 can be wrapped or sealed in a protective coating or layer 40 , as depicted in the cross-section view depicted in FIG. 4 .
  • the protective layer 40 serves to protect both the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 during transportation, handling, and insertion into the well bore, and also keeps them isolated from the well bore fluids.
  • the assembly can be wrapped in a water tight aluminum scrim, heat shrink plastic, or other similar materials.
  • the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 can be wrapped with a polymeric shrink-wrap material, such as the VITON 200 material marketed by the 3 M Corporation of St. Paul, Minn.
  • FIGS. 5 through 7 illustrate another embodiment with the ignition cord 30 wrapped longitudinally around the propellant charge 20 .
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of this embodiment.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show a side elevational view and an end view, respectively, of a propellant charge 20 with longitudinal grooves to receive the ignition cord in this longitudinally-wrapped configuration. It should be understood that other wrapping configurations or combinations of wrapping configurations could be readily substituted.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus for fracturing wells employs a propellant charge and an ignition cord wrapped around the outer surface of the propellant charge to rapidly ignite the outer surface of the propellant charge.

Description

    RELATED APPLICATION
  • The present application is a continuation of the Applicants' co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/221,634, entitled “Propellant For Fracturing Wells,” filed on Sep. 8, 2005, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/607,929, filed on Sep. 8, 2004.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • 1. Field of the Invention
  • The present invention relates generally to the field of well fracturing. More specifically, the present invention discloses a propellant assembly for fracturing wells.
  • 2. Statement of the Problem
  • Propellant charges have been used for many years to create fractures in oil, gas and water formations surrounding a well. FIG. 1 is a cross-section diagram of a well 10 with a packer 12 and a series of propellant charges 20 The propellant charges 20 are ignited to rapidly generate combustion gases that create sufficient pressure within the well bore to generate fractures in the surrounding strata.
  • In order to achieve proper pressure loading rates and adequate minimum pressures for sustained periods of time sufficient to extend fractures in the surrounding formations using gas-generating propellants, it is necessary that a sufficient surface area of propellant be burning to generate the volume of gas required to extend such fractures, as gas generation is a function of the surface area of the propellant burning at any given time. If ignition of the propellant is limited to small areas of the outer surface of the propellant, then the flame from the initial burning area of the propellant must spread across the face of the propellant to ignite the remaining surface area. This flame spread rate is a key limiting factor to achieving proper pressure loading rates and adequate minimum pressures for fracture propagation in the surrounding formations. If the flame spread from a localized ignition point is too slow, then the burning surface area at any given point in time will be limited, and the overall time that the propellant burns to completion may have to be extended sufficiently to compensate for the reduced amount of time that pressures exceed the minimum required fracture extension pressure, resulting in a longer but less efficient propellant burn.
  • In addition, the propellant burn should be predictable and reproducible for the purpose of accurately modeling the fracturing process. It is difficult to accurately model a propellant burn unless the entire exposed surface of the propellant is ignited almost simultaneously. Modeling of propellants has been contemplated in the past, but with the assumption that ignition of the propellant surface over the entire exposed area of the propellant is simultaneous. Practically speaking, such simultaneous ignition is difficult to achieve.
  • The problem is further complicated by the following. When propellants are submerged in well fluids such as water (or water and KCI), flame spread rates tend to decrease. In addition, certain chemical coverings that are used as surface coatings on propellants to prevent leaching of the propellant fuel oxidizers into the surrounding well fluids also tend to inhibit the flame spread rate, thus exacerbating the problem. When such coatings are not applied to the surface of the propellant, sufficient leaching of the fuel oxidizer takes place over relatively short periods of time (i.e., 1 hour) to result not only in a reduction in the available energy to do work on the formation, but further, creation of an outer boundary layer absent of fuel oxidizer and comprised primarily of the propellant binder, which tends to inhibit the flame spread rate because the exposed fuel oxidizer in the binder has been leached away. Furthermore, because gas generation is a function of the area of propellant burning at any given time, it is also useful to engineer a propellant fracturing system that accounts for the required initial burning surface area to provide adequate pressure rise, in addition to taking into account the flame spread rate.
  • In summary, the problem consists of igniting sufficient surface area of propellant simultaneously to overcome the effects of not only a limited flame spread rate, but also to mitigate the effects of any sealing coating placed on the propellant. In addition, one must be able to accurately predict the amount of gas generation by burning of the exposed surface area at any given point in time for proper modeling.
  • Solution to the Problem. The solution to the problem is to rapidly ignite the entire outer surface of the propellant charge by wrapping the ignition cord around the propellant charge in order to produce a burn that is reproducible, and can be accurately modeled to predict the resulting conditions in the well and surrounding strata during the fracturing process.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention provides an apparatus for fracturing wells that employs a propellant charge and an ignition cord wrapped around the outer surface of the propellant charge to rapidly ignite the outer surface of the propellant charge For example, the ignition cord can be either a detonating cord or a deflagrating cord. The resulting rapid ignition of the outer surface of the propellant charge can be modeled more accurately and results in a more efficient use of the propellant charge in fracturing the well.
  • These and other advantages, features, and objects of the present invention will be more readily understood in view of the following detailed description and the drawings.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The present invention can be more readily understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a well 10 with a packer 12 and a series of propellant charges 20.
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge assembly embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge 20 with a helical groove to receive the ignition cord 30.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment with a metal sheath 35 surrounding the ignition cord 30 and a protective coating 40 covering the entire assembly.
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of another embodiment with the ignition cord 30 wrapped longitudinally around the propellant charge 20.
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of a propellant charge 20 with longitudinal grooves to receive the ignition cord.
  • FIG. 7 is an end view of the propellant charge 20 corresponding to the FIG. 6.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Turning to FIG. 2, a side elevational view of a first embodiment of the present invention is shown. The outer surface of the propellant charge 20 has a generally cylindrical shape. Ignition of the outer surface of the propellant charge 20 is accomplished by an ignition cord 30 wrapped around the propellant charge 20 in a helical pattern.
  • Preferably, the ignition cord 30 is a high-speed mild detonating cord. The ignition cord 30 can be ignited conventionally (e.g., with an igniter patch 15). The detonating cord can either be enclosed in a metal sheath 35 (e.g., a mild steel tube designed to fail directionally toward the propellant charge 20), or placed directly in contact with the surface of the propellant 20. Mild detonating cord is also commercially available with various metal sheathes, such as lead, silver, aluminum or tin, A grain size of approximately 2.5 to 15 gr/ft has been found to be satisfactory to reliably produce a speed of about 17,000 to 22,000 ft/sec.
  • Alternatively a rapid deflagrating cord could be employed, although rapid deflagrating cord has a much slower speed on the order of about 1000 ft/sec. Both detonating cord and deflagrating cord should be considered as examples of the types of the ignition cords that could be used.
  • The pitch and/or distance between each turn of the ignition cord 30 can be modified to reduce the spacing between each adjacent turns, to thus limit or substantially eliminate the reliance on the initial flame spread rate to achieve the desired surface burning area. Thus, the amount of time required for the flame to spread becomes insignificant, and the entire surface area of the propellant charge 20 is in effect ignited simultaneously.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment in which the outer surface of the propellant charge 20 includes a helical groove 25 to receive the ignition cord 30 and substantially increase the burning surface area of the propellant charge 20. The initial surface area burning can be modified by changing the depth and/or cross-sectional geometry of the groove 25 into which the cord 30 is placed. Thus, initial gas generation rates can also be modified by the design of the groove 25. In addition, the groove 25 reduces the overall diameter of the assembly and helps to protect the cord 25 from damage,
  • Optionally, because the ignition cord 30 is in contact with such a large percentage of the total surface area of the propellant charge 30 and flame spread is no longer an issue, the assembly can be coated and sealed from the well bore fluids, thus helping to preventing leaching. For example, the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 can be wrapped or sealed in a protective coating or layer 40, as depicted in the cross-section view depicted in FIG. 4. The protective layer 40 serves to protect both the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 during transportation, handling, and insertion into the well bore, and also keeps them isolated from the well bore fluids. The assembly can be wrapped in a water tight aluminum scrim, heat shrink plastic, or other similar materials. For example, the propellant charge 20 and ignition cord 30 can be wrapped with a polymeric shrink-wrap material, such as the VITON 200 material marketed by the 3 M Corporation of St. Paul, Minn.
  • FIGS. 5 through 7 illustrate another embodiment with the ignition cord 30 wrapped longitudinally around the propellant charge 20. FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of this embodiment. FIGS. 6 and 7 show a side elevational view and an end view, respectively, of a propellant charge 20 with longitudinal grooves to receive the ignition cord in this longitudinally-wrapped configuration. It should be understood that other wrapping configurations or combinations of wrapping configurations could be readily substituted.
  • The above disclosure sets forth a number of embodiments of the present invention described in detail with respect to the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in this art will appreciate that various changes, modifications, other structural arrangements, and other embodiments could be practiced under the teachings of the present invention without departing from the scope of this invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims (7)

1. An apparatus for fracturing wells comprising:
a propellant charge for insertion into a well and having an outer surface; and
an ignition cord helically wrapped around at least a portion of the outer surface of the propellant charge to rapidly ignite the outer surface of the propellant charge.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ignition cord comprises detonating cord.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ignition cord comprises deflagrating cord.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the propellant charge has a substantially cylindrical outer surface.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface of the propellant charge further comprises a helical groove to receive the ignition cord.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a protective coating covering the ignition cord and surface of the propellant charge.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a metal sheath surrounding the ignition cord.
US12/169,946 2004-09-08 2008-07-09 Propellant for fracturing wells Abandoned US20080264289A1 (en)

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US60792904P 2004-09-08 2004-09-08
US11/221,634 US7409911B2 (en) 2004-09-08 2005-09-08 Propellant for fracturing wells
US12/169,946 US20080264289A1 (en) 2004-09-08 2008-07-09 Propellant for fracturing wells

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US7431075B2 (en) * 2004-10-05 2008-10-07 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Propellant fracturing of wells
CA2598438C (en) 2005-02-23 2013-08-20 Dale Seekford Method and apparatus for stimulating wells with propellants
US7770662B2 (en) * 2005-10-27 2010-08-10 Baker Hughes Incorporated Ballistic systems having an impedance barrier
US8186425B2 (en) * 2008-03-05 2012-05-29 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Sympathetic ignition closed packed propellant gas generator
US9447672B2 (en) 2013-02-28 2016-09-20 Orbital Atk, Inc. Method and apparatus for ballistic tailoring of propellant structures and operation thereof for downhole stimulation
US9896920B2 (en) * 2014-03-26 2018-02-20 Superior Energy Services, Llc Stimulation methods and apparatuses utilizing downhole tools
US20170175518A1 (en) * 2014-03-26 2017-06-22 AOI (Advanced Oilfield Innovations, Inc.) Apparatus, Method, and System for Identifying, Locating, and Accessing Addresses of a Piping System
US9689246B2 (en) 2014-03-27 2017-06-27 Orbital Atk, Inc. Stimulation devices, initiation systems for stimulation devices and related methods
US10883327B1 (en) * 2014-08-25 2021-01-05 Diamondback Industries, Inc. Power charge with exposed propellant
US9995124B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2018-06-12 Orbital Atk, Inc. Downhole stimulation tools and related methods of stimulating a producing formation
WO2016073609A1 (en) 2014-11-06 2016-05-12 Superior Energy Services, Llc Method and apparatus for secondary recovery operations in hydrocarbon formations
US11326412B2 (en) 2019-03-15 2022-05-10 Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation Downhole sealing apparatuses and related downhole assemblies and methods
US11578549B2 (en) 2019-05-14 2023-02-14 DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH Single use setting tool for actuating a tool in a wellbore
US11255147B2 (en) 2019-05-14 2022-02-22 DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH Single use setting tool for actuating a tool in a wellbore
US11204224B2 (en) 2019-05-29 2021-12-21 DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH Reverse burn power charge for a wellbore tool
US11746728B1 (en) * 2022-03-31 2023-09-05 Raytheon Company Propulsion system with grooved inert rods for reactive wire
US11753889B1 (en) 2022-07-13 2023-09-12 DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH Gas driven wireline release tool

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US8522863B2 (en) * 2009-04-08 2013-09-03 Propellant Fracturing & Stimulation, Llc Propellant fracturing system for wells

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