TWI642936B - 口臭偵測用之分析呼吸氣體混合物之裝置及方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一種口臭分析用之用以偵測及分離在呼吸氣體混合物中的特定化合物之裝置,其由下列組成:線路(1),其用以傳遞壓力經控制的中性氣體;特定體積之能夠可移除連接的樣品室(2),其用以收集欲評估的氣體混合物;電子控制的閥(8),其用以將該氣體樣品注入該線路(1)中;溫度經控制之微製造的分離毛細管柱(4),其經配置以接收注入該線路(1)中的氣體樣品;氣體感測器(5),其係在該毛細管柱(4)的排出口處;及控制介面(6),其用以操控測量及評估所獲得的資料。
Description
本發明係關於一種呼吸氣體合格性及更特別是,口臭偵測用之分析氣體混合物的裝置及方法。
肺泡及口內呼吸係一種化學組成物與吸入空氣顯著不同的特殊氣體。某些氣體化合物係從吸入空氣中減去(藉由在身體中降解及/或吸附)或加入至如代謝產物之呼出空氣(呼吸(breath))。此轉換之某些特徵已經被充分了解有許多年:例如,減去氧及藉由葡萄糖的氧化代謝而加入二氧化碳(Phillips M.,Breath tests in medicine,Scientific American 1992:267(1):74--79)。Pauling等人在1971年使用冷阱(cold trapping)來濃縮在呼吸中的揮發性有機化合物(VOCs),及發現正常人類呼吸中包含數百種低濃度不同的VOCs(Pauling L.Robinson AB,Teranishi R及Cary P:Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas-liquid partition chromatography,Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1971:68:2374-6)。此觀察隨後已經在許多不同實驗室中,先進地使用更複雜及靈敏的試驗證實。已經在正常人類呼吸中
觀察到多於千種低濃度不同的VOCs(Phillips M:Method for the collection and assay of volatile organic compounds in breath,Analytical Biochemistry 1997;247:272-278)。
呼吸氣體分析係一種在個體臨床狀態上獲得非侵入性資訊的方法,其藉由監視存在於呼出氣(exhaled breath)中的揮發性有機化合物。藉此,呼吸氣體組成物可經由數學模擬(mathematical modeling)與血液中的某些化合物之濃度如例如在血液醇測試中相關。其它應用包括藉由呼出一氧化氮之氣喘偵測、肺癌偵測、糖尿病偵測、使用氫呼吸檢驗的果糖吸收不良、使用尿素呼吸檢驗的幽門螺旋桿菌、或器官排斥之診斷。
最常見的應用為與呼吸中之硫化合物相關的口臭偵測,其中該硫化合物主要由於在口腔中的細菌感染。可使用多種測量方法來進行呼吸分析,諸如使用質譜儀作為偵測單元的氣相層析法,但是亦有用於特定目的之較簡單方法,諸如Halimeter(Interscan)及體內酒量測定器(breathalyzer)(例如:來自Dräger的Dräger Alcotest 3000)。
用於口腔口臭(oral halitosis)診斷的傳統感官法係根據分別聞口及鼻的呼出空氣及比較二者。此方法被廣泛使用,但不準確。Halimeter使用簡單適當的檢測元件來偵測揮發性硫醚化合物(sulphide compounds)而沒有特別分離氣體呼吸化合物。其被使用在口腔異味(bad breath)之評估中而作為對傳統感官測量的補充。最
後,已經發展出以氣相層析法為主的系統(例如,OralChroma),其分離及測量在呼出空氣樣品中的三種主要揮發性硫化合物(硫化氫、甲硫醇及二甲基硫醚(dimethyl sulphide))之分子程度。
氣相層析法係已為大家接受的分析技術,其通常使用來分離及偵測存在於氣體及低沸點液體中的多種化學成分。該技術廣泛使用於有機化學研究、醫藥發展及法醫樣品分析。氣相層析系統典型具有五種主要構件:載體氣體、樣品注射器、氣相層析管柱、偵測器及資料處理系統。載體氣體(亦被稱為動相)係高純度及相對惰性的氣體,諸如氦。載體氣體遍及該分離過程流過該管柱。樣品注射器將一精確及典型非常小體積的樣品以氣體形式引進流過管柱之載體氣體。氣體樣品典型包括一些想要藉由氣相層析分離的不同化學成分。為了實現此分離,管柱內部被塗布一靜相,該靜相對樣品中的不同化學成分有不同吸附程度。這些在吸附上的差異造成化學成分之不同傳播延遲,因為它們順著管柱流下,因此實現該樣品物理分離成其化學成分。偵測器係設置在該管柱後及提供用以偵測在樣品中的多種化學成分,當它們係在不同時間處從管柱中顯露出時。資料處理系統讀取該偵測器及典型能夠貯存、處理及記錄結果。
本發明的目標為提出一種用於分析呼出呼吸以便快速口臭診斷之裝置。因此,本發明致力於揮發性硫化合物的偵測及鑑定,其有經控制的短測量時間及清楚的分離。
根據本發明,一用以分離在氣體混合物中的特定化學化合物諸如揮發性硫化合物(VSC)之裝置包括:一用以傳遞壓力經控制的載體氣體之線路;一用於呼吸樣品收集之可替換的室;一用於呼吸樣品注射之自動系統;及一分離毛細管柱,其允許在毛細管排出口處使用半導體氣體感測器來選擇性地偵測該氣體化合物。
本發明旨在提供一種可攜帶式氣體分析系統,其係以氣相層析法的原理為基礎但是包括朝向對口臭的化合物特徵的快速及特定偵測之經修改的模組。該氣體樣品係收集在一特定體積之可替換的樣品室中,該室可插入用以傳遞載體氣體之線路的旁路(bypass)中及從線路的旁路移除,其中該氣體係呈經控制典型設定在0.15至0.5巴間的固定壓力。該可替換的樣品室可選擇性作用為預濃縮器元件,其中該氣體樣品的特定化合物可在室溫下被捕捉且可藉由加熱該預濃縮器壁被釋放。該工作原理係由下列組成:藉由電子控制的閥,將來自該樣品室之欲分析的等壓氣體樣品注入該載體氣體的連續流諸如經加壓的周圍空氣中。該樣品係藉由該載體氣體運輸通過一溫度經控制之微製造的分離管柱,該管柱隨著時間分離出有興趣的氣體化合物。對該樣品分析來說,關於在最短可能的時間內達成有興趣的化合物之充分分離來選擇載體氣體的壓力、毛細管柱的長度、其溫度及內壁塗層。在毛細管柱排出口處,使用具有快速反應及復原時間之非選擇性但是高靈敏度的微氣體感測器來偵測該氣體化合物。然後,藉由自動波峰偵測來鑑定該化合物;使用參考氣體,根據特定校正來評估濃度。
本發明將從下列僅係由實施例提供之較佳具體實例的說明與參照伴隨的圖式圖形更明確地了解:
1‧‧‧載體氣體線路
2‧‧‧可替換的樣品室
3‧‧‧樣品注射線路
4‧‧‧微製造的分離管柱
5‧‧‧氣體感測器
6‧‧‧資料處理系統
7‧‧‧閥
8‧‧‧閥
第1圖係根據本發明的裝置之圖形。
在較佳的具體實例中,根據本發明的裝置之闡明性圖形(第1圖)包含:一載體氣體線路(1);一可替換的樣品室(2);一樣品注射線路(3);一具有內壁的聚合物塗層之微製造的分離管柱(4);一氣體感測器(5);及一資料處理系統(6)。
該載體氣體線路(1)在固定壓力下將合成或周圍空氣供應進該系統中。在線路(1)和連接的樣品室(2)中之壓力典型在0.15至0.5巴間及經選擇,因此欲測量的特定化合物之偵測時間良好地落在所測量的時間之極限內。該壓力可藉由幫浦或該載體氣體容器產生。
將欲分析的氣體混合物(值得注意的是,呼出呼吸的樣品包含硫化合物)填充進該固定體積的室(2)中,其中該室可在二次測量間於關閉閥(7)後進行交換,該閥(7)係2路入口閥。在最簡單的情況中,室(2)係一在每個末端處具有蓋子的管子。對樣品收集來說,測試對象直接將氣呼進該室(2)中,藉由蓋上蓋子關閉用於運輸的管子。隨後,可將該室(2)安裝在該裝置中,如顯示在第1圖中。在安裝該樣品室後,打開該閥(7)以加壓該樣品體積。
樣品藉由線路(3)注射進入載體氣體線路(1)
流中,隨後藉由閥(8)電子控制樣品進入毛細管柱(4)中,該閥(8)係電子控制3路閥,其讓樣品(3)通過一段預定的注射時間。典型來說,注射時間係在0.5秒至3秒間選擇。注射時間起始設定為測量時間之開始。
在較佳的具體實例中,毛細管柱(4)係一高長度對截面比率之微製造管道。毛細管柱(4)內部塗布聚合物,諸如PDMS(聚二甲基矽氧烷)。毛細管柱(4)的長度、寬度及高度係就欲在所選擇的測量時間內分離及偵測之特定氣體化合物而言來設計。典型來說,該長度經選擇在1至5公尺間,寬度在30至150μm(微米)間及高度在50至250μm(微米)間。
在毛細管(4)排出口處,使用氣體感測器(5)來偵測該氣體化合物,該氣體感測器(5)係具有快速反應及復原時間之非選擇性但是高靈敏度的微氣體感測器。該非選擇性及高靈敏度氣體感測器係如下討論:
-非選擇性:在裝置中所使用的半導體氣體感測器係非選擇性,此意謂著其對全部氧化或還原氣體靈敏。特別是,該氣體感測器將偵測大部分有興趣的VOC(揮發性有機化合物)(即:VSC)。該感測器其自身無法區別在VOC混合物中的化合物,此係為何需要預處理(過濾器、經由微管柱分離)。若該選擇性係經由分離不同氣體分子的管柱獲得時,該氣體半導體氣體感測器將經由時間分離來偵測不同氣體化合物。
-高靈敏度:該半導體氣體感測器係對有興趣的VOC具高靈敏度,此意謂著其可偵測在ppb-ppm範圍內之經
隔離/分離的氣體化合物。
有多種感測器可使用來偵測揮發性有機化合物。該氣體感測器(5)可為在矽中微製造的半導體氣體感測器。如所顯示,該感測器(5)係直接配置在毛細管柱(4)的輸出處。該感測器信號係由資料控制系統(6)記錄,此允許藉由自動波峰偵測來識別及定量化合物;根據特定的校正,使用參考氣體與波峰面積比較計算結合來評估濃度。
整體測量係藉由資料處理系統(6)控制,其中該系統包含一用於測量程序諸如樣品注射、注射及測量時間之自動控制的微控制器。
發明裝置的較佳具體實例係專用於口臭診斷之呼吸氣體分析。該裝置之元件係經修改以偵測在呼吸中的特定化合物,諸如已知係口臭的標誌之H2S(硫化氫)、CH2SH(甲硫醇)、(CH3)2S(二甲基硫醚)。
Claims (16)
- 一種用以分離在氣體混合物中的特定化合物之裝置,該裝置包含:線路(1),其用以傳遞一壓力經控制的中性載體氣體,該線路(1)係連接至用於該壓力經控制的中性載體氣體的旁路;用以收集欲檢驗的氣體混合物之特定體積的樣品室(2),該樣品室(2)係以旁路構造能夠可移除地連接至線路(1),用以在注射前加壓氣體樣品;構造成當該樣品室(2)已以旁路構造與該線路(1)連接及該氣體樣本已藉由該壓力經控制的載體氣體加壓時,在預設的注射時間期間將氣體樣品注入該線路中之手段;溫度經控制的分離毛細管柱(4),其經配置以接收注入該線路(1)中的氣體樣品;氣體感測器(5),其係在毛細管柱(4)的排出口處;及資料處理系統(6),其構造成自動控制測量程序,該測量程序包含樣品注射及注射時間、以及測量時間。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該可替換的樣品室(2)係預濃縮器元件。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該氣體感測器(5)係非選擇性但具高靈敏度。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該樣品室(2)係以旁路藉由二個閥(7,8)可移除地連接至該線路(1)。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該資料處理系統(6)係進一步 構造成藉由自動波峰偵測進行化合物識別,及藉由波峰面積比較計算判定相對濃度。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該毛細管柱(4)的長度係包含在1至5公尺間,該毛細管柱(4)的高度係包含在50至250微米間,該毛細管柱(4)的寬度係包含在30至150微米間。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其中該毛細管柱(4)係未填充但內部塗布聚合物。
- 如請求項7之裝置,其中該聚合物係聚二甲基矽氧烷。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其包含用以從周圍空氣產生該載體氣體之小型幫浦系統。
- 如請求項1之裝置,其用於口臭診斷。
- 一種用以分離在氣體混合物中的特定化合物之方法,該方法包括:經由線路(1)傳遞壓力經控制的中性載體氣體;在特定體積的樣品室(2)中收集欲分析的氣體混合物;將該樣品室(2)以旁路構造可移除地連接在該線路(1)中;以旁路構造藉由該壓力經控制的載體氣體加壓該樣品體積;在經選擇於0.5至3秒間的注射時間期間將經加壓的該氣體樣品注入該線路(1)中;在溫度經控制的分離毛細管柱(4)中接收注入該線 路(1)中之氣體樣品;及在毛細管柱(4)的排出口處,經由高靈敏度但非選擇性的氣體感測器(5)來檢測經分離的氣體化合物。
- 如請求項11之方法,其中將該氣體樣品注入該線路(1)係在0.15至0.5巴間之壓力範圍下進行。
- 如請求項11之方法,其包括使用小型幫浦系統從周圍空氣產生該載體。
- 如請求項11之方法,其中使用資料控制系統(6),藉由自動波峰偵測進行化合物識別,及藉由波峰面積比較計算判定相對濃度。
- 如請求項11之方法,其係用於口臭分析。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該在呼吸中所偵測的特定化合物係H2S(硫化氫)及/或CH2SH(甲硫醇)及/或(CH3)2S(二甲基硫醚)。
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