TWI614029B - 新穎醫藥組成物及其用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種醫藥組成物,其含有NPM抑制劑與抗癌劑之組合。本發明亦提供抑制或減少個體中癌細胞生長之方法,該方法藉由投予有效量之核仁磷酸蛋白(NPM)抑制劑及一或多種抗癌劑,藉此減輕該個體之症狀及徵象來進行。
Description
相關申請案之交叉引用
本申請案主張2012年9月13日申請之美國申請案第61/700,756號之權益,該案之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。
核仁磷酸蛋白(nucleophosmin,NPM)為主要位於核仁中之高度保守磷蛋白,且在細胞週期期間在核仁與細胞質之間穿梭。其牽涉於核糖體生物發生、中心體複製、基因組穩定性及細胞凋亡之調節中。
癌症仍為世界範圍的主要公眾健康問題。其深切影響美國每年診斷的超過1,000,000人,以及其家人及朋友。儘管在過去的50年中化學療法已有所進展,但醫學界仍面臨治療許多類型之癌症的挑戰。因此,仍需要更有效且安全的癌症治療。本發明解決此需要。
一些具體實例提供一種醫藥組成物,其包含一或多種NPM抑制劑及一或多種抗癌劑。此組合宜對癌症抑制具
有累加或協同作用。
一些具體實例提供減少或抑制癌症生長之方法,其包含向有需要之個體投予有效量之NPM抑制劑及有效量之抗癌劑,從而減少或抑制癌症生長。
圖1A展示在曝露於UV-B、順鉑(cisplatin)或小紅莓(doxorubicin)後,肝癌細胞中NPM及BCL2相關X蛋白(BCL2-associated X protein,BAX)之表現。圖1B展示UV-B照射前(左圖)、UV-B照射後3小時(中間圖)及UV-B照射後6小時(右圖)之NPM亞細胞分佈。NPM之亞組在UV照射後6小時移位至細胞質(由右圖中之箭頭指示)。圖1C展示BAX(上圖)、粒線體(中間圖)以及BAX及粒線體(下圖)之亞細胞分佈。
圖2示意性說明涉及NPM及BAX之細胞內細胞凋亡及死亡逃避路徑。
圖3展示在使用或不使用UV輻射(UVB)、絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)(MMC)、小紅莓(DOXO)或順鉑(CDDP)處理的情形下,siNS(含有錯義序列之siRNA)及siNPM(抑制NPM表現之siRNA)對肝癌細胞之作用。
圖4展示在使用或不使用UVB、MMC、DOXO或CDDP處理的情形下,siNS(含有錯義序列之siRNA)、siNPM(抑制NPM表現之siRNA)、siTP53(以p53為目標之siRNA)及siNPM與siTP53之組合對肝癌細胞之作用。
圖5展示正常肝細胞(C)、肝癌細胞(T)及副肝癌細胞(N)之NPM表現。
圖6展示在UV照射後,肝癌細胞中NPM表現阻斷BAX之粒線體移位及寡聚。圖6A說明在使用或不使用錯義序列(NS)siRNA或以NPM為目標之siRNA的情形下,在UV照射後,Mahlavu肝癌細胞之細胞溶質及粒線體中的NPM及BAX表現。圖6B說明siNPM及siNS對粒線體或核中之BAX二聚物(以星號表示)及BAX寡聚物(雙星號)的作用。
圖7展示siNS及siNPM對使用或不使用目標癌症療法(索拉非尼(Sorafenib)及拉帕替尼(Lapatinib))處理之肝癌細胞(Hep3B、Huh7及Mahlavu)的作用。
定義
如上文及本發明全文所用,除非另外指出,否則以下術語應理解為具有以下含義。
本專利中所用之術語「本發明(invention/the invention/this invention/the present invention)」意欲大致指本專利及下文主張之專利的所有主題。應理解含有此等術語之陳述並不限制本文所述之主題或限制下文之專利申請專利範圍的含義或範疇。本專利涵蓋的本發明之具體實例由下文之申請專利範圍而非本說明書定義。本說明書不欲鑑別所主張主題之基本特徵,亦不為單獨用於判斷所主張主題之範疇的本說明書之任何部分。應藉由參考整個說明書之適當部分(包括所有正文及圖式及申請專利範圍每一項)來理解所主張主題。
如本文所用,除非上下文另外明確指出,否則單數形式「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」包括複數個指示物。
如本文所用,「有效量(effective amount)」包括足以減輕癌症之症狀及/或徵象之NPM抑制劑或抗癌劑的劑量。
如本文所用,術語「治療(treating/treated/treatment)」包括預防性(例如防治性)、緩解性及治癒性用途或結果。
術語「抑制(inhibiting/suppressing)」包括減緩或停止生長。
術語「個體(subject)」包括患有癌症或處於發展癌症之風險中的脊椎動物。個體較佳為溫血動物,包括哺乳動物,較佳為人類。
術語醫藥組成物之酸性治療劑的「醫藥學上可接受之鹽(pharmaceutically acceptable salts)」為與鹼形成之鹽,亦即鹼加成鹽,諸如鹼金屬鹽及鹼土金屬鹽,諸如鈉鹽、鋰鹽、鉀鹽、鈣鹽、鎂鹽,以及4銨鹽,諸如銨鹽、三甲基銨鹽、二乙基銨鹽及參-(羥甲基)-甲基-銨鹽。類似地,亦可向具有作為結構之一部分的組成部分(諸如吡啶基)之鹼性治療劑提供諸如無機酸、有機羧酸及有機磺酸(例如鹽酸、甲烷磺酸、順丁烯二酸)之酸加成鹽的酸加成鹽。
醫藥組成物
本發明之一些具體實例係針對用於減少或抑制癌細胞生長之醫藥組成物。該等醫藥組成物包含至少一種NPM抑制劑與至少一種抗癌劑之組合。NPM抑制劑及抗癌劑可產生累加或協同作用。
NPM抑制劑
NPM抑制劑為減少或減緩NPM表現及/或降低NPM活性之任何試劑。在一個具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為(Z)-5-((N-苯甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)亞甲基)咪唑啶-2,4-二酮衍生物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。在另一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為5-((N-苯甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)亞甲基)嘧啶-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)三酮衍生物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其在吲哚與N-苯甲基部分兩者中併入多種取代基,該等取代基揭示於Sekhar等人,「The Novel Chemical Entity YTR107 Inhibits Recruitment of Nucleophosmin to Sites of DNA Damage,Suppressing Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Enhancing Radiosensitization」Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:6490-6499中。在另一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為NSC 348884或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其揭示於美國專利第8,063,089號中且以全文引用的方式併入本文中。在另一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為CIGB-300,即在細胞內傳遞後削弱CK2磷酸化之環肽。CIGB-300之合成描述於Perea等人「Antitumor effect of a novel proapoptotic peptide that impairs the phosphorylation by the protein kinase 2(casein kinase 2).Cancer Res 2004;64:7127-9」中且以全文引用的方式併入本文中。在另一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為藤黃酸(Gambogic acid)或醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在一些具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為以NPM RNA轉錄為目標以降低NPM表現之小干擾RNA(例如siRNA、短
干擾RNA或沉默RNA)。在另一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為以NPM為目標之小干擾RNA的生物合成前驅物。小干擾RNA典型地為具有磷酸化5'端及羥基化3'端且具有兩個或兩個以上突出核苷酸之雙股短RNA物質。在一些具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為包含s9676之siRNA(SEQ ID NO:2及3),其中SEQ ID NO:2表示有義股且SEQ ID NO:3表示反義股。在一些具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為包含s9677之siRNA(SEQ ID NO:4及5),其中SEQ ID NO:4表示有義股且SEQ ID NO:5表示反義股。在一些具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為任何RNA物質,諸如(但不限於)微RNA(miRNA)、短髮夾RNA、核糖核酸內切酶製備之siRNA(esiRNA)、天然反義短干擾RNA(natsiRNA),其中RNA物質以NPM RNA轉錄為目標以降低NPM表現。
在一具體實例中,NPM抑制劑為5-((N-苯甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)亞甲基)嘧啶-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)三酮(表示為YTR107,參看式(I))。
抗癌劑
抗癌劑包括習知化學治療劑、目標癌症療法或放射療法。
習知化學治療劑包含蒽環黴素(anthracycline)抗生素、DNA合成抑制劑、烷基化劑、抗葉酸劑、代謝抑制劑或其組合。
蒽環黴素抗生素之實例包括(但不限於)小紅莓、表柔比星(Epirubicin)、米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone)及其類似物。
DNA合成抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、5FU(5-氟尿嘧啶)、卡培他濱(Capecitabine)、伊立替康鹽酸鹽(Irinotecan hydrochloride)、塞米太克(thymitaq)及其類似物。
烷基化劑之實例包括(但不限於)順鉑、卡鉑(carboplatin)、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)、米托蒽醌及其類似物。
代謝抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)依託泊苷(etoposide)、卡馬拉素(rottlerin)及其類似物。
抗葉酸劑之實例包括(但不限於)洛拉曲克(Nolatrexed)及其類似物。
目標癌症療法為藉由干擾癌發生及癌症生長所需之特定目標分子,而非藉由簡單干擾快速分化細胞(例如使用習知化學治療劑)來抑制癌細胞生長之藥療法。在一些具體實例中,目標癌症療法包含激酶抑制劑、血管生成抑制劑、表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,
EGFR)抑制劑、HER2/neu受體或其組合。
激酶抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)吉非替尼(gefitinib)、拉帕替尼、索拉非尼、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、ABT-869、ARQ 197及其類似物。
血管生成抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)阿瓦斯丁(Avastin)、布立尼布(Brivanib)、貝伐單抗(Bevacizumab)、禮來單抗(Ramucirumab)及其類似物。
EGFR抑制劑之實例包括(但不限於)吉非替尼、西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab)及其類似物。
HER2/neu受體之實例包括(但不限於)曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)、拉帕替尼或其類似物。
抗癌劑之副作用已知,諸如重量減輕、毛髮脫落、貧血、嗜中性球減少症及血小板減少症。此等副作用可藉由投予較低劑量之抗癌劑與一或多種NPM抑制劑之組合來克服,從而實現所要治療作用。觀察到的包含NPM抑制劑與抗癌劑(例如順鉑)之組合的醫藥組成物之協同或累加作用可提供對癌細胞生長之有效抑制或減少,其中當各別抗癌劑在單一療法中使用時,一個或甚至所有較低劑量之抗癌劑將不足以具有治療作用。
待根據本文提供之一些具體實例之方法投予的醫藥組成物可容易使用醫藥學上可接受之載劑調配、製備或與其一起投予。該等醫藥組成物可藉由多種技術製備。該等技術包括使醫藥組成物之活性組分(諸如NPM抑制劑)與醫藥學上可接受之載劑締合。在一個具體實例中,藉由使醫藥
組成物之活性組分與液體載劑、固體載劑或兩者均勻及密切締合來製備醫藥組成物。液體載劑包括(但不限於)水性調配物、非水性調配物或兩者。固體載劑包括(但不限於)生物載劑、化學載劑或兩者。
醫藥組成物在水性懸浮液、油乳液、油包水乳液及水包油包水乳液中,及在包括(但不限於)乳霜、凝膠、脂質體(中性、陰離子性或陽離子性)、脂質奈米球體或微球體、中性、陰離子性或陽離子性聚合奈米粒子或微粒、特定位點乳液、長時間滯留乳液、黏稠乳液、微乳液、奈米乳液、微球體、奈米球體、奈米粒子及小型泵之載劑中,且與允許持續釋放醫藥組成物之多種天然或合成聚合物(包括陰離子性、中性或陽離子性多醣及陰離子性、中性、陽離子性聚合物或共聚物)一起投予,其中該等小型泵或聚合物在需要傳遞組成物之處的附近植入。此外,本文提供之醫藥組成物的活性組分適於與任一種載劑或任何載劑組合一起使用。此等載劑包括(但不限於)抗氧化劑、緩衝液及抑菌劑,且視情況包括懸浮劑、增稠劑或防腐劑。
對於在非水性載劑中投藥而言,用礦物油或與中性油(諸如(但不限於)二甘油酯、三甘油酯、磷脂、脂質、油及其混合物)使本文提供之醫藥組成物的活性組分乳化,其中該油含有多不飽和脂肪酸與多飽和脂肪酸之適當混合物。實例包括(但不限於)大豆油、芥花油、棕櫚油、橄欖油及myglyol,其中脂肪酸碳數在12至22之間,且其中脂肪酸可為飽和脂肪酸或不飽和脂肪酸。視情況帶電脂質或磷脂懸浮
於中性油中。適合之磷脂為(但不限於)磷脂醯絲胺酸,其以巨噬細胞上之受體為目標。本文提供之醫藥組成物視情況在水性介質中調配或使用已知技術調配為乳液。
本文提供之醫藥組成物可視情況包括別處描述之活性劑,及視情況存在之其他治療成分。載劑及其他治療成分必須在與組成物之其他成分相容的意義上為可接受的且對其接受者無害。
醫藥組成物以有效抑制或減少癌細胞生長之量投予。所投予醫藥組成物之劑量將視所治療病狀之嚴重程度、特定調配物及其他臨床因素(諸如接受者之體重及一般狀態及投藥途徑)而定。
藉由比較本文提供之醫藥組成物的試管內活性與動物模型中之活體內活性來測定本文提供之醫藥組成物的適用劑量。此項技術中已知將小鼠及其他動物中之有效劑量外推成人類有效劑量之方法;例如參看美國專利第4,938,949號,其以引用的方式併入本文中。
NPM抑制劑或抗癌劑可以任何有效量投予。在一些具體實例中,其可以約0.01μg至約5g、約0.1μg至約1g、約1μg至約500mg、約10μg至約100mg、約50μg至約50mg、約100μg至約10mg、約0.5μg至約5μg、約15μg至約500μg、約3μg至約1mg、約7μg至約1mg、約10μg至約20μg、15μg至約1mg、約15μg至約300μg、約15μg至約200μg、約15μg至約100μg、約15μg至約60μg、約15μg至約45μg、約30μg至約60μg或約50μg
至約100μg範圍內之劑量投予。在某些具體實例中,NPM抑制劑或抗癌劑以每公斤體重約0.1μg至每公斤體重約200mg、每公斤體重約1μg至每公斤體重約100mg、每公斤體重約100μg至每公斤體重約50mg、每公斤體重約0.5mg至每公斤體重約20mg、每公斤體重約1mg至每公斤體重約10mg、每公斤體重約10μg至每公斤體重約200μg、每公斤體重至少約0.01μg、每公斤體重約0.1μg或每公斤體重至少約0.5μg之範圍內的劑量投予。
根據本文提供之方法,藉由多種途徑中之任一者傳遞醫藥組成物,包括(但不限於)注射(例如皮下、肌肉內、靜脈內、動脈內、腹膜內、皮內);皮膚;真皮;經皮;經口(例如錠劑、藥丸、藥液、可食用膜帶);植入滲透泵;栓劑;氣溶膠噴霧;局部;關節內;經眼;鼻吸入;肺吸入;壓入皮膚及陰道中。
醫藥組成物可以單個劑量處理或多個劑量處理經適於所治療病狀之時間段投予。醫藥組成物宜以適當時間間隔投予,例如每天一次、每天兩次、每天三次、每兩天一次、每三天一次或每週一次、經至少3個月之時間段或直至病狀之症狀或徵象消退。
抑制癌症生長之方法
本發明之一些具體實例係針對抑制個體中癌症生長之方法,其包含向有需要之個體投予有效量之至少一種NPM抑制劑及至少一種抗癌劑(如本文所述),藉此減輕該個體之癌症之症狀及/或徵象。
核仁磷酸蛋白或NPM(SEQ ID NO:1)為在細胞週期期間在核仁與細胞質之間穿梭的高度保守抗細胞凋亡蛋白。在正常條件下,NPM位於核仁中,但少量存在於核質中(圖2B,左)。BCL2相關X蛋白(BAX),即粒線體介導之細胞凋亡蛋白,主要位於核質中,但少量存在於細胞溶質中(圖1C,左)。
回應於細胞應力(例如UV輻射或與抗癌劑接觸),NPM自核仁移位至核質(圖2B,中間圖)及細胞溶質(圖2B,右圖),且結合於BAX。在不受任何特定理論約束之情況下,咸信細胞溶質中NPM與BAX之結合有效阻斷BAX之粒線體移位、寡聚及活化,從而使得細胞抗細胞死亡(參看圖2中之死亡逃避路徑)。
藉由抑制NPM表現,細胞溶質BAX移位至粒線體且以BAX發生寡聚之粒線體內膜為目標。粒線體形成孔,失去膜電位,向細胞質中釋放細胞色素C,且活化細胞凋亡級聯(參看圖2中之細胞凋亡路徑)。
本發明組成物及方法可用於治療或抑制任何類型之癌症生長。在一些具體實例中,待治療癌症或待抑制之癌症生長為實體腫瘤或血液腫瘤,諸如肝癌、膽管癌、乳癌、肺癌、胃癌、胰臟癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮癌、子宮頸癌、白血病及淋巴瘤。
治療可單獨投予,或作為手術之輔助手段投予,例如在手術前減小腫瘤尺寸及/或在手術後降低轉移可能性,例如藉由抑制循環腫瘤細胞之生長及經由血流遷移。
NPM抑制劑可在抗癌劑之前、之後或與其同時投予。
在某些情形下,療法包括與NPM抑制劑一起投予之抗癌劑組合。
以下實例進一步說明本發明。此等實例僅欲說明本發明且不解釋為限制。
材料與方法
1.製備癌細胞、NPM表現抑制劑及轉染
人類肝癌(HCC)細胞系、HepG2(野生型p53)、Hep3B(空白基因型p53)、Huh7(C200Y突變型p53)、Mahlavu(S249R突變p53)、結腸直腸癌細胞系HCT-116、卵巢癌細胞系SKOV3及MDAH2774、肺癌細胞系A549、子宮頸癌細胞系HeLa及乳癌細胞系MCF7自美國菌種保存中心(American Type Culture Collection)(Manassas,VA)獲得。胃癌細胞系TSGH購自University of California,San Francisco(San Francisco,CA),膽管癌細胞系HuCCT-1購自JCRB細胞庫且子宮癌細胞系Ishikawa購自Sigma-Aldrich(Switzerland)。
以NPM(參看SEQ ID NO:2-5)及p53(siTP53)為目標之預先設計之小干擾RNA(siRNA),及具有錯義序列之siRNA(siNS)購自Ambion,Austin,TX。詳言之,研究中所用之siNM為Silencer®選擇陰性對照組#1。如Hsieh等人,「Identifying apoptosis-evasion proteins/pathways in human hepatoma cells via induction of cellular hormesis by UV irradiation.」J Proteome Res 2009;8:3977-3986中先前所述
進行轉染。
NPM抑制劑NSC348884購自SantaCruz Biotechnology(Santa Cruz,CA)且藤黃酸購自Enzo Life Siences(Farmingdale,NY)。
2.UV照射、藥物處理及細胞存活/生存力分析
在實施例1中,將1×104個癌細胞接種於96孔板之各孔中,隨後以實施例1中之siRNA轉染。轉染後48小時,以(50mJ/cm2)UV-B(290-320nm)或以下化學治療劑中之一者處理90%匯合之細胞:絲裂黴素C(Kyowa Hakko Kogyo有限公司)、順鉑(Bristol-Myers Squibb公司)或小紅莓(Pfizer Italia公司)。在DMSO中製備諸如索拉非尼(由Bayer HealthCare,German友好提供)及拉帕替尼(購自GlaxoSmithKline plc)之目標癌症療法。在各實驗中,向未經處理之HCC細胞中添加溶劑作為對照組。在處理後24小時至48小時評定細胞生存力。
對於UV照射組,在曝露於30、65或100mJ/cm2 UV-B之後24小時藉由XTT分析(Roche Applied Science,Mannheim,Germany)測定細胞生存力/存活。實驗一式三份至少重複進行兩次,且使用各劑量之平均值計算一半最大抑制劑濃度(IC50)。
在實施例6中,將2×104個癌細胞接種於24孔板之各孔中,培養隔夜,隨後進行組合藥物處理。在曝露72小時後評定IC50、IC90、細胞生存力及組合指數。
3.原位鄰位連接分析及免疫共沈澱
使用抗NPM小鼠單株抗體及抗BAX兔多株抗體或抗肌動蛋白兔多株抗體(陰性對照組)作為一級抗體且使用與短的互補DNA股偶合之抗小鼠及抗兔抗體作為二級抗體。在NPM與BAX之間直接接觸的情形下連接DNA股與環形寡聚物,且隨後根據製造商說明使用Duolink II套組(Olink Bioscience,Uppsala,SWE)進行滾環擴增併入經標記核苷酸。在洗滌且以DAPI(4',6-二甲脒基-2-苯基吲哚,用於DNA之螢光染色劑)對比染色後,安裝載片且在螢光顯微鏡下檢測。
使細胞在10cm板中生長用於免疫共沈澱(co-IP)。添加500μl co-IP溶胞緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl、150mM NaCl、1mM EDTA、1% TritonX-100(pH 7.4)、1mM PMSF、1mM Na3VO4、1μg/ml抑肽酶),同時將培養皿置於冰上。刮落細胞,接著藉由在冰上溫和搖動15分鐘而溶胞。將細胞溶胞產物在12000g下在4℃下離心5分鐘以移除碎片。將上清液收集於新鮮試管中,且添加2μg針對NPM或BAX之第一抗體。在4℃下溫和搖動反應混合物隔夜,且隨後添加20μl 50%蛋白A-瓊脂糖凝膠珠粒漿液。在4℃下培育所得混合物2小時,隨後在6000g下在4℃下離心5分鐘。保留上清液作為IP效率對照組,同時用緩衝液(10mM Tris-HCl、500mM NaCl(pH 7.4))洗滌珠粒3次,且在95℃下在50μl 2×SDS加樣緩衝液中加熱10分鐘,隨後以如上文所述之經識別抗體進行免疫墨點分析。
4.患者及組織樣品
臺灣長庚紀念醫院醫學倫理學內部審查委員會
(Internal Review Board for Medical Ethics of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan)批准試樣收集程序。來自90位HCC患者之HCC及其周圍組織以及相關臨床資料獲自臺灣肝癌網(Taiwan Liver Cancer Network,TLCN)。檢驗所有HCC組織且選擇來自最具代表性區域之兩個核樣品用於組織微陣列塊。自各HCC組織之不同區域選擇兩個核樣品。
由兩個獨立觀察者測定免疫組織化學(ImmunoHistoChemistry,IHC)評分。若兩個觀察者之間存在意見不一致,則對載片進行再檢驗且觀察者達成一致。IHS評分0指示陰性結果,1指示弱陽性結果,2指示陽性結果且3指示強陽性結果。
使用T.C.Chou:Theoretical Basis,Experimental Design,and Computerized Simulation of Synergism and Antagonism in Drug Combination Studies,Pharmacological Reviews.2006;58(3):621-81之方法分析藥物之組合結果且以組合指數(CI)表示,該文獻之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。在0.3-0.7之間的CI指示協同作用,0.7-0.85指示中等協同作用,0.85-0.9指示微小協同作用,0.9-1.1指示累加作用,1.1-1.2指示微小拮抗作用,1.2-1.45指示中等拮抗作用且1.45-3.3指示拮抗作用。
如美國癌症聯合委員會/國際抗癌聯盟(American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer)所建議,根據腫瘤-結節-轉移(tumor-node-metastasis,TNM)分期系統判斷腫瘤分期。
使用卡方檢驗(Chi-square test)及費雪精準檢驗(Fishers Exact test)比較變數。使用卡普蘭-邁耶分析(Kaplan-Meier analysis)及對數等級測試(log-rank test)說明患者接受初步治癒性肝切除術後無復發及整體存活幾率。
實施例1:HCC中NPM抑制劑及抗癌劑組合之試管內評估
此研究中使用具有不同p53背景之HCC細胞系,包括HepG2(野生型p53)、Huh7(C200Y突變型p53)、Mahlavu(R249S突變型p53)及Hep3B(缺失型p53)。
參看圖3,0mJ/cm2或mg/ml劑量之UVB、MMC、DOXO及CODP指示HCC細胞未經UV-B或習知化學治療劑處理。siNPM(抑制NPM表現之siRNA)柱表示無UV-B或化學治療劑處理但具有NPM抑制之群組。siNS柱表示無UV-B、化學治療劑處理或NPM抑制之群組。藉由免疫墨點法確認siNPM對NPM表現之抑制(圖3,右下圖)。
當UVB、MMC、DOXO及CODP之劑量高於0mJ/cm2或μg/ml時,以UV-B或習知化學治療劑中之一者處理HCC細胞。在此群組中,siNs柱表示無NPM表現抑制,但經UV-B或習知化學治療劑處理之群組。siNPM柱群組具有NPM抑制且經化學治療劑或UV-B輻射處理。藉由XTT分析量測細胞生存力。*(p<0.05)及**(p<0.01)指示經siNPM及siNS轉染之細胞之間的統計顯著性。
NPM表現抑制與化學療法或UV-B處理之組合相較於單獨NPM表現抑制顯著降低HCC細胞之細胞生存力。
結果顯示NPM表現抑制與化學療法或UV-B處理之組合在HCC處理中有效。
參看圖7,0μM或nM劑量之索拉非尼及拉帕替尼指示HCC細胞未經目標癌症療法處理。在0μM或nM下,siNS(黑色)柱表示無NPM表現抑制及無目標癌症療法(對照組),而siNPM(灰色)柱表示具有NPM表現抑制,但無目標癌症療法之群組。
高於0μM或nM之劑量之索拉非尼及拉帕替尼指示HCC細胞經目標癌症療法處理。索拉非尼及拉帕替尼劑量高於0μM或nM之siNS(黑色)柱表示無NPM表現抑制,但經目標癌症療法處理之群組,而索拉非尼及拉帕替尼劑量高於0μM或nM之siNPM(灰色)柱表示具有NPM表現抑制且經目標癌症療法處理之群組。
抑制NPM表現與目標癌症療法之組合相較於單獨NPM表現抑制或目標癌症療法顯著提高Huh7、Hep3B及Mahlavu細胞之細胞易感性。結果顯示NPM表現抑制與目標癌症療法之組合在HCC處理中提供協同作用。
進一步評估由癌細胞中之NPM配合的p53在死亡逃避中之作用。NPM、p53或同時NPM與p53之表現因siNPM及siTP53而沉默(圖4)。單獨p53表現之沉默不會顯著改變Huh7、Hep3B及Mahlavu細胞中之處理敏感性(圖4,siTP53相對於siNS)。p53與NPM之同時沉默不會進一步改變單獨沉默NPM所發揮的致敏作用[圖4,siNPM/siNS相對於(siNPM+siTP53)/siNS]。NPM表觀上獨立於p53實現其死
亡逃避活性。此等發現具有極大臨床意義,因為一半以上人類癌症(包括HCC,尤其為晚期HCC)中發現了p53突變。
實施例2:細胞應力對NPM及BAX表現之誘導
現參看圖1A,在UV-B(50mJ/cm2)、順鉑[對於Hep3B(3B)、HepG2(G2)及Mahlavu(ML)分別為5.5、69及6.4μg/ml]及小紅莓[對於Hep3B、HepG2及Mahlavu分別為1.4、8.8及5μg/ml]曝露後,Huh7、Hep3B及Mahlavu細胞中之NPM上調。在UV-B、順鉑及小紅莓處理後,所有三種HCC細胞系中之BAX表現亦增加。使用β激動蛋白之表現作為加樣對照組。在細胞應力下同時誘導細胞之BAX(促細胞凋亡)及NPM(抗細胞凋亡)表示調節細胞凋亡相對於存活反應之抵消機制。
實施例3:在細胞應力後NPM之核質及細胞質移位
在UV照射之前,NPM主要位於核仁中且少量存在於核質中(圖1B,左圖),而BAX主要位於核質中且少量位於細胞質中(圖1C,左圖)。在UV照射後,NPM自核仁移位至核質(圖1B,中間)及細胞質(圖1B,右圖,由箭頭指示)。另一方面,BAX移位至細胞溶質且在粒線體中累積,在細胞經歷細胞凋亡時尤其如此(圖1C,右圖;由箭頭指示)。
在由siRNA抑制NPM表現後,具有相對低NPM表現之HCC細胞在粒線體中聚集較多BAX,且發現更傾向於細胞凋亡,而具有相對高NPM含量之細胞具有較少粒線體BAX累積,且發現對細胞凋亡更具抗性。此等發現表明NPM
之抗細胞凋亡活性涉及阻斷BAX粒線體移位。
實施例4:由NPM阻斷BAX粒線體移位及寡聚
圖6A說明在UV照射後細胞質NPM增加,而在UV照射後細胞溶質及粒線體中之BAX增加。由siRNA抑制NPM表現會減少細胞溶質BAX,而粒線體BAX含量會增加。此表明回應於細胞應力(諸如UV處理)由NPM阻斷BAX粒線體移位。分別使用抗增殖蛋白(prohibitin,PHB)及甘油醛3-磷酸去氫酶(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)作為粒線體及細胞溶質組分之標記。藉由在Hep3B及Mahlavu細胞中以化學治療劑(諸如星形孢菌素(staurosporin))抑制NPM來觀察粒線體BAX提高之類似結果。
採用製備細胞蛋白質之非還原條件驗證上述發現。抑制NPM表現(圖6B,泳道2)在UV照射後大大增加粒線體BAX之二聚物及寡聚物,而在UV照射前(圖6B,泳道1)或在無NPM表現抑制情況下(圖6B,泳道3)僅在粒線體中偵測到BAX二聚物及寡聚物。總之,NPM阻斷HCC細胞中BAX之粒線體移位及寡聚。
實施例5:人類HCC中之NPM上調與B型肝炎、門靜脈受侵、高復發及不良預後相關
使用免疫墨點分析法,發現相較於匹配的副HCC肝組織及正常肝組織,在6個HCC樣品的4個中NPM含量高(圖5)。
檢驗90對HCC及副HCC肝樣品中之NPM表現。
在38.9%(35/90)的HCC樣品中發現NPM過表現,且與慢性B型肝炎(p<0.0001)、晚期癌症階段(p=0.0015)、門靜脈受侵(p<0.001)、腫瘤復發(p=0.0148)及不良整體存活(p=0.0229)強相關。參看表1-4。如經由卡普蘭-邁耶分析及對數等級測試所證明,NPM上調與較高腫瘤復發及較低整體存活相關。
實施例6:多種癌症細胞系中NPM抑制劑及抗癌劑組合之試管內評估
在以下癌症細胞系中評估NPM抑制劑與抗癌劑之組合:HCC細胞系(Huh7及Mahlavu)、胃癌細胞系(TSGH)、膽管癌細胞系(HuCCT-1)、結腸直腸癌細胞系(HCT-116)、卵巢癌細胞系(SKOV3及MDAH2774)、肺癌細胞(A549)、子宮癌細胞系(Ishikawa)、子宮頸癌細胞系(HeLa)及乳癌
細胞系(MCF7)。
如表5中所示,索拉非尼(抗癌劑)及NPM抑制劑(NSC348884或藤黃酸)組合對HCC細胞系之整體作用指示累加作用至協同作用。
表6中總結拉帕替尼(抗癌劑)與藤黃酸(NPM抑制劑)組合對8種不同癌症細胞系之作用。整體而言,所有癌症細胞系之結果均指示累加作用至協同作用。
表7中總結拉帕替尼(抗癌劑)與NSC348884(NPM抑制劑)組合對8種不同癌症細胞系之作用。整體而言,所有癌症細胞系之結果均指示混合之累加作用/協同作用。
此等結果證明拉帕替尼(抗癌劑)與NSC348884(NPM抑制劑)之組合處理在多數癌症細胞系中產生累加至協同抗癌作用,但Mahlavu(HCC)及HeLa(子宮頸)細胞系除外。
參看表8,需要較低濃度之拉帕替尼及NSC348884抑制HCC及子宮頸癌,其為組合療法形式而非單一療法形式。結果指示拉帕替尼及NSC348884組合在癌細胞
抑制方面有效且可以小於單一療法方案中通常投予之劑量的劑量存在。
<110> 長庚醫療財團法人林口長庚紀念醫院謝秉哲
<120> 新穎醫藥組成物及其用途
<130> 84550076-0002
<150> 61/700,756
<151> 2012-09-13
<160> 5
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
<210> 1
<211> 294
<212> PRT
<213> 智人
<210> 2
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 以NPM為目標之siRNA;siNPM s9676有義股
<210> 3
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 以NPM為目標之siRNA;siNPM s9676反義股
<210> 4
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 以NPM為目標之siRNA;siNPM s9677有義股
<220>
<223> siNPM s9677 sence
<210> 5
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 以NPM為目標之siRNA;siNPM s9677反義股
<220>
<223> siNPM s9677 antisecne
Claims (12)
- 一種醫藥組成物,其包含:至少一種NPM抑制劑,其係為藤黃酸(gambogic acid);至少一種抗癌劑,其係為激酶抑制劑;及醫藥學上可接受之載劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組成物,其中該激酶抑制劑為索拉非尼(sorefenib)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組成物,其中該激酶抑制劑為拉帕替尼(lapatinib)。
- 一種NPM抑制劑及抗癌劑之組合物在製備減少或抑制個體中癌症生長之藥物的用途,其包含以下步驟:(a)使細胞與藤黃酸(gambogic acid)接觸;及(b)投予有效量之激酶抑制劑;其中該癌症係選自肝癌、胃癌、膽管癌、結腸直腸癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、子宮癌或乳癌。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之用途,其中該激酶抑制劑為索拉非尼。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之用途,其中該激酶抑制劑為拉帕替尼。
- 一種NPM抑制劑及抗癌劑之組合物在製備減少或抑制個體中癌症生長之藥物的用途,其包含以下步驟:(a)使細胞與抑制NPM表現之siRNA接觸;及(b)投予有效量之至少一種抗癌劑,其係為UV輻射、激酶抑制劑或選自DNA合成抑制劑、蒽環黴素(anthracycline)抗生素或烷基化劑之化學治療劑; 其中該癌症係選自p53突變型或p53缺失型癌症。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中該DNA合成抑制劑為絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中該蒽環黴素抗生素為小紅莓(doxorubicin)。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中該烷基化劑為順鉑(Cisplatin)。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中該激酶抑制劑為索拉非尼。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中該激酶抑制劑為拉帕替尼。
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US8063089B2 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2011-11-22 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of The University Of Arizona | Inhibitors of nucleophosmin (NPM) and methods for inducing apoptosis |
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US8063089B2 (en) * | 2007-02-28 | 2011-11-22 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of The University Of Arizona | Inhibitors of nucleophosmin (NPM) and methods for inducing apoptosis |
WO2012112626A2 (en) * | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-23 | Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions, devices and methods of use thereof for the treatment of cancers |
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W Shu,et al."Involvement of Regulations of Nucleophosmin and Nucleoporins in Gambogic Acid-Induced Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells",Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology,103, 530–537,2008. * |
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