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US20050022911A1 - Liquid hypergolic propellant - Google Patents

Liquid hypergolic propellant Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050022911A1
US20050022911A1 US10/712,534 US71253403A US2005022911A1 US 20050022911 A1 US20050022911 A1 US 20050022911A1 US 71253403 A US71253403 A US 71253403A US 2005022911 A1 US2005022911 A1 US 2005022911A1
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liquid
fuel
propellant
hypergolic
fuels
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John Rusek
Kenneth Palmer
Donald Bower
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Swift Enterprises Ltd
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Swift Enterprises Ltd
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Assigned to SWIFT ENTERPRISES, LTD. reassignment SWIFT ENTERPRISES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOWER, DONALD, PALMER, KENNETH, RUSEK, JOHN
Publication of US20050022911A1 publication Critical patent/US20050022911A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
    • C06D5/08—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets by reaction of two or more liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
    • C06B47/02—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase the components comprising a binary propellant

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a liquid hypergolic propellant.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant is provided, containing reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts, and one or more liquid fuels, which is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer.
  • Liquid hypergolic propellants are fuels with ignite with no ignition source, when mixed with a specific oxidizer. Such fuels are conventionally used in rocket engines, wherein the propellant and the oxidizer are atomized and sprayed into the combustion chamber, where the two components react on a molecular level and ignite.
  • a sensitizer may be added to the fuel, which acts to lowers the ignition delay of the fuel.
  • gelling agents are sometimes used to gel the liquid propellant.
  • oxidizers include nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), inhibited fuming red nitric acid (IRFNA), nitric acid, chlorine trifluoride, and concentrated hydrogen peroxide.
  • NTO nitrogen tetroxide
  • IRFNA inhibited fuming red nitric acid
  • nitric acid nitric acid
  • chlorine trifluoride nitric acid
  • concentrated hydrogen peroxide common corresponding fuels include monomethyl hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, and hydrazine, respectively.
  • hypergolic propellants such as IRFNA, NTO, and members of the hydrazine family are very energetic, but are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Due to these hazards, such propellants are not only dangerous to people, but are expensive and hazardous to transport, handle and use. As such, there has been a desire to find non-toxic hypergolic fuels.
  • Non-toxic hypergolic fuels using highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer have been created and tested. These fuels are catalytic, meaning that they contain dissolved or suspended hydrogen peroxide catalysts. Upon contact with these catalysts, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes into superheated steam and oxygen, which then ignites the fuel.
  • these hydrogen peroxide catalysts can reduce the performance of the fuels. Since these catalysts are generally derived from transition metal salts, they are composed of large atomic weight atoms, such as copper and iron. Combustion products of these heavy atoms reduce the velocity of the rocket exhaust, and reduce specific impulse. However, to reduce ignition delay, or the time between fuel and oxidizer contact and ignition, larger amounts of catalyst may be needed. Therefore, these catalysts are both beneficial and damaging to the performance of the fuel.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant comprising:
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, further comprising (c) a sensitizer.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, further comprising (d) a gelling agent.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts are defined by Formula I as follows: AxMyHz I. wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the fourth embodiment above wherein the reactive metals and/or the reactive metals salts are selected from the group consisting of simple hydrides, complex hydrides or organolithium compounds.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the fuels comprise one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, and/or aldehydes.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the fuels are defined by the following Formula II as follows: CxHyOzNv II. wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 or greater.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment wherein the sensitizer comprises one or more of amines, azides, and/or amides.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the sensitizer is defined by Formula III as follows: CxHyNz III. wherein x is 1-8, y is 1-18, and z is 0-4.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the gelling agent comprises silica gel, guar, agar or starch.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the reactive metals and reactive metal salts together comprise from 0.1-50.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above wherein the fuel comprises 50.0-99.9 weight percent of the propellant.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the second embodiment above wherein the sensitizer comprises 0.1-40.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the third embodiment above wherein the gelling agent comprises 0.1-20.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration of the vacuum specific impulse, or I sp , over a range of O/F values for Fuel A and Fuel B of the present invention versus conventionally used NTO/MMH, the data obtained using the United States Air Force Specific Impulse Code.
  • hypergolic propellants are very energetic but are also toxic, carcinogenic or both.
  • Recently developed non-toxic or low-toxicity hypergolic fuels using rocket grade hydrogen peroxide (80% or higher) are successful, but generally produce less specific impulse than NTO/MMH and ignite more slowly.
  • These new hypergolic fuels rely on the use of dissolved transition metal catalytic salts to trigger the ignition. Substantial amounts of such salts may be required to achieve self-ignition, but such large amounts of these metal compounds can reduce specific impulse.
  • the present invention provides a liquid hypergolic propellant comprising reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts, and one or more liquid fuels.
  • the resulting propellant is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer.
  • a sensitizer may be added to lower the ignition delay.
  • a gelling agent may be added thereto to allow the suspension of reactive metals or reactive metal salts in the propellant.
  • the reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts of the present invention are defined by Formula I as follows: AxMyHz I. wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1.
  • the reactive metals and/or the reactive metals salts may be simple hydrides, complex hydrides or organolithium compounds.
  • the reactive metals and reactive metal salts together comprise from 0.1-50.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • the fuels of the present invention are defined by the following Formula II as follows: CxHyOzNv II. wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 is greater.
  • the fuels may comprise one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, and/or aldehydes.
  • the fuel comprises 50.0-99.9 weight percent of the propellant the sensitizer comprises 0.1-40.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • the sensitizer of the present invention is defined by Formula III as follows: CxHyNz III. wherein x is 1-8, y is 1-18, and z is 0-4.
  • the sensitizer may comprise one or more of amines, azides, and/or amides.
  • the gelling agent described above may comprise silica gel, guar, agar or starch.
  • the gelling agent comprises 0.1-20.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • the fuels of the present invention overcome the deficiencies of both the traditional hypergols and the newer catalytic hypergols by the use of reactive metal species described above. These compounds combust directly and non-catalytically with hydrogen peroxide, and because they are composed of light metals, they do not reduce the thermodynamic performance of the fuel as the catalytic salts do. Therefore, adding more reactive metal species to the fuel of the present invention can increase the specific impulse and reduce ignition delay.
  • Each reactive hypergolic fuel of the present invention is created by directly mixing the energetic liquid, promoter (if necessary), and the reactive metal species under an inert atmosphere such as argon. Preparation of the fuels must be performed in an inert atmosphere, as the reactive metal compounds are often air and moisture sensitive.
  • Fuel A and Fuel B were experimentally hypergolically tested with 97% hydrogen peroxide using a conventional drop test device to measure the ignition characteristics thereof. Both fuels ignited rapidly.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the vacuum specific impulse, or l sp , over a range of O/F values for Fuel A and Fuel B versus the NTO/MMH, the data being obtained using the United States Air Force Specific Impulse Code.
  • a chamber pressure of 500 psi and an expansion ratio of 10 were used.
  • the theoretical I sp of both reactive fuel combinations of the present invention approach the performance of NTO/MMH, with both reaching peak performance at an O/F about 5. Also, due to the high O/F optimum values and the density of RGHP, the density specific impulse values of these fuels may exceed that of NTO/MMH. Although these fuels did not theoretically outperform NTO/MMH, fuels described by this invention which are comprised of more energetic liquids and higher concentrations of such reactive compounds than Fuels A and B have the potential to exceed the thermodynamic performance of NTO/MMH while being less toxic. The fuels described by this invention could replace NTO/MMH in divert and attitude control applications, especially where minimal toxicity is required.
  • Fuel A defined above as comprising 4.2% by weight lithium borohydride and 95.8% by weight tetrahydrofuran, and U.S. Navy Block 0, which has the following composition:
  • the Hypertester developed at Purdue University, is simply a drop-test device which uses an oscilloscope to record the timing of events characterizing ignition delay.
  • a specified amount of fuel is placed in the crucible (approximately 20 microliters).
  • a drop of oxidizer (20 to 30 microliters) falls from its syringe suspended above the crucible.
  • the velocity transducer senses the impact and transmits the vibration to the oscilloscope.
  • the fuel and oxidizer ignite, the light given off is detected by the photodiode, and this data is also transmitted to the oscilloscope on a separate channel. The time between the impact of the oxidizer drop and the beginning of the flash from the combustion is recorded as the ignition delay.
  • Fuel A was tested in the Hypertester, as was U.S. Navy Block 0, an early catalytic hypergolic fuel developed at China Lake. Block 0 was tested for comparison. Five hypergolic ignition tests of each of Fuel A and Block 0 were conducted. The average ignition delay for Block 0 was 11.2 milliseconds with the values ranging between 9 and 13 milliseconds. In contrast, for Fuel A, the fuel of the present invention, the average ignition delay was 3 milliseconds with no measurable deviation. Such a small delay for this fuel is competitive with NTO/MMH, which has produced an ignition delay of less than 3 milliseconds using the same device (the Hypertester).
  • RGHP rocket grade hydrogen peroxide, which is defined as a solution of hydrogen peroxide and water consisting of at least 90% hydrogen peroxide with a minimum concentration of stannic and phosphate stabilizers
  • NTO/MMH should be even less as the propellants collide together under high pressure.
  • Block 0 contains approximately 5% by weight of manganese, the active catalytic species, while the other fuel contains 4.2% by weight LBH. Therefore, the amounts of the active species in each fuel are comparable. And, even though the solvents are different, it is reasonable to say that Fuel A ignites much more rapidly due to the larger amount of heat produced by the combustion reaction of RGHP/LBH as opposed to the decomposition reaction of the RGHP. Because of the higher heat evolved, the ignition point of the remainder of the LBH fuel is reached much faster. The decomposition reaction does not produce enough heat to ignite the remainder of the Block 0 as rapidly.
  • Open injector engine testing of both Fuel A and Fuel B of the present invention was performed at the Advanced Propellants and Combustion Lab at Purdue University using its 1000-1bf bipropellant test stand.
  • a 0.5 liter fuel tank and new plumbing were used to conduct these tests. All hardware was cleaned thoroughly with ethanol and then flushed with THF to remove the ethanol and to remove any other soluble material from the tank.
  • the engine chosen was a pintle injector design. The open injector tests were performed to determine if the ignition delays produced by the fuels were suitable and to determine the appropriate fuel lead times to be used when the chamber and nozzle would be attached. All tests were recorded with a 1000 frame per second high speed camera. An effort was made to fire the fuels as quickly as possible after loading due to the highly reactive nature of the fuels. It was feared that any residual contaminants in the tank could react with the hydrides and reduce the ignition delay to unacceptable levels.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention provides a liquid hypergolic propellant. In particular, a liquid hypergolic propellant is provided, containing reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts, and one or more liquid fuels, which is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer. In addition, a sensitizer and gelling agent may be added. The reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts are defined by Formula I as follows:
AxMyHz   I. wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1. The fuels are defined by the following Formula II as follows:
CxHyOzNv   II. wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 or greater.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides a liquid hypergolic propellant. In particular, a liquid hypergolic propellant is provided, containing reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts, and one or more liquid fuels, which is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Liquid hypergolic propellants are fuels with ignite with no ignition source, when mixed with a specific oxidizer. Such fuels are conventionally used in rocket engines, wherein the propellant and the oxidizer are atomized and sprayed into the combustion chamber, where the two components react on a molecular level and ignite.
  • A sensitizer may be added to the fuel, which acts to lowers the ignition delay of the fuel. In addition, gelling agents are sometimes used to gel the liquid propellant.
  • Conventional liquid hypergolic fuels are composed of an oxidizer and fuel. Common oxidizers include nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), inhibited fuming red nitric acid (IRFNA), nitric acid, chlorine trifluoride, and concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Common corresponding fuels include monomethyl hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, and hydrazine, respectively.
  • Traditional hypergolic propellants, such as IRFNA, NTO, and members of the hydrazine family are very energetic, but are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Due to these hazards, such propellants are not only dangerous to people, but are expensive and hazardous to transport, handle and use. As such, there has been a desire to find non-toxic hypergolic fuels.
  • Non-toxic hypergolic fuels using highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer have been created and tested. These fuels are catalytic, meaning that they contain dissolved or suspended hydrogen peroxide catalysts. Upon contact with these catalysts, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes into superheated steam and oxygen, which then ignites the fuel.
  • Unfortunately, these hydrogen peroxide catalysts can reduce the performance of the fuels. Since these catalysts are generally derived from transition metal salts, they are composed of large atomic weight atoms, such as copper and iron. Combustion products of these heavy atoms reduce the velocity of the rocket exhaust, and reduce specific impulse. However, to reduce ignition delay, or the time between fuel and oxidizer contact and ignition, larger amounts of catalyst may be needed. Therefore, these catalysts are both beneficial and damaging to the performance of the fuel.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In order to achieve the objects of the present invention mentioned above, in a first embodiment, a liquid hypergolic propellant is provided comprising:
      • (a) reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts; and
      • (b) one or more liquid fuels,
        wherein the propellant comprising (a) and (b) is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer.
  • In a second embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, further comprising (c) a sensitizer.
  • In a third embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, further comprising (d) a gelling agent.
  • In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts are defined by Formula I as follows:
    AxMyHz   I.
    wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1.
  • In a fifth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the fourth embodiment above is provided, wherein the reactive metals and/or the reactive metals salts are selected from the group consisting of simple hydrides, complex hydrides or organolithium compounds.
  • In a sixth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the fuels comprise one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, and/or aldehydes.
  • In a seventh embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the fuels are defined by the following Formula II as follows:
    CxHyOzNv   II.
    wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 or greater.
  • In an eighth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment is provided, wherein the sensitizer comprises one or more of amines, azides, and/or amides.
  • In a ninth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the sensitizer is defined by Formula III as follows:
    CxHyNz   III.
    wherein x is 1-8, y is 1-18, and z is 0-4.
  • In a tenth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the gelling agent comprises silica gel, guar, agar or starch.
  • In an eleventh embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the reactive metals and reactive metal salts together comprise from 0.1-50.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • In a twelfth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the first embodiment above is provided, wherein the fuel comprises 50.0-99.9 weight percent of the propellant.
  • In a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the second embodiment above is provided, wherein the sensitizer comprises 0.1-40.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • In a fourteenth embodiment of the present invention, a liquid hypergolic propellant according to the third embodiment above is provided, wherein the gelling agent comprises 0.1-20.0 weight percent of the propellant.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration of the vacuum specific impulse, or Isp, over a range of O/F values for Fuel A and Fuel B of the present invention versus conventionally used NTO/MMH, the data obtained using the United States Air Force Specific Impulse Code.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Traditional hypergolic propellants are very energetic but are also toxic, carcinogenic or both. Recently developed non-toxic or low-toxicity hypergolic fuels using rocket grade hydrogen peroxide (80% or higher) are successful, but generally produce less specific impulse than NTO/MMH and ignite more slowly. These new hypergolic fuels rely on the use of dissolved transition metal catalytic salts to trigger the ignition. Substantial amounts of such salts may be required to achieve self-ignition, but such large amounts of these metal compounds can reduce specific impulse.
  • To address and overcome the deficiencies of the traditional, as well as more recent, hypergolic fuels, the present invention provides a liquid hypergolic propellant comprising reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts, and one or more liquid fuels. The resulting propellant is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer. In addition, a sensitizer may be added to lower the ignition delay. Further, a gelling agent may be added thereto to allow the suspension of reactive metals or reactive metal salts in the propellant.
  • The reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts of the present invention are defined by Formula I as follows:
    AxMyHz   I.
    wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1. For example, the reactive metals and/or the reactive metals salts may be simple hydrides, complex hydrides or organolithium compounds. Preferably, the reactive metals and reactive metal salts together comprise from 0.1-50.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • The fuels of the present invention are defined by the following Formula II as follows:
    CxHyOzNv   II.
    wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 is greater. For example, the fuels may comprise one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, and/or aldehydes. Preferably, the fuel comprises 50.0-99.9 weight percent of the propellant the sensitizer comprises 0.1-40.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • The sensitizer of the present invention is defined by Formula III as follows:
    CxHyNz   III.
    wherein x is 1-8, y is 1-18, and z is 0-4. For example, the sensitizer may comprise one or more of amines, azides, and/or amides.
  • The gelling agent described above may comprise silica gel, guar, agar or starch. Preferably, the gelling agent comprises 0.1-20.0 weight percent of the propellant.
  • The fuels of the present invention overcome the deficiencies of both the traditional hypergols and the newer catalytic hypergols by the use of reactive metal species described above. These compounds combust directly and non-catalytically with hydrogen peroxide, and because they are composed of light metals, they do not reduce the thermodynamic performance of the fuel as the catalytic salts do. Therefore, adding more reactive metal species to the fuel of the present invention can increase the specific impulse and reduce ignition delay.
  • Each reactive hypergolic fuel of the present invention is created by directly mixing the energetic liquid, promoter (if necessary), and the reactive metal species under an inert atmosphere such as argon. Preparation of the fuels must be performed in an inert atmosphere, as the reactive metal compounds are often air and moisture sensitive.
  • To verify the advantages of the reactive metal fuels of the present invention over the conventional hypergolic fuels, the hypergolic ignition characteristics of two fuels (Fuel A and Fuel B) according to the present invention were tested to determine their hypergolic ignition characteristics. The components of Fuel A and Fuel B are as follows:
      • Fuel A: 4.2% by weight of lithium borohydride (LBH) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)
      • Fuel B: 20% by weight solution of lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) in diethyl ether
  • Both Fuel A and Fuel B were experimentally hypergolically tested with 97% hydrogen peroxide using a conventional drop test device to measure the ignition characteristics thereof. Both fuels ignited rapidly.
  • Both Fuel A and Fuel B were compared to nitrogen tetroxide (NTO)/monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) thermodynamically, by using the United States Air Force Specific Impulse Code, which is a computer code which theoretically models the thermodynamic performance of a rocket propellant combination. FIG. 1 illustrates the vacuum specific impulse, or lsp, over a range of O/F values for Fuel A and Fuel B versus the NTO/MMH, the data being obtained using the United States Air Force Specific Impulse Code. For this comparison, a chamber pressure of 500 psi and an expansion ratio of 10 were used.
  • As illustrated in FIG. 1, the theoretical Isp of both reactive fuel combinations of the present invention approach the performance of NTO/MMH, with both reaching peak performance at an O/F about 5. Also, due to the high O/F optimum values and the density of RGHP, the density specific impulse values of these fuels may exceed that of NTO/MMH. Although these fuels did not theoretically outperform NTO/MMH, fuels described by this invention which are comprised of more energetic liquids and higher concentrations of such reactive compounds than Fuels A and B have the potential to exceed the thermodynamic performance of NTO/MMH while being less toxic. The fuels described by this invention could replace NTO/MMH in divert and attitude control applications, especially where minimal toxicity is required.
  • Ignition Delay Testing
  • Ignition delay testing for a fuel of the present invention, as well as the conventional Navy Block 0 fuel, was performed using a high-speed video camera and using the a device called a Hypertester, which can determine the ignition delay value of a propellant combination to within one millisecond. The fuel of the present invention, referred to herein as Fuel A, defined above as comprising 4.2% by weight lithium borohydride and 95.8% by weight tetrahydrofuran, and U.S. Navy Block 0, which has the following composition:
      • Navy Block 0: 78% methanol and 22% manganese (II) acetate tetrahydrate
  • The Hypertester, developed at Purdue University, is simply a drop-test device which uses an oscilloscope to record the timing of events characterizing ignition delay. To determine the ignition delay, a specified amount of fuel is placed in the crucible (approximately 20 microliters). A drop of oxidizer (20 to 30 microliters) falls from its syringe suspended above the crucible. When the drop impacts the crucible, the velocity transducer senses the impact and transmits the vibration to the oscilloscope. When the fuel and oxidizer ignite, the light given off is detected by the photodiode, and this data is also transmitted to the oscilloscope on a separate channel. The time between the impact of the oxidizer drop and the beginning of the flash from the combustion is recorded as the ignition delay.
  • Using 96.8% hydrogen peroxide, Fuel A was tested in the Hypertester, as was U.S. Navy Block 0, an early catalytic hypergolic fuel developed at China Lake. Block 0 was tested for comparison. Five hypergolic ignition tests of each of Fuel A and Block 0 were conducted. The average ignition delay for Block 0 was 11.2 milliseconds with the values ranging between 9 and 13 milliseconds. In contrast, for Fuel A, the fuel of the present invention, the average ignition delay was 3 milliseconds with no measurable deviation. Such a small delay for this fuel is competitive with NTO/MMH, which has produced an ignition delay of less than 3 milliseconds using the same device (the Hypertester). In an engine, the difference in ignition delay between RGHP/LBH fuel (Fuel A) (RGHP is rocket grade hydrogen peroxide, which is defined as a solution of hydrogen peroxide and water consisting of at least 90% hydrogen peroxide with a minimum concentration of stannic and phosphate stabilizers) and NTO/MMH should be even less as the propellants collide together under high pressure.
  • Using a high-speed video camera, the ignition process of RGHP/Block 0 and Fuel A was visible. The high-speed video camera captured video of a drop test of each combination at a rate of 1000 frames per second. For Block 0, a catalytic hypergolic fuel, the high-speed camera displayed the influence of the fluid properties upon the ignition delay. After the drop of peroxide impacted the fuel in the crucible, a vapor cloud of fuel, oxygen, and water vapor began to expand from the impact point. The ignition of this cloud occurred more than an inch above the impingement point. Once the initial combustion occurred, the flame spread rapidly throughout the cloud. In contrast, the ignition of Fuel A was much more rapid. In particular, no fuel and oxidizer cloud was noted before the ignition.
  • The ignition tests described above indicate that the ignition delay of Block 0 is limited by smaller amount of heat produced by the decomposition reaction as opposed to a combustion reaction, and the longer time required to heat the fuel and oxidizer vapor mixture to its ignition point after the decomposition takes place. Block 0 contains approximately 5% by weight of manganese, the active catalytic species, while the other fuel contains 4.2% by weight LBH. Therefore, the amounts of the active species in each fuel are comparable. And, even though the solvents are different, it is reasonable to say that Fuel A ignites much more rapidly due to the larger amount of heat produced by the combustion reaction of RGHP/LBH as opposed to the decomposition reaction of the RGHP. Because of the higher heat evolved, the ignition point of the remainder of the LBH fuel is reached much faster. The decomposition reaction does not produce enough heat to ignite the remainder of the Block 0 as rapidly.
  • In order to reduce the ignition delay of Block 0, more of the catalytic salt would be needed. However, this would reduce the specific impulse. With the LBH fuel (Fuel A) and other such reactive hypergolic fuels, increasing the amount of the metal hydride has the potential to reduce the ignition delay and increase the Isp. This is the major advantage of reactive hypergolic fuels over catalytic hypergolic fuels.
  • Engine Testing
  • Open injector engine testing of both Fuel A and Fuel B of the present invention was performed at the Advanced Propellants and Combustion Lab at Purdue University using its 1000-1bf bipropellant test stand.
  • A 0.5 liter fuel tank and new plumbing were used to conduct these tests. All hardware was cleaned thoroughly with ethanol and then flushed with THF to remove the ethanol and to remove any other soluble material from the tank. The engine chosen was a pintle injector design. The open injector tests were performed to determine if the ignition delays produced by the fuels were suitable and to determine the appropriate fuel lead times to be used when the chamber and nozzle would be attached. All tests were recorded with a 1000 frame per second high speed camera. An effort was made to fire the fuels as quickly as possible after loading due to the highly reactive nature of the fuels. It was feared that any residual contaminants in the tank could react with the hydrides and reduce the ignition delay to unacceptable levels. The fuels were tested with 97.6% hydrogen peroxide, and both fuels ignited rapidly, as could be seen with the high speed video camera. The results of the tests are summarized in Table I below.
    TABLE I
    Average fuel Total
    Test Average inlet mass
    duration oxidizer inlet pressure flow Ig-
    Fuel (s) pressure (psi) (psi) (lbm/s) O/F nition
    Fuel A
    Test 1 3 260 240 0.645 4.92 rapid
    Test
    2 3 260 240 0.643 4.87 rapid
    Fuel B
    Test 1 3 350 235 0.650 4.10 rapid
    Test
    2 3 350 250 0.649 4.09 rapid
  • The ignition characteristics displayed by both Fuel A and B in these tests indicate that they can be successfully fired in a full engine with the chamber and nozzle attached.
  • Definitions:
    • Ignition Delay: the time between fuel and oxidizer impingement and flame generation.
    • Hypergolic fuel: a fuel which ignites with no ignition source, when mixed with a specific oxidizer.
    • Reactive Fuel: a hypergolic fuel which is ignited by the oxidizer through a non-catalytic reaction.
    • Sensitizer: an additive which lowers the ignition delay of the fuel.
    • Gelling Agent: an additive used to gel the liquid propellant. It could actually be the reactive metal or reactive salt itself, or it could allow the suspension of reactive metals or reactive metal salts in the propellant.

Claims (14)

1. A liquid hypergolic propellant is provided comprising:
(a) reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts; and
(b) one or more liquid fuels,
wherein the propellant comprising (a) and (b) is hypergolic when combined with an oxidizer.
2. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, further comprising (c) a sensitizer.
3. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, further comprising (d) a gelling agent.
4. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the reactive metals and/or reactive metal salts are defined by Formula I as follows:

AxMyHz   I.
wherein A is one or more of any of Li, Na, and K; M is one or more of any of B, C, and Al; H is H; x is 0-3, y is 0 or greater, and z is 0 or greater, and wherein when x is 0, y is 1, and when y is 0, x is 1.
5. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 4, wherein the reactive metals and/or the reactive metals salts are selected from the group consisting of simple hydrides, complex hydrides or organolithium compounds.
6. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the fuels comprise one or more of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, and/or aldehydes.
7. The liquid hypergolic propellant according claim 1, wherein the fuels are defined by the following Formula II as follows:

CxHyOzNv   II.
wherein x is 0-8, y is 1-18, z is 0-4, and v is 0-5, and wherein when x is 0, v is 1 or greater.
8. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the sensitizer comprises one or more of amines, azides, and/or amides.
9. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the sensitizer is defined by Formula III as follows:

CxHyNz   III.
wherein x is 1-8, y is 1-18, and z is 0-4.
10. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises silica gel, guar, agar or starch.
11. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to the claim 1, wherein the reactive metals and reactive metal salts together comprise from 0.1-50.0 weight percent of the propellant.
12. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 1, wherein the fuel comprises 50.0-99.9 weight percent of the propellant.
13. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 2, wherein the sensitizer comprises 0.1-40.0 weight percent of the propellant.
14. The liquid hypergolic propellant according to claim 3, wherein the gelling agent comprises 0.1-20.0 weight percent of the propellant.
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US8758531B1 (en) 2011-03-15 2014-06-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Catalytic hypergolic bipropellants
US20140373984A1 (en) * 2013-06-20 2014-12-25 Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Hypergolic salts with borane cluster anions
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KR20220083378A (en) * 2020-12-11 2022-06-20 국방과학연구소 Hydrogen peroxide-base rapid hypergolic bipropellant using catalytic-reactive hybrid additives

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US8382922B2 (en) * 2007-02-26 2013-02-26 Cfd Research Corporation High performance, low toxicity hypergolic fuel
US20120168046A1 (en) * 2007-02-26 2012-07-05 Cfd Research Corporation High Performance, Low Toxicity Hypergolic Fuel
US8685186B2 (en) * 2007-02-27 2014-04-01 Cfd Research Corporation High performance, low toxicity hypergolic fuel
US20130133242A1 (en) * 2007-02-27 2013-05-30 Cfd Research Corporation High performance, low toxicity hypergolic fuel
WO2011001435A1 (en) * 2009-07-01 2011-01-06 Technion Research And Development Foundation Ltd. Hypergolic ignition system for gelled rocket propellant
US8617326B1 (en) 2009-09-25 2013-12-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Bipropellants based on chosen salts
US20120318054A1 (en) * 2010-01-29 2012-12-20 National University Corporation Okayama University Fuel quality determining method, program, computer readable recording medium which stores the program, and fuel quality determination device
US8950245B2 (en) * 2010-01-29 2015-02-10 National University Corporation Okayama University Fuel quality determining method, program, computer readable recording medium which stores the program, and fuel quality determination device
US9090519B1 (en) 2010-06-17 2015-07-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Airforce Green hypergolic fuels
US8758531B1 (en) 2011-03-15 2014-06-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Catalytic hypergolic bipropellants
US20140373984A1 (en) * 2013-06-20 2014-12-25 Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Hypergolic salts with borane cluster anions
US10099967B2 (en) * 2013-06-20 2018-10-16 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Alabama Hypergolic salts with borane cluster anions
US11028675B2 (en) 2014-08-15 2021-06-08 Global Oil EOR Systems, Ltd. Hydrogen peroxide steam generator for oilfield applications
KR20220083378A (en) * 2020-12-11 2022-06-20 국방과학연구소 Hydrogen peroxide-base rapid hypergolic bipropellant using catalytic-reactive hybrid additives
KR102597234B1 (en) 2020-12-11 2023-11-03 국방과학연구소 Hydrogen peroxide-base rapid hypergolic bipropellant using catalytic-reactive hybrid additives

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