[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/

US20060058253A1 - Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas - Google Patents

Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20060058253A1
US20060058253A1 US10/524,359 US52435905A US2006058253A1 US 20060058253 A1 US20060058253 A1 US 20060058253A1 US 52435905 A US52435905 A US 52435905A US 2006058253 A1 US2006058253 A1 US 2006058253A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
canceled
protein
oligonucleotide
splice site
moiety
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/524,359
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Benoit Chabot
Jonathan Villemaire
Sherif Elela
Faiz-ul Nasim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universite de Sherbrooke
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US10/524,359 priority Critical patent/US20060058253A1/en
Assigned to UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE reassignment UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHABOT, BENOIT, ELELA, SHERIF ABOU, NASIM, FAIZ-UL HASSAN, VILLEMAIRE, JONATHAN
Publication of US20060058253A1 publication Critical patent/US20060058253A1/en
Priority to US12/291,887 priority patent/US8546346B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/02—Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/04—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system for myasthenia gravis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/06—Antianaemics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/321—2'-O-R Modification

Definitions

  • This invention relates to splice site selection, a process required for the generation of mRNAs encoding different proteins.
  • Eukaryotic mRNAs are transcribed as precursors, or pre-mRNAs, which contain intronic sequences. These intronic sequences are excised and the exons are spliced together to form mature mRNA.
  • the basic biochemical reactions involved in splicing are relatively well-known.
  • the splicing event itself requires the binding of several RNA binding proteins and ribonucleoprotein particules (e.g. snRNPs) to form the spliceosome. After spliceosome assembly, two transesterification reactions follow which result in the fusion of the two exon sequences and the release of the lariat-shaped intron.
  • alternative splicing can produce a variety of mRNA products from one pre-mRNA molecule.
  • the consequences of alternative splicing range from controlling protein expression, by excluding and including stop codons, to allowing for the diversification of protein products.
  • Alternative splicing has an extremely important role in expanding the protein repertoire of any given species by allowing for more transcripts and therefore protein products from a single gene.
  • genes that contain a single alternative splicing unit can produce two spliced isoforms
  • the alternative splicing of troponin T and CD44 pre-mRNAs can generate 64 and more than 2000 isoforms, respectively.
  • the most striking example to date is the splicing of the Drosophila gene that codes for DSCAM, a protein involved in axon guidance. Due to 95 different exons distributed in four alternatively spliced regions, a single DSCAM gene has the potential to generate 38,016 different DSCAM proteins, a number which is three times the total number of genes in Drosophila . If we assume a conservative average of five isoforms per alternatively spliced gene, the identity of more than 85% of the whole collection of human proteins would be determined by alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
  • exons can have a broad range of effects on the structure and activity of proteins.
  • whole functional domains e.g., DNA binding domain, transcription-activating domain, membrane-anchoring domain, localization domain
  • inclusion of an exon carrying a stop codon can yield a shortened and sometimes inactive protein.
  • introduction of an early stop codon can result in a truncated protein, transforming a membrane bound protein into a soluble protein, for example, or an unstable mRNA.
  • splice sites are often regulated in a developmental, cellular, tissue, and sex-specific manner.
  • the functional impact of alternative splicing in a variety of cellular processes including neuronal connectivity, electrical tuning in hair cells, tumor progression, apoptosis, and signaling events, is just starting to be documented.
  • Perturbations in alternative splicing have been associated with human genetic diseases and cancer.
  • cancers where an alternatively spliced isoform of a protein has increased ligand affinity or loss of tumor suppressor activity which contributes to neoplastic growth.
  • the inappropriate inclusion of exons in BIN1 mRNA results in the loss of tumor suppressor activity.
  • the ratio of the splice variants is frequently shifted to favor production of the anti-apoptotic form.
  • overexpression of Bcl-xL is associated with decreased apoptosis in tumors, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, and poor clinical outcome.
  • perturbations that would shift alternative splicing toward the pro-apoptotic forms may help reverse the malignant phenotype of cancer cells.
  • the ability to shift splice site selection in favor of pro-apoptotic variants could become a valuable anti-cancer strategy.
  • Exons represent approximately 1% of the human genome and range in size from 1 to 1000 nt, with an mean size for internal exons of 145 nt. In contrast, introns constitute 24% of our genome with sizes ranging from 60 to more than 200 000 nt. The mean size of human introns is more than 3, 300 nt and nearly 20% of human introns are longer than 5 Kb. The efficient and accurate removal of introns is crucial for the production of functional mRNAs. For long introns, it is easy to envision the difficulties associated with finding and committing a pair of splice sites when such sites are separated by several thousands of nucleotides.
  • intronic sequences that resemble splicing signals may also promote a multitude of weaker and non-productive interactions that will decrease the pairing efficiency of correct splice sites.
  • the long distance separating these splicing partners means that they will be synthesized at different times. Consequently, the 5′ splice site must remain available until the authentic 3′ splice site has been synthesized.
  • hnRNP A1 was the first protein of its class being attributed a function in splice site selection based on its ability to antagonize the activity of the SR protein SF2/ASF in a 5′ splice site selection assay.
  • the present invention features a method of modulating splice site selection. It is described herein that using a hybrid oligonucleotide containing a protein binding site and sequences complementary to sequences upstream of, a splice site (i.e., in the exon preceding the 5′ splice site, for example) allows for a specific inhibition of splicing. By interfering with specific splice site selection, one can therefore control or modify the mRNA and protein products that are generated from any given gene. Given that a large percentage of genes use alternative splice site selection to produce a great number of mRNAs, the utility of this invention is quite extensive both for therapeutic purposes and as a more general tool for research purposes.
  • a method of modulating splice site selection and splicing thereof comprising the step of hybridizing an oligonucleotide-protein conjugate to a target pre-mRNA molecule in a cell or cell extract, wherein the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate comprises an oligonucleotide moiety capable of binding to a protein moiety which comprises at least two distinct sequence elements:
  • the protein moiety comprises a protein capable of modulating splicing of the splice site upon binding with the protein binding site.
  • the binding of the protein is effected prior to hybridizing of the oligonucleotide moiety to the target pre-mRNA molecule or thereafter.
  • the modulating activity is one of increasing or repressing splice site selection and splicing thereof.
  • the cell is in a patient and in a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the patient is a mammalian.
  • the nucleic acid sequence element is at least 70%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% complementary to at least 8 nucleotides found upstream of the splice site, more preferably substantially complementary to at least eight nucleotides beginning 16 to 36 base pairs upstream of the splice site and most preferably substantially complementary to at least eight nucleotides beginning 20- to 26 base pairs upstream of the splice site.
  • the protein is, one that binds to a single-stranded or double stranded nucleic acid molecule.
  • the protein is selected from the group consisting of SR proteins, hnRNP proteins, RNA binding proteins, ribonucleoprotein, nucleic acid binding protein and single stranded DNA binding proteins.
  • the hnRNP protein is preferentially hnRNP A1/A2 protein.
  • an oligonucleotide-protein conjugate for modulating splice site selection and splicing thereof in a target pre-mRNA molecule present in a cell or cell extract, which comprises an oligonucleotide moiety covalently attached to a protein moiety, wherein the oligonucleotide moiety comprises at least two distinct sequence elements:
  • the protein moiety comprises a protein capable of modulating splicing of the splice site.
  • the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate is having an extension of the sequence 5′ CGU ACA CCA UCA GGG UAC-3′. (SEQ ID NO:1)
  • the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate is having an oligonucleotide moiety comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2 to SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:18 to SEQ ID NO:33.
  • a method of creating an alternate form of mRNA comprising the step of administering to a cell or a cell extract a sufficient amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention.
  • a method of creating an alternate form of a protein comprising the step of administering to a cell or a cell extract a sufficient amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention
  • the alternate form of a protein functions as a dominant negative.
  • a method of reducing and/or inhibiting expression of an mRNA molecule or protein comprising the step of administering to a cell or a cell extract a sufficient amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention.
  • a method of reducing and/or inhibiting neuronal differentiation comprising the step of administering to a cell or a cell extract a sufficient amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention.
  • a method of preventing a viral infection in a patient comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention to the patient.
  • the viral infection is caused by human immunodeficiency virus.
  • a method for treating a disease resulting from a mutation leading to aberrant splicing in a patient comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention to the patient.
  • the disease is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, retinoblastoma, analbuminemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, acute intermittent porphyria, breast and ovarian cancer, carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, cerbrotendinous xanthomatosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI, Fanconi anemia, frontotemporal dementia, HPRT deficiency, Leigh's encephalomyelopathy, Marfan syndrome, metachromatic leukodystrophy (Juvenile form), neurofibromatosis type 1, OCT deficiency, porphyria cutanea tarda, Sandhoff disease, severe combined immunodeficiency, spinal muscle atrophy, tyrosinemia type 1, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
  • ⁇ -thalassemia cystic fibrosis
  • haemophilia retinoblastoma
  • a method for promoting cell death in a patient comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention to the patient.
  • a method for preventing and/or reducing the growth of tumor cells in a patient comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate of the present invention to the patient.
  • the tumor cells are selected from the group consisting of lung cancer cells, liver cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, brain cancer cells, colon cancer cells, kidney cancer cells, bone cancer cells, breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, uterine cancer cells, lymphoma cells, melanoma cells, myeloma cells, adenocarcinoma cells, thymoma cells and plasmacytoma cells.
  • oligonucleotide moiety for modulating splice site selection and splicing thereof in a target pre-mRNA molecule present in a cell or cell extract which comprises at least two distinct sequence elements:
  • any of the method previously described using the oligonucleotide moiety of the present invention where the method also comprises the administrating to the cell or cell extract of a purified protein capable of binding to the protein binding site.
  • the administration of the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate is effected through a route selected from the group consisting of oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, topical and nasal route.
  • the oligonucleotide-protein conjugate is administered in a range varying from 0,001 to 50 mg/kg, more preferably varying from 0,01 to 10 mg/kg, most preferably varying from 0,1 to 5 mg/kg.
  • the oligonucleotide as used in the present invention is preferably one selected from the table below: TABLE 1 Oligonucleotides used in the present invention Complementary region Oligonucleotide Target Binding site sequence sequence C5-5′ C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ UACCUACCACUACCACCG (SEQ ID NO:2) +7 to ⁇ 11 proximal 5′ splice site C5-M26 C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ CCUCCUCCGUUGUUAUAG (SEQ ID NO:3) ⁇ 26 to ⁇ 43 proximal 5′ splice site C5-M4 C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ UACCACCGCCAAAGCCGCCU (SEQ ID NO:4) ⁇ 4 to ⁇ 23 proximal 5′ splice site C5-M4A1 C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ TTTTTGA TAGGGA AAT UACCACCGCCAAAGCCGCCU (SEQ ID NO:5) (SEQ ID NO:4) hnRNP A1 binding site
  • the second aspect of the invention features a method to alter splice site use by using hybrid oligos hybridizing at a greater distance from the splice sites.
  • hybrid oligos that are bound by hnRNP A1/A2 proteins to influence alternative splicing and the splicing of long introns by a mechanism that involves′ looping out the sequences between the sites bound by the oligos.
  • Providing A1/A2 through the use of hybrid oligos can therefore position A1/A2 to act on the splicing of large introns and on′ alternative splicing.
  • the extension is attached to an other oligo or a secondary structure of the oligonucleotide, to form a binding site for a protein which bound to double-stranded RNA.
  • the splicing machinery can recognize and bind to the 3′ splice site sequences.
  • 5′ splice site is intended to mean pre-mRNA sequences at the 5′ exon/intron boundary which generally contains the sequence CAG/GTAGGT (where/is the exon/intron boundary).
  • the splicing machinery can recognize and bind to the 5′ splice site sequences.
  • mRNA is intended to mean any form of mRNA that is produced through the use of any splice site other that the dominant splice sites.
  • Non-limiting examples include alternate forms of mRNA produced through the use of cryptic 3′ or 5′ splice sites, exon skipping, shifting of 5′ or 3′ splice sites to make exons longer or shorter, and the use of intronic sequences as an exon.
  • alternative splicing is intended to mean the use of distinct 5′ or 3′ splice sites, introns, or exons within a single pre-mRNA to generate multiple RNA and protein isoforms from a single gene.
  • alternative splicing can take the form of one or more skipped exons, variable position of intron splicing, or intron retention.
  • complementarity is intended to mean the relationshop of the nucleotides/bases on two different strands of DNA or RNA, where the bases are paired (guanine with cytidine, adenine with thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA)).
  • the complementarity of the sequences should be sufficient to enable the oligonucleotide to recognize the specified pre-mRNA sequence and to direct binding of the oligonucleotide to the specified pre-mRNA.
  • the region of the oligonucleotide can exhibit at least 70%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% sequence complementarity to the pre-mRNA being targeted.
  • the term “cryptic splice site” is intended to mean a normally dormant 5′ or 3′ splice site which is activated by a mutation or otherwise and can serve as a splicing element.
  • a mutation may activate a 5′ splice site which is downstream of the native or dominant 5′ splice site.
  • Use of this “cryptic” splice site results in the production of distinct mRNA splicing products that are not produced by the use of the native or dominant splice site.
  • dominant negative is intended to mean any distinct isoform of a protein that can inhibit the function of the natural or endogenous form of the protein.
  • RNA expression is intended to mean the detection of a gene product or protein product by standard art known methods. For example, protein expression is often detected by western blotting and RNA expression is detected by northern blotting or by RNAse protection assays.
  • reduced or inhibit expression means a decrease of 20% or greater, preferably 30% or greater, more preferably 40% or greater, and most preferably 50% or greater in the level of mRNA or protein detected by the above assays.
  • hnRNP is intended to mean any protein belonging to the family of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. hnRNP proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. There are over 20 such hnRNP proteins in human cells.
  • oligonucleotide is intended to mean polymers, such as DNA and RNA, of nucleotide monomers or nucleic acid analogs thereof, including double and single stranded deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, ⁇ -anomeric forms thereof, and the like.
  • monomers are linked by phosphodiester linkages, where the term “phosphodiester linkate” refers to phosphodiester bonds or bonds including phosphate analogs thereof, including associated counterions, e.g., H+, NH4+, Na+.
  • the oligonucleotide can also contain a modified backbone such as a morpholino backbone or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone wherein the deoxyribose phosphate skeleton has been replaced by peptide oligomers.
  • Oligonucleotides typically range in size from a few monomeric units, e.g., 5-40, to several hundreds of monomeric units.
  • oligonucleotide is represented by a sequence of letters, such as “ATGCCTG,” it will be understood that the nucleotides are in 5′ to 3′ order from left to right and that “A” denotes adenosine, “C” denotes cytidine, “G” denotes guanosine, “T” denotes thymidine, and “U” denotes uracil, unless otherwise noted.
  • A denotes adenosine
  • C denotes cytidine
  • G denotes guanosine
  • T denotes thymidine
  • U denotes uracil, unless otherwise noted.
  • physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.
  • salts examples include (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, NH4+, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to mean a carrier that is physiologically acceptable to the treated mammal while retaining the therapeutic properties of the compound with which it is administered.
  • One exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance is physiological saline.
  • physiologically acceptable carriers and their formulations are known to one skilled in the art and described, for example, in Remingtonis Pharmaceutical Sciences, (20th edition), ed. A. Gennaro, 2000, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • protein binding site sequence element is intended to mean a nucleic acid sequence element that contains a binding site for a protein that can interact with single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid molecules.
  • the protein binding site sequence element can also include any RNA sequences that are substantially identical to known small RNAs that interact with one or more proteins to form a large RNA/protein complex known as an RNP. Examples of such small RNAs include snRNA, snoRNA, or any other small RNA sequences (e.g. tRNA, 5S RNA, the RNA subunit of telomerase).
  • small RNA is intended to mean any short RNA that is not directly involved in protein synthesis. In general small RNAs range in size from 50 to 500 nucleotides, although some can be as long as a thousand base pairs. Small RNAs are metabolically stable and can associate with RNA binding proteins.
  • snRNA is intended to mean small nuclear RNA. snRNAs are generally involved in RNA processing. Examples of snRNAs include U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6, which associate with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).
  • snRNPs small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • RNA is intended to mean a small nucleolar RNA.
  • SnoRNAs can range in size from 60 to 300 nucleotides, are metabolically stable, and associate with a set of proteins to form small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs).
  • SnoRNAs generally play a role in RNA synthesis and processing.
  • There are several hundred different snoRNAs which generally fall into two major classes: the box C (RUGAUGA) and D (CUGA) motifs, and the box H (ANANNA) motif and ACA elements.
  • box C/D snoRNAs include U3, U8, U14, and U22 snoRNA.
  • box H/ACA RNAs include snR30 and the RNA subunit of telomerase.
  • splice site selection is intended to mean the determination by a cell to use one of several potential 5′ or 3′ splice sites in a pre-mRNA molecule.
  • SR proteins is intended to mean any of a family of proteins critical to splicing known as the serine-arginine (SR) family of splicing factors. These proteins function as bridges between the mRNA and several other protein factors.
  • SR serine-arginine
  • substantially identical is intended to mean a nucleic acid exhibiting at least 50%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% identity to a reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • the length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 8-100 nucleotides, more preferably 10-50 nucleotides, and most preferably 10-25 nucleotides.
  • Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software with the default parameters specified therein (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705). This software program matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, and other modifications.
  • Formulations of the present invention comprise the oligonucleouide in a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an aqueous carrier.
  • a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an aqueous carrier.
  • formulations for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those suitable for oral administration, parenteral administration, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous and intraarterial administration, as well as topical administration (i.e., administration of an aerosolized formulation of respirable particles to the lungs of a patient afflicted with cystic fibrosis).
  • the formulations may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art. The most suitable route of administration in any given case may depend upon the subject, the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and the particular active compound which is being used.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the effects of oligonucleotide versus protein binding on splice site utilization.
  • Oligonucleotide or purified GST-MS2 protein was added to an in vitro splicing assay and proximal versus distal splice site utilization was determined.
  • a model pre-mRNA containing a binding site for MS2 in the vicinity of the proximal 5′ splice site was incubated in the HeLa cell extract in the presence or absence of GST-MS2 and splicing was assayed as described above;
  • FIGS. 2 A-C illustrate splicing interference by GST-MS2 protein binding near a 5′ splice site.
  • C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ is a model pre-mRNA substrate containing the competing 5′ splice sites of mouse hnRNP Al exon 7 and exon 7B. The C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ pre-mRNA is spliced predominantly to the internal (proximal) 5′ splice site of exon 7B.
  • Another set of derivatives contained the complementary sequence of the MS2 binding sites inserted at the same position (AS derivatives).
  • AS derivatives We also constructed a derivative containing a mutated version of the MS2 binding sites (C5-M26 ⁇ ).
  • B Labeled pre-mRNAs were incubated in a HeLa nuclear extract for 2 hours at 30° C. in the presence or the absence of GST-MS2 protein. The extracted RNA was fractionated on a 11% acrylamide denaturing gel. The position of the pre-mRNA and splicing intermediates and products is indicated.
  • C Compilation of the effect of positioning of the GST-MS2 protein near a 5'splice site on splice 'site selection. The level of distal over proximal splicing was compiled for each transcript and the difference between the presence or the absence of GST-MS2 was calculated and plotted in the histogram;
  • FIGS. 3 A-B illustrate splicing interference by GST-MS2 in human 293 cells.
  • the human ⁇ -globin mini-gene (DUP5.1) was modified by inserting the MS2 binding site or a spacer element of similar size in the central exon, 26 nt upstream of the 5′ splice site. The structure of each pre-mRNA is shown as well as the splicing profile and the resulting mRNAs identified as products A*, B*, C* and D*.
  • the globin constructs were expressed in vivo following transfection in 293 cells.
  • the expression plasmid pGST-MS2 is programmed to express the GST-MS2 protein via a CMV promoter.
  • GST-MS2 expression was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis (not shown). Forty-eight hours post-transfection, total RNA was extracted and a RT-PCR assay was performed using a set of primers specific to exon 1 and exon 3. The position of the amplified products is shown as well as their identity relative to mRNA products. Some molecular weights markers and the expected sizes of the amplified products are indicated;
  • FIGS. 4 A-F illustrate in vitro splicing interference with RNA oligonucleotides and protein-binding RNA oligonucleotides.
  • A The position of the antisense RNA oligonucleotides on the C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ pre-mRNA is shown. Oligo C5-5 is complementary to the 5′ splice site of exon 7B, while the C5-M4 series are oligos complementary to the ⁇ 4 to ⁇ 23 sequence upstream of the 5′ splice site of exon 7B.
  • Oligo C5-M4A1 contains a DNA tail with the hnRNP A1 binding site TAGAGT (underlined), while oligo C5-M4A1W contains two RNA binding sites for Al (underlined). Oligo C5-M4CT contains an unrelated 5′ extension while oligo C5-M4A1M contains mutated Al binding sites.
  • C5-M26 is complementary to the sequence located 26 to 45 nt upstream of the 5′ splice site.
  • C5-M26A1 contains an additional 5′ DNA tail carrying an A1 binding site (underlined).
  • B Native gel analysis of A1 binding to oligonucleotides.
  • GST-UP1 A shortened version of recombinant hnRNP A1 (GST-UP1) was used for testing binding affinity. Each labeled oligo was incubated with increasing amounts of GST-UP1 (0.5 and 1 ⁇ g). The TS10 oligo is a telomeric DNA oligo of 60 nt containing nine high-affinity A1 binding sites. Complexes were fractionated in a 5% acrylamide gel. The position of the free oligos and complexes is shown. (C) Pre-mRNAs were incubated in a HeLa extract for 2 hours in the presence of increasing amounts of oligonucleotides (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 pmoles in 12.5 ⁇ l reaction).
  • RNA was extracted and fractionated on a denaturing 11% acrylamide gel. The position of the pre-mRNAs, splicing intermediates and products is indicated.
  • D Based on the results obtained in panel C, the relative use of proximal and distal splicing was compiled, expressed as a ratio of percentages and plotted relative to the amount of oligo used.
  • E Labeled pre-mRNAs were incubated as above in the presence of increasing amounts of oligonucleotides (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 pmoles in 12.5 ⁇ l reaction). The RNA was extracted and fractionated on a denaturing 11% acrylamide gel.
  • FIGS. 5 A-E illustrate splicing interference mediated by the protein-binding antisense oligo in vivo.
  • A Splicing map of the Bcl-x pre-mRNA showing the splicing events leading to Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS mRNA production. The position and sequence of the 2′O-Me oligos used in vivo is indicated.
  • B Native gel analysis of UP1 binding to oligonucleotides. The TS10 DNA oligo (60 nt) contains nine A1 binding sites. Each labeled oligo was incubated with increasing amounts of the shortened version of recombinant hnRNP A1 (GST-UP1).
  • FIGS. 6 A-B illustrate the role of hnRNP A1/A2 in the activity of the interfering antisense oligo in HeLa cells.
  • One set of transfections comprised HeLa cells mock-treated or treated with 100 nM of RNA oligo X-M4 and X-M4A1W.
  • Another set of transfections was performed with the same oligos but was co-transfected with siRNAs molecules specific for human hnRNP A1 and hnRNP A2.
  • A The ratio of the Bcl-xL Bcl-xS amplified products is plotted on the histogram.
  • FIGS. 7 A-B illustrate monitoring U1 snRNP binding to the proximal 5′ splice site using an oligo-directed RNase H protection assay.
  • A The C5-M26S pre-mRNA was incubated in a mock-treated extract or an extract that had been depleted of U1 (U1 ⁇ ) by decapitation using a DNA oligo complementary to the 5′ end of U1 RNA and RNase H. Splicing mixtures were incubated for the indicated times (in min) and a protection assay was performed with a DNA oligo complementary to the 5′ splice site of exon 7B.
  • FIG. 8A -D illustrate that high-affinity binding sites for A1/A2 stimulate the in vitro removal of long introns:
  • the size of the short introns in 7-Ad and 7B-Ad pre-mRNAs is indicated in nucleotides.
  • the size of lambda inserts A, B and C are respectively 1015, 943 and 1038 nt. These inserts do not contain putative A/B binding sites matching the sequences UAGGGU/A or UAGAGU/A.
  • the long intron substrates contain either exon 7 or exon 7B as first exon, and either the adenovirus L2 or the Bcl-X exon as second exon.
  • the pre-mRNAs correspond to the ( ⁇ . ⁇ ) version.
  • the (+.+) version contains ABS inserted 26 nt downstream of the 5′ splice site and 88 nt upstream of the 3′ splice site, whereas the ( ⁇ . ⁇ ) version contains inverted repeats at the same positions.
  • RNA products from mixtures were amplified by RT-PCR using a common set of primers (reverse primer complementary to the adenovirus sequence and forward primer corresponding to plasmid sequence downstream from the T3 RNA polymerase promoter found upstream of the exon 7 and 7B-specific sequences).
  • the graph displays the abundance of splicing product amplified from the splicing reaction incubated for different times.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the activity of a single ABS on long-intron splicing.
  • the 7-AdA and 7-AdB pre-mRNAs lacking ABS (( ⁇ . ⁇ ), lanes 1-4), containing two ABS ((+.+), lanes 13-16) or containing either only the downstream (( ⁇ .+), lanes 5-8) or the upstream ABS ((+. ⁇ ), lanes 9-12) were mixed with the short-intron 7B-Ad pre-mRNA (control pre-mRNA) and incubated in a HeLa extract for the indicated times.
  • the mRNA from all substrates was amplified by RT-PCR using common primers in the presence of 32P-dCTP.
  • the short-intron 7B-Ad control pre-mRNA is only shown for 7-AdA.
  • the graph displays the abundance of amplified products derived from the 7-AdA pre-mRNA at different incubation times.
  • FIGS. 10 A-C illustrate that the hnRNP Al protein stimulates long-intron splicing
  • FIGS. 11 A-F illustrate that a protein-binding oligonucleotides carrying ABS stimulate the splicing of long introns:
  • the 7B-AdA pre-mRNA lacking ABS was co-incubated with the short-intron 7-Ad in the presence of various concentrations of UA and Da oligonucleotides (0, 8, 80 and 800 pM of each oligonucleotide) or the UA oligo alone (800 pM). Incubation in HeLa extracts was for 60 minutes.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates that a protein-binding oligonucleotides carrying ABS can modulate alternative splicing in vitro.
  • a uniformly labeled pre-mRNA carrying the competing 5′ splice sites of exon 7 and exon 7B from the murine hnRNP A1 gene was incubated in a HeLa nuclear extract for 90 min at 30° C. in the absence or in the presence of protein-binding oligonucleotides.
  • Increasing amounts of UST and Da oligonucleotides were used (0, 0.08, 0.8, 8, 80 and 160 nM of each). 160 nM of each oligonucleotide was used for the rest.
  • the structure of the pre-mRNA and the position of hybridization of the oligonucleotides are shown on top.
  • the products of the splicing reaction were resolved in a 10% acrylamide/8 M urea gel.
  • the position of the lariat products that migrate above the pre-mRNA and derived from the use of the proximal (7B) or distal (7) 5′ splice site are shown.
  • novel methods for interfering with and influencing splice site selection are provided.
  • the ability to modulate or interfere with splice site selection is useful not only as a tool to study alternative splicing but also as a therapeutic agent for diseases such as cancer where alternative splicing is associated with the pathogenesis of the disease.
  • this invention is based on the discovery that an oligonucleotide containing a protein binding site extension and sequences complementary to sequences upstream of a splice site (e.g., in the exon preceding a 5′ splice site) can block splicing at this splice site.
  • oligos containing binding sites for hnRNP A1/A2 can be used to remodel intron and pre-mRNA structure to facilitate the removal of long introns or to affect alternative splice site use. These methods can be used to study the function of different protein isoforms, to prevent the usage of an, aberrant splice site and to reprogram alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
  • the present invention features the use of oligonucleotides to interfere with splice site selection.
  • the oligonucleotides are generally composed of two distinct regions: (i) a nucleic acid sequence element that is complementary to the region of the pre-mRNA being targeted, and (ii) an extension containing a protein binding site sequence element which is recognized by a protein that binds to single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid molecules.
  • the oligonucleotide can direct the binding of a protein or a protein/nucleic acid complex to the vicinity of a splice site.
  • the oligonucleotide can also serve to block binding of a splicing factor to the splice site and inhibit splicing in this manner.
  • the oligonucleotides described herein can be DNA or RNA and include any modifications. Such modifications can improve the oligonucleotide in a variety of ways including improved stability, resistance to degradation by exo- and endo-nucleases, or delivery of the oligonucleotide to a cell.
  • modified oligonucleotides include modifications to the phosphate backbone such as methyl phosphonates, methyl phosphonothioates, phosphoromorpholidates, phosphoropiperazidates and phosphoramidates. In one example, every other one of the internucleotide bridging phosphate residues may be modified as described.
  • such oligonucleotides are oligonucleotides wherein at least one, or all, of the nucleotides contain a 2′ loweralkyl moiety (e.g., C1-C4, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, propyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, and isopropyl).
  • a 2′ loweralkyl moiety e.g., C1-C4, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, propyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, and isopropyl.
  • the modified oligonucleotide can also contain a modified backbone such as a morpholino backbone or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone wherein the deoxyribose phosphate skeleton has been replaced by a peptide oligomer (See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,142,047; 5,185,444; 5,539,082; 5,977,296; 6,316,595; 5,719,262; 5,766,855; 5,714,331; 5,705,333; 5,034,506; and International Patent No. WO92/20703).
  • a modified backbone such as a morpholino backbone or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone wherein the deoxyribose phosphate skeleton has been replaced by a peptide oligomer
  • oligonucleotides described herein include the modification of at least one sugar moiety.
  • modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to 2′-O-Methyl and 2′-O-Methooxyethyl groups.
  • Chimeric oligonucleotides, or oligonudeotides containing a mixture of chemistry are also included.
  • oligonucleotides with cytidines 5′ to guanosines replaced with 5-methylcytidine in order to reduce the so-called CpG effect are also included.
  • the complementary portion of the oligonucleotide contains sequences that are substantially complementary to the region of the pre-mRNA being targeted. It is preferable that this portion of the oligonucleotide be RNA or modifications thereof (e.g., 2′-O-Methyl phosphorothioate, 2′-O-Methooxyethyl phosphorothioate, morpholino and PNA backbones).
  • the oligonucleotide is at least 70% complementary to the nucleotides in the region of the pre-mRNA being targeted, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% complementary.
  • the oligonucleotide is directed to a region at least eight base pairs in length upstream of a splice site via this complementary portion.
  • This region begins preferably 1 to 46 base pairs upstream of the splice site, more preferably 16 to 36 base pairs upstream, and most preferably 20 to 26 base pairs upstream of the splice site.
  • the splice site can be the 5′ or the 3′ splice site of any given intron/exon boundary; the 5′ splice site is the preferred target.
  • the second portion of the oligonudeotide is the extension containing a binding site for a protein that can bind single-stranded nucleic acid molecules.
  • This extension can be single-stranded DNA or RNA or any modifications thereof (e.g., 2′-O-Methyl phosphorothioate, 2′-O-Methooxyethyl phosphorothioate, morpholino and PNA backbones).
  • the protein binding site sequence element binds a protein that is'selected from any art-known single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid binding proteins.
  • RNA binding proteins such as U2AF and TAR proteins.
  • the ability of the extension to bind a particular protein can be determined by standard protein-nucleic acid binding assays such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using a radioactively labeled form of the oligonucleotide.
  • ESA electrophoretic mobility shift assays
  • the extension can include the RNA sequences of any known snRNA, snoRNA or other small RNA, which is known to interact with proteins and to form an RNA/protein complex.
  • Non-limiting examples include U1-U6, U8, U14, U22, snR30, 5SRNA, and the RNA subunit of telomerase. In this way, the extension would direct the binding of the RNP to sequences upstream of the splice site which would then interfere with splicing.
  • RNA oligonucleotides were purchased from Dharmacon Research Inc. (Lafayette, Colo., USA)
  • the 3′ half of the upstream oligo UA or UB is complementary to the intronic sequences at the 5′ end of the lambda insert A or B, respectively, 42 nt downstream from the 5′ splice site.
  • These oligos have a CE1a element sequence at the 5′ end portion.
  • oligos UOA and UOB contain the same complementary sequences but CE1a element is located at the 3′ end.
  • the downstream oligos Da and Db are complementary to a 20 nt region 67 nt upstream of the adenovirus exon L2, and 122 nt upstream of the Bcl-X exon 3, respectively. These oligos contain the CE1a element sequence in their 3′ end portion.
  • the upstream oligo UB1 is complementary to a 20 nt region in insert B, 489 nt downstream of the 5′ splice site of exon and contains the CE1a element in its 5′ end portion.
  • Oligo UB2 has the CE1a element in the 3′ end portion and carries a 20 nt region complementary to a sequence in insert B which is 559 nt downstream from the 5′ splice site.
  • Oligo UBn shares its last 19 nucleotides with oligo UB but has a non-ABS 25 nt-long tail at its 5′ end.
  • Oligo UST has a 20 nt at the 3′ end complementary to the intronic sequences between the distal and the proximal 5′ splice sites in RNA 53 while the 5′ portion of this oligo contains the CE1a element.
  • Oligo DST hybridizes 125 nt upstream of the 3′ splice site of the adenovirus 3′ splice site and carries a CE1a element.
  • Table 2 The sequences of all oligos used in splicing are shown in Table 2. In Table 2, the complementary sequences are underlined, whereas the CE1a element is in bold. The non-ABS extension of UBn and USn is shown in small case letters.
  • the DNA primers used for the RT-PCR amplification of spliced products were the 20 nt-long E-Ad and BclX3 which used as the downstream primers for the RT step and the PCR amplification of products carrying the adenovirus or Bcl-X as second exon, respectively.
  • E-Ad (5′-GAGTTTGTCCTCAACCGCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:15)) is complementary to the 5′ end of the adenovirus exon L2.
  • BclX3 (5′-TCGGCTGCTGCATTGTTCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:16)) is complementary to a region 21 nt downstream of the 5′ end of the Bcl-X exon 3.
  • the upstream primer in all amplifications was a 21 nt-long oligo T3-5′ (5′-GGGAACAAAAGCTGGGTACCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:17)) that hybridizes to the 5′ end region of all transcripts synthesized from the T3 RNA polymerase promoter.
  • the oligonucleotides of the present invention contain a complementary portion and a protein binding site extension.
  • This protein binding site sequence element can direct the binding of a protein known to be present in the cell or cell extract being used.
  • the protein can be a protein that is not found in the cell or cell extract and must be supplied exogenously. This variation allows for more control of the splice site interference as the protein can be added only when splice site interference is desired.
  • the protein is purified using art-known methods of protein production and purification.
  • art-known methods of protein production and purification include the use of bacterial or insect cells for the production of the protein (e.g., E.Coli and Sf9 cells, respectively) and affinity chromatography for purification for use in in vitro systems.
  • Common techniques include GST protein purification, His-tagged protein purification, and baculovirus protein production and purification, all of which are known methods to a skilled artisan.
  • Protein transduction domains are small peptide fragments that have the capacity to cross both cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes, allowing the direct introduction of proteins into cells.
  • proteins containing protein transduction domains include the HIV TAT protein, HSV VP22 protein, the Drosophila Antennapedia homoedomain protein, and highly basic peptides such as poly-lysine or poly-arginine peptides.
  • the PTD is a short segment of any of the above described proteins or any additional proteins shown to facilitate translocation of heterologous proteins.
  • amino acids 47-57 of the TAT protein has been used to effectively transduce fluorescein and beta-galactosidase into mouse cells by direct linking of the PTD tag to the protein.
  • a 16 amino acid peptide corresponding to the DNA-binding domain of the Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain is used to transduce proteins to the cytoplasm and nucleus of living cells (TransVector System, Qbiogene, Inc).
  • the desired protein is linked to a PTD using a bacterial expression vector.
  • the fusion protein is purified from bacterial cells using either soluble or denaturing conditions.
  • the purified fusion protein is added to mammalian cell culture or injected in vivo into an animal. Protein transduction occurs in a concentration dependent manner and can take as little as five minutes. Additional methods for generating PTD-protein fusion proteins include peptide synthesis of the desired fusion protein or transfecting mammalian cells using a recombinant vector for expression of the fusion protein.
  • the fusion protein then transduces from the primary transfected cells into the surrounding cells.
  • transfection reagents include, for example, TransIT-TKOTM (Mirus, Cat. # MIR 2150), Transmessenger( (Qiagen, Cat. # 301525), and OligofectamineTM (Invitrogen, Cat. # MIR 12252-011). Protocols for each transfection reagent are available from the manufacturer.
  • Retroviral vectors adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, or other viral vectors with the appropriate desired tropism for cells may be used as a gene transfer delivery system for the methods of the present invention. Numerous vectors useful for this purpose are generally known.
  • the short intron pre-mRNA substrates 7-Ad and 7B-Ad were transcribed from plasmids p01[7-Ad ( ⁇ )] and p45.1[7B-Ad ( ⁇ )], respectively using the T3 RNA polymerase promoter.
  • p01 was produced by deleting a 188 nt BamHI-EcoRI fragment from p104.2 (C3′ ( ⁇ . ⁇ )] followed by blunt end formation using the Klenow enzyme. Construction of p104.2 (Blanchette and Chabot, (1999), EMBO J, 18:1939-1952) and p45.1 has been described previously.
  • Short intron pre-mRNAs containing the 3′ splice site of the Bcl-X exon 3 were similarly generated from p232[7-BclX( ⁇ )] and p203 [7B-BclX ( ⁇ )].
  • p203 and p232 were produced by replacing a 517 nt HindIII-NaeI fragment of p45.1 and p01, respectively, with a 345 nt HindIII-SmaI fragment from a human Bcl-X plasmid.
  • pNSL5.1 and pNSL6.1 Three lambda DNA fragments, approximately1 Kb-long, were used as spacers to generate long introns. These fragments were obtained from intermediate clones pNSL5.1 and pNSL6.1 as follows. pNSL5.1 and pNSL6.1 were constructed by inserting either the 2263 bp-long Nrul-Scal (nt 16423-18686) or the 3653 bp-long Nrul-Scal (nt 28052-31705) lambda DNA fragment in reverse orientation in the EcoRV site of the K+ vector backbone, respectively.
  • pNSL5.1 was then digested using BsaA1 and PvuII to generate a 1015 bp fragment (insert A) or NaeI and HincII to obtain a 1038 bp fragment (insert C).
  • pNSL6.1 was digested using EcoRV and SspI to produce a 943 bp fragment (insert B).
  • p189 [7-AdA( ⁇ . ⁇ )] was obtained by replacing the 142 bp SmaI-EcoRV fragment of p45 with the 1015 bp lambda insert A.
  • p190[7-AdA(+.+)] the same fragment was cloned in the EcoRV site of an intermediate plasmid p36.2BRL. Construction of p36.2BRL involved deletion of a 269 bp BamHI-BamHI-EcoRI portion followed by insertion of an 18 bp BamHI-EcoRI Linker (BRL) adapter composed of two complementary B and R oligos.
  • BBL BamHI-EcoRI Linker
  • Oligo B (5′-GATCCGGCCGATATCGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:30)) has a 4 nt overhang complementary to the BamHI site while the oligo R (5′-AATTCGCGATATCGGCCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:31)) has a 4 nt overhang complementary to the EcoRI site.
  • p191[7-AdA( ⁇ . ⁇ )] was produced by replacing the 142 bp SmaI-EcoRV fragment of p153 (Nasim et al., 2002) with the 1015 bp insert A.
  • p205[7B-AdB( ⁇ . ⁇ )] and p206[7B-AdA( ⁇ . ⁇ )] was accomplished by incorporating the 943 bp insert B or the 1015 bp insert A at the EcoRV site of p45.1, respectively.
  • p209[7B-AdB(+.+)] and p210[7B-AdA(+.+)] were obtained through a two-step strategy.
  • an intermediate plasmid p202 [7B-Ad(+.+)BRL] was constructed by replacing a 105 bp EcoO109l -SmaI fragment of p36.2BRL with a 157 bp EcoO109l-EcoRV fragment from p45.1. This was followed either by replacement of a 51 bp BamHI-HindIII fragment of p202 with a 995 bp BamHI-HindIII fragment from p187 to produce p209, or incorporation of the 1015 bp insert A in the EcoRV site of p202 to obtain p210.
  • p194[7-BclB( ⁇ . ⁇ )] and p198[7-BclB(+.+)] were constructed by replacing a 195 bp HindIII-SacI fragment of p186 and p187, respectively, with a 387 bp HindIII-SacI fragment from pK+bclx 5′/3′short.
  • p195[7-BclA( ⁇ . ⁇ )] and p199[7-BclA(+.+)] were constructed by replacing a 572 bp EcoO109l-HindIII fragment of pK+bclx 5′/3′ short with the 1126 bp EcoO109l-HindIII fragment from p189 and the 1184 bp EcoO109l-HindIII fragment from p190, respectively.
  • the 117 bp EcoRV-SphI fragment in p203 was replaced with the 1136 bp SmaI-SphI fragment of p198 to get p214 whereas construction of p215 was achieved in two-steps.
  • the 92 bp XhoI-SmaI portion of p204 was replaced with a 148 bp XhoI-EcoRV fragment from p45.1 to generate an intermediate p213[7B-BclX(+/+)BRL].
  • Second, the 1015 bp insert A was subcloned at the EcoRV site of p213 to produce p215.
  • p189.2[7-AdA( ⁇ .+)] and p189.3[7-AdA(+. ⁇ )] were constructed by swapping the 769 bp EagI-BsaAI fragment of p189 and the 798 bp fragment of p190 with one another.
  • Constructs containing adenovirus exon L2 were linearized with Scal whereas the constructs containing Bcl-X exon 3 were linearized using BglI, and used as templates for in vitro transcription.
  • minimally labeled pre-mRNA substrates were synthesized in vitro using T3 RNA polymerase and gel-purified as described earlier. Labeling was done for the quantification purpose only. A known amount of the pre-mRNA was then incubated in HeLa nuclear extract under standard splicing conditions at 30° C. The RNA material was then PCA extracted and ethanol precipitated.
  • RNA oligos were mixed with either the individual oligo or a mixture of the oligos prior to splicing.
  • RNA species obtained after splicing were quantitated and resuspended in sterile water to a concentration of 5-10 atomoles per ⁇ l. An equivalent amount of this solution was then subjected to RT-PCR amplification.
  • a uniformly labeled pre-mRNA was synthesized and processed as described earlier.
  • pre-mRNAs incubated in splicing extracts were minimally labeled such that the amount of pre-mRNA used could be precisely quantitated and followed until after PCA extraction and ethanol precipitation.
  • a short-intron pre-mRNA was co-incubated with the test pre-mRNA to insure equivalent processing and loading between different samples.
  • RNA controls were added only before the RT-PCR reaction.
  • Amplification protocols used the ready-to-go RT-PCR beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) as described earlier.
  • amplifications were performed in the presence of 32P-labeled dCTP.
  • reaction mixtures after amplification were treated with RNase A and the products were resolved on a 5% nondenaturing acrylamide gel, unless stated otherwise.
  • the gel was stained with ethidium bromide, photographed under UV light and quantitated using QuantityOne software (Bio-Rad).
  • QuantityOne software Bio-Rad
  • the methods of the present invention are used generally to (1) address the function of different protein isoforms made by alternative splicing, (2) prevent the usage of aberrant splice sites, and (3) reprogram alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
  • the methods of the present invention are useful as in vitro or in vivo tools to examine splicing in human or animal genes that are developmentally and/or tissue regulated.
  • the methods of the present invention are also useful as a tool to examine the function of various isoforms of a given protein.
  • the method is used to create an isoform of a protein that behaves in a dominant negative manner. This dominant negative protein can then inhibit the function of the protein.
  • the expression of an alternative isoform of the human telomerase gene product can inhibit telomerase activity in telomerase positive cells.
  • the methods of the present invention are also useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases involving aberrant splicing.
  • diseases include but are not limited to thallassemia, haemophilia, retinoblastoma, cystic fibrosis, analbuminemia, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
  • Table 3 taken from a recent review by Caceres and Kornblihtt summarizes examples of hereditary disorders caused by exonic point mutations that affect alternative splicing (Trends in Genetics, 18:186-193, 2002).
  • S305N(G ⁇ A,10) indicates that a G mutated to an A in exon 10, with a putative translational effect of replacing a serine at position 305 for an asparagines.
  • E60X(G ⁇ T,3) indicates that a G mutated to a T in exon 3, with a putative translational effect of generating a premature #stop codon instead of the codon for glutamic acid position 60.
  • the invention can be used as a treatment for cancer.
  • the oligonucleotides can be used to shift splice site utilization towards the production of mRNA isoforms that encode pro-apoptotic proteins instead of anti-apoptotic proteins, and in doing so promote cell death.
  • inclusion of exon 6 in the Fas receptor pre-mRNA produces a membrane-bound form that acts as an effector of apoptosis.
  • skipping exon 6 yields a soluble form that inhibits programmed cell death.
  • Bcl-x is alternatively spliced to produce Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS, which inhibits and activates apoptosis, respectively. Similar examples have been documented with Mcl-1, Bok, CC3 and caspases 1, 2, 6 and 7. Alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA is responsible for the production of these forms. Targeting splice sites responsible for the production of the anti-apoptotic form with oligonucleotides carrying a protein binding site extension would allow for a shift towards the production of the pro-apoptotic form. This approach can be used to promote cell death and kill cancer cells.
  • the oligonucleotides can be used to block the production of various oncogenic spliced variants of proteins involved in cancer. For example, increased skipping of the alpha exon in glioblastoma produces a fibroblast growth factor receptor with higher affinity for ligands. In another example, the inappropriate inclusion of exons in BIN1 mRNA results in the loss of tumor suppressor activity in some melanoma samples.
  • Alternative splicing can also generate isoforms of proto-oncogenes that are less active or that even display dominant negative activity, as is the case with a recently discovered isoform of the human telomerase hTERT which inhibits telomerase activity when expressed in telomerase positive cells.
  • Another potential use for the methods and compositions described herein is for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders associated with an imbalance in the production of different spliced isoforms of neuronal proteins.
  • neurological disorders associated with an imbalance in the production of different spliced isoforms of neuronal proteins.
  • Examples of such disorders include schizophrenia, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  • N-CAM Neural cell adhesion molecule
  • NCAM 140 and NCAM 180 are alternatively spliced to produce a short and long form (NCAM 140 and NCAM 180). NCAM 180 results from the specific inclusion of exon 18. NCAM 180 is essential for the differentiation of neuronal cells (dendrite formation). Therefore, oligonucleotides of the present invention can be used to prevent exon 18 inclusion, hence modulating isoform expression of NCAM and potentially blocking neuronal differentiation.
  • the methods of the present invention are also useful for controlling viral infection.
  • HIV produces more than 40 distinct mRNAs through, alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
  • Proper and efficient splicing is crucial at the initial stage of an HIV infection. Therefore, targeting HIV splice sites and preventing proper and efficient splice site utilization could prevent progression of the infection.
  • the present invention provides for the use of oligonucleotides having the characteristics set forth above for the preparation of a medicament for regulating gene expression in a patient afflicted with a disorder caused by aberrant splicing, as discussed above.
  • the oligonucleotide is typically admixed with, inter alia, an acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier must, of course, be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with any other ingredients in the formulation and must not be deleterious to the patient.
  • the carrier may be a solid or a liquid.
  • One or more oligonucleotides can be incorporated in the formulations of the invention, which may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy consisting essentially of admixing the components, optionally including one or more accessory therapeutic ingredients.
  • the oligonucleotide may be contained within a lipid particle or vesicle, such as a liposome or microcrystal, which may be suitable for parenteral administration.
  • the particles may be of any suitable structure, such as unilamellar or plurilamellar, so long as the antisense oligonucleotide is contained therein.
  • Positively charged lipids such as N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxi)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-amoniummethylsulfate, or “DOTAP,” are particularly preferred for such particles and vesicles.
  • DOTAP N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxi)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-amoniummethylsulfate
  • the preparation of such lipid particles is well known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,880,635; 4,906,477; 4,911,
  • the dosage of the oligonucleotide administered will depend upon the particular method being carried out, and when it is being administered to a subject, will depend on the disease, the condition of the subject, the particular formulation, and the route of administration. In general, intracellular concentrations of the oligonucleotide ranging from 0.005 to 50 ⁇ M, or more preferably 0.02 to 5 ⁇ M, are desired. For administration to a subject such as a human, a daily dosage ranging from about 0.001 to 50 mg/Kg, more preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/Kg, and most preferably 0.1 to 5 mg/Kg is employed.
  • an in vitro splicing assay was developed in HeLa cell extracts. This assay utilized a model pre-mRNA substrate (hereafter referred to as “553 or C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ pre-mRNA”) containing competing 5′ splice sites taken from hnRNP A1 exon 7 and exon 7B.
  • the 553 pre-mRNA was radioactively labeled with 32 p and incubated in a HeLa nuclear extract for two hours, and then total RNA was isolated and fractionated on acrylamide/urea gels.
  • Oligonucleotides were resuspended in water and added to the splicing mixtures containing extracts and target pre-mRNA at indicated concentrations. Normally, the pre-mRNA was spliced predominantly to the internal (proximal) 5′ splice site of exon 7B. However, if the proximal 5′ splice site was somehow blocked, then the distal site from exon 7 was used. Distal lariat molecules migrated above the pre-mRNA while proximal lariat molecules migrated below the pre-mRNA. This assay was used to measure the blocking ability of a given oligonucleotide.
  • oligonucleotide that bound to sequences 26 to 46 nucleotides upstream of a 5′ splice site did not repress splicing as efficiently as an oligonucleotide directly targeting the 5′ splice site ( FIG. 1 , compare oligo A and oligo B). Sequences of oligonucleotides were as follows: A: 5′-UAC CUA CCA CUA CCA CCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) and B: 5′-CCU CCU CCG UUG UUA UAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33). Oligonucleotides were 2′-O-Me derivatives.
  • the applicants also determined that targeting the binding of a protein to sequences between 26 and 46nucleotides upstream of a 5′ splice site was more efficient at reducing the use of this 5′ splice site than targeting an oligonucleotide to this region ( FIG. 1 , lane 5).
  • a model pre-mRNA containing a binding site for MS2, a bacteriophage coat protein, in the vicinity of the proximal 5′ splice site was incubated in a HeLa nuclear extract in the presence of purified GST-MS2.
  • targeting the ⁇ 20 region of the pre-mRNA with a protein was more effective than targeting the same region with an oligonucleotide, possibly because the protein prevented 5′ splice site recognition by U1 snRNP.
  • the oligonucleotide only interfered with a later step of spliceosome assembly.
  • directed protein binding 20 nucleotides from the proximal 5′ splice site led to a shift in favor of the distal 5′ splice site.
  • a high-affinity MS2 binding site was inserted at various positions ( ⁇ 46, ⁇ 37, ⁇ 26, ⁇ 17, +15, +23 and +31) upstream or downstream of the proximal 5′ splice junction ( FIG. 2A ) and the in vitro splicing of the resulting pre-mRNAs was carried out in a HeLa extract supplemented in the presence or the absence of the recombinant GST-MS2 protein. As seen in FIG.
  • the local structure surrounding a binding site for MS2 may alter the affinity of GST-MS2.
  • the GST-MS2 protein can therefore recapitulate the activity of factors that bind upstream of a 5′ splice site to obstruct its use. Because the spliceosome occupies a similar space downstream from the splice junction, it is unclear why the binding of GST-MS2 at equivalent positions downstream from the 5′ splice site had no effect on splice site selection.
  • the asymmetric impact of protein binding near a 5′ splice site may reflect intrinsic preferences in the ability of the spliceosome to deal with structural impediments.
  • the ⁇ -globin DUP5.1 reporter plasmid was used.
  • the internal exon 2 in DUP5.1 is preferentially excluded because of its small size, and its inclusion level did not change upon co-expression of GST-MS2 ( FIG. 3B , lanes 1-2).
  • Insertion of the MS2 binding site or a spacer element 26 nt upstream of the 5′ splice junction increased the size of the central exon leading to almost complete inclusion of the central exon ( FIG. 3B , lanes 3 and 5).
  • Co-transfection with the GST-MS2 expression plasmid promoted a decrease in the frequency of exon 2 inclusion only when DUP5.1 contained the MS2 binding site ( FIG. 3B , lane 6). This result shows that targeting the binding of a protein upstream of a 5′ splice site can interfere with splicing in vivo.
  • targeting protein binding to promote interference did not require that the binding site be present in cis (i.e., on the pre-mRNA itself. Indeed, the binding site was effective when provided in trans using an oligonucleotide that contains the protein binding site and a portion complementary to the target sequence.
  • a series of antisense oligos complementary to a portion of the C5′ ⁇ / ⁇ pre-mRNA ⁇ 4 to ⁇ 23 upstream of the proximal 5′ splice site was designed.
  • the C5-M4A1 oligo contains a16 nt-long non-hybridizing 5′ extension made of DNA and carrying one high-affinity binding site for the hnRNP A1/A2 proteins (TAGGGA).
  • the C5-M4A1W contains the winner RNA sequence for optimal hnRNP A1 binding.
  • a mutated version of this oligo (C5-M4A1M) harboring two GGG to CGC mutation was used as a control.
  • Oligos carrying a non-related 16 nt-long tail (C5-M4CT) or lacking a tail (C5-M4) were also used as controls.
  • the hybridization of the C5-M4 oligo was sufficient to provoke a reduction in the use of the proximal 5′ splice site such that splice site selection shifted from predominantly proximal to nearly equivalent use of each 5′ splice site ( FIG. 4C , lanes 24).
  • a similar effect was obtained with the C5-M4CT and the C5-M4A1M oligos ( FIG. 4C , lanes 8-10 and 14-16, respectively).
  • the ratio of distal to proximal products was shifted from 0.25 to 1.3.
  • the Bcl-x pre-mRNA has been a target for splice site modulation by duplex-forming oligos.
  • Two -types of oligos have been used: one that targets directly the proximal 5′ splice site of Bcl-xL (positions +2 to ⁇ 16 relative to the 5′ splice junction), the other was complementary to positions 16 to 35 nt upstream of the same 5′ splice site.
  • Each oligo has been reported to block Bcl-xL splicing, such that the relative abundance of the isoforms shifts from almost exclusively Bcl-xL to predominantly Bcl-xS.
  • a series of 2′O-Me oligonucleotides was transfected in cells.
  • the oligos used are listed in Table 1.
  • X-5 is complementary to the 5′ splice site of Bcl-xL (+7 to ⁇ 13);
  • X-M4 is complementary to the ⁇ 4 to ⁇ 23 region upstream of the Bcl-xL site.
  • the other two oligos contain the same complementary region and carry a 5′ tail carrying two high-affinity binding sites for hnRNP A1 or a mutated version (X-M4A1W and X-M4A1M, respectively).
  • 5A shows the splicing map of the Bcl-x pre-mRNA illustrating the splicing events leading the Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS mRNA producing.
  • the A1 binding ability of these 2′O-Me oligos was confirmed by gel shift assays ( FIG. 5B ).
  • the best UP1 binder was X4-A1W (lanes 7-9), whereas no binding was detected using X-M4A1W, X-M4 and X-5.
  • Transfection of the individual oligo was carried out in triplicates at different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 nM) in the prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3, the colon carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 using as a control transfection with oligofectamine alone or with an unrelated oligo (C-RNA). Twenty-four hours post-transfection, RNA was extracted and analyzed by RT-PCR to monitor changes in the relative abundance of the Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS mRNAs. Compared to the control, the X-5 oligo had little activity at all concentrations tested in PC3, HCT 116 and MCF-7 cells ( FIG. 5C , lane 2; FIG. 5D , lane 3 and FIG.
  • the duplex-forming X-M4 oligo displayed moderate shifting ability in all cell lines ( FIG. 5C , lane 3; FIG. 5D . lane 4 and FIG. 5E , lane 4).
  • the X-M4A1W oligo elicited the strongest shift toward the production of the Bcl-xS form with an efficiency that was clearly superior to the effect observed with X-M4 in all cell lines ( FIG. 5C , lane 4; FIG. 5D . lane 5 and FIG. 5E , lane 5). This level of shift is among the strongest that has been reported for Bcl-x. As expected, the X-M4A1M oligo was considerably less efficient ( FIG.
  • the residual activity may reflect low affinity binding by A1/A2 or may indicate that a 5′ tail can display intrinsic interfering activity in vivo.
  • RNA interference experiment using siRNAs against hnRNP A1/A2 was carried out in HeLa S3 cells (FIGS. 6 A-B).
  • siRNAs and interfering RNA oligos were co-transfected and total RNA was extracted 24 h later.
  • Parallel transfections were continued for 96 h at which time proteins were extracted and analyzed by western analysis.
  • the level of A1/A2 proteins was reduced to represent less than 25% of the level observed in mock-treated cells.
  • RT-PCR analysis of the Bcl-x expression levels indicated that the X-M4A1W oligo shifted splicing toward Bcl-xS production in HeLa S3 cells ( FIG. 6B , compare lane 5 with lane 1).
  • the duplex-forming X-M4 oligo had little activity ( FIG. 6B , lane 3).
  • the activity of the X-M4A1W oligo was impaired when the cells had been co-transfected with siRNAs against A1/A2 ( FIG. 6B , lane 6), indicating that hnRNP A1/A2 proteins are required for the in vivo activity of the X-M4A1W oligo.
  • RNAse H RNAse H cleavage assay.
  • a DNA oligo complementary to the targeted 5′ splice site is added to a splicing mixture along with RNAse H which degrades the RNA portion of the RNA/DNA duplex. Protection are time 0 is indicative of U1 snRNP binding, while the protection observed following incubation at 30° C.
  • protein-binding 2O-Me oligos carrying binding sites for A1/A2 were also very active on a Bcl-x pre-mRNA and greatly superior in activity to oligos complementary to the 5′ splice site or to an oligo that only formed a duplex upstream of that 5′ splice site.
  • An additional tail that was similarly active carried a branchsite region which may be bound by mBBP/SF1 or U2 snRNP. The greater activity of tailed oligos relative to oligos directly complementary to 5′ splice sites is striking.
  • duplex formation near but not including a 5′ splice site should be less active because they are at a distance from the 5′ splice site. It was shown herein that duplex formation in that region does not prevent the initial binding of U1 snRNP to the 5′ splice site, but reduces later U1-dependent complex assemblies. Potency can however be increased greatly by providing an extension that constitutes a binding site(s) for hnRNP A1/A2 proteins. Such a tail reduces the initial binding to the target 5′ splice site.
  • this method can be used with an oligonucleotide carrying binding sites for any of a variety of proteins including single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA binding proteins including, but not limited to, SR family proteins, hnRNP proteins, U2AF, and TAR proteins.
  • hnRNP A/B binding sites As an experimental system to study the contribution of hnRNP A/B binding sites (ABS), a model pre-mRNAs containing portions of exon 7 or exon 7B of the hnRNP A1 gene paired with the adenovirus L2 exon (7-Ad and 7B-Ad; FIG. 8A ) was used. Co-incubation of these two model pre-mRNAs carrying short introns (each at a concentration of 80 pM) for different periods in a HeLa nuclear extract indicated that they were spliced with similar efficiencies, as determined by RT-PCR analysis ( FIG. 8B , lanes 1-6).
  • the RT-PCR assay was performed in conditions that displayed a linear relationship between the amounts of input RNA and amplified products over a large range of input RNA concentrations (from 10-fold less to at least 6-fold more than the amounts used in the assays).
  • a 1015 nt-long lambda fragment, insert A was inserted into the intron of both model pre-mRNAs.
  • a RT-PCR assay was performed to amplify splicing products.
  • ABS high-affinity A/B binding sites
  • ABS can therefore stimulate the splicing of pre-mRNAs carrying different intron sequences and different 5′ splice sites.
  • pre-mRNAs carrying the 3′ splice site and a portion of Bcl-X exon 3 (7-BclA and 7B-BclA) were used.
  • the presence of ABS strongly stimulated the splicing of 7-BclA ( FIG. 8D , compare the 7/Bcl product in lanes 1-7 with lanes 8-12).
  • a similar but less important stimulation was noted with the 7B-BclA pre-mRNA. The effect of inserting only one ABS was also tested.
  • one ABS at the upstream or downstream position yielded an intermediate level of, stimulation for the 7-AdA pre-mRNA ( FIG. 9 , lanes 9-16).
  • a single ABS upstream in the 7-AdB pre-mRNA was more active than an ABS at the downstream position.
  • TS10 DNA oligonucleotide
  • A1 and A2 apparent Kd below 5 nM
  • TS10 also reduced the basal level of splicing for a long-intron pre-mRNA lacking ABS (lanes 1-5), showing that A/B proteins contribute to the splicing of this long intron even in the absence of added ABS.
  • This conclusion was confirmed by increasing the level of hnRNP A1 in the extract using recombinant GST-A1 protein.
  • the addition of A1 did not alter the splicing efficiency of short-intron 7B-Ad pre-mRNA, it stimulated the splicing of the 7-AdB pre-mRNA ( FIG. 10B , lanes 14).
  • Recombinant A1 also stimulated the splicing efficiency of a long-intron pre-mRNA carrying ABS ( FIG.
  • Protein-Binding Oligonucleotides Carrying ABS Stimulate Long Intron Splicing in vitro
  • RNA oligonucleotides carrying a portion complementary to intron regions and a non-hybridizing portion formed by the ABS were designed.
  • the 7-AdA and 7B-AdB pre-mRNAs were incubated with a pair of RNA oligonucleotides; UA and Da each containing an ABS and a sequence complementary to the upstream and the downstream portion of the intron in 7-AdA and 7B-AdA pre-mRNAs.
  • oligonucleotide mixture 160 nM of each oligonucleotide
  • 7/AdB pre-mRNA did not stimulate splicing
  • concentrations of oligonucleotides varying between 0.08 to 160 nM were sufficient to observe stimulation of splicing (representing a molar excess of 10 to 2000-fold relative to the pre-mRNA).
  • the level of stimulation varied between 2 to 8-fold between different experiments.
  • Concentrations superior to 160 nM usually promoted a reduction in splicing efficiency of large introns, without affecting short-intron splicing, possibly because of titration of hnRNP A/B proteins by an excess of oligonucleotides.
  • FIG. 11C lanes 2 and 3
  • An upstream oligonucleotide lacking complementarity to the pre-mRNA did not stimulate long-intron splicing ( FIG. 11C , lane 4), but the same oligonucleotide hybridizing to the 7-AdB pre-mRNA stimulated splicing of this pre-mRNA ( FIG. 11D , lane 2).
  • an oligonucleotide hybridizing to the same site in 7-AdB but carrying a non-ABS extension did not stimulate splicing ( FIG. 11D , lane 3), demonstrating that duplex formation near the 5′ splice site does not stimulate splicing.
  • oligonucleotides UA and Da which stimulated 7-AdA pre-mRNA splicing, were inactive with the 7-BclB pre-mRNA ( FIG. 11F , lane 8).
  • splicing of pre-mRNAs carrying the 3′ splice site of the adenovirus L2 exon was always stimulated by the upstream oligonucleotide alone, this behavior in pre-mRNAs carrying the Bcl-X 3′ splice site varied with the nature of the intron sequences.
  • Protein-Binding Oligonucleotides Carrying A1/A2 Binding Sites Can also Promote Alternative Splicing
  • Intronic high-affinity ABS were initially characterized as capable of affecting 5′ splice site selection.
  • a model pre-mRNA carrying the 5′ splice site of exons 7 and 7B in competition for the unique 3′ splice site of the adenovirus exon L2 was used.
  • cis-acting ABS downstream of both 5′ splice sites can shift 5′ splice site utilization from almost exclusively proximal (internal) to almost exclusively distal (external).
  • a single ABS inserted either downstream of either 5′ splice site also shifted splicing to the distal site, albeit to a lesser extent.
  • the addition of a mixture of protein-binding RNA oligonucleotides complementary to regions downstream from the distal 5′ splice site and upstream from the 3′ splice site also promoted a strong shift towards the use of that site ( FIG. 12 , lanes 2-6).
  • the addition of the upstream oligonucleotide alone was as efficient as the pair ( FIG. 12 , lane 7) and the downstream oligonucleotide alone had no activity ( FIG. 12 , lane 9).
  • RNA oligonucleotides can be used not only to stimulate the splicing of long introns but also to modulate 5′ splice site selection.
  • Complementary oligonucleotides have been used for some times in strategies aimed at preventing splice site usage by directly covering the target splice site or its immediate surroundings.
  • bifunctional RNA or PNA oligonucleotides have been used to recruit SR proteins (Skordis, 2003) or provide direct activating function (Cartegni, 2003), respectively. The approach described here offers additional flexibility in the choice of the strategy to influence alternative splicing.
  • This approach may be applicable to situations whose goal is to promote exon skipping or to prevent the use of an aberrant 5′ splice site.
  • providing ABS on each side of the target splice site(s) may decrease its use.
  • increasing the size of introns flanking an alternative exon favors exon skipping ⁇ Bell, 1998 ⁇
  • providing ABS in a long intron next to an alternative exon should facilitate exon inclusion.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • AIDS & HIV (AREA)
US10/524,359 2002-08-12 2003-06-30 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas Abandoned US20060058253A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/524,359 US20060058253A1 (en) 2002-08-12 2003-06-30 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas
US12/291,887 US8546346B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2008-11-14 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger RNAs

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US40276502P 2002-08-12 2002-08-12
US60402765 2002-08-12
PCT/CA2003/000988 WO2004015106A1 (fr) 2002-08-12 2003-06-30 Methodes permettant de reprogrammer une selection de site d'epissage dans des arn pre-messagers
US10/524,359 US20060058253A1 (en) 2002-08-12 2003-06-30 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/291,887 Continuation US8546346B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2008-11-14 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger RNAs

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20060058253A1 true US20060058253A1 (en) 2006-03-16

Family

ID=31715898

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/524,359 Abandoned US20060058253A1 (en) 2002-08-12 2003-06-30 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger rnas
US12/291,887 Expired - Fee Related US8546346B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2008-11-14 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger RNAs

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/291,887 Expired - Fee Related US8546346B2 (en) 2002-08-12 2008-11-14 Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger RNAs

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (2) US20060058253A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1529105B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005535318A (fr)
AU (1) AU2003282078A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2493297A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004015106A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110111411A1 (en) * 2009-11-10 2011-05-12 Smolke Christina D Protein-Responsive RNA Control Devices and Uses Thereof
CN114127286A (zh) * 2019-04-26 2022-03-01 斯托克制药公司 用于调节选择性内含子的剪接的方法和组合物

Families Citing this family (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007123391A1 (fr) 2006-04-20 2007-11-01 Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden Intervention thérapeutique dans une maladie génétique chez un individu en modifiant l'expression d'un gène exprimé de manière aberrante.
EP1857548A1 (fr) 2006-05-19 2007-11-21 Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden Procédé et moyen permettant d'induire un saut d'exon
US20100184833A1 (en) 2006-08-11 2010-07-22 Prosenta Technologies B.V. Methods and means for treating dna repeat instability associated genetic disorders
CA2693742A1 (fr) 2007-07-12 2009-01-15 Prosensa Technologies B.V. Molecules pour cibler des composes vers divers organes, tissus ou cellules tumorales selectionnes
EP2167136B1 (fr) 2007-07-12 2016-04-20 BioMarin Technologies B.V. Molécules pour cibler les composants vers plusieurs organes sélectionnés ou tissus
ES2564563T3 (es) 2007-10-26 2016-03-23 Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden Medios y métodos para contrarrestar trastornos del músculo
USRE48468E1 (en) 2007-10-26 2021-03-16 Biomarin Technologies B.V. Means and methods for counteracting muscle disorders
EP2249874A1 (fr) 2008-02-08 2010-11-17 ProSensa Holding BV Méthodes et moyens pour traiter les affections génétiques associées à l instabilité de répétition d adn
EP2119783A1 (fr) 2008-05-14 2009-11-18 Prosensa Technologies B.V. Procédé pour l'omission efficace de l'exon (44) dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne et moyens connexes
EP2641911A3 (fr) * 2008-12-23 2014-01-01 Vivoscript, Inc. Compositions et procédés de reprogrammation cellulaire sans modification génétique
WO2010075303A1 (fr) * 2008-12-23 2010-07-01 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Facteurs d'épissage avec un domaine de liaison à l'arn de protéine puf et domaine effecteur d'épissage et leurs utilisations
ES2593836T3 (es) 2009-04-24 2016-12-13 Biomarin Technologies B.V. Oligonucleótido que comprende una inosina para tratar la DMD
US8518409B2 (en) * 2010-05-31 2013-08-27 Imperium Biotechnologies, Inc. System for selective cell treatment using ideotypically modulated pharmacoeffectors
BR112014018427B1 (pt) 2012-01-27 2021-11-03 Biomarin Technologies B.V. Oligonucleotídeos moduladores de rna com características melhoradas para o tratamento da distrofia muscular de duchenne e becker
EP3083960B1 (fr) * 2013-12-16 2021-02-03 Syddansk Universitet Saut de l'exon 2 ras pour le traitement du cancer
GB201410693D0 (en) 2014-06-16 2014-07-30 Univ Southampton Splicing modulation
WO2016054615A2 (fr) 2014-10-03 2016-04-07 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Augmentation ciblée de la production de gènes nucléaires
JP6923517B2 (ja) 2015-10-09 2021-08-18 ユニバーシティ・オブ・サザンプトン 遺伝子発現の調節及び脱制御されたタンパク質発現のスクリーニング
US11096956B2 (en) 2015-12-14 2021-08-24 Stoke Therapeutics, Inc. Antisense oligomers and uses thereof
EP3390636B1 (fr) 2015-12-14 2021-05-19 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Oligomères antisens destinés au traitement du syndrome de dravet
GB2594767B (en) 2017-08-25 2022-06-22 Stoke Therapeutics Inc Antisense oligomers for treatment of conditions and diseases
WO2019213525A1 (fr) 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 Stoke Therapeutics, Inc. Méthodes et compositions pour le traitement d'une maladie de stockage d'ester de cholestéryle
IL298063A (en) 2020-05-11 2023-01-01 Stoke Therapeutics Inc opa1 antisense oligomers for the treatment of conditions and diseases
WO2022032226A1 (fr) 2020-08-07 2022-02-10 Spacecraft Seven, Llc Thérapie génique destinée à plakophiline-2 (pkp2) faisant intervenir un vecteur de vaa
EP4299743A1 (fr) * 2021-02-26 2024-01-03 KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd. Médicament à base d'acide nucléique exprimant un variant d'épissage de la myostatine
AU2022298028A1 (en) * 2021-06-23 2023-12-21 National Center Of Neurology And Psychiatry Combination of antisense oligomers

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020068321A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2002-06-06 Newman Stuart A. Splice choice antagonists as therapeutic agents

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0219143D0 (en) * 2002-08-16 2002-09-25 Univ Leicester Modified tailed oligonucleotides

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020068321A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2002-06-06 Newman Stuart A. Splice choice antagonists as therapeutic agents

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20110111411A1 (en) * 2009-11-10 2011-05-12 Smolke Christina D Protein-Responsive RNA Control Devices and Uses Thereof
US8604176B2 (en) * 2009-11-10 2013-12-10 California Institute Of Technology Protein-responsive RNA control devices and uses thereof
CN114127286A (zh) * 2019-04-26 2022-03-01 斯托克制药公司 用于调节选择性内含子的剪接的方法和组合物

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2005535318A (ja) 2005-11-24
CA2493297A1 (fr) 2004-02-19
US8546346B2 (en) 2013-10-01
AU2003282078A1 (en) 2004-02-25
EP1529105B1 (fr) 2012-10-03
EP1529105A1 (fr) 2005-05-11
US20090186846A1 (en) 2009-07-23
WO2004015106A1 (fr) 2004-02-19

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US8546346B2 (en) Methods to reprogram splice site selection in pre-messenger RNAs
AU2017281497B2 (en) Single-stranded RNA-editing oligonucleotides
AU2017320901B2 (en) Chemically modified single-stranded RNA-editing oligonucleotides
US5665593A (en) Antisense oligonucleotides which combat aberrant splicing and methods of using the same
US8658608B2 (en) Modified triple-helix forming oligonucleotides for targeted mutagenesis
EP1501931B1 (fr) Molecules de snarn chimeres portant des sequences antisens contre les jonctions d'epissage du gene de la dystrophine et applications therapeutiques associees
DK2548560T3 (en) Compositions and Methods for Modulating SMN2 Splicing
WO2018134301A1 (fr) Complexes oligonucléotidiques destinés à être utilisés dans l'édition d'arn
US20240229030A9 (en) Nucleic acid molecules for pseudouridylation
JP2009159971A6 (ja) 異常スプライシングを阻害するアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドと同物質の利用法
US20210340568A1 (en) Regulated gene editing system
US20240287521A1 (en) Allele-specific silencing therapy for DFNA21 using antisense oligonucleotides
Leumann Shaping nucleic acids for applications in therapy: the tricyclo-DNA story–an update

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE, CANADA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHABOT, BENOIT;VILLEMAIRE, JONATHAN;ELELA, SHERIF ABOU;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016705/0006

Effective date: 20030718

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION