TWI598373B - 含具特定硫酸鹽含量之聚噻吩分散液 - Google Patents
含具特定硫酸鹽含量之聚噻吩分散液 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI598373B TWI598373B TW100136917A TW100136917A TWI598373B TW I598373 B TWI598373 B TW I598373B TW 100136917 A TW100136917 A TW 100136917A TW 100136917 A TW100136917 A TW 100136917A TW I598373 B TWI598373 B TW I598373B
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- Prior art keywords
- composition
- polythiophene
- ppm
- sulfate
- aliphatic
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- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title claims description 61
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims description 49
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 title claims description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 135
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 55
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 44
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 39
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 39
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- HVOAFLJLVONUSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylperoxythiophene Chemical compound CCOOC1=CC=CS1 HVOAFLJLVONUSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
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- MHZGKXUYDGKKIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCN MHZGKXUYDGKKIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000686 lactone group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
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- HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000006833 (C1-C5) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004713 Cyclic olefin copolymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L65/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
- H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/40—Polymerisation processes
- C08G2261/43—Chemical oxidative coupling reactions, e.g. with FeCl3
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/50—Physical properties
- C08G2261/51—Charge transport
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/50—Physical properties
- C08G2261/59—Stability
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/70—Post-treatment
- C08G2261/79—Post-treatment doping
- C08G2261/792—Post-treatment doping with low-molecular weight dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/70—Post-treatment
- C08G2261/79—Post-treatment doping
- C08G2261/794—Post-treatment doping with polymeric dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of aromatic monomers containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
本發明係關於一種用於製造包含聚噻吩之組成物之方法,可利用該方法獲得之組成物,包含聚噻吩之組成物,層構造,電子組件,及組成物之用途。
導電聚合物在商業中之重要性正在增加,因為聚合物與金屬相比在處理能力、重量及利用化學改質定向調節性質方面具有優勢。已知π共軛聚合物之實例為聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚苯及聚(對伸苯基-伸乙烯基)。由導電聚合物製成之層用於許多技術領域,例如用作電容器中之聚合物反電極或用於電子電路板中之貫通接觸(through-contacting)。導電聚合物可藉由單體前驅物(例如經取代噻吩、吡咯及苯胺)及其各別(視情況為寡聚)衍生物之氧化而以化學或電化學方式製造。詳言之,廣泛使用化學氧化聚合,因為其在技術上可在液體介質中及許多不同基板上容易地達成。
一種尤其重要的技術上使用之聚噻吩為例如EP 0 339 340 A2中所揭示之聚(伸乙基-3,4-二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT或PEDT),其係由伸乙基-3,4-二氧基噻吩(EDOT或EDT)之化學聚合產生且其氧化形式具有極佳電導率。許多聚(伸烷基-3,4-二氧基噻吩)衍生物(尤其聚(伸乙基-3,4-二氧基噻吩)衍生物)、其單體組分、合成及用途之概述由L.Groenendaal、F.Jonas、D.Freitag、H.Pielartzik及J.R.Reynolds陳述於Adv. Mater. 12,(2000)第481頁至第494頁中。
尤其具有技術重要性者為例如EP 0 440 957 A2中所揭示之含聚陰離子(例如聚苯乙烯磺酸)之PEDOT分散液。可由此等分散液製造透明導電膜,已發現透明導電膜之許多用途,例如用作抗靜電塗層或用作如EP 1 227 529 A2中所揭示之有機發光二極體(OLED)中之電洞注入層。
EDOT在聚陰離子水溶液中進行聚合且形成聚電解質錯合物。包含聚合陰離子作為相對離子以用於電荷補償之陽離子聚噻吩通常亦被專家稱作聚噻吩/聚陰離子錯合物(PEDOT/PSS錯合物)。由於作為聚陽離子之PEDOT及作為聚陰離子之PSS的聚電解質性質,此錯合物並非真溶液,而是分散液。聚合物或聚合物部分溶解或分散之程度視聚陽離子與聚陰離子之質量比、聚合物之電荷密度、環境中之鹽濃度及環境介質之性質而定(V. Kabanov,Russian Chemical Reviews 74,2005,3-20)。此等轉變可為流動的。為此,在下文中,表述「分散」與「溶解」之間不存在區別。類似地,「分散劑」與「溶劑」之間不存在區別。更確切地,此等表述在本文中作為相等物使用。
先前技術中所述之導電聚合物分散液之缺點,尤其關於先前技術中已知的PEDOT/PSS分散液之缺點,在於其在長期儲存時傾向於「膠凝」。分散液之此種膠凝自身尤其表明,若例如將分散液傾出容器,則分散液不平滑流動,而是留下幾乎無任何分散液剩餘之區域。材料之非均勻流動通常為可見的,其特徵在於頻繁存在斷裂。在出於塗佈目的而塗覆分散液之基板上,分散液亦極不平滑地分佈。然而,由於PEDOT/PSS分散液通常用於製造導電層且因此須塗覆於基板表面,故此膠凝亦必然會影響PEDOT/PSS層之均質性且因此影響其電性質。此外,先前技術中已知的PEDOT/PSS分散液的特徵亦在於,由該等分散液獲得之層通常具有需要改良之電導率。
因此,本發明之一目標在於克服與包含聚噻吩之組成物相關、尤其與PEDOT/PSS分散液相關及與由該等組成物或該等分散液製造之層壓體相關的先前技術缺點。
詳言之,本發明之一目標在於提供一種用於製造包含聚噻吩之組成物的方法,該組成物較佳為PEDOT/PSS分散液,其特徵尤其在於即使在長期儲存後亦幾乎不存在任何膠凝傾向或較佳不存在膠凝傾向。
此外,從而應區分可用此方法獲得之組成物或分散液:由該組成物或分散液製造之層的特徵在於具有尤其高的電導率。
因此,本發明之一目標亦在於提供一種包含聚噻吩之組成物且較佳提供PEDOT/PSS分散液,與根據先前技術已知的組成物或分散液相比,其特徵在於由其製造之層具有良好可加工性與高電導率性質之尤其有利組合。
本發明之另一目標在於使母線平滑。在OLED及OPV結構的情況下,需要低表面粗糙度,因為通常具有10nm
至200nm範圍內之厚度的其他層將塗覆於聚噻吩層上。若存在高粗糙度,則此層結構會受到破壞。
一種用於製造包含聚噻吩之組成物的方法有助於解決此等問題,其包含以下方法步驟:I)提供包含噻吩單體及氧化劑之組成物Z1;II)藉由將氧化劑還原成還原產物及氧化噻吩單體使該等噻吩單體氧化聚合,從而形成包含聚噻吩及還原產物之組成物Z2;III)自方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物Z2中至少部分地移除還原產物,獲得組成物Z3;其中組成物Z3之硫酸鹽含量在100ppm至1,000ppm範圍內,較佳在100ppm至500ppm範圍內,且尤其較佳在100ppm至200ppm範圍內,在各情況下均以組成物Z3之總重量計。
令人驚訝地發現,若在包含聚噻吩之組成物、尤其PEDOT/PSS分散液中設定以約100ppm之最小值及約1,000ppm之最大值為特徵的特定硫酸鹽含量,則可顯著改良該等組成物或分散液之儲存穩定性(關於其「膠凝特性」)以及基於該等組成物或分散液獲得之層的電導率。若硫酸鹽濃度低於100ppm,則無法利用所添加之硫酸鹽達成顯著電導率增加。若硫酸鹽濃度高於1000ppm,則觀察到組成物或分散液之黏度顯著增加,最終導致膠凝並阻礙處理組成物或分散液。
在本發明方法之方法步驟I)中,首先提供包含噻吩單體及氧化劑之組成物Z1。
所使用之噻吩單體較佳為具有式(I)之化合物:
其中A表示視情況經取代之C1-C5伸烷基殘基;R彼此獨立地表示H、直鏈或分支鏈視情況經取代之C1-C18烷基殘基、視情況經取代之C5-C12環烷基殘基、視情況經取代之C6-C14芳基殘基、視情況經取代之C7-C18芳烷基殘基、視情況經取代之C1-C4羥烷基殘基或羥基殘基;x表示0至8之整數;且在複數個基團R結合至A的情況下,該等基團可相似或不同。通式(I)應理解為取代基R可x次結合至伸烷基殘基A。
尤其較佳為具有通式(I)之噻吩單體,其中A表示視情況經取代之C2-C3伸烷基殘基且x表示0或1。噻吩單體尤其較佳為3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩,其在方法步驟II)中聚合,獲得聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)。
本發明之C1-C5伸烷基殘基A較佳為亞甲基、伸乙基、伸正丙基、伸正丁基或伸正戊基。C1-C18烷基R較佳表示直鏈或分支鏈C1-C18烷基殘基,諸如甲基、乙基、正丙基或異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第二丁基或第三丁基、正戊基、1-甲基丁基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、1-乙基丙基、1,1-二甲基丙基、1,2-二甲基丙基、2,2-二甲基丙基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、2-乙基己基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、正十二烷基、正十三烷基、正十四烷基、正十六烷基或正十八烷基;C5-C12環烷基殘基R表示例如環戊基、環己基、環庚基、環辛基、環壬基或環癸基;C6-C14芳基殘基R表示例如苯基或萘基;且C7-C18芳烷基殘基R表示例如苯甲基、鄰甲苯基、間甲苯基、對甲苯基、2,3-二甲苯基、2,4-二甲苯基、2,5-二甲苯基、2,6-二甲苯基、3,4-二甲苯基、3,5-二甲苯基或均三甲苯基。以上列舉用於例示性說明本發明,而不應被視為具有排他性。
本發明上下文中之殘基A及/或殘基R之其他可能取代基為許多有機基團,例如烷基-、環烷基-、芳基-、芳烷基-、烷氧基-、鹵基-、醚基-、硫醚基-、二硫基-、亞碸基-、碸基-、磺酸酯基-、胺基-、醛基-、酮基-、羧酸酯基-、羧酸基-、碳酸酯基-、羧酸酯基-、氰基-、烷基矽烷基-及烷氧基矽烷基以及羧酸醯胺基。
除噻吩單體以外,方法步驟I)中所提供之化合物亦包含氧化劑。作為氧化劑,可使用適用於吡咯氧化聚合之氧化劑;該等氧化劑描述於例如J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85,454(1963)中。出於實際原因,經濟而容易使用之氧化劑為較佳,例如鐵III鹽,諸如FeCl3、Fe(ClO4)3以及有機酸及具有有機基團之無機酸的鐵III鹽,以及H2O2、K2Cr2O7、鹼金屬過硫酸鹽及過硫酸銨、鹼金屬過硼酸鹽、高錳酸鉀及銅鹽,諸如四氟硼酸銅。使用過硫酸鹽以及有機酸及具有有機基團之無機酸的鐵III鹽實際上具有巨大優勢,因為其不具有腐蝕作用。具有有機基團之無機酸的鐵III鹽之實例為C1-C20烷醇之硫酸半酯之鐵III鹽,例如硫酸月桂酯之Fe-III鹽。有機酸鐵III鹽之實例為以下各有機酸之Fe-III鹽:C1-C20烷基磺酸,例如甲烷磺酸及十二烷磺酸;脂族C1-C20羧酸,諸如2-乙基己基羧酸;脂族全氟羧酸,諸如三氟乙酸及全氟辛酸;脂族二羧酸,例如草酸;及尤其為視情況經C1-C20烷基取代之芳族磺酸,例如苯磺酸、對甲苯磺酸及十二烷基苯磺酸。
理論上,為使式I之噻吩單體氧化聚合,每莫耳噻吩需要2.25當量氧化劑(參看例如J. Polym. Sc,A部分,Polymer Chemistry,第26卷,第1287頁(1988))。然而,實際上通常使用在一定程度上過量之氧化劑,例如每莫耳噻吩過量0.1至2當量。
根據本發明方法之一尤其較佳具體實例,方法步驟I)中所提供之組成物亦包含聚陰離子,其中聚陰離子較佳應理解為聚合陰離子,其包含至少2個、較佳至少3個、尤其較佳至少4個且尤其較佳至少10個相同陰離子單體重複單元,然而該等重複單元彼此未必直接連接。
聚陰離子可為例如以下各物之陰離子:聚合羧酸,例如聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸或聚順丁烯二酸;或聚合磺酸,例如聚苯乙烯磺酸及聚乙烯磺酸。該等聚羧酸及聚磺酸亦可為乙烯基羧酸及乙烯基磺酸與其他可聚合單體(例如丙烯酸酯及苯乙烯)之共聚物。方法步驟I)中所提供之分散液中較佳包含聚合羧酸或聚合磺酸之陰離子。
聚陰離子尤其較佳為聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)之陰離子。提供聚陰離子之聚酸的分子量(Mw)較佳在1,000至2,000,000範圍內,尤其較佳為2,000至500,000。分子量利用凝膠滲透層析法藉助於具有特定分子量之聚苯乙烯磺酸作為校正標準物來測定。聚酸或其鹼金屬鹽在市面上有售,例如聚苯乙烯磺酸及聚丙烯酸;或可用已知方法製造(參看例如Houben Weyl,Methoden der organischen Chemie[Methods of Organic Chemistry],第E20卷;Makromolekulare Stoffe[Macromolecular Substances] Macromolecular Substances],第2部分(1987),第1141頁及以下各頁)。
聚陰離子及噻吩單體可包含於方法步驟I)中所提供之組成物中,其重量比尤其為0.5:1至50:1,較佳為1:1至30:1,尤其較佳為2:1至20:1。
根據本發明,亦較佳為除噻吩單體以外,方法步驟I)中所提供之組成物亦包含氧化劑及視情況選用之聚陰離子、溶劑或分散劑或溶劑及/或分散劑混合物,其中該等組分溶解或分散。例如,列舉以下物質作為溶劑及/或分散劑:脂族醇,諸如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇及丁醇;脂族酮,諸如丙酮及甲基乙基酮;脂族羧酸酯,諸如乙酸乙酯及乙酸丁酯;芳族烴,諸如甲苯及二甲苯;脂族烴,諸如己烷、庚烷及環己烷;氯烴,諸如二氯甲烷及二氯乙烷;脂族腈,諸如乙腈;脂族亞碸及碸,諸如二甲亞碸及環丁碸;脂族羧酸醯胺,諸如甲基乙醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺及二甲基甲醯胺;脂族及芳脂族醚,諸如二乙醚及苯甲醚。此外,可使用水或水與上述有機溶劑之混合物作為溶劑或分散劑。較佳溶劑及分散劑為水或其他質子性溶劑,諸如醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇及丁醇;以及水與該等醇之混合物,尤其較佳之溶劑或分散劑為水。
較佳選擇方法步驟I)中所製備之組成物中包含的噻吩單體及聚陰離子的量或濃度以便獲得穩定聚噻吩/聚陰離子分散液,其固體含量處於0.05重量%至50重量%範圍內,較佳為0.1重量%至10重量%,且尤其較佳為1重量%至5重量%。
在本發明方法之方法步驟II)中,噻吩單體因氧化劑還原成還原產物及噻吩單體之氧化而氧化聚合,形成組成物Z2,該組成物較佳包含陽離子性聚噻吩及還原產物,其中該聚合較佳在0℃至100℃範圍內之溫度下進行。若聚陰離子存在於方法步驟I)中所提供之組成物中,則在方法步驟II)中獲得陽離子性聚噻吩,其包含聚陰離子作為相對離子以用於電荷補償,且如上所述,其通常亦被專家描述為聚噻吩/聚陰離子錯合物。根據本發明,尤其較佳之聚噻吩/聚陰離子錯合物為PEDOT/PSS錯合物。
在本發明上下文中,字首「聚(poly)」應理解為意謂超過一個相同或不同的重複單元包含於聚合物或聚噻吩中。方法步驟II)中所形成之聚噻吩包含總共n個通式(I)重複單元,其中n為2至2,000、較佳2至100之整數。聚噻吩內之通式(I)重複單元可相同或不同,視方法步驟I)中所製備之組成物中所存在的噻吩單體相同抑或不同而定。
方法步驟II)中由氧化聚合形成之聚噻吩,且尤其上述聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩),可為中性或陽離子性。在一尤其較佳具體實例中,其為陽離子性,且表述「陽離子性」僅關於位於聚噻吩主鏈上之電荷。視基團R上之取代基而定,聚噻吩可在結構單元中攜帶正電荷及負電荷,其中正電荷位於聚噻吩主鏈上,而負電荷可視情況位於經磺酸酯基或羧酸酯基取代之基團R上。聚噻吩主鏈之正電荷可部分地由可能存在於基團R上之陰離子基團補償。總體上看,聚噻吩在此等情況下可為陽離子性、中性或甚至陰離子性。然而,在本發明上下文中,其均被視為陽離子性聚噻吩,因為聚噻吩主鏈上之正電荷具有決定性。正電荷數目較佳至少為1且最大為n,其中n為聚噻吩內所有(相同或不同)重複單元之總數目。
在本發明方法之方法步驟III)中,自方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物Z2中至少部分地移除還原產物,獲得組成物Z3。此移除還原產物較佳藉由用一或多種離子交換劑處理組成物Z2來進行。利用此方法,方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物不僅不含還原產物,而且一般不再含鹽。例如,可將離子交換劑攪拌添加於方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物Z2中,或使方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物Z2通過一或多個填充有離子交換劑之管柱。尤其較佳用陰離子交換劑及陽離子交換劑兩者處理方法步驟II)中所獲得之組成物。適合陽離子交換劑及陰離子交換劑之實例為可以商標名LEWATIT獲自Lanxess AG之離子交換劑。
根據本發明,組成物Z2或組成物Z3尤其較佳為包含PEDOT/PSS錯合物之組成物。組成物Z2或組成物Z3較佳為PEDOT/PSS分散液。硫酸鹽含量尚未設定在100 ppm至1,000 ppm範圍內之組成物Z3的具體實例為獲自H.C. Stark Clevios有限公司之名為「P」的分散液。
本發明方法之特徵在於,組成物Z3之硫酸鹽含量在100 ppm至1,000 ppm範圍內,較佳在100 ppm至500 ppm範圍內,且尤其較佳在100 ppm至200 ppm範圍內,在各情況下均以組成物Z3之總重量計。在此情況下,表述「硫酸鹽」意謂未化學結合之陰離子SO4 2-,其較佳呈溶解形式包含於組成物中。表述「硫酸鹽」亦用於意謂硫酸根離子之質子化形式HSO4 -或H2SO4,其以低pH值存在。
就此而言,較佳藉由向組成物Z3中添加硫酸或硫酸鹽來調節組成物Z3中之硫酸鹽含量。在如上所述較佳藉由用一或多種離子交換劑處理組成物Z2而至少部分地移除還原產物之後,較佳向以此方式獲得之組成物中添加適量硫酸或適量硫酸鹽或適量硫酸與硫酸鹽之混合物。所使用之硫酸鹽可為熟習此項技術者已知的任何硫酸鹽,其中使用水溶性硫酸鹽尤其較佳。適合硫酸鹽之實例為例如硫酸之鹼金屬鹽,例如硫酸鈉或硫酸鉀;硫酸之銨鹽,例如硫酸銨或硫酸氫銨;硫酸之鹼土金屬鹽,例如硫酸鎂或硫酸鈣;或三價陽離子之硫酸鹽,例如硫酸鋁或礬。
一種組成物亦有助於解決上述問題,其可用上述方法作為組成物Z3獲得且其硫酸鹽含量較佳在100 ppm至1,000 ppm範圍內,較佳在100 ppm至500 ppm範圍內,且尤其較佳在100 ppm至200 ppm範圍內,在各情況下均以組成物Z3之總重量計。
一種包含聚噻吩之組成物亦有助於解決上述問題,其中除聚噻吩以外,該組成物亦包含100 ppm至1,000 ppm範圍內之硫酸鹽,較佳包含100 ppm至500 ppm之硫酸鹽,且尤其較佳包含100 ppm至200 ppm之硫酸鹽,在各情況下均以組成物之總重量計。在此情況下,表述「硫酸鹽」亦意謂未化學結合之陰離子SO4 2-,其較佳呈溶解形式包含於組成物中。表述「硫酸鹽」亦用於意謂硫酸根離子之質子化形式HSO4 -或H2SO4,其以低pH值存在。
根據本發明組成物之一較佳具體實例,組成物Z3之鐵濃度小於200 ppm,較佳小於50 ppm,且尤其較佳小於10 ppm,在各情況下均以組成物之總重量計。
根據一較佳具體實例,分散液中基於交聯聚苯乙烯衍生物之顆粒狀離子交換劑之粒子濃度(由下文之方法測定)小於20,較佳小於10,且尤其較佳小於5。若使用基於交聯聚苯乙烯衍生物之其他離子交換劑,則此濃度亦可適用。顆粒狀離子交換劑之粒徑通常處於0.1 mm至4 mm範圍內,亦可包括在5 μm至100 μm範圍內之較小粒子部分,尤其在離子交換劑經歷機械裝載的情況下。
在另一較佳具體實例中,鐵濃度及離子交換劑含量均處於先前兩個段落中所述之界限內。
根據本發明組成物之一較佳具體實例,聚噻吩為聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)。
根據本發明,亦較佳為除聚噻吩以外,且較佳除聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)以外,組成物亦包含聚陰離子,其中作為聚陰離子,上文結合本發明方法作為較佳聚陰離子提供之化合物為較佳。就此而言,尤其較佳之聚陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)之陰離子。就此而言,本發明組成物亦較佳包含PEDOT/PSS錯合物。如上文關於本發明方法所述,可由於在聚苯乙烯磺酸存在下使3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩氧化聚合而獲得該等組成物。就此而言,本發明組成物尤其較佳為PEDOT/PSS分散液。
根據本發明組成物之一特定具體實例,該組成物具有至少一種(但較佳所有)以下性質:
i)黏度在2 mPas至1,000 mPas範圍內,較佳在10 mPas至500 mPas範圍內,且尤其較佳在60 mPas至250 mPas範圍內;
ii)根據本文所述之測試方法,電導率為至少600 S/cm,較佳為至少500 S/cm,且尤其較佳為至少400 S/cm;
iii)PEDOT/PSS含量在0.05重量%至50重量%範圍內,較佳在0.1重量%至10重量%範圍內,且尤其較佳在1重量%至5重量%範圍內,在各情況下均以組成物之總重量計。
根據本發明,具有性質i)及ii)之組成物為尤其較佳。
一種層構造亦有助於解決上述問題,其包含:
A)一基板,其具有一基板表面;及
B)一層,其至少部分地覆蓋該基板表面,
其中該層係由本發明組成物或可由本發明方法獲得之組成物中所包含之固體形成。
本文中較佳之基板為塑膠膜,且尤其較佳為透明塑膠膜,其厚度通常在5 μm至5,000 μm範圍內,較佳在10 μm至2,500 μm範圍內,且尤其較佳在100 μm至1,000 μm範圍內。該等塑膠膜可基於例如聚合物,諸如聚碳酸酯、聚酯,例如PET及PEN(聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯或聚萘二甲酸乙二酯)、共聚碳酸酯、聚碸、聚醚碸(PES)、聚醯亞胺、聚醯胺、聚乙烯、聚丙烯或環狀聚烯烴或環狀烯烴共聚物(COC)、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、水合苯乙烯聚合物或水合苯乙烯共聚物。
基板表面可能在經本發明組成物塗佈之前經預處理,例如藉由電暈處理、火焰處理、氟化或電漿處理,以改良表面之極性且因此改良可濕性及化學親合性。
在本發明組成物或可用本發明方法獲得的組成物塗覆於基板表面以形成層之前,可向組成物中添加增加電導率之其他添加劑,例如含醚基之化合物,例如四氫呋喃;含內酯基之化合物,諸如丁內酯、戊內酯;含醯胺基或內醯胺基之化合物,諸如己內醯胺、N-甲基己內醯胺、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、N-甲基乙醯胺、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(DMF)、N-甲基甲醯胺、N-甲基甲醯苯胺、N-甲基吡咯啶酮(NMP)、N-辛基吡咯啶酮、吡咯啶酮;碸及亞碸,例如環丁碸(四亞甲碸)、二甲亞碸(DMSO);糖或糖衍生物,諸如蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖;糖醇,例如山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇;呋喃衍生物,例如2-呋喃甲酸、3-呋喃甲酸;及/或二元醇或多元醇,例如乙二醇、甘油或二乙二醇或三乙二醇。作為電導率增加性添加劑,尤其較佳使用四氫呋喃、N-甲基甲醯胺、N-甲基吡咯啶酮、乙二醇、二甲亞碸或山梨糖醇。
亦可向組成物中添加一或多種可溶於有機溶劑或水中之有機黏合劑,例如聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚碳酸酯、聚乙烯醇縮丁醛、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸醯胺、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸醯胺、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚丁二烯、聚異戊二烯、聚醚、聚酯、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚醯胺、聚醯亞胺、聚碸、聚矽氧、環氧樹脂、苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯/丙烯酸酯共聚物及乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乙烯醇或纖維素。所使用之聚合黏合劑之比例以塗料組成物之總重量計通常在0.1重量%至90重量%範圍內,較佳在0.5重量%至30重量%範圍內,且尤其較佳在0.5重量%至10重量%範圍內。
為調節pH值,例如,可向塗料組成物中添加酸或鹼。該等添加劑較佳不損害分散液之膜形成,諸如鹼2-(二甲基胺基)-乙醇、2,2'-亞胺基二乙醇或2,2',2"-氮基三乙醇。
塗料組成物接著可使用已知方法經塗覆,例如藉由以0.5 μm至250 μm之濕膜厚度,較佳以2 μm至50 μm之濕膜厚度旋塗、浸漬、傾倒、滴落、注入、噴霧、刮漿刀塗覆、油漆或印刷(例如噴墨、網版印刷、凹版、平版印刷或移印)於基板上,且隨後在20℃至200℃範圍內之溫度下乾燥來進行。
在本發明之層壓體中,至少部分地覆蓋基板表面之層的層厚度較佳在0.01 μm至50 μm範圍內,尤其較佳在0.1 μm至25 μm範圍內,且尤其較佳在1 μm至10 pm範圍內。
關於本發明之層構造,層B)更佳展示以下性質:
B1)該層之內部透射率大於60%,較佳大於70%且尤其較佳大於80%;
B2)該層之粗糙度(Ra)小於50 nm,較佳小於30 nm,尤其較佳小於20 nm,且尤其較佳小於10 nm或甚至小於5 nm。
在一些情況下,內部透射率高達99.5%。此外,在一些情況下,表面粗糙度為至少0.3 nm。
一種電子組件亦有助於解決上述問題,其包含本發明之層壓體。詳言之,較佳電子組件為有機發光二極體、有機太陽電池或電容器,其中用於電容器、尤其用作以氧化鋁為介電質之電容器中的固體電解質為尤其較佳。
亦有助於解決上述問題的方式為使用本發明組成物或可用本發明方法獲得之組成物來製造電子組件、尤其有機發光二極體、有機太陽電池或電容器中之導電層。
現將參考測試方法及非限制性實施例更詳細地描述本發明。
測試方法
若未另外陳述,則在21℃之溫度下,在50%至70%範圍內之大氣濕度及大氣壓下,在實驗室中進行測試。
測定硫酸鹽含量
藉由離子層析測定分散液之硫酸鹽含量。為此,使用配有離子交換劑之管柱進行隨後之電導率量測。所使用之離子層析儀為Dionex 300。使用來自Dionex之IonPac AG 11預處理管柱(50 mm長度及4.0 mm內徑及5 μm粒徑)。使用來自Dionex之IonPac AS 11分離管柱(250 mm長度及4.0 mm內徑及5 μm粒徑)。使用水作為洗提劑。流速為1.8 ml/min。注入體積為50 μl。硫酸鹽在此配置下之滯留時間為約12.5分鐘。利用電導率偵測器,用Dionex ASRS-s抑制器偵測硫酸根離子。
使用95%硫酸(超純)進行校正。稱取200 mg硫酸鹽(精度為0.1 mg)於1,000 ml量筒中,接著填充水直至基準痕。對於濃度>5 mg/kg,基於量測值之分析精度為3%。對於1 mg/kg至5 mg/kg範圍內之值,基於量測值之精度最大值為10%。
測定鐵含量
利用感應耦合電漿質譜(ICP-MS)測定分散液之鐵含量(Element 2;THERMO)。用兩份獨立校正溶液(低標準及高標準)進行校正,為此使用銠內標物及多元素溶液(來自Merck)。將2 g本發明樣品稀釋至20 ml並加以利用。在質譜儀之中等解析度下進行分析。偵測同位素Fe(54)、Fe(56)及Rh(103),且基於校正,確定樣品之鐵含量。
測定電導率
將經清潔之玻璃基板置於旋塗機上,且將10 ml本發明組成物分佈於該基板上。藉由旋轉該板來旋除剩餘溶液。此後,在熱板上於130℃下乾燥經如此塗佈之基板15分鐘。接著利用層厚度量測裝置(Tencor,Alphastep 500)測定層厚度。如下測定電導率:經由遮蔽罩在10 mm之距離處蒸氣沉積2.5 cm長之Ag電極。用靜電計(Keithly 614)測定之表面電阻乘以層厚度,獲得比電阻率。電導率為比電阻率之倒數。
測定黏度
使用連接低溫恆溫器之Haake RV 1流變儀測定黏度。使用DG 43雙間隙量筒及DG 43轉子,兩者均來自Haake。稱取12 g水溶液於量筒中。藉由低溫恆溫器將溫度調節至20℃。為確定所要溫度,首先在50 s-1之剪切速率下緩和剪切分散液240秒。接著將剪切速率增至100 s-1。維持此剪切速率30秒。接著在100 s-1之剪切速率下進行30次黏度量測,從而再持續30秒(每秒量測1次)。接著,獲取此30次量測之平均值作為分散液之黏度。
測定膠凝特性
將20 g組成物置放於250 ml燒杯中。接著,將組成物傾於具有45°傾斜角之平滑塑膠表面上。
在膠凝之組成物的情況下,出現以下效應:
a)當傾出燒杯時,組成物並非平滑地流出,而是留下組成物仍以結塊狀黏附於玻璃壁上之區域及幾乎無任何組成物剩餘之區域。
b)當該物質流經塑膠表面時,物質在多處仍呈結塊狀。流動不均勻,而是重複斷裂。[圖1]
在均質組成物之情況下,出現以下效應:
A)當傾出時,均勻膜留在燒杯壁上,其視組成物之黏度而較厚或較薄。在每種情況下,膜均為均勻的而無顯示任何不平滑。
B)當該物質流經塑膠表面時,產生均勻膜。[圖2]
基於此等準則,組成物可分類為膠凝或均質。
測定透射率
用雙通道光譜儀(Lambda 900,來自PerkinElmer)測定經塗佈基板之透射率。為額外偵測樣品散射之透射光的任何部分,該裝置裝備有光度計圓球(Ulbricht Sphere)。將待量測之樣品固定於光度計圓球之入射孔。
接著,量測無塗層之基板的光譜透射率。所使用之基板為2 mm厚、切成50 mm×50 mm矩形之玻璃板。為塗佈基板,將基板置於旋塗機上,且將10 ml本發明組成物分佈於該基板上。藉由旋轉該板來旋除剩餘溶液。此後,在熱板上於130℃下乾燥經如此塗佈之基板15分鐘。
接著,量測具有塗層之基板的光譜透射率。接著,使基板上之塗層於光度計圓球之前方指向該圓球。
記錄可見光區之透射譜,亦即320 nm至780 nm,步長5 nm。由該光譜,根據DIN 5033,基於10°觀測儀及D65型光計算樣品之標準色值Y(亮度)。由具有塗層之基板的亮度(Y)與不具有塗層之基板之亮度(Y0)的比率計算內部透射率,如下:
內部透射率對應於Y/Y0*100%。
測定粗糙度
將經清潔之玻璃基板置於懸塗機上,且將10 ml本發明組成物分佈於該基板上。藉由旋轉該板來旋除剩餘溶液。此後,在熱板上於130℃下乾燥經如此塗佈之基板15分鐘。
利用機械表面光度儀(Tencor Alpha Step 500,來自KLA-Tencor)測定表面粗糙度。為此,將感應觸針移開400 μm之距離,且該裝置記錄垂直偏轉隨水平偏轉變化之關係。根據平均粗糙度(Ra)之定義計算平均粗糙度(參看下文及http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauheit)。保持感應觸針之接觸重量較小,以免觸針改變表面。可藉由重複記錄同一部位之樣品輪廓對此進行檢查。
平均粗糙度(Ra)之定義
由符號Ra表示之平均粗糙度提供表面上之量測點距平均線之平均距離。平均線與參考路徑內之實際輪廓相交,以致總輪廓偏離(相對於平均線)最小。
因此,平均粗糙度Ra對應於距平均線之偏離的算術平均值。在二維情況下,其計算為:
且平均值計算為:
方法
粒子測定-微觀研究
藉助於吸移管將3滴待研究樣品置放於載片上,且使其分佈在約1 cm2之面積上。接著,在乾燥箱中於100℃下乾燥載片10分鐘。冷卻後,在顯微鏡(Zeiss Axioskop)下,使用透射光(無偏振濾光片)以100倍放大檢查載片。
使用照相機(Olympus Altra 20)記錄影像,且檢查總共5個任意選擇之200 μm×200 μm區域,且對5個影像中離子交換劑之粒子數目進行計數,並且選擇具有最大粒子計數之影像用於確定粒子濃度。
實施例係基於購自H.C. Starck Clevios有限公司之PEDOT/PSS分散液。由於該等分散液在市面上可公開且自由地獲得,因此本文不提供製造PEDOT/PSS分散液之合成說明。然而,製造該等分散液之細節可見於例如EP 0 440 957 A2中。
實施例1:
對於混合物,使用具有以下性質之PEDOT/PSS分散液(Clevios P HC V4,來自H.C. Starck Clevios有限公司,Leverkusen):
黏度:255 mPas
固體物質含量:1.10%
硫酸鹽含量:7 mg/kg
鈉含量:138 mg/kg
鐵含量:0.20 mg/kg
電導率:426 S/cm(在添加5%二甲亞碸後量測)。
用上述方法測定之粒子濃度:無。
向200 g分散液樣品中添加不同量之硫酸。硫酸之莫耳質量為98 g/mol。其每莫耳包括96 g硫酸根。在以下實施例中考慮此硫酸根質量。硫酸根之量以mg/kg顯示於表1及表2中。在0、4、11及18天後測定分散液之黏度,且檢查此時間後樣品是否已膠凝。黏度資料彙總於表1中。
表1:實施例1中所製造之PEDOT:PSS分散液在添加硫酸鹽後及在儲存後之黏度
在製造後亦測定樣品之電導率。為此,將5 g二甲亞碸添加至95 g上述PEDOT/PSS分散液與硫酸之混合物中,並測定此等樣品之電導率。結果顯示於下表2中。
表2:來自實施例1之PEDOT/PSS分散液在不同硫酸鹽濃度下之電導率
使用經包含200 mg/kg硫酸鹽之分散液塗佈之玻璃基板之實施例測定粗糙度及透射率。樣品之粗糙度為3.53 nm。樣品之層厚度為142 nm,且樣品之內部透射率為88.6%。
實施例2:
藉助於超濾至固體含量2.20%來濃縮2000 g固體含量為1.10%之PEDOT/PSS分散液(Clevios PH 500,來自H.C. Starck Clevios有限公司)。接著將分散液置放於填充有500 ml離子交換樹脂(Lewatit MP 62,來自Saltigo)之管柱中。所獲得之分散液具有以下性質:
黏度:103 mPas
固體物質含量:1.98%
硫酸鹽含量:1 mg/kg
鈉含量:5 mg/kg
電導率:425 S/cm(在添加5%二甲亞碸後量測)。
鐵含量:0.19 mg/kg
用上述方法測定之粒子濃度:無。
向此分散液中添加硫酸鈉。根據實施例1中之程序向200 g分散液樣品中添加不同量之硫酸鈉。硫酸根之量以mg/kg顯示於表3及表4中。在0、4、11及18天後測定分散液之黏度,且檢查此時間後樣品是否已膠凝。
表3:實施例2中所製造之PEDOT:PSS分散液在添加硫酸鹽後及在儲存後之黏度
在製造後亦測定樣品之電導率。為此,將5 g二甲亞碸添加至95 g上述PEDOT/PSS分散液與硫酸之混合物中,並測定此等樣品之電導率。結果顯示於下表4中。
使用經包含200mg/kg硫酸鹽之分散液塗佈之玻璃基板之實施例測定粗糙度及透射率。樣品之粗糙度為1.39nm。樣品之層厚度為66nm,且樣品之內部透射率為95.2%。
來自實施例1及實施例2之結果顯示,若確保PEDOT/PSS分散液中之硫酸鹽含量在100ppm至1,000ppm範圍內,則可達成高電導率及有利儲存穩定性之性質之尤其有利組合。若硫酸鹽含量低於100ppm,則雖然可達成有利儲存穩定性,但電導率相對較低。若硫酸鹽含量大於1,000ppm,則電導率較高,但卻以不良儲存穩定性為代價。
圖1顯示當該物質流經塑膠表面時,物質在多處仍呈結塊狀。
圖2顯示當該物質流經塑膠表面時,產生均勻膜。
Claims (17)
- 一種用於製造包含聚噻吩之組成物的方法,其包含以下方法步驟:I)提供包含噻吩單體及氧化劑之組成物Z1;II)藉由將該氧化劑還原成還原產物及氧化該噻吩單體使該等噻吩單體氧化聚合,形成包含聚噻吩及該還原產物之組成物Z2;III)自方法步驟II)中所獲得之該組成物Z2中至少部分地移除該還原產物,獲得組成物Z3,其中方法中之該至少部分地移除該還原產物係藉由用離子交換劑處理該組成物Z2來進行;其中該組成物Z3之硫酸鹽含量以該組成物Z3之總重量計在100ppm至500ppm範圍內,且其中該組成物Z3之硫酸鹽含量係藉由向組成物Z3中添加硫酸或硫酸鹽來調節。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該包含聚噻吩之組成物Z3之硫酸鹽含量以該組成物Z3計在100ppm至200ppm範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該噻吩單體為3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩(EDT),且該聚噻吩為聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中方法步驟I)中所提供之該包含噻吩單體及氧化劑之組成物Z1亦包含聚陰離子。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中該聚陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該組成物Z3為PEDOT/PSS分散液。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該硫酸鹽為硫酸之鹼金屬鹽或銨鹽或其混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該硫酸之鹼金屬鹽為硫酸鈉。
- 一種包含聚噻吩之組成物,其中除該聚噻吩以外,該組成物亦包含以該組成物之總重量計在100ppm至500ppm範圍內之硫酸鹽,其中該組成物包含以該組成物之總重量計小於10ppm之鐵,且其中該組成物包含添加劑,該添加劑係選自由以下組成之群:含醚基之化合物、含內酯基之化合物、含醯胺基或內醯胺基之化合物、碸、亞碸、糖或糖衍生物、呋喃衍生物、及二元醇或多元醇。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含溶劑,該溶劑係選自由以下組成之群:脂族醇、脂族酮、脂族羧酸酯、芳族烴、脂族烴、氯烴、脂族腈、脂族亞碸、脂族碸、脂族羧酸醯胺、脂族醚及芳脂族醚。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中除該聚噻吩以外,該組成物亦包含以該組成物之總重量計在100ppm至200ppm範圍內之硫酸鹽。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中該聚噻吩為聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物,其中除該聚噻吩以外,該組成物亦包含聚陰離子。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項之組成物,其中該聚陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之組成物,其中該組成物為PEDOT/PSS錯合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項之組成物,其中該組成物具有至少一種以下性質:i)黏度在60mPas至250mPas區域內;ii)根據本文所述之測試方法測定之電導率為至少400S/cm;iii)PEDOT/PSS含量以該組成物之總重量計在1重量%至5重量%範圍內。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第9項之組成物的用途,其係用於製造電子組件中之導電層。
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