TWI644798B - 多孔性片 - Google Patents
多孔性片 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI644798B TWI644798B TW106109073A TW106109073A TWI644798B TW I644798 B TWI644798 B TW I644798B TW 106109073 A TW106109073 A TW 106109073A TW 106109073 A TW106109073 A TW 106109073A TW I644798 B TWI644798 B TW I644798B
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- weight
- porous sheet
- fiber
- fibers
- cellulose
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Abstract
本發明之課題在於提供一種強度(尤其是撕裂強度及拉伸強度兩者)優異,作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能優異之多孔性片。
本發明之多孔性片含有:具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維及親水性高分子黏合劑,上述切斷纖維之含量以上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1重量%以上且80重量%以下,上述親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5重量份以上且30重量份以下。
Description
本發明係關於一種多孔性片,尤其是關於一種適合於電化學元件用間隔件之多孔性片。
於本說明書中,所謂電化學元件係指具備正極及負極、以及間隔件之電化學元件,例如可列舉:鋰離子二次電池、聚合物鋰電池等各種二次電池;鋁電解電容器(condenser)、電雙層電容器(capacitor)、鋰離子電容器等各種電容器等。
近年來,作為用以應對與化石資源之枯竭及與CO2減排等相關之環境問題之能源的電之利用逐漸增多。因此,例如於汽車業界,正盛行開發利用有二次電池之電動汽車。又,就太陽光、風力等自然能源之有效利用之觀點而言,二次電池亦受到矚目。
作為電動汽車之驅動用之二次電池,就輸出與能量密度之關係而言,通常採用鋰離子二次電池。另一方面,就更高之能量密度、輸出、安全性等觀點而言,各公司正致力於開發下一代電池,為市場前景廣闊之領域。
另一方面,不限於鋰離子二次電池,於其他二次電池、一次電池、電容器(capacitor、condenser)等中使用有由紙、不織布、微多孔膜等構成之間隔件。一般而言,對間隔件要求之性能係防止正負極間之短路、對電解液之化學穩定性、較低之內部電阻等。該等要求性能雖然於各器件間要求之程度方面存在差異,但亦為與種類無關而對間隔件共同要求之特性。
大部分鋰離子二次電池之間隔件採用以聚丙烯、聚乙烯等高分子有機化合物製作之微多孔膜。該等微多孔膜具有適合於鋰離子二次電池之若干特徵。例如:
1)對電解液化學穩定,不會因間隔件而引起致命性缺陷。
2)由於可自由地設計間隔件之厚度,故而能夠提供應對各種要求之間隔件。
3)由於可將細孔直徑之尺寸設計為較小,故而鋰阻隔特性優異,難以發生因鋰樹枝狀結晶引起之短路。
4)於鋰離子二次電池引起熱失控時,藉由聚丙烯或聚乙烯熔融,細孔變窄,可抑制初期之熱失控。
然而,於迄今為止之鋰離子二次電池的研究中,尚未闡明引起熱失控之根本原因,關於二次電池使用之各種原材料,目前各公司藉由經驗性方法研究並提出用以避免熱失控之風險的手段。認為藉由根據熱失控之原理的闡明,包括統一之評價方法在內今後加以明確,而推進安全性更高之適合於汽車用途的材料開發,期待亦解決與安全性相關之問題。
另一方面,關於汽車用途中二次電池之第2個問題係成本。
目前,於成本中,間隔件係占電池成本之20%之材料,要求進一步降低成本。
且說,例如於電動汽車等充電式運輸裝置之領域、以及行動電話等攜帶型電子終端之領域,要求每單位體積之儲存電能大以便即使體積小亦長時間工作之電能儲存器件,但作為該電能儲存器件,例如有使溶解於電解液中之電解質吸附於電極,將電能儲存於形成於電解質與電極之間之界面(電雙層)的電雙層電容器。
電雙層電容器中間隔件之主要作用係防止電極之短路(間隔性)、不妨礙電解液中的離子之移動(低內部電阻)等。然而,如上述之微多孔膜由於密度高,故而有內部電阻變高之傾向。另一方面,亦已知將不織布用於電容器之間隔件,但存在如下問題:若為了保持間隔性而縮小纖維直徑或提高纖維密度,則內部電阻變高。因此,期待開發出內部電阻低之間隔件。又,為了電雙層電容器之高容量化,必須使電極層變厚,要求使間隔件相應地變薄。
聚丙烯、聚乙烯等高分子微多孔膜之製造方法大致分為濕式法與乾式法。製造法各具特徵,濕式法採取如下方法,即,於向聚乙烯等高分子中添加塑化劑並進行膜成形後,進行雙軸延伸,利用溶劑清洗塑化劑,藉此設置微多孔。該方法之優點在於細孔之尺寸或膜厚之調整優異,可應對每種電池類型之各種要求,但問題在於由於製造製程複雜,故而成本高。另一方面,乾式法係將聚烯烴等高分子熔解,擠出至膜上,並進行退火,將藉此獲得者於低溫進行延伸而形成初期階段之孔隙後,於高溫進行延伸而進行多孔質化。該方法之優點在於可將熔點不同之高分子加以積
層,且製程簡易,故而成本低,但問題在於細孔之調整或膜厚之調整缺乏精度。
業界亦提出有除高分子微多孔膜以外亦使用由合成纖維、無機纖維等構成之不織布之間隔件。以往,不織布有乾式不織布與濕式不織布,均被用作間隔件,但認為於鋰離子二次電池用途中,無法獲得纖維分佈之均一性的乾式不織布由於電極隔離效果低,故而無法使用。另一方面,濕式不織布與乾式不織布相比具有纖維分佈均一之特徵,藉由製法上之特徵可將孔隙率調整為高於微多孔膜,故而可製作阻抗低之片。然而,實質上難以用於使用目前鋰離子二次電池中廣泛採用之石墨負極的電池。其原因在於鋰離子二次電池具有會於負極側生成鋰樹枝狀結晶之特徵,該鋰樹枝狀結晶具有容易生成於間隔件內之鋰離子大量通過之負極表面之特性。因此,若為片本身以數十微米級之範圍存在疏密之不織布,則容易產生鋰樹枝狀結晶之部位粗,故而,於生成有鋰樹枝狀結晶時抑制短路之阻隔特性與膜類型相比較低。又,如上述,要求使間隔件之厚度薄,但尤其使用不織布之間隔件隨著變薄會發生強度降低,結果有短路等安全性產生問題或製造電池雙層電容器時之間隔件之加工性出現困難之虞。
為了解決該等課題,如專利文獻1(日本專利特開平11-040130號公報)代表般,採用將細孔尺寸規定為一定範圍內之方法。然而,由於孔之尺寸受纖維直徑影響,故而為了將細孔尺寸控制為較小,必須使纖維直徑較細,但於使用較細之纖維之情形時,通常強度會降低。
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開平11-040130號公報
本發明係鑒於上述情況而成者,其目的在於提供一種強度(尤其是撕裂強度及拉伸強度兩者)優異,作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能優異之多孔性片。
本發明人為了解決上述課題而進行努力研究,結果發現含有特定之纖維素纖維、特定之切斷纖維及特定之黏合劑之特定之組合的多孔性片具備優異之強度(尤其是撕裂強度及拉伸強度兩者),又,作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能優異,從而完成本發明。
即,本發明係一種多孔性片,其含有:具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維、及親水性高分子黏合劑,上述切斷纖維之含量以上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1重量%以上且80重量%以下,上述親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5重量份以上且30重量份以下。
再者,此處所謂「平均纖維直徑」意指利用電子顯微鏡對多孔性片表面之多處進行放大觀察,自各電子顯微鏡圖像中隨機篩選特定數量之纖維,對篩選之該纖維的直徑進行測量並進行平均而獲得之平均纖維直徑。供篩選之纖維之數量為100以上,較佳為150以上,更佳為200以上,進而
更佳為300以上。
上述多孔性片之比撕裂強度較佳為15.0mN‧m2/g以上。
上述多孔性片之比拉伸強度較佳超過3.0N/15mm。
每10μm上述多孔性片之厚度之哥雷(Gurley)透氣阻力較佳為10秒以上且200秒以下。
較佳以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於上述纖維素纖維包含50重量%以上之粗度400nm以下之纖維。
較佳以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於上述纖維素纖維包含5~40重量%之粗度1μm以上之纖維。
上述切斷纖維之平均纖維長度較佳為10mm以下。
上述切斷纖維較佳選自由聚酯纖維、聚芳醯胺纖維、PPS樹脂纖維、再生纖維素纖維、維尼綸纖維、以及該等之組合組成之群。
上述多孔性片之孔隙率較佳為30~70%。
上述多孔性片較佳具有3~50μm之厚度。
於本發明之多孔性片之至少一表面可進而具備由無機填料構成之層。
本發明亦關於一種由上述多孔性片及(與上述多孔性片不同之)多孔性基材構成之積層體。
上述多孔性基材較佳由織布或不織布構成。又,上述多孔性基材較佳由纖維素纖維構成。
於含浸有1mol/LiPF6/碳酸丙烯酯溶液之狀態下使用20kHz之交流電流而確定之上述多孔性片或上述積層體的體積電阻率較佳為
1500Ω‧cm以下。
本發明亦關於一種具備上述多孔性片或上述積層體之電化學元件用間隔件。進而,本發明亦關於一種具備上述電化學元件用間隔件之電池、電容器等電化學元件。
本發明之多孔性片於強度尤其是撕裂強度及拉伸強度兩方面優異,又,作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能優異。尤其是,本發明之多孔性片可兼具高撕裂強度及高拉伸強度。
本發明之多孔性片由於含有微細之纖維素纖維,故而鋰樹枝狀結晶之阻隔特性優異。又,本發明之多孔性片由於含有特定之切斷纖維,故而即便厚度薄,亦可具有優異之強度、尤其是優異之撕裂強度。並且,本發明之多孔性片由於含有親水性高分子黏合劑,故而可進一步提高纖維分佈之均一性,藉此,鋰樹枝狀結晶之阻隔特性進一步提高,又,亦可提高拉伸強度。
又,本發明之多孔性片與多孔性基材之積層體即便於例如多孔性基材主要由直徑相對較大之纖維構成,其本身缺乏鋰樹枝狀結晶之阻隔特性之情形時,由於多孔性基材上積層有含有微細之纖維素纖維而鋰樹枝狀結晶之阻隔特性優異之多孔性片,故而作為整體具備高防短路性,作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能優異。
因此,使用本發明之多孔性片或本發明之多孔性片與多孔性基材之積層體,能夠容易地或低成本地製造具有利用以往之不織布、紙等時難以實現之高之鋰阻隔特性的電化學元件用間隔件。
又,於上述多孔性片含有一部分直徑相對較大之纖維之情形時,本發明之多孔性片及多孔性片與多孔性基材之積層體作為電化學元件用間隔件可具有更優異之強度特性。再者,於本發明之積層體中,即便例如多孔性基材及多孔性片存在單獨於高溫環境下物性會劣化之傾向,由於使多孔性片與多孔性基材積層,故而作為積層體整體亦可降低或避免熱劣化。
圖1係表示實施例中之撕裂強度之評價方法的圖。
[多孔性片]
本發明之多孔性片含有:具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維、及親水性高分子黏合劑,上述切斷纖維之含量以上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1重量%以上且80重量%以下,上述親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5重量份以上且30重量份以下。
上述多孔性片之厚度並無特別限定,較佳為3~50μm,較佳為5~40μm,更佳為10~30μm。
本發明之多孔性片可具備藉由上述構成而實現之優異之強度特性。本發明之多孔性片可將其比拉伸強度設為2.0N/15mm以上,以及將其比撕裂強度設為超過10.0mN‧m2/g。比拉伸強度例如可藉由將依據JIS C2151測得之拉伸強度除以基重而獲得。比拉伸強度較佳為超過3.0N/15mm,更佳為4.0N/15mm以上,進而更佳為5.0N/15mm以上。另一方面,比撕裂強度例如可藉由將利用依據JIS K7128-1之褲形撕裂法測得之撕裂強度除以基重而獲得。比撕裂強度較佳為15.0mN‧m2/g以上,更佳為20.0mN‧m2/g以上,進而更佳為25.0mN‧m2/g以上。
尤其是,本發明之多孔性片可具備優異之撕裂強度。再者,不同多孔性片間之撕裂強度之相對優劣例如可藉由如下之簡便方法而定性地確定,即,將各多孔性片向相反方向拉伸,觀測此時有無多孔性片之斷裂。此時,較佳為預先於拉伸操作前之多孔性片的一部分沿與拉伸方向不同之方向,較佳為鉛直方向切出裂縫。藉由切出裂縫,即便多孔性片未斷裂,亦可藉由觀察裂縫之成長的程度,而定性地確定各多孔性片之撕裂強度之相對優劣。
本發明之多孔性片之孔隙率較佳為30~70%。藉由將孔隙率維持為30%~70%之範圍,本發明之多孔性片可良好地應對電化學元件。即便孔隙率未達30%,本發明之多孔性片亦可作為電化學元件作動,但由於電阻值高,故而有輸出降低而作為電化學元件之性能不充分之虞。於孔隙率超過70%之情形時,由於細孔分佈之最頻直徑變大,起因於多孔性片之電阻降低,故而電化學元件之輸出性能及循環特性提高,但於鋰離子二次電池用途中鋰阻隔特性降低,發生因鋰樹枝狀結晶引起之短路的風險變
高,故而於安全上欠佳。
本發明中之孔隙率可使上述多孔性片含浸不使纖維膨潤之溶劑而自其吸收之溶劑之重量進行計算。具體而言,將切割成50mm×50mm之尺寸的樣品於23℃、50%相對濕度之環境下進行1天濕度控制後,測量樣品之厚度,進而使用精度為四位數或五位數秤稱量樣品之重量。稱量後,使其含浸於溶劑中1分鐘,然後利用吸液紙對表面吸收多餘之溶劑後再次進行稱量。藉由將含浸後之重量減去含浸前之重量而獲得之值除以含浸之溶劑之密度,而求出溶劑之體積。將根據厚度對該體積進行計算而獲得之整體的體積之百分率設為孔隙率。因此,此情形時之孔隙率可藉由以下之式求出。
孔隙率(%)=100×(吸液後之片重量-吸液前之片重量)/吸收之溶劑之密度×5×5×厚度(cm)
於本發明中,由於可測量孔隙率之溶劑為不使纖維膨潤之溶劑,故而於纖維素纖維等具有極性的纖維之情形時,較佳使用極性低之有機溶劑。又,必須選定吸收之溶劑不會於短測量時間之期間揮發者。作為尤佳者,可列舉電解液通常使用之丙二醇或煤油等石油系之高沸點溶劑等。
本發明之多孔性片於含浸有1mol/L之濃度的LiPF6之碳酸丙烯酯溶液之狀態下使用20kHz之交流電流測得之體積電阻率較佳為1500Ω‧cm以下。體積電阻率與下述之透氣阻力及上述之孔隙率相關,基本上有若透氣阻力變低,孔隙率變高,則體積電阻率降低之傾向,但由於體積電阻率亦受到孔隙之尺寸及膜中之孔隙之分佈狀態影響,故而透氣阻力較低、孔隙率高者未必顯示出低體積電阻率。此處,利用頻率為20kHz之交
流電流之目的在於將電極界面之反應等電化學要素自體積電阻率之測量值排除。藉此,僅測量裝置之電阻與多孔性片之離子電導性之合計會影響測量值,故而該測量值可反映出多孔性片之細孔分佈及細孔直徑。上述多孔性片之體積電阻率較佳為1500Ω‧cm以下,更佳為1000Ω‧cm以下。若超過1500Ω‧cm,則有循環特性變差之虞。若為1500Ω‧cm以下,則表現出良好之循環特性,本發明之多孔性片可較佳地用作電化學元件用間隔件。
本發明中使用20kHz之交流電流之體積電阻率的測量可按照以下之順序進行。首先,使沖裁為直徑20mm之尺寸之本發明的多孔性片於150℃之條件乾燥24小時以上。繼而,將5片經乾燥之本發明的多孔性片重疊放入例如SH2-Z型固體用樣品固持器(東陽特克尼卡製造),並充分地浸漬於1mol/L之濃度之LiPF6/碳酸丙烯酯之電解液中。繼而,較佳於減壓至0.8MPa而將多孔性片間殘留之空氣去除後,將多孔性片夾於對向之2片金電極之間,使用將電位、電流組合之頻率響應分析儀VSP(Bio-Logic製造)以掃描頻率100m~1MHz、振幅10mV之條件測量交流阻抗值(Ω)。自該值與本發明之多孔性片之厚度換算為每單位體積之電阻率(體積電阻率)。再者,較理想為預先僅測量測量裝置具有之電阻成分,或預先將其消除以避免反映至測量結果中。
本發明之多孔性片之每10μm厚度之哥雷透氣阻力較佳為10~200秒(/100cc),更佳為15~100秒,進而更佳為20~50秒。上述透氣阻力可基於JIS P8117進行測量。於上述透氣阻力未達10秒之情形時,於鋰離子二次電池用途中鋰阻隔特性降低,發生因鋰樹枝狀結晶引起之短路
的風險變高,故而安全上欠佳。於超過200秒之情形時,尤其是體積電阻率變大而使電化學元件之輸出特性降低,故而欠佳。
關於本發明之多孔性片,藉由起泡點法測得之細孔直徑的平均值較佳為20~100nm。由於鋰離子電池等電化學元件中使用之電極活性物質之粒徑存在各種大小,故而未必細孔直徑必須較小。作為大致基準,只要為使用之活性物質之粒徑的1/4之細孔直徑,則不會引起短路。
(纖維素纖維)
本發明之多孔性片係含有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑(粗度)之纖維素纖維者,亦可含有一部分未達20nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維,但以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳為未達20重量%,更佳未達10重量%,進而更佳未達5重量%。再者,上述多孔性片亦可含有一部分超過500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維,但以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳為未達30重量%,更佳未達20重量%,進而更佳未達10重量%。作為纖維素纖維之平均纖維直徑,較佳為50~450nm,更佳為100~400nm,進而更佳為150~380nm,進而更佳為200~360nm。
上述纖維素纖維較佳由纖維素構成。即,上述纖維素纖維較佳構成纖維之高分子材料僅由纖維素構成。
纖維素纖維藉由纖維素分子具有之羥基而可均勻地分散至水中,其漿料之黏度取決於纖維素纖維之纖維長度與表面積。若纖維素纖維變細,則纖維素之表面積相應地增加,故而漿料之黏度亦必然上升。又,其纖維長度越長,纖維間之相互作用越強,由此認為其亦係引起黏度上升之重要原因。因該等相互作用引起之黏度上升成為阻礙高濃度之片材化的
重要原因,於處理奈米纖維素時,通常採取降低濃度之手段。
進而,纖維素纖維藉由其羥基而具有於脫水步驟中使纖維彼此進行氫鍵結之性質,可觀察到由再生纖維素以外之合成纖維製作之不織布不具備之特徵。作為特徵,亦可列舉:於該氫鍵形成之步驟中表現出強度,另一方面,纖維間因相互作用而使乾燥步驟中之收縮大於使用合成纖維之不織布。尤其是,由於隨著纖維直徑變細而纖維之剛度降低,故而可明顯地觀察到該收縮。又,已知使用經極度原纖化之纖維製成之片由於纖維間完全密接而透明化。即,僅藉由使纖維直徑細,無論控制孔徑,甚至難以製作多孔質化片。因此,於製造經多孔質化之片時,必須抑制乾燥時之收縮並阻礙纖維間之氫鍵結。關於迄今為止提出之具體方法,提出有將利用造紙法或澆鑄法而片材化之原料置換至如丙酮之親水性之溶劑中後,進而置換至甲苯與丙酮之混合溶劑等疏水性更高之溶劑中而使其乾燥等方法。然而,該方法存在兩個問題。首先,其一係自分散溶劑之水向丙酮進行溶劑置換之作業。由於纖維素纖維隨著纖維直徑變細而保水性變高,故而自水向溶劑之置換成為非常耗時之作業,於實際生產方面成為使生產性降低之重要原因。進而,由於細孔直徑取決於纖維之粗度,故而細孔直徑終歸由纖維之粗度控制,若不利用經均一化之纖維,則無法獲得目標之細孔直徑,纖維素纖維之處理步驟亦需要時間與成本。
於本發明中,(不僅對於多孔性片,亦對於多孔性基材)可使用之纖維素纖維之類型、尤其是纖維素I型、纖維素II型等纖維素之類型並無限定,較佳為來自以棉花、棉絨、木漿為代表之纖維素纖維供給源的纖維素I型之天然纖維。以再生纖維素為代表之纖維素II型之纖維與纖
維素I型之纖維相比結晶度低,於進行原纖化處理時,有容易短纖維化之傾向,故而欠佳。
用於多孔性片之纖維素纖維亦可經微原纖化。對纖維素纖維進行微原纖化處理之裝置並無特別限定,例如可列舉:高壓均質機處理(利用Manton-Gaulin型分散機進行之高壓分散處理)、Lanier型壓力式均質機、超高壓均質機處理(Artemis TM(Sugino Machine股份有限公司製造))、珠磨機或行星研磨機等分散裝置、Masscolloder(將多片具備粒度16~120號之研磨粒之研磨粒板磨合配置而成之研磨粒板磨合裝置、增幸產業股份有限公司製造)等均質機等。又,亦可於進行微原纖化處理之前將雙圓盤磨漿機、攪拌器等製紙使用之打漿機用於預處理。又,雖然添加量受到限制,但亦可使用藉由TEMPO氧化觸媒而奈米纖維化之纖維素奈米纖維。尤其於本發明中,用於多孔性片之纖維素纖維較佳接受使預先經打漿處理之紙漿漿料通過將有多片具備粒度16~120號之研磨粒之研磨粒板進行磨合配置而成之研磨粒板磨合裝置之磨合部的微細化處理、或對預先經打漿處理之紙漿漿料進行高壓均質機處理之微細化處理。
較佳以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於上述纖維素纖維包含50重量%以上之400nm以下,較佳為350nm以下,更佳為300nm以下之粗度(直徑)之纖維,更佳為60重量%以上,進而更佳為70重量%以上,進而更佳為80重量%以上,尤佳為90重量%以上。因此,上述纖維素纖維較佳主要由具有400nm以下之粗度之相對較細之纖維素纖維構成。
上述纖維素纖維較佳將具有較佳為20~400nm、更佳為60~350nm、進而更佳為100~300nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、以及具
有較佳超過400nm~500nm、更佳為420~490nm、進而更佳為440~480nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維以較佳為99:1~60:40、更佳為95:5~70:30、進而更佳為90:10~80:20之質量比混合而成者。
較佳以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於上述纖維素纖維包含5重量%以上之1μm以上之粗度(直徑)的粗纖維,更佳為10重量%以上,進而更佳為15重量%以上,進而更佳為20重量%以上,尤佳為25重量%以上。上述粗纖維之直徑可超過1μm,例如可為1.5μm以上,又,亦可為2.0μm以上。尤其是,下述之多孔性片之製造方法中,由於進行澆鑄塗佈,故而難以僅使用如漿料之黏度變得極高之纖維直徑未達1μm的細纖維製備漿料並使用。又,為了使其可塗佈,必須使漿料低濃度化,為此而使用之溶劑等之乾燥成本增加,故而不經濟。又,若藉由普通方法對纖維施加剪切力而製造纖維直徑細之高分子微細纖維,則有纖維長度亦一併變短之傾向,有製成之片的撕裂強度降低之傾向。因此,藉由存在5重量%以上之具有1μm以上之粗度的纖維,可提高獲得之片的撕裂強度。
另一方面,1μm以上粗度之粗纖維素纖維之摻合量以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準較佳為40重量%以下,更佳為35重量%以下,進而更佳為30重量%以下。若具有1μm以上粗度之粗纖維素纖維存在超過40重量%,則纖維素纖維彼此藉由氫鍵而接觸之接點的數量減少,故而有拉伸強度降低之虞,故而欠佳。藉由將具有1μm以上之直徑的纖維之含有率設為5重量%以上且40重量%以下,可進一步兼顧拉伸強度與撕裂強度。
纖維素纖維於構成多孔性片之全部纖維中所占之比例以包含下述之切斷纖維在內之全部纖維之重量為基準較佳為1~50重量%,更佳
為5~45重量%,進而更佳為10~40重量%,進而更佳為15~35重量%,尤佳為20~30重量%。
(切斷纖維)
本發明之多孔性片係含有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑(粗度)之切斷纖維者,亦可含有一部分未達1.5μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維,以切斷纖維之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳為未達20重量%,更佳未達10重量%,進而更佳未達5重量%。再者,本發明之多孔性片亦可含有一部分超過20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維,以切斷纖維之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳為未達30重量%,更佳未達20重量%,進而更佳未達10重量%。作為切斷纖維之平均纖維直徑,較佳為1.5~18μm,更佳為2~16μm,進而更佳為2.5~14μm,進而更佳為3.0~12μm,尤佳為3.5~10μm。
對於上述切斷纖維,可利用選自聚乙烯醇、脂肪族聚醯胺、半芳香族聚醯胺、芳香族聚醯胺、聚碸、乙酸纖維素、纖維素、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、聚環氧乙烷、聚甲基戊烯、聚丙烯腈聚苯硫、聚乙醯、聚胺酯、聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、乙烯-四氟乙烯、PPS樹脂、再生纖維素、以及該等之組合中之高分子。
上述切斷纖維較佳由上述高分子構成。即,上述切斷纖維較佳僅由上述高分子構成。
作為構成上述切斷纖維之高分子,較佳為聚酯、聚芳醯胺、維尼綸、PPS樹脂、再生纖維素、或該等之組合。
作為聚酯,例如可列舉:聚對酞酸乙二酯、聚對酞酸丙二酯、
聚對酞酸1,3-丙二酯、聚對酞酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、或該等之組合。較佳為聚對酞酸乙二酯、聚對酞酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、及該等之組合。
聚芳醯胺意指芳香族聚醯胺。於本發明中,所謂「聚芳醯胺」於化學結構上意指醯胺鍵之60莫耳%以上,較佳為70莫耳%以上、更佳為80莫耳%以上、進而更佳為90莫耳%以上直接鍵結於芳香環上之線狀高分子化合物。
聚芳醯胺根據醯胺基於苯環上之取代位置而分為對位聚芳醯胺、間位聚芳醯胺及該等之共聚物。作為對位聚芳醯胺,可例示聚對苯二甲醯對苯二胺及其共聚物、聚(對伸苯基)共聚合(3,4'-二苯醚)對苯二甲醯胺(聚(對伸苯基)共聚合(3,4'-二苯醚)對苯二甲醯胺)等。作為間位聚芳醯胺,可例示聚間苯二甲醯間苯二胺及其共聚物等。該等聚芳醯胺例如係藉由以往已知之界面聚合法、溶液聚合法等而於工業上製造,可取得市售品,但不限定於此。
維尼綸意指聚乙烯醇。作為聚乙烯醇,較佳為可熱熔融之PVA系樹脂,係藉由將乙烯酯之聚合物皂化而獲得。作為乙烯酯,可列舉甲酸乙烯酯、乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、三甲基乙酸乙烯酯等,但工業上多使用乙酸乙烯酯。PVA亦可含有α-烯烴單元。其等係碳數4以下者,例如可列舉乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、異丁烯等,但若考慮強度物性、形態穩定性,則更佳為乙烯。α-烯烴單位之含量為1~20莫耳%,若含量大於20莫耳%,則改質PVA對水之溶解性降低。
PPS樹脂具有苯環與硫交替地連結而伸長之結構,具有高耐
熱性、強度、耐化學品性。作為PPS樹脂之代表例,可列舉聚苯硫、聚苯硫碸、聚苯硫酮、該等之無規共聚物、嵌段共聚物及其等之混合物等。作為PPS纖維,市售有「TORCON」(Toray製造)、「PROCON」(東洋紡製造)等多種。
再生纖維素纖維係藉由將纖維素或其衍生物一次性溶解而製成溶液並紡絲成纖維狀而製造之纖維。作為工業上利用之製品,例如可列舉嫘縈(溶解於鹼與二硫化碳中而製成黏液,並於酸中進行紡絲)、或萊賽爾(Lyocell)(溶解於N-甲基啉N-氧化物中而製造)、乙酸酯(由乙酸纖維素製造)等。
作為構成上述切斷纖維之高分子,較佳為聚酯,更佳為聚對酞酸乙二酯、聚對酞酸丙二酯、聚對酞酸1,3-丙二酯、聚對酞酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、或該等之組合,進而更佳為聚對酞酸乙二酯、聚對酞酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、及該等之組合。
上述切斷纖維之纖維長度較佳為1~10mm,較佳為2~8mm,更佳為3~5mm。若纖維長度低於1mm,則藉由切斷纖維而實現之強度提高的效果顯著降低。又,若纖維長度超過10mm,則切斷纖維彼此纏繞,由此,片之質地顯著降低,難以獲得均勻之多孔性片。
切斷纖維於構成多孔性片之(包含上述纖維素纖維在內之)全部纖維中所占之比例係以全部纖維之重量為基準而為80重量%以下,亦可為50重量%以下,亦可為30重量%以下。又,切斷纖維於構成多孔性片之全部纖維中所占之比例係以全部纖維之重量為基準而為1重量%以上,較佳為3重量%以上,更佳為5重量%以上。切斷纖維於構成多孔性片之全部
纖維中所占之比例例如較佳為50~99重量%,更佳為55~95重量%,進而更佳為60~90重量%,進而更佳為65~85重量%,尤佳為70~80重量%。若切斷纖維之添加量超過80重量%,則切斷纖維彼此於分散液中纏繞之頻度增加,由此,獲得之片成為絮凝體狀,質地顯著降低而難以獲得均勻之多孔性片。又,若切斷纖維之添加量未達1重量%,則強度(尤其是撕裂強度)之提高變得不充分。
於切斷纖維於構成多孔性片之(包含上述纖維素纖維之)全部纖維中所占之比例以全部纖維之重量為基準超過50重量%之情形時,本發明之多孔性片例如可為以上述切斷纖維為主體之不織布的形態。
(親水性高分子黏合劑)
本發明之多孔性片含有至少1種親水性高分子黏合劑。本發明中使用之親水性高分子黏合劑係作為用以將纖維間連結之接著劑而使用者,但除了作為接著劑之功能以外,亦可發揮提高纖維之分散性之功能。為了獲得均勻之細孔分佈,纖維必須均勻地分散於多孔性片之製造中使用的漿料中,而黏合劑藉由固定於纖維表面而發揮類似於保護膠體之作用,故而分散性提高。
親水性高分子黏合劑中包含之親水性高分子較佳具有羧基及/或羥基。包含親水性高分子,較佳含有羧基及/或羥基之親水性高分子的親水性高分子黏合劑可為溶液之形態,亦可為乳液之形態。作為親水性高分子,具體而言可利用羧甲基纖維素、羥乙基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、羥烷基纖維素等纖維素衍生物、海藻酸、兩性澱粉、羧基改質澱粉、磷酸酯化澱粉、玉米澱粉等多糖類之衍生物、聚丙烯酸、
聚乙烯醇、羧基改質聚乙烯醇等,但不限定於該等。其中,可較佳地利用羧甲基纖維素。認為其原因在於:由於羧甲基纖維素與纖維素同樣地具有葡萄糖殘基藉由β-1,4糖苷鍵連結之骨架,故而於將兩者混合時兩者之親和性高。
上述親水性高分子亦可經交聯。上述交聯可藉由親水性高分子進行自交聯而形成,亦可藉由另外添加交聯劑而形成。藉由於多孔性片中形成交聯,因熱引起之分子的移動得到限制,故而可提高多孔性片之熱穩定性、機械特性等。
上述交聯可僅於親水性高分子之分子間形成,亦可於親水性高分子與纖維之間形成。尤其於親水性高分子與纖維之間形成交聯結構之情形時,會強化纖維彼此之相互作用,具有提高片強度之效果,故而較佳。
將親水性高分子間及視情形將親水性高分子與纖維間進行交聯之交聯劑的種類並無特別限定,可利用脲甲醛樹脂、三聚氰胺-甲醛樹脂、含碳二亞胺基化合物、含唑啉基化合物、含乙二醛基化合物、含異氰酸基化合物等。其中,若交聯劑為具有多個交聯點之高分子化合物,則可形成含有更多之分子、纖維之交聯結構,故而較佳。如此,交聯劑較佳為高分子化合物,但其原因亦在於:藉由在交聯劑之交聯點與交聯點之間存在長分子鏈,於施加應力時片內形成分子移動之餘地,故而與低分子量之交聯劑相比可維持片之伸長。
上述親水性高分子黏合劑之使用量相對於纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之100重量份為5~30重量份,較佳為7~25重量份,更佳為9~20重量份,進而更佳為10~15重量份。若親水性高分子黏合劑之添
加量未達5重量份,則有製成之片強度降低之虞,又,由於纖維之分散性變差,故而難以獲得均勻之細孔。另一方面,於多於30重量份之情形時,有黏合劑填堵細孔之虞,多孔性片之體積電阻率變高,故而欠佳。
親水性高分子黏合劑可由親水性高分子及介質構成。作為上述介質,例如可列舉水、醇等各種有機溶劑或該等之組合,較佳為水。親水性高分子黏合劑可以親水性高分子黏合劑之總重量為基準而包含0.1~10重量%,較佳為0.5~5重量%,更佳為0.8~2重量%、進而更佳為約1.0重量%之親水性高分子。
[積層體]
本發明之多孔性片與多孔性基材之積層體具備多孔性基材、以及上述多孔性片。
本發明之積層體至少具備上述多孔性基材及上述多孔性片兩層。本發明之積層體亦可具備上述多孔性基材及上述多孔性片以外之層,但較佳上述多孔性基材及上述多孔性片直接接觸而積層。又,上述多孔性基材及上述多孔性片可單純地接觸而積層,但較佳為一體化。
本發明之積層體之孔隙率較佳為30~70%。孔隙率可如上述進行測量。藉由將本發明之積層體之孔隙率維持為30%~70%之範圍,可良好地應對電化學元件。
本發明之積層體於含浸有1mol/L之濃度之LiPF6之碳酸丙烯酯溶液的狀態下使用20kHz之交流電流測得之體積電阻率較佳為1500Ω‧cm以下。體積電阻率可如上述進行測量。上述積層體之體積電阻率更佳為1000Ω‧cm以下。
本發明之積層體之每10μm膜厚之透氣阻力較佳為10~600秒(/100cc),更佳為20~450秒,進而更佳為30~250秒。上述透氣阻力可基於JIS P8117進行測量。
關於本發明之積層體,藉由起泡點法測得之細孔直徑之平均值較佳上述多孔性基材為2~10μm,上述多孔性片為20~100nm。
本發明之積層體之表面粗糙度較佳為正面及背面均為Ra值1.5以下。
(多孔性基材)
上述多孔性基材之形狀並無特別限定,較佳為片狀。因此,作為上述多孔性基材,可為與上述多孔性片不同之多孔性片,亦可為與上述多孔性片相同之多孔性片。較佳為與上述多孔性片不同之多孔性片。
上述多孔性基材較佳為含有2~20μm之平均纖維直徑(粗度)之高分子纖維者。上述多孔性基材亦可含有一部分未達2μm之平均纖維直徑的高分子纖維,但以多孔性基材之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳未達20重量%,更佳未達10重量%,進而更佳未達5重量%。因此,上述多孔性基材較佳為主要由與上述纖維素纖維相比相對較粗之纖維構成。再者,上述多孔性基材亦可含有一部分超過20μm之平均纖維直徑的高分子纖維,但以多孔性基材之總重量為基準,其摻合量較佳為未達30重量%,更佳未達20重量%,進而更佳未達10重量%。
上述多孔性基材亦可由織布或不織布構成,就製法之簡便性等方面而言,較佳為由不織布構成。
構成上述多孔性基材之纖維的原材料並無特別限定,例如可
列舉:纖維素、纖維素衍生物(羧甲基纖維素等)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚酯[聚對酞酸乙二酯(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、聚對酞酸丁二酯(PBT)等]、聚丙烯腈、(PAN)、聚芳醯胺、聚醯胺醯亞胺、聚醯亞胺、聚乙烯醇(PVA)等有機材料;玻璃、氧化鋁、二氧化矽等無機材料(無機氧化物)等。多孔性基材之構成纖維可含有該等原材料中之1種,亦可含有2種以上。又,多孔性基材之構成纖維亦可除上述原材料以外視需要亦含有公知之各種添加劑(例如,於上述原材料為樹脂之情形時為抗氧化劑等)作為其構成成分。
上述多孔性基材較佳由纖維素纖維構成。
上述多孔性基材之構成纖維的平均纖維直徑較佳為3~18μm,更佳為4~15μm,進而更佳為5~10μm。若平均纖維直徑過大,則有積層體之厚度增大而處理變得困難之虞。又,若直徑過小,則有積層體之空隙變得過小而離子透過性降低之傾向,於用作間隔件時,有使電池之負載特性降低之虞。
上述多孔性基材為片狀之情形時之多孔性基材的厚度並無特別限定,較佳為1~60μm,較佳為2~50μm,更佳為3~40μm,進而更佳為5~30μm。
(無機填料層)
本發明之多孔性片之至少一表面可進而具備由無機填料構成之層(無機填料層)。藉由設置無機填料層,於將本發明之多孔性片用作例如電池用間隔件之情形時,可防止電極與多孔性片直接接觸。若電池之充電壓變高,則電極表面之氧化、還原力變高,故而有對直接接觸之有機物(例如多孔
性片)造成損害之可能性,但藉由在多孔性片之表面設置無機填料層,可抑制多孔性片之劣化。
無機填料層之厚度並無特別限定,例如可設為1~10μm,較佳設為2μm~4μm左右。再者,無機填料層幾乎對多孔性片之強度物性、透氣阻力無影響。
上述無機填料層較佳由無機填料及黏合劑樹脂構成,更佳以無機填料為主體。相對於無機填料及黏合劑樹脂之合計重量,無機填料之存在比例較佳為50~99重量%,更佳為60~97重量%,進而更佳為70~95重量%。作為無機填料,可使用α-氧化鋁、β-氧化鋁、γ-氧化鋁等氧化鋁、軟水鋁石等氧化鋁水合物、氧化鎂、氧化鈣等。該等中,就對於鋰離子電池中使用之電解質的穩定性高之方面而言,可較佳地使用α-氧化鋁或氧化鋁水合物。作為黏合劑樹脂,可使用苯乙烯-丁二烯樹脂、丙烯酸酯樹脂、甲基丙烯酸酯樹脂、聚偏二氟乙烯等氟樹脂等各種合成樹脂。
上述無機填料層可藉由如下方式形成,即,於多孔性片之至少一表面塗佈例如將無機填料及黏合劑樹脂分散於適當種類之溶劑中而成之塗佈液,並進行乾燥。塗佈液中除上述無機填料及黏合劑樹脂以外,視需要亦可摻合聚丙烯酸、羧甲基纖維素鈉等各種分散劑、羥乙基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉、聚氧化乙烯等各種增黏劑、各種潤濕劑、防腐劑、消泡劑等各種添加劑。
[製造方法]
本發明之多孔性片例如可藉由如下方式製造:將如下漿料塗佈於基材上,並進行乾燥,該漿料含有具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖
維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維、以及親水性高分子黏合劑,且上述切斷纖維之含量以上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1~80重量%,上述親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5~30重量份。漿料中之纖維的濃度並無限定,例如可設為1~40重量%,較佳為5~30重量%,進而更佳為10~20重量%。
具體而言,本發明之多孔性片可藉由至少包括將上述漿料塗佈於基材上之步驟、使上述漿料乾燥而於上述基材上形成片之步驟、以及將上述片自上述基材剝離而獲得多孔性片之步驟的製造方法而獲得。
上述漿料較佳包含親水性開孔劑。藉由將包含親水性開孔劑之漿料作為由纖維構成之片之多孔質化的手段塗佈於基材上並進行乾燥,可大幅度改善生產效率。進而,於本發明中,可藉由調整親水性開孔劑對水之溶解度而控制片之孔的尺寸。又,於本發明中,可藉由調整親水性開孔劑之添加量而自由地控制孔隙率。例如,於本發明中,可以相對於纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量100重量(質量)份較佳為50~600重量份、更佳為80~400重量份、進而更佳為100~300重量份之比例使用親水性開孔劑。
本發明中使用之親水性開孔劑只要為可於由纖維構成之片上形成微細之孔的親水性物質,則無特別限定,但親水性開孔劑之沸點較佳為180℃以上。已知於上述纖維如纖維素纖維般可進行氫鍵結之情形時,纖維間之氫鍵係於乾燥時之片水分為10~20重量%之間形成。藉由在形成該氫鍵時開孔劑存在於片中且阻礙纖維間之氫鍵結,而可進行多孔質化。
於使用沸點未達180℃之開孔劑之情形時,即便使添加量增多,亦有於乾燥步驟中開孔劑揮發,無法充分地進行多孔化之虞。因此,較佳為沸點為180℃以上之開孔劑,更佳為200℃以上。例如分子量少於己醇之一級醇等雖然為同時具有水溶性與疏水性之材料,但於乾燥步驟中較水更容易揮發,故而無法充分地阻礙氫鍵結,故而於本發明中無法使用。但是,於使用充滿開孔劑之蒸氣的空氣進行乾燥,或使用蒸氣壓低於水之溶劑而利用使用多段乾燥等與通常之乾燥條件不同的乾燥方法之情形時,沸點未必必須為180℃以上。
本發明中使用之親水性開孔劑較佳為對水之溶解度為10重量%以上者,更佳為20重量%以上者,進而更佳為30重量%以上者。於使用對水之溶解度未達10重量%之開孔劑之情形時,由於開孔劑之添加量受到限制,故而可能難以僅藉由開孔劑之添加量控制目標之孔隙率。又,隨著乾燥進行,溶劑量減少,由此無法溶解之開孔劑分離,故而可能難以於片之面方向、厚度方向上均勻地進行多孔化。再者,雖然此種疏水性開孔劑可藉由利用乳化劑等進行乳化而一定程度上均勻地進行多孔化,但難以進行孔徑之控制。另一方面,於使用對水之溶解度為10重量%以上之開孔劑之情形時,可均勻地分散於漿料中,又,由於對水之溶解性高,故而於乾燥步驟中不會分離,因此可藉由在乾燥步驟中均勻地阻礙氫鍵結,而均勻地形成細孔。
本發明中使用之親水性開孔劑較佳為25℃之蒸氣壓未達0.1kPa者,更佳為未達0.09kPa者,進而更佳為未達0.08kPa者。蒸氣壓為0.1kPa以上之親水性開孔劑由於揮發性高,故而在有助於膜之多孔化之前發生
揮發之傾向較大,結果有難以獲得微多孔質之膜之虞。
本發明中使用之親水性開孔劑較佳為水/辛醇之分配係數(Log Pow)為-1.2~0.8之範圍者,更佳為-1.1~0.8之範圍者,進而更佳為-0.7~0.4之範圍者。作為上述辛醇,較佳為正辛醇。若使用上述分配係數未達-1.2之親水性開孔劑,則有獲得之多孔性片之阻抗值變高之虞。
作為本發明中可使用之親水性開孔劑,具體而言有如下者。例如可列舉:1,5-戊二醇、1-甲胺基-2,3-丙二醇等高級醇類;ε-己內酯、α-乙醯基-γ-丁內酯等內酯類;二乙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、丙二醇等二醇類;三乙二醇二甲醚、三丙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇單丁醚、三乙二醇單甲醚、三乙二醇丁基甲基醚、四乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇單乙醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單乙醚、三乙二醇單丁醚、四乙二醇單丁醚、二丙二醇單甲醚、二乙二醇單甲醚、二乙二醇單異丙醚、乙二醇單異丁醚、三丙二醇單甲醚、二乙二醇甲基乙基醚、二乙二醇二乙醚等二醇醚類;以及此外之甘油、碳酸丙烯酯、N-甲基吡咯啶酮等,但不限定於此。該等中,二醇醚類之蒸氣壓低,於本發明中可使用之製造方法中最合適。
本發明中使用之基材並無特別限定,可使用高分子膜、玻璃板、金屬板、剝離紙等。基材之原材料較佳為線、濾布、濾紙等漿料中之親水性開孔劑不會透過至背面者。於使用親水性開孔劑進行多孔化之情形時,若於乾燥前親水性開孔劑自基材之背面脫落,則無法充分地使片多孔化。進而,由於乾燥之片具有將基材之表面性轉印之特性,故而基材之表面較佳儘可能地平滑。若考慮該等情況,則經雙軸延伸之聚對酞酸乙二酯膜由於具有可撓性,且熔融溫度亦相對較高,故而乾燥時之伸長或收縮之
影響少,因此作為基材較佳。又,由於與聚丙烯膜相比極性亦較高,故而即便於水系之漿料配方中亦容易塗佈,可較佳地使用。
於本發明中可使用之製造方法中,將由纖維素纖維及切斷纖維構成之纖維、及較佳含有親水性開孔劑之漿料塗佈於基材上之方法只要為能夠以塗佈層之膜厚成為一定之範圍內之方式均勻塗佈之塗佈方法,則可使用任何手段。例如,狹縫式模嘴塗佈機、簾幕式塗佈機等前計量型之塗佈機、或MB塗佈機、MB反向塗佈機、缺角輪塗佈機等後計量型亦可進行塗佈。
於本發明中,於必要之情形時,可向漿料添加界面活性劑作為添加劑。作為消泡劑或調平劑,只要為不影響電化學元件性能之程度,則可使用以乙炔乙二醇等為代表之非離子性界面活性劑。離子性界面活性劑由於可能對電化學元件性能產生影響,故而較佳不使用。
此外,上述漿料中,除上述親水性高分子黏合劑、上述界面活性劑以外,亦可含有填料。例如可使用二氧化矽粒子、氧化鋁粒子等無機填料、聚矽氧粉末等有機填料等。該等粒子可添加至不對多孔性片之細孔產生影響之程度,但較佳為儘可能地使用平均粒徑未達2μm者。若平均粒徑成為2μm以上,則會因粒子間之間隙而形成細孔直徑較大之孔,故而欠佳。再者,該等填料具有降低塗佈漿料之黏度的效果,故而可提高塗料濃度,對於提高生產效率而言較佳。另一方面,若添加量過多,則強度會降低,故而相對於纖維素纖維100重量份多於100重量份之添加量欠佳。
本發明中使用之漿料的溶劑基本上必須使用水,但可為了提高乾燥效率而添加甲醇或乙醇、第三丁醇等醇類、丙酮、甲基乙基酮等酮
類、二乙醚、乙基甲基醚等醚類等蒸氣壓高於水之溶劑至溶劑整體量之50重量%。若添加50重量%以上之該等溶劑,則纖維素纖維之分散性變差,細孔分佈之均一性變差,故而欠佳。
本發明之多孔性片的製造方法中,可使塗佈於基材上之上述漿料乾燥而獲得片。乾燥方法並無特別限定,具體而言,可使用熱風乾燥及遠紅外線乾燥中之一種或組合等通常使用之乾燥方法而實施,例如熱風溫度可設為30~150℃,較佳為60~120℃,必須調整熱風溫度、熱風量、遠紅外線之照射條件等,以儘可能地使片之厚度方向的結構均勻地乾燥。又,為了提高乾燥效率,亦可使用微波加熱。
本發明之多孔性片的製造方法中,可將以此方式形成於基材上之片剝離而獲得該多孔性片。自基材將多孔性片剝離之方法並無特別限定。
本發明之多孔性片的製造方法可進而具有利用有機溶劑將上述片洗淨之步驟。該洗淨步驟係用以於視需要使用有界面活性劑等之情形等時將阻礙電化學元件性能類之成分去除,又,使自基材將上述片剝離之步驟順利地進行之步驟。只要為可用於洗淨步驟之有機溶劑,則無特別限定,但為了避免因殘留水分轉移至有機溶劑中而影響片之收縮,較佳為水之溶解度低的疏水性溶劑。
作為上述有機溶劑,例如可分1次至數次單獨或混合使用丙酮、甲基乙基酮、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、甲苯、丙醇等揮發速度相對較快之有機溶劑中之1種或2種以上,但不限定於該等。就將殘留之開孔劑洗淨之目的而言,較佳為乙醇、甲醇等與水之親和性高之溶劑,但片中之水分
會轉移至溶劑或吸收空氣中之水分而對多孔性片之物性或片形狀產生影響,故而必須於對水分量進行管理之狀態下進行使用。正己烷、甲苯等疏水性高之溶劑雖然親水性開孔劑之洗淨效果差,但難以吸濕,故而可較佳地使用。基於上述理由,例如較佳為以如丙酮、甲苯、正己烷般疏水性逐漸變高之順序一面重複進行洗淨一面進行溶劑置換之方法。
另一方面,本發明之積層體例如可藉由以下所示之2種方法進行製造。
1.藉由在基材上之澆鑄塗佈而進行之多孔性片之製備及向多孔性基材上之積層
(1)如上述般製備多孔性片。
(2)將上述多孔性片積層於多孔性基材上。
作為上述多孔性基材,可使用已述者。於將上述多孔性片積層於上述多孔性基材之情形時,亦可單純地載置,但較佳為利用接著劑等接合手段將兩者接合。作為上述接著劑,並無特別限定,例如可使用上述親水性高分子黏合劑等。
2.於多孔性基材上之澆鑄塗佈
(1)將如下漿料塗佈於多孔性基材上,該漿料含有:具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維、親水性高分子黏合劑,且上述切斷纖維之含量以上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1~80重量%,上述親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將上述纖維素纖維及上述切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5~30重量份。漿料中之纖維之濃度並無限定,例如可設為1~40重量%,
較佳為5~30重量%,進而更佳為10~20重量%。
(2)使上述漿料乾燥而於上述多孔性基材上形成多孔性片。
藉由在多孔性基材上之澆鑄塗佈而製備多孔性片之後一製造方法可藉由如下方式實施:將藉由在基材上之澆鑄塗佈而另外製備多孔性片,並將使獲得之多孔性片積層於多孔性基材上之前一製造方法之「基材」換為多孔性基材,而省略將多孔性片自「基材」剝離之步驟。
藉由在多孔性基材上之澆鑄塗佈而製備多孔性片之後一製造方法,由於直接於多孔性基材上製備多孔性片,故而使多孔性片與多孔性基材直接接合,可使兩者良好地一體化。另一方面,藉由在基材上之澆鑄塗佈而另外製備多孔性片,並將獲得之多孔性片積層於多孔性基材上之前一製造方法,使多孔性片之厚度均勻,又,容易抑制其表面粗糙度。
[間隔件、電化學元件]
本發明之多孔性片或積層體可用作電化學元件用間隔件之一構成要素,或直接用作電化學元件用間隔件。
本發明之電化學元件用間隔件例如可用於鋰離子二次電池、聚合物鋰電池等電池、以及鋁電解電容器、電雙層電容器、鋰離子電容器等電容器。
上述電化學元件之構成係將本發明之多孔性片或積層體用作電化學元件用間隔件,除此以外,可設為與以往之電化學元件完全相同之構成。再者,電化學元件之單元結構並無特別限定,可列舉積層型、圓筒型、方型、硬幣型等。
例如,作為具備本發明之間隔件之電化學元件之鋰離子二次
電池係如下者:具有正極及負極,於該等間配置有本發明之電化學元件用間隔件,且該電化學元件用間隔件中含浸有電解液。
上述正極及負極含有電極活性物質。作為正極活性物質,可使用以往公知者,例如可列舉LiCoO 2 、LiNiO2、LiMn 2 O4等鋰過渡金屬氧化物、或LiFePO4等鋰金屬磷酸鹽等。作為負極活性物質,可使用以往公知者,例如可列舉石墨等碳材料或鋰合金等。又,電極中視需要添加以往公知之導電輔助材料或黏結劑。
於製造鋰離子二次電池時,首先,將含有正極活性物質、負極活性物質、及分別視需要添加之以往公知之導電輔助材料或黏結劑而成之正極合劑、負極合劑塗佈於以往公知之集電體。作為集電體,例如正極使用鋁等,負極使用銅、鎳等。於將正極合劑、負極合劑塗佈於集電體後,使其等乾燥,並進行加壓成形,藉此分別獲得於集電體形成有活性物質層之正極及負極。
繼而,將獲得之正極及負極與本發明之電化學元件用間隔件按照正極、電化學元件用間隔件、負極之順序積層或捲繞而構成元件。繼而,將該元件收納至包裝材料中,將集電體與外部電極連接,並含浸以往公知之電解液,然後將包裝材料加以密封,而獲得鋰離子二次電池。
又,例如作為具備本發明之間隔件的電化學元件之電雙層電容器係如下者:具有正極及負極,於該等間配置有本發明之電化學元件用間隔件,且該電化學元件用間隔件中含浸有電解液。
上述正極及負極之電極例如藉由如下方式獲得:將含有活性碳粉末及以往公知之導電輔助材料或黏結劑而成之電極合劑塗佈於以往公
知之集電體,使其乾燥,並進行加壓成形。作為集電體,例如使用鋁等。
電雙層電容器係藉由如下方式獲得:將正極及負極與本發明之電化學元件用間隔件按照正極、電化學元件用間隔件、負極之順序積層或捲繞而構成元件;繼而,將該元件收納至包裝材料中,將集電體與外部電極連接,並含浸以往公知之電解液,然後將包裝材料加以密封。
[實施例]
以下,使用實施例及比較例更具體地對本發明進行說明,但本發明之範圍不限定於實施例。
(1)平均纖維直徑之測量
利用電子顯微鏡(日立製作所製造)拍攝5處倍率5000倍之圖像,自各視野任意選擇20條纖維並測量纖維直徑,藉此測量(數量)平均纖維直徑。
(2)比撕裂強度之測量
將多孔性片切割成50mm×25mm之短條。如圖1所示,一邊係於短條之長邊中央之上下5mm之位置,另一邊係於短條之長邊中央之上下10mm之位置作標記,並以線連結上下各側之點,而於短條上劃出2條斜線。如圖1所示,於短條之劃有5mm之線之側的長邊之中央切出長度1mm之切口,製成試驗片。將其以上述斜線沿Tensilon萬能拉伸試驗機(RTG-1210、A&D製造)之2個夾具之下邊,且於上下10mm之位置作有標記之側之長邊鬆弛之方式安放於夾具間距離設定為10mm之Tensilon萬能拉伸試驗機。夾具之移動速度設為5mm/分鐘,使夾具沿反方向移動直至其移動距離達到11mm而進行試驗片之拉伸,測量撕裂強度之數值。進而,藉由將
該值除以基重而算出比撕裂強度。比撕裂強度係將15.0mN‧m2/g以上設為優(◎),將超過10.0mN‧m2/g設為合格(○),將10.0mN‧m2/g以下設為不合格(×)而進行評價。
(3)比拉伸強度之測量
將多孔性片以MD方向作為長邊而切割成15mm×150mm之短條狀,從而製成試驗片。將其安放於夾具間距離設定為10mm之Tensilon萬能拉伸試驗機(RTG-1210、A&D製造),將夾具之移動速度設為5mm/分鐘,以定速進行拉伸,測量片斷裂時之強度而設為拉伸強度。進而,藉由將該值除以基重而算出比拉伸強度。比拉伸強度係將超過3.0N/15mm設為優(◎),將2.0N/15mm以上設為合格(○),將未達2.0N/15mm設為不合格(×)而進行評價。
(4)透氣阻力之測量
依據JIS P8117,利用哥雷透氣度儀(東洋精機股份有限公司製造)測量透氣阻力,並將其值換算為每10μm厚度之值。
[實施例1]
使NBKP以成為3重量%濃度之方式分散於離子交換水中,使用雙圓盤磨漿機循環打漿直至達到數量平均纖維長度成為1.0mm以下之條件。利用高壓均質機(LAB-1000)於800bar之條件對數量平均纖維長度成為1.0mm以下之纖維素纖維分散液進行10次處理,藉此獲得微細化纖維素纖維原料。藉由使用脫水裝置對該原料進行處理而將其濃縮至約10重量%。將纖維素纖維之原料與等量之三乙二醇丁基甲基醚混合,於120℃之烘箱中進行乾燥而將溶劑去除後,使用電子顯微鏡測量平均纖維直徑,結果為280nm。
將纖維素纖維之原料設為100重量份,對其添加二醇醚系開孔劑(商品名:Hysorb DB東邦化學製造)350重量份、作為親水性高分子黏合劑之以1重量%濃度溶解於離子交換水中之羧甲基纖維素(商品名:SUNROSE MAC-500LC日本製紙化學製造)10重量份,並以固形物成分濃度最終成為2重量%之方式添加水,將獲得之塗料利用均質攪拌機(AS ONE股份有限公司製造)進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料1。又,將作為切斷纖維之平均纖維直徑3.5μm、纖維長度3mm之聚對酞酸乙二酯纖維(TA04PN、帝人纖維製造)設為100重量份,對其添加作為親水性高分子黏合劑之以1重量%濃度溶解於離子交換水中之羧甲基纖維素(商品名:SUNROSE MAC-500LC日本製紙化學製造)10重量份,並以固形物成分濃度最終成為2重量%之方式添加水,利用均質攪拌機進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料2。以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之50重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2以50:50之重量比率(纖維基準)混合,利用攪拌器以300rpm進行攪拌直至變得均勻,藉此調合塗料。
使用敷料器將調合之塗料以濕膜厚成為0.30mm之方式塗佈於100μm之PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.1g/m2、膜厚16μm之多孔性片。
[實施例2]
以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之30重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為70:30,除此以外,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備塗料,並使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為
0.30mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.2g/m2、膜厚17μm之纖維素系微多孔膜之形態的多孔性片。
[實施例3]
以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之70重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為30:70,除此以外,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備塗料,並使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為0.30mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.0g/m2、膜厚18μm之不織布之形態的多孔性片。
[實施例4]
以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之5重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為95:5,除此以外,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備塗料,並使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為0.30mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.0g/m2、膜厚17μm之纖維素系微多孔膜之形態之不織布。
[實施例5]
使用平均纖維直徑8μm、纖維長度3mm之聚對酞酸乙二酯纖維(TA04N、帝人纖維製造)作為切斷纖維,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備聚酯纖維之分散液,製成漿料3。以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之30重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料3之混合重量比設為
70:30,使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為0.40mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.8g/m2、膜厚21.1μm之纖維素系微多孔膜之形態的多孔性片。
[實施例6]
使用平均纖維直徑17μm、纖維長度5mm之聚對酞酸乙二酯纖維(TA04N、帝人纖維製造)作為切斷纖維,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備聚酯纖維之分散液,製成漿料4。以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之10重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料4之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為90:10,使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為0.40mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.5g/m2、膜厚25.5μm之纖維素系微多孔膜之形態的多孔性片。
[實施例7]
使用平均纖維直徑7.0μm、纖維長度3mm之維尼綸纖維(VPB041、可樂麗股份有限公司製造)作為切斷纖維,藉由與實施例1相同之方法製備切斷纖維之分散液,製成漿料5。以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之10重量%之方式,將漿料1與漿料5之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為90:10,使用敷料器以濕膜厚成為0.40mm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重6.1g/m2、膜厚23μm之纖維素系微多孔膜之形態的多孔性片。
[實施例8]
將纖維素纖維之原料設為100重量份,對其添加二醇醚系開孔劑(商品名:Hysorb DB東邦化學製造)350重量份、作為親水性高分子黏合劑之以1重量%濃度溶解於離子交換水中之羧甲基纖維素(商品名:SUNROSE MAC-500LC日本製紙化學製造)25重量份,並以固形物成分濃度最終成為2重量%之方式添加水,將獲得之塗料利用均質攪拌機(AS ONE股份有限公司製造)進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料6。又,將作為切斷纖維之平均纖維直徑3.5μm、纖維長度3mm之聚對酞酸乙二酯纖維(TA04PN、帝人纖維製造)設為100重量份,對其添加作為親水性高分子黏合劑之以1重量%濃度溶解於離子交換水中之羧甲基纖維素(商品名:SUNROSE MAC-500LC日本製紙化學製造)25重量份,並以固形物成分濃度最終成為2重量%之方式添加水,利用均質攪拌機進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料7。以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之50重量%之方式將漿料6與漿料7以50:50之重量比率(纖維基準)混合,利用攪拌器以300rpm進行攪拌直至變得均勻,藉此調合塗料,然後藉由與實施例1相同之方法進行塗佈、乾燥,而獲得基重4.9g/m2、膜厚16μm之多孔性片。
[實施例9]
將作為無機填料之氧化鋁之粉體(商品名:AKP-3000住友化學製造)100重量份、作為黏合劑樹脂之聚醯亞胺樹脂(商品名:HPC-1000-28日立化成工業製造)10重量份、及溶解於離子交換水中之羧甲基纖維素(商品名:SUNROSE MAC-500LC日本製紙化學製造)5重量份以該比例混合,
並以固形物成分濃度成為2重量%之方式於水中進行分散,製成漿料8。利用線棒塗佈器將漿料8以乾燥後之厚度成為4μm之方式塗佈於PET膜上,於120℃進行乾燥而設置無機填料層後,使用敷料器於無機填料層上以濕膜厚成為0.30mm之方式塗佈與實施例1相同之塗料,使用120℃之熱風及紅外線加熱器乾燥12分鐘。於甲苯中,將獲得之塗佈膜自PET膜剝離並使甲苯揮發,藉此獲得基重5.6g/m2、膜厚19μm之多孔性片。
[比較例1]
以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之0%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為100:0,除此以外,以與實施例1相同之方法獲得纖維素微多孔膜之形態的多孔性片。
[比較例2]
以切斷纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之90%之方式,將漿料1與漿料2之混合重量比(纖維基準)設為10:90,除此以外,以與實施例1相同之方法獲得不織布之形態的多孔性片。
[比較例3]
將纖維素纖維之原料設為100重量份,對其添加二醇醚系開孔劑(商品名:Hysorb DB東邦化學製造)250重量份,並以固形物成分濃度成為2重量%之方式添加水,將獲得之塗料利用均質攪拌機(AS ONE股份有限公司製造)進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料9。又,添加作為切斷纖維之平均纖維直徑8.0μm、纖維長度3mm之聚對酞酸乙二酯纖維(TA04N、帝人纖維製造)100重量份,並以固形物成分濃度最終成為2重量%之方式添加水,利用均質攪拌機進行分散直至均勻地混合,製成漿料10。以切斷
纖維之摻合率成為纖維素纖維及切斷纖維之合計量之50重量%之方式,將漿料9與漿料10以50:50之重量比率(纖維基準)混合,利用攪拌器以300rpm進行攪拌直至變得均勻,藉此調合塗料。然後,藉由與實施例1相同之方法進行塗佈、乾燥,而獲得基重4.9g/m2、膜厚23μm之未添加親水性高分子黏合劑的多孔性片。
對實施例1~9及比較例1~3之多孔性片的透氣阻力、比撕裂強度及比拉伸強度進行評價。對於各多孔性片,將基重及厚度與評價結果一併示於表1。
比較例1之多孔性片由於不含切斷纖維,故而比撕裂強度低於基準值。又,切斷纖維之添加量較多之比較例2的多孔性片之透氣阻力較小,不適合作為電化學元件用間隔件。又,比拉伸強度亦降低。並且,不含親水性黏合劑之比較例3的多孔性片之透氣阻力亦較小,不適合作為
電化學元件用間隔件,進而比拉伸強度低於基準值。
另一方面,實施例1~9之多孔性片之透氣阻力高,且具備優異之強度特性。尤其是,可同時提高比撕裂強度及比拉伸強度。
由以上實驗可確認:藉由以特定量之範圍與特定之纖維素纖維一併使用特定之切斷纖維,可提高由透氣阻力代表之鋰阻隔特性及強度。
因此,本發明之多孔性片作為電化學元件用間隔件之性能及強度優異,尤其是撕裂強度及拉伸強度兩者優異。
Claims (20)
- 一種多孔性片,含有:具有20~500nm之平均纖維直徑之纖維素纖維、具有1.5~20μm之平均纖維直徑之切斷纖維、及親水性高分子黏合劑,該切斷纖維之含量以該纖維素纖維及該切斷纖維之合計重量為基準而為1重量%以上且80重量%以下,該親水性高分子黏合劑之含量係將該纖維素纖維及該切斷纖維之合計重量設為100重量份而為5重量份以上且30重量份以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之多孔性片,其比撕裂強度為15.0mN.m2/g以上。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其比拉伸強度超過3.0N/15mm。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其中,每10μm厚度之哥雷(Gurley)透氣阻力為10秒以上且200秒以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其中,以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於該纖維素纖維包含50重量%以上之粗度400nm以下之纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其中,以纖維素纖維之總重量為基準,於該纖維素纖維包含5~40重量%之粗度1μm以上之纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其中,該切斷纖維之平均纖維長度為10mm以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其中,該切斷纖維選自由聚酯纖維、聚芳醯胺纖維、PPS樹脂纖維、再生纖維素纖維、維尼綸纖維、以及該等之混合物組成之群。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之多孔性片,其中,該聚酯纖維係由選自由聚對酞酸乙二酯、聚對酞酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、及該等之組合組成之群中的聚酯構成。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其孔隙率為30~70%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其具有3~50μm之厚度。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其於至少一表面具備由無機填料構成之層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之多孔性片,其於含浸有1mol/LiPF6/碳酸丙烯酯溶液之狀態下使用20kHz之交流電流而確定的體積電阻率為1500Ω.cm以下。
- 一種積層體,其具備多孔性基材、以及申請專利範圍第1至12項中任一項之多孔性片。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之積層體,其中,該多孔性基材係由織布或不織布構成。
- 如申請專利範圍第14或15項之積層體,其中,該多孔性基材係由纖維素纖維構成。
- 如申請專利範圍第14或15項之積層體,其於含浸有1mol/LiPF6/碳酸丙烯酯溶液之狀態下使用20kHz之交流電流而確定的體積電阻率為1500Ω.cm以下。
- 一種電化學元件用間隔件,其具備申請專利範圍第1至12項中任一項之多孔性片或申請專利範圍第14至17項中任一項之積層體。
- 一種電化學元件,其具備申請專利範圍第18項之電化學元件用間隔件。
- 如申請專利範圍第19項之電化學元件,其為電池或電容器。
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CN109024094B (zh) * | 2018-08-13 | 2021-10-26 | 华南理工大学 | 一种微纳米纤维素纤维/芳纶复合绝缘纸及其制备方法 |
CN109980166B (zh) * | 2019-04-28 | 2020-10-27 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种生物质纳米纤维隔膜、其制备方法和应用 |
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