TWI603977B - 作為激酶抑制劑之化合物及組合物 - Google Patents
作為激酶抑制劑之化合物及組合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI603977B TWI603977B TW104130161A TW104130161A TWI603977B TW I603977 B TWI603977 B TW I603977B TW 104130161 A TW104130161 A TW 104130161A TW 104130161 A TW104130161 A TW 104130161A TW I603977 B TWI603977 B TW I603977B
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Description
本發明提供可抑制Raf激酶之化合物,且因此適用於治療與過量Raf激酶活性相關聯之某些病症,包括細胞增生性病症,諸如癌症。本發明進一步提供含有此等化合物之醫藥組合物,及使用此等化合物治療包括癌症之病狀的方法。
蛋白激酶與極複雜的信號級聯有關,其可調節包括細胞存活及增生的大部分細胞功能。已大量地研究此等信號傳導路徑,尤其在由失調細胞功能,諸如癌症所導致之病症之情形下。例如,已充分研究有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)級聯,且在此路徑(例如,RAS、RAF、MEK及ERK)中之激酶已作為用於藥物發現之目標位點而加以利用。在大部分之惡性疾病(超過30%之全部腫瘤及40%黑色素瘤)中發現突變B-Raf,且已報導可抑制常見B-Raf突變體(V600E,在諸多癌症,尤其皮膚惡性黑色素瘤、甲狀腺癌、結腸直腸癌及卵巢癌中發現之活化突變)之數種藥物候選物,包括GDC-0879、PLX4032及PLX4720,同時其他靶向C-Raf或B-Raf(或兩者)之抑制劑包括索拉非尼(sorafenib)、XL281RAF265及BAY43-9006。此等實例展現抑制B-Raf或C-Raf的化合物適用於治療各種癌症。
MAPK信號級聯包括RAS、Raf、MEK及ERK激酶,其中之每一者實際上為一組相關蛋白質。此等蛋白質作為信號轉導級聯共同地起
作用,其中相異的激酶及其不同受質特異性之數目形成複雜的且高度分支路徑。Raf(例如)由被稱作A-Raf、B-Raf及C-Raf(亦稱為Raf-1)之單體組成,其中之每一者主要作為二聚體起作用。RAF複合物包括此等三個種類之雜二聚體以及均二聚體,使得Raf群中之二聚體種類的總數目為六個,此等二聚體種類中之每一者具有多個位點,其中在絲胺酸、蘇胺酸或酪胺酸處之磷酸化可導致活化或抑制。歸因於路徑及其調節之複雜性,據報導,B-Raf之抑制劑可導致該路徑之反常活化,明顯歸因於在Raf之激酶域上之構形效應,其影響二聚合、膜定位及與RAS-GTP之相互作用。特定言之,視細胞情形而定,作為抑制劑或活化劑,ATP-競爭抑制劑可在信號傳導路徑上展現相反作用。因此,具有活化B-Raf突變V600E之有效抗腫瘤的B-Raf抑制劑在具有野生型B-Raf或KRas突變的腫瘤中可能不如預期的有效。
本發明提供包括A-Raf、B-Raf及/或C-Raf之Raf激酶的新穎抑制劑,及此等化合物治療與過量或不當程度之Raf活性相關聯之諸如某些癌症之病症的用途。本發明化合物可使不當路徑活化作用減至最少,且因此活體內可比B-Raf抑制劑更有效且更可預測,該等B-Raf抑制劑即使在其具有相似活體外效力時亦引起異常路徑活化。本發明化合物係以DFG向外模式結合,使其成為據報導不太易於誘發反常活化的類型2抑制劑。化合物適合於治療BRaf野生型及KRas突變腫瘤以及B-Raf V600E突變腫瘤。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種式(I)之化合物:
其中:R1係選自氫及甲基;R2係選自吡啶基及苯基;其中苯基或
吡啶基可經選自三氟甲基、1,1-二氟乙基及2-氟丙-2-基之基團取代;X及Y係獨立地選自N及C-OCH2CHR3R4;其中R3係選自氫及OH;且R4係選自2-(膦醯氧基)甲基及膦醯氧基;其限制條件為若X為N,則Y為C-OCH2CHR3R4,且若Y為N,則X為C-OCH2CHR3R4;且Z係選自N及CH。
在第二態樣中,本發明提供一種醫藥組合物,其含有式I化合物或N-氧化物衍生物、個別異構體及其異構體混合物;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其與一或多種適合賦形劑混合。
在另一態樣中,該式I化合物為如本文中資料所示之Raf激酶的抑制劑,且因此用於治療以下病狀,諸如黑色素瘤、乳癌、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌及與過量Raf路徑活性相關聯之其他惡性疾病,尤其在藉由Ras突變所驅動之癌症中。此外,本發明化合物展現該Raf路徑之低程度的反常活化。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供醫藥組合物,其包含與至少一種醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑混合、視情況可與兩種或兩種以上醫藥學上可接受載劑或賦形劑混合的式I化合物。
此外,本發明包括式I化合物與輔治療劑,視情況可包括一或多種醫藥學上可接受載劑之組合,及使用式I化合物與輔治療劑之組合的治療方法。用於本發明之適合輔治療劑包括(例如)癌症化學治療劑(包含但不限於PI3K之抑制劑)、Raf路徑之其他抑制劑、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、多西他賽(docetaxel)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、鉑(platina)、小紅莓(doxorubicin)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、環磷醯胺、拓朴替康(topotecan)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、異環磷醯胺、依託泊苷(etoposide)、伊立替康(irinotecan)及其類似者。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種治療特徵為Raf(尤其B-Raf及/或C-Raf)之過量或不當程度之活性之病狀的方法,其包含向需要此治療
之個體投與有效量之式I化合物,或包含該化合物之醫藥組合物。該個體可為哺乳動物,且較佳為人類。藉由該化合物及本文所述之方法可治療的病狀包括各種形式之癌症,諸如實體腫瘤、黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌(例如,非小細胞肺癌)、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。因此,本發明包括該式I化合物,其用於療法,尤其用於治療癌症,諸如黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌、肝癌、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。本發明亦包括此等化合物用於製造用以治療此等病狀之藥劑的用途。
本發明包括該式I化合物及全部立體異構體(包括非對映異構體及對映異構體)、互變異構體及其同位素增濃版本(包括氘取代)以及此等化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
本發明提供用於治療以下疾病之化合物、組合物及方法:激酶相關疾病,尤其Raf激酶相關疾病;例如:各種形式之癌症,諸如實體腫瘤、黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌(例如,非小細胞肺癌)、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。
在一個實施例中,關於式I化合物為式Ia化合物:
其中:R1係選自氫及甲基;R2係選自吡啶基及苯基;其中苯基或吡啶基可經選自三氟甲基、1,1-二氟乙基及2-氟丙-2-基之基團取代;R3係選自氫及OH;R4係選自2-(膦醯氧基)甲基及膦醯氧基;且Z係選自N及CH;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,為選自以下之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽:
在另一個實施例中,為式Ib化合物:
其中:R1係選自氫及甲基;R2係選自吡啶基及苯基;其中苯基或吡啶基可經選自三氟甲基、1,1-二氟乙基及2-氟丙-2-基之基團取代;R3係選自氫及OH;R4係選自2-(膦醯氧基)甲基及膦醯氧基;且Z係選自N及CH;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,為選自以下之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽:
在另一個實施例中,為下式之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽:
如本文所用,術語「光學異構體」或「立體異構體」係指本發明化合物可存在之各種立體異構組態中之任一者,且包括幾何異構體。應理解,取代基可在碳原子之對掌性中心處連接。術語「對掌性」係指具有與其鏡像搭配物不重疊性之分子,而術語「非對掌性」係指與其鏡像搭配物可重疊之分子。因此,本發明包括化合物之對映異構體、非對映異構體或外消旋體。「對映異構體」為彼此為不可重疊鏡像的一對立體異構體。一對對映異構體之1:1混合物為「外消旋」混合物。術語用於在適當時命名外消旋混合物。「非對映異構體」為具有至少兩個不對稱原子而彼此不為鏡像之立體異構體。絕對立體化學根據Cahn-lngold-Prelog『R-S』系統指定。當化合物為純對映異構體時,每個對掌性碳處之立體化學可由R或S指定。視絕對組態未知之經解析化合物旋轉在鈉D線之波長處之平面偏振光的方向(右旋或左旋)而定,可將經解析化合物命名為(+)或(-)。本文所描述之某些化合物含有一或多個不對稱中心或軸,且因此可產生根據絕對立體化學可定義為(R)-或(S)-之對映異構體、非對映異構體及其他立體異構形式。
視起始物質及合成程序之選擇而定,化合物可以可能異構體中之一者的形式或以其混合物形式存在,例如以純光學異構體形式或以異構體混合物形式存在,諸如外消旋體及非對映異構體混合物,視不對稱碳原子之數目而定。本發明意欲包括所有該等可能異構體,包括
外消旋混合物、非對映異構混合物及光學純形式。光學活性(R)-及(S)-異構體可使用對掌性合成組元或對掌性試劑製備,或使用習知技術解析。若化合物含有雙鍵,則取代基可為E或Z組態,除非指定。若化合物含有雙取代環烷基,則環烷基取代基可具有順或反組態,除非另外指定。亦意欲包括所有互變異構形式。
在諸多情形下,本發明化合物藉助於胺基及/或羧基或其類似基團之存在而能夠形成酸鹽及/或鹼鹽。如本文所用,術語「鹽」係指本發明化合物的酸加成鹽或鹼加成鹽。「鹽」尤其包括「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」。術語「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」係指保留本發明化合物的生物學效用及性質且通常在生物學上或其他方面所需要的鹽。
醫藥學上可接受之酸加成鹽可用無機酸及有機酸形成,例如乙酸鹽、天冬胺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、溴化物/氫溴酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽/碳酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽/硫酸鹽、樟腦磺酸鹽、氯化物/鹽酸鹽、氯茶鹼鹽、檸檬酸鹽、乙二磺酸鹽、反丁烯二酸鹽、葡庚糖酸鹽、葡萄酸鹽、葡萄糖醛酸鹽、馬尿酸鹽、氫碘酸鹽/碘化物、羥乙磺酸鹽、乳酸鹽、乳糖酸鹽、月桂基磺酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽、丙二酸鹽、杏仁酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、甲基硫酸鹽、萘甲酸鹽、萘磺酸鹽、菸鹼酸鹽、硝酸鹽、十八酸鹽、油酸鹽、乙二酸鹽、棕櫚酸鹽、雙羥萘酸鹽、磷酸鹽/磷酸氫鹽/磷酸二氫鹽、聚半乳糖醛酸鹽、丙酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、磺基水楊酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、甲苯磺酸鹽及三氟乙酸鹽。其他適合之鹽的清單可見於例如「Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences」,第20版,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,Pa.,(1985);及「Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties,Selection,and Use」,Stahl及Wermuth(Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,Germany,2002)中。
可衍生鹽之無機酸包括例如鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸及其類似物。
可衍生鹽之有機酸包括例如乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、乙二酸、順丁烯二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、反丁烯二酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、苯甲酸、杏仁酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、甲苯磺酸、磺基水楊酸及其類似物。
醫藥學上可接受之鹼加成鹽可用無機或有機鹼形成,且可具有無機或有機相對離子。
用於該等鹼鹽之無機相對離子銨鹽及包括例如來自週期表之第I至XII行的金屬。在某些實施例中,相對離子係選自鈉、鉀、銨、具有一至四個C1-C4烷基之烷基銨、鈣、鎂、鐵、銀、鋅及銅;尤其適合之鹽包括銨鹽、鉀鹽、鈉鹽、鈣鹽及鎂鹽。
可衍生鹽之有機鹼包括例如一級胺、二級胺及三級胺、包括天然產生之經取代之胺的經取代之胺、環胺、鹼離子交換樹脂及其類似物。適合之有機胺包括異丙胺、苄星(benzathine)、膽酸鹽、二乙醇胺、二乙胺、離胺酸、葡甲胺、哌嗪及緩血酸胺。
本發明醫藥學上可接受之鹽可藉由習知化學方法自鹼性或酸性部分合成。通常,該等鹽可藉由使此等化合物之游離酸形式與化學計算量之適當鹼(諸如,Na、Ca、Mg或K之氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽或類似物)反應,或藉由使此等化合物之游離鹼形式與化學計算量之適當酸反應來製備。該等反應通常於水中或有機溶劑中,或於兩者之混合物中進行。通常,若可實行,使用非水性介質,比如乙醚、乙酸乙酯、四氫呋喃、甲苯、氯仿、二氯甲烷、甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、或乙腈為需要的。
本文中任何給定之式亦意欲表示未標記形式(亦即,全部原子以天然同位素豐度存在且不經同位素增濃之化合物)以及化合物之同位素增濃或標記形式。同位素增濃或標記化合物具有藉由本文中給定之式描繪的結構,除了化合物之至少一個原子經具有不同於天然產生之原子質量或原子質量分佈的原子質量或質量數之原子置換。可併入至
本發明之增濃或標記化合物中的同位素之實例包括氫、碳、氮、氧、磷、氟及氯之同位素,諸如分別為2H、3H、11C、13C、14C、15N、18F、31P、32P、35S、36Cl、125I。本發明包括如本文所定義之各種同位素標記化合物,例如放射性同位素(諸如3H及14C)或非放射性同位素(諸如2H及13C)以明顯地高於此等同位素之天然豐度的含量存在之彼等。此等同位素標記化合物適用於代謝研究(使用14C);反應動力學研究(使用例如2H或3H);偵測或成像技術,諸如正電子發射斷層攝影法(positron emission tomography,PET)或單光子發射電腦斷層攝影法(single-photon emission computed tomography,SPECT),包括藥物或受質組織分佈分析;或適用於患者之放射性治療。特定言之,18F或標記化合物可對於PET或SPECT研究為尤其需要的。式I之同位素標記化合物一般可藉由熟習此項技術者已知之習知技術或藉由與隨附實例及製備中所描述之類似方法,使用適當同位素標記試劑替代先前所採用之未標記試劑來製備。
此外,用較重的同位素,尤其氘(亦即,2H或D)取代,可得到由較大代謝穩定性產生之某些治療優勢,例如活體內半衰期增加或劑量需求減少或治療指數改良。應理解,在此情形下,氘視為式I化合物之取代基。該較重同位素(尤其氘)之濃度可藉由同位素增濃因素來定義。如本文所用之術語「同位素增濃因素」意謂在指定同位素之同位素豐度與天然豐度之間的比率。若在本發明化合物中的取代基指示氘,則該化合物針對每個指定氘原子的同位素增濃因素為至少3500(在每個指定氘原子處52.5%氘併入)、至少4000(60%氘併入)、至少4500(67.5%氘併入)、至少5000(75%氘併入)、至少5500(82.5%氘併入)、至少6000(90%氘併入)、至少6333.3(95%氘併入)、至少6466.7(97%氘併入)、至少6600(99%氘併入)或至少6633.3(99.5%氘併入)。
根據本發明之醫藥學上可接受之溶劑合物包括結晶溶劑可經同
位素取代(例如,D2O、d6-丙酮、d6-DMSO)的溶劑合物以及與非增濃溶劑形成之溶劑合物。
本發明化合物,亦即含有能夠充當氫鍵之供體及/或受體之基團的式I化合物,可能夠與適合共晶體形成劑形成共晶體。此等共晶體可藉由已知共晶體形成程序自式I之化合物製備。該等程序包括研磨、加熱、共昇華、共熔融或使式I之化合物與共晶體形成劑在溶液中在結晶條件下接觸,及分離由此形成之共晶體。適合之共晶體形成劑包括描述於WO 2004/078163中之共晶體形成劑。因此,本發明進一步提供包含式I化合物之共晶體。
如本文所用,術語「醫藥學上可接受之載劑」包括如應為熟習此項技術者已知之任何及所有溶劑、分散介質、塗料、界面活性劑、抗氧化劑、防腐劑(例如,抗菌劑、抗真菌劑)、等張劑、吸收延緩劑、鹽、防腐劑、藥物穩定劑、黏合劑、賦形劑、崩解劑、潤滑劑、甜味劑、調味劑、染料及其類似物及其組合(參見例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第18版,Mack Printing Company,1990,第1289-1329頁)。除非任何習知載劑與活性成分不相容,否則涵蓋其在治療或醫藥組成物中之使用。
本發明化合物之術語「治療有效量」係指本發明化合物的量,其將引出個體之生物或醫學反應,例如減少或抑制酶或蛋白質活性、或改善症狀、減輕病狀、減緩或延緩疾病進展、或預防疾病等。在一個非限制性實施例中,術語「治療有效量」係指本發明化合物的量,當向個體投與時,其可有效地(1)至少部分地減輕、抑制、預防及/或改善由諸如B-Raf或C-Raf之Raf激酶介導之,或與諸如B-Raf或C-Raf之激酶的活性相關聯之病狀、或病症或疾病;或(2)減少或抑制活體內諸如B-Raf或C-Raf之激酶的活性。
在另一非限制性實施例中,術語「治療有效量」係指本發明化
合物的量,當向細胞、或組織、或非細胞生物物質、或介質投與時,其可有效地至少部分地減少或抑制諸如B-Raf或C-Raf之激酶的活性,或至少部分地減少或減輕與過量Raf激酶活性相關聯之症狀或病狀。
如本文所用,術語「個體」係指動物。通常該動物為哺乳動物。個體亦指例如靈長類(例如,人類、男性或女性)、牛、綿羊、山羊、馬、犬、貓、兔、大鼠、小鼠、魚、鳥及其類似者。在某些實施例中,個體為靈長類。在特定實施例中,該個體為人類。
如本文所用,術語「抑制(inhibit/inhibition/inhibiting)」係指減少或遏制給定病狀、症狀、或病症、或疾病,或顯著減少生物活性或過程之基線活性。
如本文所用,在一個實施例中之術語「治療(treat/treating/treatment)」任何疾病或病症係指改善疾病或病症(亦即,減緩或停滯或減少疾病或其臨床症狀中之至少一者的發展)。在另一個實施例中,「治療」係指減輕或改善至少一個身體參數,包括患者無法辨別的身體參數。在又一實施例中,「治療」係指身體性地(例如,穩定可辨別之症狀)或生理性地(例如,穩定身體參數)或在兩方面調節疾病或病症。在又一實施例中,「治療」係指預防或延緩疾病或病症之發展或進展。
如本文所用,若個體在生物學、醫學或生活品質上會因治療受益,則該個體是有「需要」該治療。
除非本文中另外指示或與上下文明顯矛盾,否則如本文所用,本發明之上下文中(尤其在申請專利範圍之上下文中)所用之術語「一(a/an)」、「該」及類似術語應解釋為包括單數與複數。
除非本文中另外指示或與上下文明顯矛盾,否則本文中所描述之所有方法可以任何適合的次序進行。使用本文中提供之任何及所有實例或例示性語言(例如「諸如」)僅意欲較佳地闡明本發明,而不對
以其他方式所主張的本發明之範疇造成限制。
本發明之該(等)化合物之任何不對稱原子(例如,碳或其類似者)可以外消旋或對映異構性增濃之形式存在,例如(R)-、(S)-或(R,S)-組態。在某些實施例中,每個不對稱原子具有(R)-或(S)-組態之至少50%對映異構體過量,至少60%對映異構體過量,至少70%對映異構體過量,至少80%對映異構體過量,至少90%對映異構體過量,至少95%對映異構體過量,或至少99%對映異構體過量;亦即,針對光學活性化合物,使用一種對映異構體實質性排除其他對映異構體常常較佳。在具有不飽和雙鍵之原子處的取代基(若可能)可以順(Z)-或反(E)-形式存在。
因此,如本文所用,本發明化合物可呈可能的異構體、旋轉異構體、滯轉異構體、互變異構體或其混合物中之一者的形式,例如呈實質上純幾何(順或反)異構體、非對映異構體、光學異構體(對映體)、外消旋體或其混合物之形式。如本文所用之『實質上純的』或『實質上不含其他異構體』意謂產物含有相對於較佳異構體之量按重量計低於5%及較佳低於2%之其他異構體。
異構體之任何所得混合物可基於組分之物理化學差異例如藉由層析法及/或分步結晶而分離成純的或實質上純的幾何或光學異構體、非對映異構體、外消旋體。
最終產物或中間物之任何所得外消旋體可藉由已知方法例如藉由分離用光學活性酸或鹼所獲得之其非對映異構體鹽,且釋放光學活性酸性或鹼性化合物解析為光學對映體。特定言之,可因此採用鹼性部分將本發明化合物解析為其光學對映體,例如藉由使得與光學活性酸(例如,酒石酸、二苯甲醯基酒石酸、二乙醯基酒石酸、二-O,O'-對甲苯甲醯基酒石酸、杏仁酸、蘋果酸或樟腦-10-磺酸)形成之鹽分步結晶。外消旋產物亦可藉由對掌性層析法來解析,例如使用對掌性吸附
劑之高壓液相層析法(high pressure liquid chromatography,HPLC)。
此外,本發明化合物(包括其鹽)亦可以其水合物之形式獲得,或包括用於其結晶之其他溶劑。本發明化合物可固有地或經設計與醫藥學上可接受之溶劑(包括水)形成溶劑合物;因此,本發明意欲涵蓋溶劑合物與非溶劑合物形式。術語「溶劑合物」係指本發明化合物(包括其醫藥學上可接受之鹽)與一或多個溶劑分子的分子複合物。該等溶劑分子為常用於醫藥技術中者,已知其對接受者無害,例如水、乙醇及其類似者。術語「水合物」係指其中溶劑分子為水之複合物。
本發明化合物(包括其鹽、水合物及溶劑合物)可固有地或經設計以形成多晶型物。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種醫藥組合物,其包含本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽及至少一種醫藥學上可接受之載劑。醫藥組合物可經調配以用於特定投藥途徑,諸如經口投藥、非經腸投藥及經直腸投藥及其類似者。另外,本發明醫藥組合物可以固體形式(包括(但不限於)膠囊、錠劑、丸劑、顆粒劑、散劑或栓劑)或以液體形式(包括(但不限於)溶液、懸浮液或乳液)製作。可對醫藥組合物進行習知醫藥操作(諸如滅菌)及/或該等醫藥組合物可含有習知惰性稀釋劑、潤滑劑或緩衝劑以及佐劑(諸如防腐劑、穩定劑、濕潤劑、乳化劑及緩衝劑等)。
通常,針對式I化合物之醫藥組合物為錠劑或明膠膠囊,其包含式I活性成分以及下列醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑中之至少一者:a)稀釋劑,例如乳糖、右旋糖、蔗糖、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、纖維素及/或甘胺酸;b)潤滑劑,例如二氧化矽、滑石、硬脂酸、其鎂鹽或鈣鹽及/或聚乙二醇;對於錠劑亦包含c)黏合劑,例如矽酸鎂鋁、澱粉糊、明膠、黃蓍、甲基纖維
素、羧甲基纖維素鈉及/或聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;若需要d)崩解劑,例如澱粉、瓊脂、褐藻酸或其鈉鹽,或起泡混合物;及/或e)吸附劑、著色劑、調味劑及甜味劑。
根據此項技術中已知之方法,錠劑可經包覆膜衣或經包覆腸溶包衣。
用於經口投藥之適合之組合物包括有效量之呈以下形式的本發明化合物:錠劑、口含錠、水性或油性懸浮液、分散性散劑或顆粒劑、乳液、硬或軟膠囊、或糖漿或酏劑。意欲用於經口使用之組合物根據此項技術中已知用於製造醫藥組合物之任何方法來製備,且該等組合物可含有一或多種選自由以下組成之群的試劑:甜味劑、調味劑、著色劑及防腐劑,以便提供醫藥學上精緻且可口之製劑。錠劑可含有與適用於製造錠劑之醫藥學上可接受之無毒賦形劑混合的活性成分。此等賦形劑為(例如)惰性稀釋劑,諸如碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉、乳糖、磷酸鈣或磷酸鈉;粒化劑及崩解劑,例如玉米澱粉或褐藻酸;黏合劑,例如澱粉、明膠或阿拉伯膠;及潤滑劑,例如硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸或滑石。錠劑未經包覆包衣,或藉由已知技術經包覆包衣,以延緩胃腸道中之崩解及吸收,且由此提供歷經更長時間段之持續作用。舉例而言,可採用時間延遲物質,諸如單硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯。用於經口使用之調配物可呈現為硬明膠膠囊,其中活性成分與惰性固體稀釋劑(例如,碳酸鈣、磷酸鈣或高嶺土)混合;或呈現為軟明膠膠囊,其中活性成分與水或油介質(例如,花生油、液體石蠟或橄欖油)混合。
某些可注射組合物為等張水溶液或懸浮液,且栓劑宜自脂肪乳液或懸浮液製備。該等組合物可經滅菌,及/或含有佐劑,諸如防腐劑、穩定劑、濕潤或乳化劑、溶解促進劑、用於調節滲透壓之鹽及/
或緩衝劑。此外,其亦可含有其他治療上有價值物質。該等組合物分別根據習知混合、粒化或塗佈方法製備,且含有約0.1-75%,或含有約1-50%之活性成分。
用於經皮施用之適合組合物包括有效量的本發明化合物與適合之載劑。用於經皮傳遞之適合載劑包括可吸收的藥理學上可接受之溶劑,以輔助穿過宿主皮膚。舉例而言,經皮裝置呈繃帶形式,其包含襯底部件、含有化合物(視情況可與載劑一起)之儲集層、視情況選用之歷經延長時間段以受控及預定速率傳遞宿主皮膚化合物的速率控制障壁、及使裝置固定在皮膚上之構件。
用於局部應用(例如,對皮膚及眼睛)之適合組合物包括水溶液、懸浮液、軟膏、乳霜、凝膠或可噴塗調配物(例如,藉由噴霧劑或類似者而傳遞的可噴塗調配物)。該等局部傳遞系統將尤其適合於經皮施用,例如用於治療皮膚癌,例如用於以防曬霜、洗劑、噴霧及其類似物形式之預防性用途。因此,其尤其適用於此項技術中熟知之局部調配物,包括化妝品調配物。該等調配物可含有增溶劑、穩定劑、張力增強劑、緩衝劑及防腐劑。
如本文所用,局部施用還可涉及吸入或鼻內施用。其宜以乾粉形式(單獨、作為混合物(例如,與乳糖之乾燥摻合物)或混合組分粒子(例如與磷脂))自乾粉吸入器傳遞,或以噴霧劑噴霧呈遞形式,在使用或不使用適合推進劑之情況下,自加壓容器、泵、噴射器、霧化器或噴霧器傳遞。
本發明進一步提供包含本發明化合物作為活性成分之無水醫藥組合物及劑型,因為水可促進某些化合物之降解。
本發明之無水醫藥組合物及劑型可使用含有無水或低水分成份及低水分或低濕度之條件製備。可製備及儲存無水醫藥組合物,從而維持其無水性質。因此,使用已知防止暴露於水之材料封裝無水組合
物,使得其可包括於適合處方集套組中。適合之封裝之實例包括(但不限於)氣密密封式箔、塑膠、單位劑量容器(例如,小瓶)、泡殼包裝及條帶包裝。
本發明進一步提供醫藥組合物及劑型,其包含一或多種降低作為活性成分之本發明化合物之分解速率的試劑。在本文中稱為「穩定劑」之該等試劑包括(但不限於)諸如抗壞血酸之抗氧化劑、pH緩衝劑或鹽緩衝劑等。
呈游離形式或鹽形式之式I化合物展現有價值藥理學活性,例如抑制A-Raf、B-Raf及/或C-Raf之活性,如藉由在隨後部分中提供之測試資料所指示,且因此指示用於療法或用作研究化學品,例如用作工具化合物。化合物尤其適用於治療由在Raf/Raf/MEK/ERK路徑中的突變驅動之癌症,其包括特徵為諸如Raf V600E之活化Raf突變的癌症,其包含但不限於黑色素瘤(例如,惡性黑色素瘤)、乳癌、肺癌(例如,非小細胞肺癌)、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。
因此,如另一個實施例,本發明提供在如本文中所述之式I之範疇內,式I化合物或實施例中之任一者在療法中的用途。在另一實施例中,療法針對可藉由抑制A-Raf、B-Raf或C-Raf來治療的疾病。在另一實施例中,本發明化合物用於治療癌症,其包含但不限於黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供一種治療藉由抑制A-Raf、B-Raf或C-Raf或其組合來治療之疾病的方法,其包含在如本文中所述之式I之範疇內,投與治療有效量之式I化合物或實施例中之任一者。在另一實施例中,疾病係選自前面提及之清單,宜黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺
癌及胰臟癌。方法通常包含向需要該治療之個體投與如本文中所述之有效量之化合物或包含該化合物之醫藥組合物。可藉由諸如本文所述之任何適合之方法投與化合物,且可以由治療醫師所選擇之間隔重複投藥。
因此,如另一個實施例,本發明提供式I化合物用於製造藥劑的用途。在另一實施例中,藥劑用於治療可藉由抑制A-Raf、B-Raf或C-Raf來治療之疾病。在另一實施例中,該疾病為癌症,例如選自前面提及之清單的癌症,其包括黑色素瘤、乳癌、肺癌、肉瘤、GI腫瘤(諸如,腸胃基質腫瘤)、卵巢癌、結腸直腸癌、甲狀腺癌及胰臟癌。
對於約50-70kg之個體,本發明之醫藥組合物或組合可為具有約1-1000mg活性成分,或約1-500mg,或約1-250mg,或約1-150mg,或約0.5-100mg,或約1-50mg活性成分之單位劑量。化合物、醫藥組合物或其組合的治療有效劑量視個體之種類、體重、年齡及個別病狀、所治療之病症或疾病或其嚴重性而定。一般熟練之醫師、臨床師或獸醫可容易地確定預防、治療或抑制病症或疾病之發展所需要的各活性成分之有效量。
宜使用哺乳動物(例如小鼠、大鼠、狗、猴)或經分離之器官、組織及其製劑,在活體外及活體內測試中論證以上所引用之劑量性質。可以溶液(例如,水溶液)形式活體外,及以經腸、非經腸、有利地靜脈內(例如,以懸浮液形式或在水溶液中)之方式活體內施加本發明化合物。活體外劑量可在約10-3莫耳濃度至10-9莫耳濃度之間的範圍內。活體內之治療有效量可視投藥途徑而定,在約0.1-500mg/kg之間或在1-100mg/kg之間的範圍內。
本發明化合物可與一或多種治療輔劑(輔治療劑)同時投與,或在一或多種治療輔劑(輔治療劑)之前,或之後投與。用於本發明之適合之輔治療劑包括(例如)癌症化學治療劑,其包括但不限於PI3K之抑制
劑、Raf路徑之其他抑制劑、太平洋紫杉醇、多西他賽、替莫唑胺、鉑、小紅莓、長春鹼、環磷醯胺、拓朴替康、吉西他濱、異環磷醯胺、依託泊苷、伊立替康及其類似者。本發明化合物可藉由相同或不同投藥途徑分別投與,或作為輔劑在同一醫藥組合物中一起投與。
在一個實施例中,本發明提供一種包含式I化合物及至少一種其他治療輔劑之產物,其呈在治療中同時、單獨或依序使用的經合併之製劑之形式。在一個實施例中,療法為藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀(諸如,癌症)的治療。呈經合併之製劑形式提供的產物包括組合物,該組合物包含一起在同一醫藥組合物中的式I化合物及其他治療輔劑,或呈單獨形式(例如,以套組形式)之式I化合物及其他治療劑。
在一個實施例中,本發明提供包含式I化合物及其他治療輔劑之醫藥組合物。如上文所描述,該醫藥組合物視情況可包含醫藥學上可接受之載劑。
在一個實施例中,本發明提供一種套組,其包含兩種或兩種以上各別醫藥組合物,其中之至少一者含有式I化合物。在一個實施例中,套組包含用於分別保留該等組合物之構件,諸如容器、分隔瓶或分隔箔封包。該套組之實例為泡殼包裝,如通常用於錠劑、膠囊及其類似物之封裝。
本發明之套組可用於投與不同劑型(例如經口及非經腸),用於在不同劑量間隔投與各別組合物,或用於針對彼此滴定各別組合物。為輔助順應性,本發明之套組通常包含投藥說明書。
在本發明之組合療法中,本發明化合物及其他治療輔劑可由相同或不同製造商製造及/或調配。此外,本發明化合物及其他治療輔劑可一起用於組合療法:(i)在向醫師發佈組合產物之前(例如,在套組包含本發明化合物及其他治療劑的情形下);(ii)由醫師自身(或在醫
師指導下)在投藥之前不久;(iii)在患者自身中,例如在依序投與本發明化合物及其他治療劑期間。
因此,本發明提供式I化合物用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的用途,其中製備用於與另一種治療劑一起投與的藥劑。本發明亦提供用於治療疾病或病狀之另一種治療輔劑的用途,其中藥劑與式I化合物一起投與。
本發明亦提供式I化合物,其用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的方法中,其中製備用於與另一種治療劑一起投與之式I化合物。本發明亦提供另一種治療輔劑,其用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的方法中,其中製備用於與式I化合物一起投與的其他治療輔劑。本發明亦提供式I化合物,其用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的方法中,其中式I化合物與另一種治療輔劑一起投與。本發明亦提供另一種治療輔劑,其用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的方法中,其中其他治療輔劑與式I化合物一起投與。
本發明亦提供式I化合物用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的用途,其中患者此前(例如,在24小時內)已用另一種治療劑治療。本發明亦提供另一種治療劑用於治療藉由B-Raf或C-Raf介導之疾病或病狀的用途,其中患者此前(例如,在24小時內)已用式I化合物治療。
本發明亦包括用於製備本發明化合物之方法。在所描述之反應中,可能需要保護反應性官能基,例如羥基、胺基、亞胺基、硫基或羧基(其中在最終產物中需要此等基團),以避免其不必要地參與反應。可根據標準實踐使用習知保護基,例如參見T.W.Greene及P.G.M.Wuts於「Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry」,John Wiley and
Sons,1991中。
本發明化合物可藉由使化合物之游離鹼形式與醫藥學上可接受之無機或有機酸反應而製備成醫藥學上可接受之酸加成鹽。或者,本發明化合物的醫藥學上可接受之鹼加成鹽可藉由使化合物之游離酸形式與醫藥學上可接受之無機或有機鹼反應而製備。
或者,可使用初始物質或中間物之鹽來製備本發明化合物的鹽形式。
本發明化合物的游離酸或游離鹼形式可分別自對應鹼加成鹽或酸加成鹽形式來製備。舉例而言,可藉由用適合鹼(例如,氫氧化銨溶液、氫氧化鈉及其類似物)處理,將呈酸加成鹽形式之本發明化合物轉化成對應游離鹼。可藉由用適合酸(例如,鹽酸等)處理,將呈鹼加成鹽形式之本發明化合物轉化成對應游離酸。
在0℃至80℃下,藉由於適合惰性有機溶劑(例如,乙腈、乙醇、二噁烷水溶液或其類似者)中用還原劑(例如,硫、二氧化硫、三苯膦、硼氫化鋰、硼氫化鈉、三氯化磷、三溴化磷或其類似者)處理,可自本發明化合物之N-氧化物製備呈未氧化形式之本發明化合物。
本發明化合物之前藥衍生物可藉由一般技術者已知之方法來製備(例如,對於其他細節,參見Saulnier等人,(1994),Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第1985頁)。舉例而言,可藉由使非衍生本發明化合物與適合之胺基甲醯化劑(例如,氯甲酸1,1-醯氧基烷酯(1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbonochloridate)、碳酸對硝苯酯或類似者)反應來製備適當前藥。
本發明化合物之經保護衍生物可藉由一般技術者已知之方法製備。適用於保護基產生及其移除之技術的詳細描述可見於T.W.Greene,「Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry」,第3版,John
Wiley and Sons,Inc.,1999。
本發明化合物可於本發明方法期間合宜性地製備成或形成溶劑合物(例如,水合物)。本發明化合物可使用有機溶劑(諸如,二氧雜環己烯、四氫呋喃或甲醇)自水性/有機溶劑混合物合宜性地藉由再結晶作用加以製備。
本發明化合物可藉由下列方法製備成其個別立體異構體:使化合物之外消旋混合物與光學活性解析劑反應形成一對非對映異構化合物、分離非對映異構體,及回收光學純對映異構體。雖然可使用本發明化合物的共價非對映異構衍生物來進行對映異構體之解析,但可分離的複合物係較佳的(例如,結晶非對映異構鹽)。非對映異構體具有相異的物理性質(例如,熔點、沸點、溶解度、反應性等)且可輕易地藉由利用此等相異性加以分離。可藉由層析法,或較佳藉由基於溶解度差異之分離/解析技術來分離非對映異構體。隨後藉由不會導致外消旋之任何實用手段回收光學純對映異構體以及解析劑。適用於將化合物立體異構體自其外消旋混合物解析之技術的更詳細描述可見於Jean Jacques,Andre Collet,Samuel H.Wilen,「Enantiomers,Racemates and Resolutions」,John Wiley And Sons,Inc.,1981。
目前未特定描述起始物質之產生,化合物為已知的或可類似於此項技術中已知之方法或如下文實例中所揭示加以製備。
熟習此項技術者應瞭解,以上轉化僅代表製備本發明化合物的方法,且可類似地使用其他熟知方法。
藉由以下說明根據本發明式I化合物之製備的中間物及實例,進一步例示本發明,但不限制。
以下縮寫可在本文中使用:
溫度以攝氏度為單位給出。若未另外提及,則所有蒸發在減壓下,通常在約15mm Hg與100mm Hg之間(=20-133mbar)進行。最終產物、中間物及起始物質之結構藉由標準分析方法,例如微量分析及光譜表徵(例如,MS、IR、NMR)來確定。所用縮寫為此項技術中習知之縮寫。
質譜分析在LCMS儀器上進行:Waters System(Acuity UPLC及Micromass ZQ質譜儀;管柱:Acuity HSS C18 1.8微米,2.1×50mm;
梯度:5-95%乙腈/水(含有0.05%TFA)歷經1.8分鐘時段;流動速率1.2mL/min;分子量範圍200-1500;錐電壓20V;管柱溫度50℃)。全部質量報導為質子化母離子之質量。
用Varian 400MHz NMR(Palo Alto,CA)在化合物中之一些上進行核磁共振(NMR)分析。光譜參考為TMS或溶劑之已知化學位移。
所有用以合成本發明化合物之起始物質、構築嵌段、試劑、酸、鹼、脫水劑、溶劑及催化劑為市售的或可藉由一般熟習此項技術者已知的有機合成方法(Houben-Weyl第4版1952,Methods of Organic Synthesis,Thieme,第21卷)製備。另外,本發明化合物可藉由鑒於以下實例的一般熟習此項技術者已知之有機合成方法來製備。
方法1
合成作為中間物之4-吡啶基-苯基/3-吡啶基醯胺
其中Z係選自CH及N;且R2係選自吡啶基及苯基;其中苯基及吡啶基可經選自三氟甲基、1,1-二氟乙基及2-氟丙-2-基之基團取代。
中間物1
合成N-(3-(6-(2-羥基乙氧基)-5-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-3-基)-4-甲基苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺
步驟1:將3-胺基-5-溴-2-氟吡啶(1.0當量)添加至NaH(60%於礦物油中,3.0當量)於DMF(1.4M)中之冰浴冷卻溶液中。使混合物歷經15分鐘升溫至室溫,且然後用雙(2-溴乙基)醚(1.5當量)處理。將混合物加熱至80℃且攪拌35分鐘。將冷卻反應混合物傾入四體積之水中。藉由真空過濾收集所得沈澱物。濾餅用水沖洗兩次,且用庚烷沖洗兩次。在高真空下,乾燥褐色固體,得到4-(5-溴-2-氟吡啶-3-基)嗎啉(83%產率)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=260.9/262.9,Rt=0.74min。
步驟2:將2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙醇(5.0當量)逐滴添加至60%NaH(5.0當量)於二噁烷(0.5M)中之攪拌懸浮液中。攪拌混合物20分鐘,接著添加(4-(5-溴-2-氟吡啶-3-基)嗎啉(1.00當量),且在105℃下加熱反應混合物2.75小時。將冷卻反應混合物用水淬滅,且用EtOAc萃取兩次。經合併之有機物經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷0-17%梯度中),將粗產物純化成4-(5-溴-2-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)嗎啉(86%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,二氯甲烷-d2)δ 7.82(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),7.21(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),4.71-4.66(m,1H),4.57-4.45(m,2H),4.07(ddd,J=11.3,5.9,3.4Hz,1H),3.94-3.82(m,5H),3.82-3.74(m,1H),3.52(tddd,J=9.5,7.9,3.6,2.4Hz,1H),3.18-3.10(m,4H),1.89-1.66(m,2H),1.66-1.48(m,4H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=389.2,Rt=1.42min。
步驟3:將4-甲基-3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼-2-基)苯胺(1.4當量)、PdCl2(dppf).CH2Cl2加合物(0.06當量)及2M碳酸鈉水溶液(3.00當量)添加至4-(5-溴-2-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)嗎啉(1.0當量)於二噁烷中之0.5M溶液中。將反應混合物用氮氣淨化,且然後在80℃下加熱18小時。將冷卻反應混合物傾於水上,且用EtOAc萃取三次。經合併之有機物用水及鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-30%梯度)純化粗產物,得到4-甲基-3-(5-N-嗎啉基-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)苯胺(64.0%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,二氯甲烷-d2)δ 7.72(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),7.14-6.99(m,2H),6.63(dd,J=8.0,2.5Hz,1H),6.58(d,J=2.5Hz,1H),4.74(dd,J=4.1,2.8Hz,1H),4.65-4.48(m,2H),4.13(dd,J=6.5,3.5Hz,1H),3.97-3.78(m,6H),3.78-3.63(m,2H),3.63-3.47(m,1H),3.27-3.06(m,4H),2.18(s,3H),1.92-1.70(m,2H),1.69-1.47(m,4H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=414.4,Rt=1.30min。
步驟4:在25℃下,將BOP(1.3當量)及NMM(3當量)添加至4-甲基-3-(5-N-嗎啉基-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)苯胺(1.0當量)及3-(三氟甲基)苯甲酸(1.2當量)於DMF(0.15M)中之溶液中,且在25℃下攪拌混合物18小時。將混合物傾於鹽水上,且用乙酸乙酯萃取四次。經合併之有機物經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-30%梯度)將粗產物純化成N-(4-甲基-3-(5-N-嗎啉基-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(86%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,二氯甲烷-d2)δ 8.65-8.51(m,1H),8.19(t,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.10(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),7.82(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.73(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),7.66-7.58(m,2H),7.52(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),7.28(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),7.08(d,
J=2.0Hz,1H),4.73(t,J=3.4Hz,1H),4.66-4.50(m,2H),4.11(ddd,J=11.3,5.9,3.4Hz,1H),3.97-3.76(m,6H),3.60-3.48(m,1H),3.21-3.08(m,4H),2.29(s,3H),1.92-1.68(m,2H),1.68-1.48(m,4H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=586.3,Rt=1.63min。
步驟5:在25℃下,將HCl(4M於二噁烷中,12當量)添加至N-(4-甲基-3-(5-N-嗎啉基-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-3-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(1.0當量)於MeOH(0.15M)中之溶液中,且在25℃下攪拌混合物30分鐘。濃縮混合物,且然後將其分配在NaHCO3飽和水溶液與乙酸乙酯之間。經合併之有機物用NaHCO3飽和水溶液及鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由製備型HPLC(X-Bridge 30×50mm 5um管柱,35-60%ACN/H2O梯度w/5 mM NH4OH),將粗產物純化成N-(3-(6-(2-羥基乙氧基)-5-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-3-基)-4-甲基苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(66%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,二氯甲烷-d2)δ 8.06(s,1H),7.98(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.88(s,1H),7.77-7.71(m,1H),7.63(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),7.57(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.50(dd,J=8.2,2.3Hz,1H),7.39(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.21(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),7.04(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),4.50-4.44(m,2H),3.87-3.82(m,2H),3.79-3.72(m,4H),3.08-2.99(m,4H),2.18(s,3H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=502.3,Rt=1.40min。
中間物2
合成(R)-N-(3-(2-(2-羥基乙氧基)-6-(3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺
步驟1:將(2,6-二氟吡啶-4-基)酸(1.0當量)、PdCl2(dppf).CH2Cl2加合物(0.05當量)及2M碳酸鈉水溶液(3.00當量)添加至3-溴-4-甲基苯胺(1.1當量)於DME中之0.3M溶液中。在80℃下加熱反應混合物2小時。將冷卻反應混合物分配於水與EtOAc之間。經合併之有機物用鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-60%梯度)純化粗產物,得到3-(2,6-二氟吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯胺(95.0%產率)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=221.2,Rt=0.95min。
步驟2:將(R)-4-甲基(N-嗎啉基)(1.6當量)添加至3-(2,6-二氟吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯胺(1.00當量)及Huenig鹼(2.0當量)於DMSO中之0.5M溶液中。反應物為混合物,將其加熱至100℃持續18小時。將反應物分配於水與EtOAc之間。進一步用EtOAc洗滌水溶液。經合併之有機物用鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-40%梯度)純化粗產物,得到(R)-3-(2-氟基-6-(3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯胺(90%)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=302.0,Rt=1.01min。
步驟3:將2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙醇(4.0當量)逐滴添加至60%NaH(4.0當量)於二噁烷(1.0M)中之攪拌懸浮液中。攪拌混合物20分鐘,接著添加(R)-3-(2-氟基-6-(3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯胺(1.00當量),且在100℃下加熱反應混合物4小時。將冷卻反應混合物用水淬滅,且用EtOAc萃取三次。經合併之有機物用鹽水洗滌,
經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。粗產物藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-60%梯度)純化成4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯胺(95%產率)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=482.2,Rt=1.14min。
步驟4:在25℃下,將HOAT(1.3當量)、i-Pr2NEt(3當量)及EDC(1.3當量)添加至4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯胺(1.0當量)及3-(三氟甲基)苯甲酸(1.1當量)於DMA(0.3M)中之溶液中,且在25℃下攪拌混合物3小時。將混合物傾於水上,且用乙酸乙酯萃取三次。經合併之有機物用水、鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。粗產物藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(MeOH於DCM中,0-10%梯度),純化成N-(4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(71%產率)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=600.3,Rt=1.67min。
步驟5:在25℃下,將4M HCl水溶液(100當量)添加至N-(4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(1.0當量)於MeOH(0.3M)中之溶液中,且在25℃下攪拌混合物3小時。將混合物傾於NaHCO3飽和水溶液上,且用乙酸乙酯萃取三次。經合併之有機物用鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。粗產物藉由急驟層析法經矽膠(EtOAc於庚烷中,0-10%梯度)純化成N-(4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(71%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d4)δ ppm 8.28-8.16(m,1H),7.88(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.72(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.65-7.54(m,1H),7.27(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),6.16(s,1H),6.07(s,1H),4.39-4.32(m,2H),3.98(dd,J=11.3,3.5Hz,1H),3.91-3.70(m,3H),3.60(td,J=
11.8,3.1Hz,1H),3.18(td,J=12.6,3.8Hz,1H),2.26(s,2H),1.23(d,J=6.7Hz,2H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=516.2,Rt=1.42min。
以下表1之中間物經由方法1使用適當起始物質製備:
實例1
磷酸二氫2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯
在-78℃下,將2,6-二甲基吡啶(2.5當量)添加至N-(3-(2-(2-羥基乙氧基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯基)-2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺(1.0當量)於THF(0.2M)中之攪拌溶液中,且然後逐滴添加POCl3(2.0當量)。將混合物在-78℃下攪拌1.5小時,且然後用NaHCO3飽和水溶液緩慢猝滅並升溫至RT。將混合物傾入分液漏斗中,且用DCM洗滌兩次。將所獲得之含水層用6M HCl酸化至pH 3,且用EtOAc萃取兩次。將經合併之有機物用鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。將殘餘物在最少程度的H2O中溶解,且然後將Na2CO3飽和水溶液滴定入,直至混合物之pH為10。將混合物攪拌30分鐘,用MeOH稀釋,吸附至矽藻土上,且乾式裝載至用水預平衡之C18管柱上。或者,將反應混合物用少量水緩慢猝滅,並升溫至RT。然後將Na2CO3飽和水溶
液滴定至混合物中,直至其pH為10。將混合物攪拌15分鐘,且然後用MeOH稀釋,吸附至矽藻土上,並乾式裝載至用水預平衡之C18管柱上。經由急驟層析法,用水及0-40%乙腈梯度溶離進行純化。合併及冷凍乾燥純產物部分。經分離之磷酸二氫2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯為40%產率之對應鈉鹽的形式。視情況及此外,此物質可由95%EtOH/水再結晶,以便在40℃真空烘箱中乾燥72小時之後提供純結晶物質。1H NMR(400MHz,<cd3od>)δ ppm 2.26(s,3 H)3.45-3.54(m,4 H)3.74-3.83(m,4 H)4.16(q,J=5.60Hz,2 H)4.47(t,J=5.40Hz,2H)6.06(s,1 H)6.19(s,1 H)7.29(d,J=8.53Hz,1 H)7.54(d,J=2.26Hz,1 H)7.70(dd,J=8.28,2.26Hz,1 H)8.13(dd,J=5.02,1.00Hz,1 H)8.30(s,1 H)8.90(d,J=5.02Hz,1 H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=583.3,Rt=1.33min。
實例2
磷酸二氫(R)-2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺基)苯基)-6-(3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯
在-78℃下,將2,6-二甲基吡啶(2.5當量)添加至N-(4-甲基-3-(2-((R)-3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))-6-(2-((四氫-2H-哌喃-2-基)氧基)乙氧基)吡啶-4-基)苯基)-3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺(1.0當量)於THF中(0.2M)中之攪拌溶液中,且然後逐滴添加POCl3(2.0當量)。將混合物在-78℃下攪拌
1.5小時,且然後用少量水緩慢猝滅,並升溫至RT。然後將Na2CO3飽和水溶液滴定至混合物中,直至其pH為10。將混合物攪拌15分鐘,且然後用MeOH稀釋,吸附至矽藻土上,並乾式裝載至用水預平衡之C18管柱上。經由急驟層析法,用水及0-40%乙腈梯度溶離進行純化。合併及冷凍乾燥純產物部分。經分離之磷酸二氫(R)-2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(3-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺基)苯基)-6-(3-甲基(N-嗎啉基))吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯為54%產率之對應鈉鹽的形式。1H NMR(400MHz,甲醇-d 4)δ ppm 1.22(d,J=6.53Hz,3 H)2.25(s,3 H)3.17(td,J=12.67,3.76Hz,1 H)3.60(td,J=11.80,3.01Hz,1 H)3.70-3.81(m,2 H)3.86(d,J=13.05Hz,1 H)3.97(dd,J=11.04,3.01Hz,1 H)4.16(q,J=5.52Hz,2 H)4.36(d,J=6.53Hz,1 H)4.40-4.55(m,2 H)6.02(s,1 H)6.13(s,1 H)7.27(d,J=8.53Hz,1 H)7.51(d,J=2.01Hz,1 H)7.67(dd,J=8.03,2.01Hz,1 H)7.69-7.76(m,1 H)7.88(d,J=7.53Hz,1 H)8.20(d,J=7.53Hz,1 H)8.26(s,1 H)。LCMS(m/z)(M+H)=595.9,Rt=0.86min。
實例3
磷酸二氫(R)-2-羥基-3-((4-(2-甲基-5-(4-(三氟甲基)吡啶甲醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)丙酯
步驟1:在-20℃下,將溴代磷酸二第三丁基酯(6當量)添加至(S)-N-(3-(2-(2,3-二羥基丙氧基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯基)-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶甲醯胺(1.0當量)於吡啶(0.2M)中之攪拌溶液中。在
-20℃下,將混合物攪拌10分鐘,且然後用MeOH淬滅,並升溫至RT。將混合物濃縮,且然後分配於水與乙酸乙酯之間。將經合併之有機物用NaHCO3飽和水溶液及鹽水洗滌,經MgSO4乾燥,過濾且濃縮。粗產物藉由製備型HPLC(X-Bridge 30×50mm 5um管柱,55-80%ACN/H2O梯度w/5 mM NH4OH)純化成(R)-(2-羥基-3-((4-(2-甲基-5-(4-(三氟甲基)吡啶甲醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)丙基)磷酸二第三丁酯(73%產率)。(M+H)=725.3,Rt=1.65min。
步驟2:在0℃下,將HCl(4M於二噁烷中,120當量)添加至(R)-(2-羥基-3-((4-(2-甲基-5-(4-(三氟甲基)吡啶甲醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)丙基)磷酸二-第三丁酯(1.0當量)於MeOH(0.5M)中之攪拌溶液中。在0℃下,將混合物攪拌1小時,且然後濃縮。將殘餘物溶解於MeCN/水中,冷凍,且冷凍乾燥成磷酸二氫(R)-2-羥基-3-((4-(2-甲基-5-(4-(三氟甲基)吡啶甲醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)丙酯(96%產率)。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6)δ 10.79(s,1H),9.03(d,J=5.0Hz,1H),8.09(dd,J=5.1,1.1Hz,1H),7.85(dd,J=8.3,2.3Hz,1H),7.81(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),7.29(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),6.27(s,1H),6.06(d,J=0.7Hz,1H),4.30(dd,J=11.0,4.8Hz,1H),4.16(dd,J=11.0,6.0Hz,1H),4.01(p,J=5.5Hz,1H),3.85(tt,J=7.9,3.8Hz,2H),3.75-3.63(m,6H),3.52-3.42(m,6H),2.24(s,3H)。(M+H)=613.1,Rt=1.36min。
以下表2之實例使用類似於描述於上文實例中的方法使用適當起始物質製備。
根據本發明化合物的活性可藉由所熟知之活體外及活體內方法評定。本文所提供之Raf抑制資料係使用以下程序獲得。
活體外Raf活性測定:RAF酶及催化性非活性MEK1蛋白質受質全部係使用習知內部方法製備。將CRAF cDNA以全長蛋白質形式(具有Y340E及Y341E活化突變)次選殖至用於Sf9昆蟲細胞表現的桿狀病毒表現載體中。將h14-3-3 ζ cDNA次選殖至用於SF9昆蟲細胞表現的桿
狀病毒表現載體中。將共表現兩種蛋白質之Sf9細胞溶解,及進行固定式鎳層析,並用咪唑溶離。使用第二管柱(StrepII結合管柱),及用脫硫生物素(desthiobiotin)溶離。使用Prescission酶移除蛋白質標記,且進一步使用流動步驟純化蛋白質以移除標籤。
C-Raf TR係指經截短之C-Raf蛋白質、△1-324缺失突變體。C-Raf FL係指全長C-Raf蛋白質。
具有不活化K97R ATP結合位點突變的全長MEK1係用作為RAF受質。用N末端(his)6標籤將MEK1 cDNA次選殖至用於大腸桿菌表現的載體中。藉由鎳親和性層析法及接著進行陰離子交換,自大腸桿菌溶解產物純化出MEK1受質。最終之MEK1製劑係經生物素標記(Pierce EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin)並加以濃縮。
分析物質:分析緩衝液為50mM Tris,pH 7.5,15mM MgCl2,0.01%牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)及1mM二硫蘇糖醇(DTT);終止緩衝液為60mM乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)及0.01%Tween® 20;b-Raf(V600E),活性;經生物素標記之Mek激酶,失活;Alpha Screen偵測套組(購自PerkinElmerTM,#6760617R);抗磷酸化MEK1/2(購自Cell Signaling Technology,Inc.#9121);384孔低容量分析板(White Greiner®板)。
分析條件:b-Raf(V600E)近似4pM;c-Raf近似4nM;經生物素標記之Mek,激酶(失活)近似10nM;用於BRAF(V600E)之ATP 10μM及用於CRAF之1μM;在室溫下用化合物預培育時間為60分鐘;在室溫下反應時間為1或3小時。
分析方案:將Raf及經生物素標記之Mek(激酶,失活)在分析緩衝液(50mM Tris,pH 7.5,15mM MgCl2,0.01%BSA及1mM DTT)中以2X最終濃度合併,且在分析板(Greiner white 384孔分析板#781207)(含有0.25ml之40X之稀釋於100%DMSO中的Raf激酶抑制劑測試化合
物)中分配5ml/孔。將該板在室溫下培育60分鐘。Raf激酶活性反應藉由添加5ml/孔之稀釋於分析緩衝液中之2X ATP開始。在3小時(b-Raf(V600E))或1小時(c-Raf)之後。終止反應,且使用兔抗-p-MEK(Cell Signaling,#9121)抗體及α Screen IgG(ProteinA)偵測套組(PerkinElmer #6760617R),藉由向孔中添加10mL在終止/珠粒緩衝液(25mM EDTA,50mM Tris,pH 7.5,0.01%Tween20)中抗體(1:2000稀釋)及偵測珠粒(兩種珠粒1:2000稀釋)之混合物來量測磷酸化產物。添加係在黑暗條件下進行以保護偵測珠粒免受光的影響。將蓋子放置在板的上部,且在室溫下培育1小時,之後在PerkinElmer Envision儀器上讀取發光。每種化合物之50%抑制(IC50)之濃度藉由非線性回歸使用XL Fit資料分析軟體來計算。
本發明化合物之溶解度在高通量溶解度分析中評定:化合物以10mM DMSO溶液形式接收。然後將DMSO儲備溶液輸送至微量滴定盤中。用溶劑蒸發器(GeneVac)乾燥DMSO溶劑。在添加緩衝溶液(pH 6.8,pH 4.0或FaSSIF)之後,將該盤密封及在室溫下震盪持續16-24小時。將盤進行離心以相分離,且清液層藉由結合質譜儀(Sciex)之RapidFire 365高通量MS系統(Agilant),使用由相同DMSO儲備溶液構建之校準曲線來定量。溶解度結果(μM)係以一式三份方式獲得。
使用上文所述之分析,本發明化合物展現針對C-Raf之抑制功效,且具有與如以下表3中詳述之其對應非磷酸酯分子相比的改良溶解度分佈。
舉例而言,磷酸二氫2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯(實例1)展現針對C-Raf之0.1nM的抑制功效。此外,實例1具有874μM之溶解度,其表示與具有18μM之溶解度的對應非磷酸酯分子(N-(3-(2-(2-羥基乙氧基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-4-基)-4-甲基苯基)-2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺)相比,超過48倍
的改良。
Claims (6)
- 一種下式化合物磷酸二氫2-((4-(2-甲基-5-(2-(三氟甲基)異菸鹼醯胺)苯基)-6-(N-嗎啉基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)乙酯或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽:
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如請求項1之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑。
- 一種組合,其包含如請求項1之治療有效量之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽及一或多種治療活性輔劑。
- 一種如請求項1之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽的用途,其用於製造用以治療選自卵巢癌、非小細胞肺癌或由Ras突變驅動之癌症之增生性病症的藥劑。
- 如請求項1之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其用作藥劑。
- 如請求項1之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其用於治療癌症。
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