US1693553A - Refrigeration - Google Patents

Description

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CARL GEORG HUNTERS, OF STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, ASSIGNOR TO ELECTROLUX SERVEL CORPORATION, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

REFRIGERATION.

, Application filed September 14, 1928, Serial No. 306,007, and in Sweden April 6, 1926.

I This application is filed to replace my copending application Serial No. 123,109 filed July 17 1926, and contains and claims the subject matter of said application Serial No.

a 123,109 and is to be considered as relating back to said application and as having all the rights incident thereto.

My invention relates to refrigeration and more particularly to refri crating apparatus of the absorption type. uch refrigerating apparatus or refrigerators usually comprise a generator, a condenser, an evaporator and an absorber. These parts are arranged in a system having qne or more cycles of circulation.- My invention is particularly concerned with the circulation of absorption liquid and has forone object, amongst others, to provide a highly effective circulationbetween the generator and absorber of a refrigerating system by the sole application of heat. My invention involves various phases of heat exchange whereby heat is conserved and a high efficiency is obtained.

Further objects and novel features of my.

invention will be apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings which illustrate more or less diagrammatically some forms of the invention.

In the accompanying drawings Fig. 1 shows my invention applied to an apparatus of the type utilizing an auxiliary gas into which the cooling agent proper diffuses and evaporates;

Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention applied to the same type of apparatus;

\ 1 Fig. 3 shows still another embodiment applied to the same type of apparatus wherein anflauxiliary circulation of generator liquid is combined with the generator absorber circulating system Fig. tshows a fourth embodiment a plied to the same type of apparatus with a di erent arrangement of parts than shown in the previous figures.

Fig. 5 is a side View of an apparatus, built and operated, embodying the invention; Fig. 6 is a similarview to that of Fig. 5

.50 with parts in cross-section Fig. 7

is an end view of the apparatus of Fig. 5

er 14 which consists of a coil 15 surrounded Fig. 8 is a side view of a modified arrangement of the apparatus of Fig. 5; and

Fig. 9 is an end view of the apparatus of Fig. 8 with parts in section While I have described my invention as applied to a refrigerating apparatus of the type utilizing an auxiliary gas and while the novel features of my invention serve to coact so with that type of apparatus with high efii-- ciency, it is to be understood that my inven tion is not limited to that type of apparatus.

Referring more particularly to Fig. 1, reference character 10 designates the generator which contains the cooling agent, for instance ammonia, dissolved in a suitable absorption liquid such as water. Although it is obvious that various substances may be used as cooling agent, ammonia is preferred but, in describing the apparatus as using ammonia and specific related substances, it is to be understood that this is by Way of example only and without limitation. Ammonia vapor is expelled from the solution in the generator, which solution is designated by reference character 11, and passes through conduit 12 and through a radiator 13 situated on an inclined portion of conduit 12 so arranged that water vapor which may pass along with the ammonia vapor is condensed in this inclined portion of conduit 12 and re turns to the generator. The ammonia vapor passes through radiator 13 and into condensby a water jacket 16 or other suitablc'cooling means. The ammonia is condensed in the condenser to liquid form and flows through conduit 17 into evaporator 18. Within the evaporator is a series of perforated baffling members 19 which may be of various types. These baffling members serve to distribute the liquid ammonia over a large surface for the purpose of evaporation. The evaporator is also supplied with hydrogen through conduit 9 20 from the upper part of absorber 21.

In the evaporator the ammonia diffuses into the hydrogenand simultaneously-evaporates.

As a result of the'evaporation of the ammonia, heat is abstracted from the surroundings of the evaporator whereby refrigeration is produced. The mixture of ammonia gas and hydrogen gas formed in the evaporator flows downwardly WiQliIl the evaporator and through conduit into the absorber where the ammonia gas is absorbed by weak absorption liquid supplied to'the absorber through monia. Since hydrogen is very much lighter than ammonia vapor, there is produced an automatic circulation upwardly through the absorber, through conduit 20, downwardly through the evaporator and back to the absorber through conduit 22. The absorber is also provided with bafliing members 19 which serve to spread the liquid over a large surface for intimate contact with the gas. The absorber is provided with a cooling jacket 24 which is interconnected with cooling jacket 16 for condenser 14.

The apparatus thus far described is set out and claimed in application Serial No. 596,- 646, filed October 21, 1922 by Baltzar Carl Von Platen and myself jointly. For further consideration of the parts hereinbefore 'described, reference may be had to'said application Serial No. 596,646 and to Patent No. 1,609,334; resulting therefrom.

I shall now explain the circulation between the generator and the absorber:

From the lower part of the generator a conduit 25 extends downwardly forming a loop 26 at the bottom thereof and extending, in the form of a coil 27, through a source of heat 28. The source of heat is indicated as a steam jacket although any type of source of heat may be used. Coil 27 is situated at an appreciable distance below generator 10. From coil 27 a conduit 29 extends upwardly and is connected to a coil 30 situated Within the generator and submerged-in the absorption liquid therein. Fluid passes from coil 30 through a conduit 31 and into a coil 32 forming part. of a heat exchanger 33. "From coil 32 fluid passes through conduit 23 and into the upper part of the absorber where it flows down over the baffling members 19.

Connected to the bottom part of the absorber 21 is a conduit 34 which is connected to that portion of heat exchanger 33 which surrounds coil 32. At the opposite end of heat exchanger 33 a conduit 36 leads into the upper part of the generator which is in the form of a dome 35. Rich absorption liquid passes from the absorber through conduit 34, through heat exchanger 33, through conduit 36 and into the upper part of the generator where it flows on to bafil'ing members 37. Rich I absorption liquid flows downwardly over battling members 37 in counter-flow to vapor passing upwardly through passages vof the same and the absorption liquid thus enters the lower portion of the generator and mingles with the main body of liquid therein. In the generator are provided baffling plates 38 which cause a flow of liquid in,the direction of the extenuated arrow.

The operation of the absor tion liquid circulating arrangement is as fol ows:

The heat of source 28 causes formation of ammonia vapor in coil 27 and conduit 29 becomes filled to a greater or less extent with ammonia vapor. The purpose o'floop 26 is to prevent the passage of ammonia vapor upwardly through conduit 25 and to insure. that all the vapor passes thrqugh conduit 29.'

Conduits 25 and 29 formYitwolegs of what might be considered as a vertically posited U-tube. Each of these legs contains a body of fluidwhich acts downwardly due to the natural action of gravity. Conduit 25 contains only liquid. Conduit 29 contains vapor or a mixture of vapor and liquid. The downwardly directed gravitational force. in conduit 25 due to the. head of liquid therein is considerably greater than the downwardly directed gravitational force in conduit 29 due to the head of vapor and liquid therein. Consequently there is a preponderance of downwardly directed force in conduit 25 which can be utilized and is utilized to move fluid downwardly in conduit 25, through coil 27 and upwardly in conduit 29. Movement of fluid is thus produced. The vapor ofammonia formed in coil 27 passes through conduit 29 and into coil 30 which is within the liquid space of generator 10. The vapor being hotter than the liquid in generator 10, there is a flow of heat from the inside of coil 30 to the body of liquid 11. This results in condensation of the vapor of ammonia with- .in coil 30 and results in genera-tion of vapor in generator 10 from solution 11. This is in part due to the fact that there is weak absorption liquid in coil 30 and strong absorption liquid in the generator proper. Strong or rich absorption liquid has a lower boiling point than weak absorption liquid. Liquid absorption liquid-flows through conduit 31 and into coil 32. Here there is again an exchange of heat. The rich liquid which passes from the absorber through conduit 3 1 and into heat exchanger 33 is considerably colder than the weak absorption liquid passing into coil 32 from coil 31. 'As a result, heat is transferred from the weak absorption liquid in coil 32 into the rich absorption liquid outside the'same. The weak absorption liquid is forced through conduit 23 by the prepon- 'derance of force previously described in' the U-tube 25-29 and enters the absorber where it absorbs ammonia gas as has previously been explained. It will be noted that the absorption liquid is at high temperature when a it joins the main body 11 and the vapor produced in the generator has a lower temperature when entering conduit 12 than would otherwise be the case. This results in higher economy since less heat is required to be supplied for expulsion of vapor in the generator.

Bathing members 38 in generator 10 serve to maintain a proper difference of concentration of solution 11. It will be noted that the flow of liquid, as indicated by the arrow is counter to the flow through coil 30. Conduit is connected to that point of generator 10 where the absorption liquid is weakest.

It will be seen from the above description that vaporization is produced in the conduit leading from the generator to the absorber.

In Fig. 2 there is a double circuit corresponding to the U-tube 2529 of Fig. 1. .Weak liquor from the generator flows downwardly through conduit 40 and passes into coil 41 which surrounds a heating unit 42. The heating unit consists of a heating resistance adapted to be suitably connected to an electric circuit. Heat is transmitted to the liquid in coil 41 causing the same to vaporize and the responds to coil and in this coil ammonia is condensed while the coil serves as a heating unit for the generator. From coil 44 a conduit 45 leads downwardly to a second heating coil 46 which surrounds the electric heating element 42. In this coil also there is formation of vapor which passes upwardly through conduit 47 and into coil48, which latter coil is situated in the solution 11 above coil 44. From coil 48 liquid passes into heating coil 32 situated within heat exchanger 33 and thence through conduit 23 into absorber 21 as in the previous embodiment. Rich liquor passes through conduit 34, through heat exchanger 33 and through conduit 36 into the generator as in the previous modification.

The heavier column of liquid in conduit 40 with respect to the column offluid in conduit 43 causes a force for movement of fluid. The heavier column of liquid in conduit 45 co1npared to the column of fluid in conduit 47 causes a second force for moving fluid. These two forces are additive. The apparatus being'arranged so thattlie force thus obtained preponderates over that determined by the height of the upper part ofconduit 23 above coil 48, a circulation of liquid and gas.

is obtained as indicated by the arrows.

In the arrangement shown in F g. a single coil is used in the generator. Liquld flows downwardly through conduit 50 and is vaporized in coil 51 whereupon the vapor passes through conduit 52 and into coil 53.. The conduit 52 is extended upwardly to a little higher than the level at which conduit. 23 enters lVith the arrangement shown in Fig. 2 it will be noticed that the heating element 42 can be arranged nearer the generator than where there is only one coil in the path of liquidfrom the generator to the absorber. The proximity of the source of heat to the generator can be determined and can be diminished by proper arrangement of conduits.-

By placing the absorber so that it extends horizontally rather than vertically, the conduit 23 can be made of less height and thus the total height of the apparatus can be consid erably diminished.

In Fig. 4 I have shown an arrangement wherein the absorber is placed horizontally. For the sake of illustration I have shown the evaporator whichis designated by reference character. as situated above the absorber but it will be understood' that the evaporator can be placed opposite the absorber as shown in the previous modification whereby an apparatus can be obtained of extremely small vertical extent. In the modification shown in Fig. 4 two coils are used-as in Fig. 2 but the coils are placed horizontally rather than vertically. Liquid passes downwardly from the generator 10 through conduit 61 and through coil 62. Heat is transferred from the. source of heat 63 to the contents of coil 62 and vapor is formed which passes upwardly through conduit 64 and into coil 65, in which the vapor isrecondensed. The fluid passes downwardly through conduit 66 and through coil 67 in which the fluid is again vaporized. Vapor (and possibly some liquid) passes upwardly through conduit 68 and into coil 69 which is situated in solution 11. From coil 69, in which recondensation again takes place, the absorption liquid passes through a coil 7 O which is coiled around the generator. Coil 70 forms the inner tube of a coil heat exchanger of which the outer tube is designated by reference character 71. After passing through tube 70 the absorption liquid enters a horizontal conduit 72 which extends along the upper part of the absorber 73. The weak absorption liquid issues from the open end of conduit 72 indicated-by reference character 74. Rich absorption liquid passes from the abiorber through conduit75 and into tube 71. After passing through tube 71 and outside tube 70 the rich absorption liquid enters the upper part ofthe generator through conduit 76 which corresponds to conduit 36 of the previous modification. The rich absorption liquid passes down in the direction ofv the long arrow and .to conduit 61. A bafiiing member 78 is provided in the generator to obtain elficient heat translation.

Circulation of auxiliary gas between the absorber and evaporator takes place through conduits 80,81, 82 and 83. Conduit 81 is arranged outside a portion of conduit 83 to form a heat exchanger for transferring heatfrom conduit 83 to the gas mixture within conduit 81.. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 the rectifier 85 is arranged vertically and consists of a cylindrical casing 86 enclosing a series of bafliing members 87. The am- .monia condenser 89 has a cooling jacket 90 which is interconnected with a cooling jacket -91 surrounding the absorber.

to Fig. 5, 6 and 7 to illustrate the r-rlationship.

The generator 10 of F ig. is placed below the absorber 21 but above heat exchanger 33.

- Below heat exchanger 33 is a generator 27 which corresponds in part to coil 27 of Fig. land therefore is so designated. Connected to generator 27 at the right hand end, as shown, is a relatively large vertically extending conduit lettered 25 below a connection 25 to generator 10 and which is lettered 12 above a connection 12 to generator 10. Relatively weak absorption liquid flows from the lower part of generator 10, through connection downwardly through conduit 25 and into generator 27. From generator 27, weak absorption liquid passes into coil 27*. Generator 27 and coil 27 are heated by means of a gas burner or electric heater inserted in a fine 28 around which coil 27 is wrapped. Due to heat applied to coil 27 the weak absorption liquid flows upwardly through con-.

duit 29 and thence through a coil 30 within generator 10. Coil 30 is out of communica- 'tion with the space around the coil within generator 10. Vapor of the cooling agent, ammonla, 18 produced in generator 10 due to the heating effect of the contents of coil 30 and passs through connection 12 into conduit 12 andthence to the rectifier and condenser.

'Ammonia 'is also. expelled, as vapor, from solution, in generator 27 and passes upwardly through conduit 25in counter-flow to the downwardly flowing absorption liquid.

From coil 30, the weak absorption liquid Strong absorption liquid flows from the bottom of absorber 21 though conduit 34 and intovessel 100. A gas connection 101 connects the top of vessel 100 with the absorber. From vessel 100, the strong absorption liquid passes through conduit 34, through the. inner con duit of heat exchanger 33 and thence through conduit 36 into generator 10.

Vapor passing upwardly through conduit 12is rectified in rectifier 13 which receives liquid. ammonia from the condenser 14 through conduit 103 and which has a vapor connection 104 with the condenser. A rectifier of this type is shown in my application Serial No. 132,160. The entrained water vapor is separated out and the ammonia vapor passes into the condenser where it is liquefied.

The liquefied ammonia passes through conduit 17 into horizontal evaporator 18 which contains horizontal trays 19 over which the liquid ammonia is distributed. Hydrogen enters the evaporator through conduit 20 and the ammonia d-ifiuses into the hydrogen forming a gas mixture which passes out through conduit: 22 and through a heat exchanger 105.

The heat exchanger contains a plurality of tubes 22 which are spread at the ends to form heads. The gas mixture passes through tubes 22 and through conduit 22 and thence to absorber 21.

Hydrogen leaves absorber 21 through conduit 20 and thence through outer shell 20' of heat exchanger 105, whence it passes through conduit 20 to the evaporator. The circulation of the gaseous fluid between and through the evaporator and absorber is maintained on account of the differences in specific weight of the fluids in different vertically extending conduits.

A cooling coil 24 surrounds absorber 21 and carries cooling water for cooling the absorber. After passing through coil 24 the cooling water passes through conduit 106 and to and through conduit 16, the cooling conduit for the condenser. A conduit 107 connects the vertical gas heat exchanger with conduit 31 for venting any gas not converted to liquid in coil 30.

The apparatus shown in Figs. 8 and 9 includes a plurality of coils which are heated by.

the source of heat andtherefore is lettered along the lines of Fig. 4 as respects the arrangement of'generator and associated parts.

The weak liquor flows through. connection 25 and down through conduit 25 into the lower generator which is here designated as 62. This generator is similar to generator .27 of Fig. 5. Thence the absorption liquid flows through coil 62*, where it is heated, and upwardly through conduit 64 and through a coii Leeaeea in one of two geneartors 10 and 10 which are disposed at the same level. These genera tors are connected by upper and lower connec-' tions 110 and 111 respectively. After passing through coil 65 the absorption liquid passes downwardly throughconduit 66 and through coil 67, where it is again heated, and thence upwardly through conduit 68 and through a coil 69 within generator 10. After passing through coil 69- the absorption liquid passes through connection 31 and into heat exchanger 33.

The absorber 21 in this case is arranged vertically which necessitates a higher lift of absorption liquid. It will be noted that the only substantial diflerence between the device shown in Figs. 5 to 7 and the device shown in Figs. 8 and 9 is that,'in the latter instance, the absorption liquid is twice elevated by thermosiphon coils and twice condensed in the generator. The operation of the device shown in Figs. 8 and 9 will be apparent from the operations above described.

In applying the apparatus shown in Figs. 5 and 8'for a refrigerating cabinet, it will be readily seen that the absorber and generator are fitted below the insulated flood space of the cabinet, the evaporator 18 projects into the food space of the cabinet and is suitably equipped with a heat transfer member comprising ice trays, and the vertical gas heat ex changer and other vertical conduits adjacent thereto pass outside the insulated food spaceeither at the side or the back of the cabinet;

While I have disclosed various forms of my invention it is to be understood that my inven tion is not limited to the particular embodiment set out.

Having thus described my invention, what it claim is:

1. Refrigerating apparatus comprising an evaporator, an absorber, a generator, means to receive vapor from the generator, liquefy I the vapor and conduct the liquid to the evaporator, a source of heat, a conduit within said generator adapted to carry fluid of different pressurethan the pressure of fluid in the generator, means to conduct weak absorption liquid from said generator'into heat exchange relation with said source of heat and thence to said conduit, a connection between said a conduit and said absorber and means for passage of liquid from said absorber to said generator.

2. Refrigerating apparatus comprising a horizontally disposed generator, an evaporator, means to receive vapor from the generator, liquefythe vapor and conduct the liquid to the evaporator, an absorber, a coil extending through said generator constituting a conduit separated from the liquid and vapor space of the generator and adapted to carry fluid of higher pressure than that of fluid in the generator, 'a heating member situated below said generator, a conduit confrom the weak heated meeting said generator with said heating member, a conduit connecting said heating member with said coil, a conduit connecting said coil with said absorber and a conduit connecting said absorber with said generator.

3. That improvement in the art of refrigcrating through the agency of an absorption system which consists in simultaneously and continuously withdrawing weak absorption liquid from a main body thereof, heating the withdrawn liquid to produce a flow motivating force moving the withdrawn liquid into absorptive contact with a vaporized cooling agent under influence of the flow motivating force, transferring heat from the heated withdrawn portion to said main body on its way to the said absorptive contact, conabsorptlon liquid back to ducting enriched the same said main body and transferring heat into the returning rich absorption liquid withdrawn liquid be fore the withdrawn liquid becomes enriched by said absorptive contact.

4. That improvement in the art of refrigerating through the agency of a generatorabsorber-evaporator cycle which-consists in withdrawing weak absorption liquid from the generator, vaporizing the withdrawn portion to produce a flow motivating force, moving the withdrawn liquid to the absorber under influence of the said force and transferring heat from the vaporized withdrawn liquid to the contents of the generator to vaporize liquid in the generator and condense the withdrawn liquid on its passage to the absorber while maintaining the generator and the absorber at substantially the same pressure.

5. '1 hat improvement in the art of refrigerating through the agency of a generatorabsorber-evaporator cycle including a pressure equalizing fluid which consists in con-- ducting rich absorption liquid from the absorber to the generator, simultaneously withdrawing weak absorption liquid from the same said generator, conducting the withdrawn liquid through a source of heat, thence conducting the withdrawn liquid through the generator at a higher pressure than that of fluid in the generator due to the passage through said source of heat, thence into heat exchange relation with the rich liquid passing from the absorber to the generator and thence upwardly into the absorber.

6. Refrigerating apparatus comprising an evaporator, an absorber, a generator, means to receive vapor from the generator, liquefy the vapor and conduct the liquid to the evaporator, a source of heat, a plurality of conduits within said generator, conduit connections for conducting weak absorption liquid from said generator into heatexchange relation with said source of heat, thence through oneof said plurality of conduits, thence again into heat exchange relation with said source of heat, thence through another of said plurality of conduits and finally into said absorber, and means for passage of liquid from said absorber to said generator.

7. Refrigerating apparatus comprising an evaporator, an absorber, a generator, means to receive vapor from the generator, liquefy the vapor and conduct the liquid to the evaporator, a source of heat, a heat exchanger, a plurality of conduits within said generator, conduit connections for conducting weak absorption liquid from said generator into heat exchange relation with said source of heat, thence through one of said plurality of conduits, thence again into heat exchange relation with said source of heat, thence through another of said plurality of conduits, thence through said heat exchanger and thence into the absorber and means for passage of r1ch absorption liquidfrom said absorber, through said heat exchanger and into said generator. 8. Refrigerating apparatus comprising a generator, a. source of heatand connections for repeatedly and successively conduct ng absorption liquid into heat transfer relation with said source of heat and into heat transfer relation with said generator at successively increasing pressures relative to th pressure in the generator.

i 9. Refrigerating apparatus compr1s1ng,1n combination, an evaporator, a generator, means to receive vapor from the generator, liquefy the vapor and conduct the liquid to the evaporator, an absorber, means to Hid 1- rectly heat the generator and circulate liquid between the generator and the absorber due to change in specific gravity of absorption liquid, said generator and absorber being both disposed horizontally and near to each other to provide a small vertical travelof absorption liquid from the generator to the absorber and a large disengaging surface.

10. Refrigerating apparatus comprising a generator, an evaporator, means to receive vapor of a cooling agent from the generator,

liquefy the vapor and convey the liquid to the evaporator, an absorber situated above the generator, means for c rculatnig an auxiliary pressure equalizing agent between theabsorber, a conduit in said evaporator and generator but out of communication with the liquid and gas space ofthe generator so as to carry fluid of higher pressure than that of the fluid in the generator, a source of heat, a conduit arranged to receive weak absorption liquid from the generator and conduct the same into heat exchange with said source and thence to the conduit within thegenerator, a conduit for conveying fluid from the conduit within the generator to a high point" relative to the absorber and connected to the absorber to permit flow thereinto at a higher parta'nd a conduit for flow of fluid by grav- Withdrawing weak absorption liquid from the'generator, vaporizing withdrawn liquid and lifting the withdrawn liquid to a high level relative to the absorber due to the vaporization of the withdrawn liquid; heating the generator by the withdrawn liquid on its passage to the absorber, flowing liquid from the absorber to the generator by gravity, producing vapor of the cooling agent in the generator from the same body of fluid from which the weak absorption liquid is withdrawn, conducting the vapor produced in the generator to the condenser, conducting liquid cooling agent from the condenser to the evaporator and transporting cooling agent from the evaporator to the absorber.

12. That improvement in refrigerating through the agency of an absorption system including a generator containing cooling agent dissolved inabsorption liquid, a condenser, an evaporator. and an absorber which consists in continuously and simultaneously withdrawing weak absorption liquid from the generator, vaporizing withdrawn liquid and lifting thewithdrawn liquid to a high pflissage to the absorber, flowing liquid from e absorber to the generator by gravity, producing vapor of the cooling agent in the generator from the same body of fluid from which the weak absorption liquid is withdrawn, conducting the vapor produced in the generator to the condenser, conducting liquid cooling agent from the condenser to the evaporator and circulating an auxiliary agent between the absorber and evaporator in the presence of which the cooling agent evaporates. i

13. Refrigerating apparatus comprising a horizontally disposed generator, a source of heat situated below said generator, a plurality of conduits within said generator and means for circulating absorption, liquid through the generator comprising connections for successively conducting absorption liquid through the conduits within the generator and in heat exchange relation With the source of heat in a plurality of upward and downward paths to obtain a lifting force for CARL GEORG MUNTERS.

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