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TWI554325B - 低排放發電系統和方法 - Google Patents

低排放發電系統和方法 Download PDF

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TWI554325B
TWI554325B TW100120165A TW100120165A TWI554325B TW I554325 B TWI554325 B TW I554325B TW 100120165 A TW100120165 A TW 100120165A TW 100120165 A TW100120165 A TW 100120165A TW I554325 B TWI554325 B TW I554325B
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gas stream
carbon dioxide
column
potassium carbonate
solvent
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TW100120165A
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TW201217041A (en
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羅素 歐福克
摩西斯 密塔
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艾克頌美孚上游研究公司
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/22—Fuel supply systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
    • F02C6/10—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output supplying working fluid to a user, e.g. a chemical process, which returns working fluid to a turbine of the plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
    • F02C3/34—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
    • F02C6/003—Gas-turbine plants with heaters between turbine stages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/12—Cooling of plants
    • F02C7/14—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel
    • F02C7/141—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid
    • F02C7/143—Cooling of plants of fluids in the plant, e.g. lubricant or fuel of working fluid before or between the compressor stages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/60—Fluid transfer
    • F05D2260/61—Removal of CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Description

低排放發電系統和方法 【交互參照之相關申請案】
本申請案請求享有於2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「低排放發電系統和方法」之美國專利臨時申請案第61/361,180號的所有權益，該案內容係以引用方式全部併入本案。
本申請案包含與下列美國專利申請案有關之請求標的，該等相關之美國專利申請案係2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「控制燃料燃燒之系統和方法」的美國專利申請案第61/361,169號；2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「低排放三重循環發電系統和方法」的美國專利申請案第61/361,170號；2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「低排放三重循環發電系統和方法」的美國專利申請案第61/361,173號；2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「利用廢氣再循環和直接接觸式冷卻器之化學計量燃燒」的美國專利申請案第61/361,176號；2010年7月2日申請且發明名稱為「利用廢氣再循環進行富集之空氣的化學計量燃燒」之美國專利申請案第61/361,178號。
本發明之較佳體系關於複循環發電系統中之低排放發電。
此節內容係欲介紹所屬技術領域中可能與本發明之例示性具體較佳體系有關的各種面向。相信此節之討論內容有助於提供體系架構以利於較佳地了解本發明之特定面向。因此，應理解需以此種觀點閱讀此節之內容，且無需承認此節之內容為先前技術。
許多產油國家正經歷對於電力需求的強烈內需成長且著重於增強石油回收(EOR)以增進自該國之石油貯存槽回收石油。兩種常見的增強石油回收技術包括注入氮氣(N2)以維持貯存槽壓力及注入二氧化碳(CO2)進行混相驅油以增強石油回收。另一全球關注議題係有關溫室氣體(GHG)排放。基於此憂慮且結合諸多國家實施碳總量控制與排放交易管制制度(cap and trade policy)使得實施該制度的國家和其他國家及營運烴類化合物製造系統之公司的首要目標是減少二氧化碳排放。
一些降低二氧化碳排放的方法包括燃料去碳法或於燃燒後使用溶劑(例如，胺類化合物)捕集二氧化碳。然而此等方法皆昂貴且降低發電效率，導致電力產能較低、燃料需求提高及為滿足內需電力需求的電力成本提高。特別是，氧、氧化硫(SOx)和氧化氮(NOx)成分之存在令胺類溶劑吸收法的使用產生極大問題。另一種方法係於複循環中使用含氧燃料(oxyfuel)氣體渦輪(例如，自該氣體渦輪布雷頓循環捕集廢熱，藉以於朗肯循環中製造蒸汽且產生額外功率)。然而，目前市面上無法取得能以此種循環運作的氣體渦輪，且產生高純度氧所需要的功率會顯著降低該製程之總效率。有數項研究對此等製程進行比較且顯示各方法之某些優點。例如可參閱由Olav Bolland和Henriette Undrum著作且於1998年由科技能源研究小組(SINTEF Group)發行《自氣體渦輪發電廠去除二氧化碳：燃燒前與燃燒後之方法的評估(R emoval of CO 2 from Gas Turbine Power Plants： Evaluation of pre-and post-combustion methods)》之文獻，於以下網址可找到該文獻http://www.energy.sintef.no/publ/xergi/98/3/3art-8-engelsk.htm(1998)。
其他降低二氧化碳排放的方法包括化學計量廢氣再循環法，例如天然氣複循環(NGCC)法。於習知的天然氣複循環(NGCC)系統中，僅需要該空氣注入量之約40%的空氣以供燃料進行適當化學計量燃燒，同時剩餘60%的空氣量作為稀釋劑以緩和溫度且冷卻該廢氣，以使該廢氣適合引入後續膨脹器中。不利的是，該額外的空氣量亦使該廢氣中產生過多的氧，且該等氧難以去除。典型的NGCC系統產生低壓廢氣，該低壓廢氣需使用所產生之電力的一部分電力來萃取二氧化碳以用於封存或用於增強石油回收(EOR)，從而降低該NGCC系統的熱效率。再者，用於二氧化碳萃取的設備係龐大並昂貴，且需要數個壓縮階段使周遭壓力氣體達到用於增強石油回收或封存所需的壓力。此等限制條件係從燃燒其他化石燃料(例如煤)伴隨產生之低壓廢氣中進行燃燒後之碳捕集所特有的條件。
以上討論之所屬技術領域的需求係作為示範說明之用，而非詳盡列舉。可解決所屬技術領域中之一或多個此等需求或某些其他相關缺點的技術將對複循環發電系統中之發電有所助益。
本發明提供數種利用整合式二氧化碳分離系統產生電力的系統和方法。例示之系統包含氣體渦輪系統、廢氣再循環系統、熱交換器和二氧化碳分離器。該氣體渦輪系統可具有燃燒腔室，該燃燒腔室係經建構以於經壓縮之再循環氣流的存在下使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行化學計量燃燒以生成排放氣流，該排放氣流於膨脹器中經膨脹，從而生成氣態廢料氣流且至少部分驅動主壓縮機。該經壓縮之再循環氣流作為用於緩和該排放氣流之溫度的稀釋劑。該廢氣再循環系統可具有至少一個增壓壓縮機和一或多個冷卻單元，該至少一個增壓壓縮機和該一或多個冷卻單元係經建構以提高該氣態廢料氣流之質流速率以提供給該主壓縮機的經冷卻之再循環氣體。該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體且生成該經壓縮之再循環氣流，該經壓縮之再循環氣流的一部分流向該燃燒腔室，且該經壓縮之再循環氣流的一部分提供淨化氣流。該二氧化碳分離器與該淨化氣流可經流體耦接，該二氧化碳分離器可包含吸收劑管柱、第一閥和再生管柱。該吸收劑管柱可經建構以接收該淨化氣流且使碳酸鉀溶劑在該吸收劑管柱內循環以吸收該淨化氣流內的二氧化碳。該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液。該第一閥與該吸收劑管柱可經流體耦接，且該第一閥係經建構以閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達接近大氣壓之壓力。該再生管柱與該第一閥可經流體耦接，且該再生管柱係經建構以接收且煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以去除該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中的二氧化碳和水，從而產生再生之碳酸鉀溶劑，該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑係經再循環而回到該吸收劑管柱。
本發明進一步提供經調適以去除廢氣再循環氣流中之二氧化碳的相關系統和方法。
於以下實施方式之段落中，係結合多個較佳具體實施例說明本發明之數個特定具體實施例。然而，當下述內容係特別針對本發明之一特定具體實施例或特定用途時，此係僅單純為達示範目的而提供例示性具體實施例之描述。因此，本發明不限於下述特定具體實施例，反之，本發明包括所有落入後附申請專利範圍之精神真諦與範圍內的多種替代物、修飾例和等效物。
本案中所使用之各種用語係定義如下。若下文未定義申請專利範圍中所使用之用語，應以所屬技術領域人士回應至少一篇印刷出版刊物或經核准之專利所賦予該用語之最廣定義而界定該用語。
當用於本案中，「天然氣」一詞係指得自原油井之多成分氣體(伴生氣體)或得自地下含氣層之多成分氣體(非伴生氣體)。天然氣的組成和壓力可能顯著變化。典型的天然氣流含有作為主要成分之甲烷(CH4)，即天然氣流中超過50莫耳%的成分為甲烷。天然氣流亦可含有乙烷(C2H6)、較高分子量之烴類化合物(例如，C3-C20烴類化合物)、一或多種酸性氣體(例如，硫化氫、二氧化碳)或上述化合物之任意組合。天然氣亦可含有次量的污染物，例如水、氮氣、硫化鐵、蠟、原油或上述物質之任意組合。
當用於本案中，「化學計量燃燒」之用語係指一數量之包含燃料和氧化劑之反應物的燃燒反應且藉著燃燒該等反應物而生成一數量的產物，其中該等反應物之全部量係用於形成該等產物。當用於本案中，「實質化學計量燃燒」之用語係指燃燒之燃料與氧的莫耳比介於達成化學計量比例所需氧量之約正負10%之間或較佳介於達成化學計量比例所需氧量之約正負5%之間的燃燒反應。例如，對於甲烷而言，燃料與氧氣的化學計量比例係1：2(CH4+2O2>CO2+2H2O)。丙烷將具有燃料與氧氣為1：5的化學計量比例。另一種測量實質化學計量燃燒的方法係按所供應之氧與達成化學計量燃燒所需要之氧的比例計算，例如該比例可介於約0.9：1至約1.1：1，或更佳介於約0.95：1至約1.05：1。
本案揭示之系統和方法的具體實施例可用於產生超低排放電力及產生用於增強石油回收(EOR)或封存之應用的二氧化碳。根據本案中揭示之具體實施例，空氣與燃料的混合物可進行化學計量燃燒或實質化學計量燃燒且與再循環廢氣流混合。該再循環廢氣流通常含有燃燒產物(例如，二氧化碳)，且該再循環廢氣流可用於作為稀釋劑以控制或緩和該化學計量燃燒之溫度及作為進入接續之膨脹器中的廢氣。
藉著冷卻該廢氣且使該經冷卻之廢氣流中的水凝結，可製造出二氧化碳含量相對高的氣流。該再循環廢氣之一部分可在密閉式布雷頓循環(closed brayton cycle)中用於緩和溫度，同時剩餘的淨化氣流可用於增強石油回收(EOR)之應用，且能產生電力並僅排放極少或不排放氧化硫(SOx)、氧化氮(NOx)或二氧化碳(CO2)至大氣中。
該燃料之化學計量燃燒或實質化學計量燃燒結合使該廢氣於經壓縮以供再循環之前增加該廢氣之壓力或提高該廢氣之質流速率可使該二氧化碳分壓遠高於習知氣體渦輪廢氣中的二氧化碳分壓。因此，可使用低耗能溶劑進行二氧化碳分離器中的碳捕集作用，該低耗能溶劑(less energy-intensive solvent)係例如碳酸鉀(K2CO3)或碳酸鈉(Na2CO3)。由於在氧氣(O2)、氧化硫(SOx)和氧化氮(NOx)的存在下胺類溶劑可能發生降解反應，因此該廢氣中存在氧氣(O2)、氧化硫(SOx)和氧化氮(NOx)導致難以使用胺類溶劑(例如單乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)、甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)和同類溶劑)，即便使用更高壓力和更高二氧化碳含量亦然。碳酸鉀溶劑或碳酸鈉溶劑能承受本發明之極小的氧含量而不會發生降解反應。此外，碳酸鉀可輕易地吸收SOx或NOx，並使SOx或NOx轉換成簡單肥料，例如亞硫酸鉀(K2SO3)及硝酸鉀(KNO3)。此等肥料能以不傷害環境的方式輕易排放。
現參閱該等圖式，第1圖係根據一或多個具體實施例繪示一種利用複循環配置以用於發電和回收二氧化碳之例示性整合系統100的概要圖。於至少一具體實施例中，該發電系統100可包括氣體渦輪系統102，該氣體渦輪系統102之特徵在於採用可產生電力之封閉式布雷頓循環(closed Brayton cycle)。該氣體渦輪系統102可具有第一或主壓縮機104，該第一或主壓縮機104係經由軸108耦接至膨脹器106。該軸108可為任何機械、電性或其他動力耦接，從而允許使用該膨脹器106所產生之機械能的一部分機械能驅動該主壓縮機104。於至少一具體實施例中，該氣體渦輪系統102可為標準氣體渦輪，其中該主壓縮機104和該膨脹器106分別形成壓縮機端和膨脹器端。然而於其他具體實施例中，該主壓縮機104及該膨脹器106可為該系統102中的單獨構件。
該氣體渦輪系統102亦可包括燃燒腔室110，該燃燒腔室110係經建構以燃燒管線112內之與管線114內的經壓縮之氧化劑混合之燃料。於一或多個具體實施例中，管線112中的燃料可包括任何合適的烴類化合物之氣體或液體，例如天然氣、甲烷、乙烷、石腦油(naphtha)、丁烷、丙烷、合成氣、柴油、煤油、航空燃料、煤衍生燃料、生質燃料、氧化烴原料或上述燃料之任意組合。管線114中的經壓縮之氧化劑可源自第二或入料壓縮機118，該第二或入料壓縮機118係與該燃燒腔室110流體耦接且經調適以壓縮入料氧化劑120。於一或多個具體實施例中，該入料氧化劑120可包括任何適當的含氧氣體，例如空氣、富含氧之空氣、耗盡氧之空氣、純氧或上述氣體之組合。
如以下將進一步詳細描述般，該燃燒腔室110亦可接收經壓縮之再循環氣流144，該經壓縮之再循環氣流包括主要含有二氧化碳和氮成分之廢氣。該經壓縮之再循環氣流144可源自該主壓縮機104，且該經壓縮之再循環氣流144可經調適以幫助管線114內的經壓縮之氧化劑和管線112內的燃料利於進行化學計量燃燒或實質化學計量燃燒並亦可提高該廢氣中之二氧化碳濃度。在該經壓縮之再循環氣流144的存在下使管線112中的燃料與管線114中的經壓縮之氧化劑燃燒而生成的產物可成為管線116中的廢氣。該廢氣116係流向該膨脹器106之入口。在至少一具體實施例中，管線112內的燃料可主要為天然氣，從而產生管線116中的廢氣，該廢氣可包含占多個體積份量的汽化水、二氧化碳、氮氣、氧化氮(NOx)和氧化硫(SOx)。於某些具體實施例中，由於受燃燒平衡限制之故，因此管線116內的廢氣中亦可能出現一小部分未燃燒的燃料或其他化合物。當管線116中的廢氣通過該膨脹器106而膨脹時，該廢氣產生機械功以驅動該主壓縮機104、發電機或其他設備且亦產生管線122中的氣態廢料，該氣態廢料係因管線144中經壓縮之再循環廢氣的流入而含有增高的二氧化碳含量。
該發電系統100亦可包括廢氣再循環(EGR)系統124。在一或多個具體實施例中，該EGR系統124可包含熱回收蒸汽產生器(HRSG)126或類似裝置，且該熱回收蒸汽產生器126與蒸汽氣體渦輪128流體耦接。於至少一具體實施例中，該熱回收蒸汽產生器126與該蒸汽氣體渦輪128之組合的特徵在於形成封閉式朗肯循環(closed Rankine cycle)。結合該氣體渦輪系統102，該熱回收蒸汽產生器126和該蒸汽氣體渦輪128可形成複循環發電廠(例如天然氣複循環(NGCC)廠)的一部分。可將管線122中之氣態廢料輸送至該熱回收蒸汽產生器126以產生管線130中的蒸汽和管線132中的經冷卻之廢氣。於一具體實施例中，可將管線130中的蒸汽輸送至該蒸汽氣體渦輪128以產生額外電力。
管線132中的經冷卻之廢氣可輸送至能返回該主壓縮機104之再循環迴路中的任意各種設備及/或設施。於例示之具體實施方式中，係以不同順序和配置顯示及描述多個冷卻單元及/或增壓壓縮機，且可了解該等順序和配置可經調適以提高該經冷卻之廢氣的質流速率。藉著提高進入該主壓縮機的經冷卻之廢氣的質流速率，可自該主壓縮機獲得更高的出口壓力。
於某些具體實施方式中且如第1圖中所示般，該再循環迴路可包含至少一個冷卻單元134，該至少一個冷卻單元134係經建構以降低管線132中的經冷卻之廢氣的溫度且產生經冷卻之再循環氣流140。於一或多個具體實施例中，該冷卻單元134可為直接接觸式冷卻器、蛇行管冷卻器、機械式冷卻單元或上述冷卻器之任意組合。該冷卻單元134亦可經建構以經由排水流138去除一部分凝結水，於至少一具體實施例中，該排水流138可經由管線141而流向該熱回收蒸汽產生器(HRSG)126，以提供用於產生管線130中之額外蒸汽的水源。於一或多個具體實施例中，該經冷卻之再循環氣流140可流向與該冷卻單元134流體耦接的增壓壓縮機142。於該冷卻單元134中冷卻管線132內的該經冷卻之廢氣可減少於該增壓壓縮機142中壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣流140所需的功率。
該增壓壓縮機142係經建構以於將該經冷卻之再循環氣流140引入該主壓縮機104之前提高該經冷卻之再循環氣流140的壓力。與習知扇葉或鼓風系統相反的是，該增壓壓縮機142提高該經冷卻之再循環氣流140的整體密度，進而將用於達到相同體積流量的增高之質流速率引至該主壓縮機104。由於該主壓縮機104係受體積流量限制，因此使更多質流量通過該主壓縮機104可能從該主壓縮機104產生較高的排放壓力，從而橫跨該膨脹器106轉換成較高的壓力比。橫跨該膨脹器106產生越高的壓力比可允許達到越高的出口溫度，且因而提高膨脹器106的功率和效率。此方式證明是有利的，因為管線116中富含二氧化碳之廢氣通常維持較高的比熱容量。
該主壓縮機104可經建構以將自該增壓壓縮機142接收到的該經冷卻之再循環氣流140壓縮至高於該燃燒腔室110之壓力的一額定壓力，從而產生該經壓縮之再循環氣流144。於至少一具體實施例中，可自該經壓縮之再循環氣流144中分流出淨化氣流146，且接著於二氧化碳分離器148中處理該淨化氣流146以捕集二氧化碳，而使管線150中之二氧化碳處於更高壓力。管線150內的該經分離之二氧化碳可用於販賣、用於需要二氧化碳的另一製程中及/或使該二氧化碳經壓縮且注入用於增強石油回收(EOR)、封存或其他目的之地面貯存槽中。
實質耗盡二氧化碳且主要由氮氣所組成之殘餘氣流151可源自該二氧化碳分離器148。於一或多個具體實施例中，該殘餘氣流151可在與該二氧化碳分離器148流體耦接的氣體膨脹器152中進行膨脹，該氣體膨脹器152係例如為可產生功率(power producing)之氮氣膨脹器。如第1圖至第3圖所示，該氣體膨脹器152可隨意願地透過共軸154或其他機械性、電性或他種動力耦接方式耦接該入料壓縮機118，從而允許該氣體膨脹器152所產生之功率的一部分功率驅動該入料壓縮機118。於該氣體膨脹器152中膨脹之後，管線156中主要由氮氣組成的廢氣可排放至大氣中或供應給所屬技術領域中已知的其他下游應用中。例如，通常係如發明名稱為「利用廢氣再循環和直接接觸式冷卻器進行化學計量燃燒」之美國專利申請案中所述般，該經膨脹之氮氣氣流可用於蒸發式冷卻製程以用於進一步降低該廢氣之溫度，且該案內容中與本案揭示內容不同之部分係以引用方式併入本案。於至少一具體實施例中，該氣體膨脹器152、入料壓縮機118和二氧化碳分離器之組合的特徵可在於提供開放式布雷頓循環或作為該系統100的第三功率產生構件。
然而，於其他具體實施例中，該氣體膨脹器152可用於為其他應用提供功率，且該氣體膨脹器152不直接耦接該化學計量壓縮機118。例如，該膨脹器152所產生之功率與該壓縮機118所需之功率可能實質不匹配。於此等情況下，該膨脹器152可經調適以驅動需要較少功率的較小壓縮機(圖中未顯示)。可額外或擇一地，該膨脹器152可於適當時經調適以驅動其他設備。於又另一些具體實施例中，如第8圖所示，可使用下游壓縮機188取代該氣體膨脹器152，該下游壓縮機188係經建構以壓縮該殘餘氣流151且產生管線190中的經壓縮之廢氣。於一或多個具體實施例中，管線190內的該經壓縮之廢氣可適合注入用於壓力維持用途的貯存槽中。於通常將甲烷氣體再注入烴類化合物井內以維持井壓的應用中，壓縮該殘餘氣流151可能是有利的。例如，可改將管線190內的該經增壓之氮氣注入該等烴類化合物井中，且任何殘餘的甲烷氣體可用於販售或作為相關應用中的燃料，例如可供應管線112中的燃料。
可實施本案所述之廢氣再循環系統124(特別是增設有該增壓壓縮機142之廢氣再循環系統124)以達到使該發電系統100之廢氣中含有更高的二氧化碳濃度，從而允許達成更有效的二氧化碳分離作用以用於後續封存、壓力維持或增強石油回收之應用。例如，本案揭示之具體實施例可有效地使該廢氣氣流中的二氧化碳濃度提高至約10體積%或更高濃度。為達成此等二氧化碳濃度，該燃燒腔室110可經調適以使管線112中之燃料與管線114中經壓縮之氧化劑所組成的入料混合物進行化學計量燃燒。為緩和該化學計量燃燒之溫度以滿足膨脹器106之入料溫度和構件冷卻需求，可使源自該經壓縮之再循環氣流144的一部分廢氣注入該燃燒腔室110中以作為稀釋劑。因此，本發明之具體實施例可實質去除該廢氣中過多的氧，同時提高該廢氣之二氧化碳成分。如此，管線122內的氣態廢料可含有少於約3.0體積%之氧，或少於約1.0體積%之氧，或少於約0.1體積%之氧，或甚至少於約0.001體積%之氧。
現將討論該系統100之例示性操作的各項細節。將可理解，本案揭示任何具體實施例之各種構件中所達到或經歷的特定溫度和壓力可根據其他因素而改變，特別是可根據所使用之氧化劑的純度和膨脹器、壓縮機、冷卻器等等構件之特定品牌及/或型號而改變。因此，將可理解，本案所述之特定數據係僅用於說明目的且不應將該等特定數據視為唯一解釋。於一具體實施例中，該入料壓縮機118可經建構以作為化學計量壓縮機，該化學計量壓縮機提供管線114中壓力介於約280 psia至300 psia的經壓縮之氧化劑。然而於本案中亦可思及氣輪式氣體渦輪技術，該技術可產生及消耗高達約750 psia和更高的壓力。
該主壓縮機104可經建構以再循環和壓縮再循環廢氣而成為該經壓縮之再循環氣流144，該經壓縮之再循環氣流144的額定壓力係高於或處於該燃燒腔室110之壓力，且使用該再循環廢氣之一部分廢氣作為該燃燒腔室110中的稀釋劑。由於該燃燒腔室110中所需之稀釋劑的量可根據用於化學計量燃燒之氧化劑的純度或膨脹器106之型號而有所不同，因此可設置一圈熱電偶及/或氧感測器(圖中未顯示)與該燃燒腔室及/或該膨脹器相連接。例如，可於該燃燒腔室110之出口上、於該膨脹器106之入口上及/或該膨脹器106之出口上設置多個熱電偶及/或氧感測器。操作時，該等熱電偶和感測器可經調適以測定一或多種氣流之組成及/或溫度，用以決定作為稀釋劑以使該等燃燒產物冷卻至所要求之膨脹器入料溫度所需要的廢氣體積。可額外或擇一地，該等熱電偶和感測器可經調適以決定欲注入該燃燒腔室110之氧化劑的量。因此，回應藉由該等熱電偶所測得之熱需求及藉由該等氧感測器所測得之氧濃度，可操作或控制管線144中的經壓縮之再循環氣體和/或管線114中的經壓縮之氧化劑的體積質流量以符合該需求。可透過任何適宜的流量控制系統控制該等體積質流速率，該等流量控制系統可與該等熱電偶及/或氧感測器進行電子通訊。
於至少一具體實施例中，於化學計量燃燒期間，橫跨該燃燒腔室110可能經歷約12psia至13psia之壓降。管線112中的燃料與管線114中的該經壓縮之氧化劑的燃燒反應可產生介於約2000℉至3000℉間之溫度和介於250psia至約300psia間之壓力。由於源自該經壓縮之再循環氣流144的該富含二氧化碳之廢氣具有更高質流量和更高的比熱容量，橫跨該膨脹器106可達到更高的壓力比，從而允許達到較高的入料溫度和更多的膨脹器106之功率。
離開該膨脹器106且進入管線122中之氣態廢料可具有處於或接近周遭環境之壓力。於至少一具體實施例中，管線122中之氣態廢料可具有約15.2psia之壓力。管線122中之該氣態廢料於通過該熱回收蒸汽產生器126以產生管線130中之蒸汽和管線132中經冷卻之廢氣之前，管線122中之該氣態廢料的溫度可約1180℉至約1250℉。管線132中的該經冷卻之廢氣可具有介於約190℉至約200℉之溫度。於一或多個具體實施例中，該冷卻單元134可降低管線132內的該經冷卻之廢氣的溫度，從而產生具有介於約32℉至約120℉間之溫度的該經冷卻之再循環氣流140，此溫度可主要根據特定地區和特定季節期間內的濕球溫度而波動。
根據一或多個具體實施例，該增壓壓縮機142可經建構以使該經冷卻之再循環氣流140的壓力升高至介於約17.1psia至約21psia之間的壓力。額外或擇一地，可透過其他方式(例如冷卻)提高該經冷卻之再循環氣流的質流速率。因此，該主壓縮機104接收且壓縮一具有較高密度和更高質流量的再循環廢料，從而允許達到實質更高的排放壓力且同時維持相同或相似的壓力比。於至少一具體實施例中，自該主壓縮機104排出的該經壓縮之再循環氣流144的溫度可約達800℉且具有約280psia之壓力。
下表係基於增設使用或不使用增壓壓縮機142之複循環氣體渦輪而提供試驗結果和效能評估。
應可從表1理解到，包含增壓壓縮機142的具體實施例由於提高壓力比，因而可造成提高膨脹器106之功率(即，「氣體渦輪膨脹器功率」)。雖然該主壓縮機104對於功率的需求可能提高，但該膨脹器106之功率輸出的提高係遠遠抵消該主壓縮機104對功率需求的提高，從而導致整體熱動性能效率改善約1%1hv(較低熱值)。
再者，於該廢氣循環系統中增設該增壓壓縮機142或冷卻步驟亦可提高該氮氣膨脹器152之功率輸出和淨化氣流146之管線中的二氧化碳淨化壓力。由於具有較高的二氧化碳分壓，因此提高該淨化氣流146中之淨化壓力可導致改善二氧化碳分離器148中之溶劑處理效能。此等改善可包括，但不限於，藉由縮減溶劑萃取製程之設備尺寸而減少整體資本支出。
參閱第2圖，第2圖繪示第1圖之發電系統100之替代具體實施例，該替代具體實施例係經實施且描述成系統200。因此，參考第1圖可對第2圖得到最佳理解。類似於第1圖之系統100，第2圖之系統200包括氣體渦輪系統102，該氣體渦輪系統102可耦接廢氣再循環(EGR)系統124或藉由該廢氣再循環系統124支援該氣體渦輪系統102。然而，第2圖中之該廢氣再循環系統124可包括該增壓壓縮機142接於該熱回收蒸汽產生器126之後，或該增壓壓縮機142與該熱回收蒸汽產生器126流體耦接之具體實施例。如上述，管線132中的該經冷卻之廢氣於該冷卻單元134中冷卻溫度之前，可於該增壓壓縮機142中壓縮管線132中的該經冷卻之廢氣。因此，該冷卻單元134可作為後續冷卻器，該後續冷卻器係經調適以去除該增壓壓縮機142所產生的壓縮熱。如前述之具體實施例，該排水流138可流向或不流向該熱回收蒸汽產生器126以產生管線130中之額外蒸汽。
如上述般，該經冷卻之再循環氣流140隨後可流向該主壓縮機104，使該經冷卻之再循環氣流140於該主壓縮機104中經進一步壓縮，從而產生該經壓縮之再循環氣流144。可理解到，管線132內的該經冷卻之廢氣於該增壓壓縮機142中經壓縮之後，於該冷卻單元134中冷卻管線132內的該經冷卻之廢氣可減少於該接續之主壓縮機104中壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣流140達預定壓力所需的功率量。
第3圖繪示第1圖之低排放發電系統100的另一具體實施例，該具體實施例係經實施為系統300。因此，參考第1圖和第2圖可對第3圖得到最佳理解。類似於第1圖和第2圖分別所述之系統100和系統200，該系統300包括氣體渦輪系統102，可藉由該廢氣再循環(EGR)系統124支援該氣體渦輪系統102或使該氣體渦輪系統102耦接廢氣再循環系統124。然而，第3圖中之該廢氣再循環系統124可包含第一冷卻單元134和第二冷卻單元136，且該增壓壓縮機142流體耦接於該第一冷卻單元134和第二冷卻單元136之間。如前述之具體實施例，冷卻單元134和冷卻單元136各自可為所屬技術領域中已知的直接接觸式冷卻器、蛇行管冷卻器或諸如此類者。
於一或多個具體實施例中，自該熱回收蒸汽產生器126排放於管線132中的該經冷卻之廢氣可輸送至該第一冷卻單元134以產生經凝結之排水流138和經冷卻之再循環氣流140。該經冷卻之再循環氣流140可流向該增壓壓縮機142，藉以增加該經冷卻之再循環氣流140之壓力且隨後使該再循環氣流140流向該第二冷卻單元136。該第二冷卻單元136可作為後續冷卻器，該後續冷卻器係經調適以去除該增壓壓縮機142所產生的壓縮熱且亦可經由排水流143去除額外的凝結水。於一或多個具體實施例中，排水流138和排水流143可各自流向或不流向該熱回收蒸汽產生器126以產生管線130中之額外蒸汽。
該經冷卻之再循環氣流140隨後可經引入該主壓縮機104中以產生該經壓縮之再循環氣流144，該經壓縮之再循環氣流144之額定壓力可高於或處於該燃燒腔室110之壓力。可理解到，於該冷卻單元134中冷卻管線132內的該經冷卻之廢氣可減少於該增壓縮機142中壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣流140所需的功率量。再者，於該第二冷卻單元136中進一步冷卻該廢氣可減少於該接續之主壓縮機104中壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣流140達預定壓力所需的功率量。
該燃燒腔室110中之化學計量燃燒反應結合經由該等冷卻單元134和136去除水，允許使該廢氣(例如氣流122、氣流132、氣流140及/或氣流144)中的二氧化碳含量累積達約10體積%或更高，此等含量係高於習知複循環系統中之廢氣的二氧化碳含量。此等作用加上該增壓壓縮機142及/或該等冷卻單元之實施和作用而造成更高質流速率的影響下，使得該二氧化碳分壓遠高於習知氣體渦輪廢氣之二氧化碳分壓。此結果導致允許使用低耗能溶劑(例如碳酸鉀(K2CO3)溶劑技術)於該二氧化碳分離器148中進行碳捕集作用。
由於氧氣(O2)、氧化硫(SOx)和氧化氮(NOx)此等氣體可能導致發生胺類的降解反應，因此氧氣(O2)、氧化硫(SOx)和氧化氮(NOx)的存在導致難以使用胺類溶劑(例如單乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)、甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)和同類溶劑)，即便使用更高壓力和更高二氧化碳含量亦然。然而，碳酸鉀不會與氧反應或不受氧的任何作用影響。雖然欲使在該燃燒腔室110中進行的反應成為化學計量反應，然而由於受到燃燒平衡限制，因此該淨化氣流146中可能出現一部分的氧。雖然本申請案中所使用之單乙醇胺(MEA)溶劑可能需要回收大量溶劑和複雜的處理步驟，然而使用碳酸鉀溶劑可消除以氧為基礎之溶劑降解反應(oxygen-based solvent degradation)。
碳酸鉀可輕易地吸收該廢氣中的SOx或NOx，並使SOx或NOx此等化合物轉換成簡單肥料，例如亞硫酸鉀(K2SO3)及硝酸鉀(KNO3)。特別是，二氧化硫(SO2)、三氧化硫(SO3)及二氧化氮(NO2)皆可於水中形成相當強的強酸(遠強於二氧化碳)。因此，該溶劑溶液係優先吸收此等化合物，但該等化合物將轉變成熱安定性鹽類(HSS)且將無法藉由再生作用去除該等鹽類。另一方面，一氧化氮(NO)和氧化亞氮(N2O)具有低溶解度且比二氧化氮更難以吸收，因此一氧化氮(NO)和氧化亞氮(N2O)傾向具有較低之濃度。只要該溶劑系統中沒有加入其他有毒化合物(例如，腐蝕抑制劑、活化劑，等等)，亞硫酸鉀(K2SO3)及硝酸鉀(KNO3)可作為簡單肥料以不傷害環境的方式輕易排放。當該等硫酸鹽化合物和硝酸鹽化合物經去除後，可加入氫氧化鉀(KOH)以進行溶劑補充。由於氫氧化鉀係相當廉價的化學品，因此實施此方法頗為經濟實惠。
參閱第4圖，第4圖繪示二氧化碳分離系統400之例示性具體實施例，該二氧化碳分離系統400可採用如本案所述之碳酸鉀溶劑技術。如本案參照第1圖至第3圖大致描述般，該二氧化碳分離系統400可為或形成該二氧化碳分離器148之至少一部分。於一或多個具體實施例中，該系統400可經建構以接收自該經壓縮之再循環氣流144分流出且溫度約800℉及壓力約270psia至約280psia的該淨化氣流146(見第1圖至第3圖)。
可於熱交換器402中使該主要含有氮氣、二氧化碳和過剩燃燒水的淨化氣流146經冷卻達介於約250℉至約300℉之間的溫度，從而產生管線404中的經冷卻之淨化氣流。於一具體實施例中，該熱交換器402可產生蒸汽，該蒸汽將與源自該熱回收蒸汽產生器126(見第1圖至第3圖)的蒸汽氣流130合併。於該二氧化碳分離系統400中從該淨化氣流146萃取出二氧化碳可產生富含氮之殘餘氣流151，該富含氮之殘餘氣流151係處於或接近該淨化氣流146之升高壓力且處於約150℉之溫度。於至少一具體實施例中，該熱交換器402可為與該殘餘氣流151流體耦接的交叉互換式熱交換器(cross-exchange heat exchanger)且係經建構以萃取熱能並伴隨著使該淨化氣流146冷卻，藉以再加熱該殘餘氣流151。該殘餘氣流151一旦經再加熱後，通常如上述般，隨後該主要由氮蒸汽所組成、溫度約750℉且壓力約270-280psia的殘餘氣流151可經膨脹以產生機械功。
管線404中的該經冷卻之淨化氣流可流向吸收劑管柱406，源自管線408之溶劑係於該吸收劑管柱406中循環流動，且該殘餘氣流151係同時從頂部排出以進行進一步的下游處理。於一具體實施例中，該溶劑係碳酸鉀的水性鹽溶液。當相較於多種競爭溶劑時(例如，單乙醇胺)，碳酸鉀溶劑具有相當不錯的溫度耐受性。因此，如有需要，可使該淨化氣流146之冷卻作用最小化，且允許使較高溫度的淨化氣流146進入該吸收劑管柱406而不會引起熱降解的問題。因此，該淨化氣流146之冷卻程度可經調整以符合製程之熱需求，而非藉由冷卻以避免熱降解。
當於吸收劑管柱406中藉由碳酸鉀吸收二氧化碳時，二氧化碳係與水反應而生成碳酸(H2CO3)且隨後生成碳酸氫根離子(HCO3 -)。該碳酸的酸根部分(H+)可與該碳酸根離子(CO3 -2)反應以形成額外的碳酸氫根離子。因此，總反應可如下所示：
結果，可自該吸收劑管柱406之底部經由管線410排放出碳酸氫鹽富溶劑，且該碳酸氫鹽富溶劑流向再生管柱412。於一具體實施例中，第一閥或中間閥414係設置在管線410中經建構以閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑以於引入該再生管柱412之前達到較低且接近大氣壓的壓力。於至少一具體實施例中，該第一閥414可為經建構以產生額外功率之水力渦輪。
於至少一具體實施例中，該再生管柱412可於超過水之正常沸點的溫度下操作。例如，該再生管柱412可在介於約220℉、約230℉或約240℉至約280℉、約290℉或約300℉間的溫度下操作。該再生管柱412可在介於約0psig至約10psig間的壓力下操作。於至少一具體實施例中，該再生管柱412可經建構以於約3psig之壓力下操作。該再生管柱412可經建構以利用於該管柱內循環的蒸汽使該碳酸氫鹽溶劑沸騰並使該吸收劑管柱406內所發生的反應逆轉，從而產生再生之碳酸鉀貧溶劑，該再生之碳酸鉀貧溶劑適合經由下方管線416再循環。於至少一具體實施例中，管道幫浦418或諸如此類裝置可驅使該碳酸鉀貧溶劑之至少一部分溶劑經由管線420回到該吸收劑管柱406。
除一部分流向該吸收劑管柱406之外，該碳酸鉀貧溶劑之一部分溶劑可經去除而成為通過管線423之熱安定性鹽類(HSS)。如上述，經由管線423所萃取出之例示性熱安定性鹽類可包括化合物肥料，例如，但不限於亞硫酸鉀及/或硝酸鉀。為補充經由管線423所去除之碳酸鉀成分的損失，及維持整體溶液強度，隨後可經由管線425注入氫氧化鉀流體。於一或多個具體實施例中，該氫氧化鉀係作為溶劑補充之用。管線420中之該碳酸鉀貧溶劑接著可隨意地流經第一冷卻單元422。於一或多個具體實施例中，該第一冷卻單元422可例如為空氣冷卻器或散熱器型熱交換器，該第一冷卻單元422係經建構以降低該溶劑之溫度。若使用該第一冷卻單元422，該第一冷卻單元422可經建構成可使該碳酸鉀貧溶劑之溫度降低至介於約230℉至約60℉之間的溫度。可理解，於至少一具體實施例中，該等熱安定性鹽類可選擇於送往該第一冷卻單元422之後作為肥料而經去除，且添加氫氧化鉀。
為了產生可於該再生管柱412中循環且維持再生反應所需之熱的蒸汽，管線416中的該碳酸鉀貧溶劑之一部分可經由管線417流向再沸器419。該再沸器419可經建構以提高管線417中之該碳酸鉀貧溶劑的溫度，且使經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑經由管線421回到該再生管柱。於至少一具體實施例中，可由該熱回收蒸汽產生器126(見第1圖至第3圖)供應熱給該再沸器419。然而，於其他具體實施例中，可由該蒸汽氣體渦輪128(見第1圖至第3圖)之排放物提供熱給該再沸器419。
該淨化氣流146中所含的水可凝結以成為該吸收劑管柱406中的溶劑溶液，且隨後於該再生管柱412中使該水沸騰。因此，該再生管柱412可進一步經由頂部管線424排放二氧化碳蒸汽和任何殘餘水分。於至少一具體實施例中，於將該二氧化碳蒸汽和殘餘水分引入凝結器428之前，可使該二氧化碳蒸汽和殘餘水分流經第二冷卻單元426(例如空氣冷卻器或散熱型熱交換器)。該凝結器428可經建構以使該殘餘水分與任何回收的二氧化碳分離且引導該經分離之水流入下方之管線430，同時將該回收的二氧化碳餵入頂部的管線150。可理解，管線150可為參照第1圖至第3圖所描述之相同管線150。於至少一具體實施例中，管線150中的該經分離之二氧化碳隨後可經壓縮以用於多種應用，例如用於二氧化碳封存、增強石油回收、二氧化碳販售、碳捕集及/或上述應用之組合。
於一具體實施例中，可使用幫浦432使管線430中的該經分離之水的至少一部分經由管線434再循環而回到該再生管柱412，以允許使該系統中之水平衡保持恆定。水經由管線404穩定地注入該溶劑，且隨後經由管線436、管線150和管線151移除水。為了維持溶劑之條件和強度，該系統400中的水必需保持平衡。因此，於管線434中再循環的水可允許使水返回該系統400，而得以不受此水平衡影響地控制該管線421所輸出之蒸汽。換言之，此再循環的水可作為用於產生該再生管柱412中之蒸汽的入料水或由入料冷卻作用提供低壓蒸汽。於其他具體實施例中，管線430中的該殘餘水分之一部分可經處理而作為通過管線436之新鮮的製程用水。例如，雖然該水含有一部分溶解之二氧化碳，管線436中之水可用於作為灌注水、可經處理後而用於作為鍋爐入料水及/或作為其他製程用水。
參閱第5圖，第5圖繪示二氧化碳分離系統之另一示例性具體實施例500，該二氧化碳分離系統500某些部分類似於第4圖之系統400。因此，將不詳細描述完整的系統500，但可參照第4圖而獲得對該系統500之最佳了解。然而第4圖之系統400的特色在於採用單階段式碳酸鉀製程，但於至少一具體實施例中，第5圖之系統500的特色可在於採用雙階段式碳酸鉀製程。如圖所示，該二氧化碳分離系統500可包含「半貧(semi-lean)」溶劑再循環迴路，其中可於完全再生之前經由管線502自該再生管柱412中抽出該溶劑之一部分。於至少一具體實施例中，經由管線502所抽出之該部分溶劑可約占該循環流經該再生管柱412之總溶劑體積的50%或更多。如上述般，留在該再生管柱412中的溶劑溶液之平衡液可達成完全再生，且經由下方之管線416排出該溶劑溶液。
設置於管線502中之幫浦504可引導該半貧溶劑溶液流向該在吸收劑管柱406。於一具體實施例中，該半貧溶劑溶液可於下方處506餵入該吸收劑管柱406。由於僅有部分溶劑經再生，管線502中之半貧溶劑無法從該吸收劑管柱406之較高位置處的低濃度氣體中吸收二氧化碳。取代地，可從該半貧溶劑能吸收最大量二氧化碳又不會稀釋經由管線408進入該吸收劑管柱406之全貧溶劑的位置處將該半貧溶劑餵入該吸收劑管柱406。
該系統500中之此變化可能要求比第4圖之系統400更高的溶劑循環流率，但用於去除二氧化碳所需的外部供應熱能較少。由於具有此改善之熱效率，該系統500可能需要之再沸器419的熱負荷率可能少於該淨化氣流146中所含之熱負荷率。換言之，該注入之淨化氣流146的熱能夠供應再沸器419之所有熱需求。因此，若該殘餘氣流151係經注入以用於增強石油回收，該系統500於熱能方面可自給自足且無需由該發電渦輪之熱回收蒸汽產生器(HRSG)126補充熱。
參閱第6圖，第6圖繪示二氧化碳分離系統之另一示例性具體實施例600，該二氧化碳分離系統600某些部分類似於第4圖之系統400和第5圖之系統500。因此，將不詳細描述完整的系統600，但可參照第4圖和第5圖而獲得對該系統600之最佳了解。如圖所示，可從該吸收劑管柱406之底部經由管線410排放該碳酸氫鹽富溶劑，且將該碳酸氫鹽富溶劑引入分離器604之前，先利用第一閥602降低該碳酸氫鹽富溶劑之壓力。於一具體實施例中，該第一閥602可經建構以使該碳酸氫鹽溶劑之壓力從該淨化氣流146之壓力(例如，介於約270-280 psia)降低至中間壓力水平。於一或多個具體實施例中，該中間壓力水平可介於約20 psia至約50 psia。
該分離器604可經建構以接收該經降壓之溶液且經由頂部管線606去除至少一部分二氧化碳。於一或多個具體實施例中，管線606中的該經去除之二氧化碳可於冷卻單元608中經冷卻，且隨後餵入下游壓縮系統607。於一或多個具體實施例中，該冷卻單元608可為直接接觸式冷卻器、蛇行管冷卻器、機械式冷卻單元或上述冷卻器之組合。由於管線606中的該經去除之二氧化碳部分雖然處在介於該淨化氣流146之壓力與大氣壓之間的中間壓力下，但仍處於較高壓力下，因此可將該經去除之二氧化碳部分注入該下游壓縮系統607之中間階段，從而降低該壓縮系統607上所需之壓縮負載。
可自該分離器604經由下方管線610排出殘留於該分離器604中之該二氧化碳與碳酸氫鹽溶劑的平衡液，且於該平衡液流入該再生管柱412之前，可利用第二閥612閃蒸該平衡液以達到管線611中之較低且接近大氣壓之壓力。於該系統600之數個具體實施例中，可如以上參照分別如第4圖或第5圖所示之系統400或系統500描述之方式進行完全的溶劑再生反應。例如，如上述，可自該凝結器428經由管線150萃取出壓力處於或接近大氣壓下的經分離之二氧化碳部分，且該經分離之二氧化碳部分係流向該下游壓縮系統607之第一壓縮階段。因此，該下游壓縮系統607可接收至少兩股實質含有經捕集之二氧化碳的餵入流體；管線606中之具有高壓二氧化碳的餵入流體係注入中間壓縮階段，且管線150中之具有低壓二氧化碳之第二餵入流體則注入該第一壓縮階段。可理解，此種配置能於實際上不增加再生管柱412之熱負載的情況下降低二氧化碳壓縮作用(用於製備增強石油回收或封存之二氧化碳)的功率需求。
該系統600之至少一個益處係能夠由該再生管柱412製造出純淨或近乎純淨的二氧化碳氣流。存在於管線410內之二氧化碳氣流中的污染物可包括水和某些溶於該再循環溶劑中之揮發性氣體(例如，氮氣、一氧化碳、氬氣，等等)。該系統600可經調適以去除實質上所有的此等揮發性氣體，而留下僅含有高純度二氧化碳和水的再生管柱412之頂部氣流424。於一或多個具體實施例中，該頂部管線424中之二氧化碳濃度可約占該系統600中之總二氧化碳流量的2/3。一旦該二氧化碳與水分離，管線150中的該二氧化碳之一部分可流向淨化管線614，且該部分之二氧化碳可經捕集以作為非增強石油回收之用途，例如作為化學原料、生產食物，等等。
可理解，參照第5圖至第6圖所揭示之具體實施例和特徵可加以組合而不偏離本發明之揭示內容。因此，以下表格和補充資料係提供上述具體實施例及/或特徵之示範組合的例示性製程數據。表中顯示之該等溶劑流和氣流的元件符號可參照第5圖至第6圖中所示者。
參閱第7圖，第7圖繪示二氧化碳分離系統之另一例示性具體實施例700。由於該系統700在某些方面類似上述之系統400和系統500，因此將不對完整的系統700做詳細描述，但參閱第4圖和第5圖可最佳地了解系統700。該系統700可證明對於欲使殘餘氣流151和管線150內的經捕集之二氧化碳再注入EOR應用中的具體實施例而言特別有利。如以下將述般，該系統700可經建構以允許使淨化氣流146之冷卻與該再生管柱412和再沸器419中之製程熱需求優越地整合在一起。
由於該系統700中之殘餘氣流151可實質經壓縮以用於增強石油回收，因此該熱交換器402無需與該殘餘氣流151進行交叉互換式熱交換(cross-exchanged)，但該殘餘氣流151之熱能可改用於其他用途。例如，於一或多個具體實施例中，該熱交換器402可經建構以接收至少一部分的該再回收之燃燒水或源自管線436之廢水以產生管線702中之低壓蒸汽。管線702中所產生的蒸汽可具有約50psig或更高之壓力，且管線702中所產生的蒸汽可分流而進入管線702a和702b中並用以作為一或多個噴射器704a和704b的推進動力氣體。雖第7圖中顯示兩條管線702a和702b和兩個噴射器704a和704b，但將明白可具有更多或更少個管線和噴射器而不會偏離本發明之範圍。
於一具體實施例中，該等噴射器704a和704b可建構成蒸汽排放器，該等蒸汽排放氣係經調適以降低從該再生管柱412排放於管線416中之碳酸鉀貧溶劑上方的壓力。為達成此目的，管線416中的該貧溶劑可流入以串聯方式配置且分別與該等噴射器704a和704b流體耦接的一或多個混合腔室706a和706b。於一具體實施例中，該第一混合腔室706a可餵入該第二混合腔室706b以進行進一步處理。然而於其他具體實施例中，該等混合腔室706a和706b可採並聯方式配置，此配置不偏離本發明範圍。
操作中，該等噴射器704a和704b可經調適以加速管線702中之蒸汽，藉以創造出可使該等混合腔室706a和706b中之貧溶劑閃急沸騰的真空或接近真空條件之低壓區。使該貧溶劑沸騰可經由頂部管線424釋出無法回收之額外的水和二氧化碳且將所產生的氣態流出物吸入管線708a和管線708b。所產生之管線708a和管線708b中的流出物可注入該再生管柱412以經由頂部管線424去除和捕集過多之二氧化碳。由於該流出物的蒸汽含量之故，該流出物亦可作為汽提蒸汽，從而補充或完全取代大體上由該再沸器419所供應之再生性沸騰熱負荷率(regenerative boiling heat duty)。因此，該系統700可允許利用該貧溶劑中所含之熱的一部份驅使該混合腔室706a和混合腔室706b中的蒸汽流動，從而減少用於溶劑再生所需要的淨熱量和該再沸器419的整體尺寸。
使該等混合腔室706a和混合腔室706b中之額外的水和二氧化碳閃急沸騰亦可同時藉著使該殘餘貧溶劑的壓力降低為約3psig真空度至約10psig真空度而冷卻該殘餘貧溶劑。於一或多個具體實施例中，該貧溶劑之溫度可從約240℉、約230℉或約220℉降低至約210℉、約200℉或約190℉。該經冷卻之貧溶劑隨後可自該混合腔室706b經由管線710排放且接著流向該管道幫浦418，如上所述該管道幫浦418可驅使該溶劑經由管線420而回到該吸收劑管柱406。由於可在該等混合腔室706a和混合腔室706b中使該貧溶劑之溫度冷卻，因此可縮小該冷卻單元422之尺寸。
由於管線702a和管線702b分別供應給該等噴射器704a和噴射器704b的低壓蒸汽係注入該再生管柱412，因此可能導致消耗掉該入料水(源自管線434中經分離之水)之至少一部分。因此，任何可經由該頂部管線424而從該再生管柱412回收的額外水皆可作為額外廢水。結果是，過多的水可能持續累積於該系統700中，且可經由該廢水管線436抽出該過多的水。可理解，該水的回流速率可改變，以維持溶劑與水的平衡或維持碳酸鉀溶液之強度。
可理解，參照第5圖至第7圖所揭示之多個具體實施例和多個特徵可加以組合而不偏離本發明之揭示內容。因此，以下表格和補充資料係提供上述具體實施例及/或特徵之示範組合的例示性製程數據。表中顯示之該等溶劑流和氣流的元件符號可參照第5圖至第7圖中所示者。
以上討論之該等例示性具體實施例係僅作示範之用，但本發明可容許具有各種修飾例和替代形態。然而，亦應了解本發明不僅限於本案中揭示之特定具體實施例。實際上，本發明包含落入後附申請專利範圍之精神真諦和範圍內的所有替代例、修飾例和等效物。
100．．．發電系統
102．．．氣體渦輪系統
104．．．主壓縮機
106．．．膨脹器
108．．．軸
110．．．燃燒腔室
112．．．管線
114．．．管線
116．．．管線
118．．．入料壓縮機
120．．．入料氧化劑
122．．．管線
124．．．廢氣再循環(EGR)系統
126．．．熱回收蒸汽產生器
128．．．蒸汽氣體渦輪
130．．．管線/蒸汽氣流
132．．．管線
134．．．(第一)冷卻單元
136．．．冷卻單元
138．．．排水流
140．．．經冷卻之再循環氣流
141．．．管線
142．．．增壓壓縮機
143．．．排水流
144．．．再循環氣流
146．．．淨化氣流
148．．．二氧化碳分離器
150．．．經壓縮之再循環氣流
151．．．富含氮之殘餘氣流
152．．．氮氣膨脹器
154．．．共軸
156．．．管線
188．．．下游壓縮機
190．．．管線
200．．．系統
300．．．系統
400．．．二氧化碳分離系統
402．．．熱交換器
404．．．管線
406．．．吸收劑管柱
408．．．管線
410．．．管線
412．．．再生管柱
414．．．第一閥/中間閥
416．．．管線
417．．．管線
418．．．管道幫浦
419．．．再沸器
420．．．管線
421．．．管線
422．．．冷卻單元
423．．．管線
424．．．頂部管線/頂部氣流
425．．．管線
426．．．第二冷卻單元
428．．．凝結器
430．．．管線
432．．．幫浦
434．．．管線
436．．．廢水管線
500．．．二氧化碳分離系統
502．．．管線
504．．．幫浦
506．．．下方處
600．．．二氧化碳分離系統
602．．．第一閥
604．．．分離器
606．．．頂部管線
607．．．下游壓縮系統
608．．．冷卻單元
610．．．管線
611．．．管線
612．．．第二閥
614．．．淨化管線
700．．．系統
702．．．管線
702a．．．管線
702b．．．管線
704a．．．噴射器
704b．．．噴射器
706a．．．混合腔室
706b．．．混合腔室
708a．．．管線
708b．．．管線
710．．．管線
於閱讀上述實施方式及具體實施例之非限制性實例的圖式後，可明白本發明之上述優點和其他優點，且該等附圖如下：
第1圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之用於低排放發電且增進二氧化碳回收之整合系統。
第2圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之用於低排放發電且增進二氧化碳回收之另一整合系統。
第3圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之用於低排放發電且增進石油回收之另一整合系統。
第4圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之例示性二氧化碳捕集系統。
第5圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之另一個例示性二氧化碳捕集系統。
第6圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之另一個例示性二氧化碳捕集系統。
第7圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之另一個例示性二氧化碳捕集系統。
第8圖繪示根據本發明一或多個具體實施例之用於低排放發電及用於增強石油回收之氮氣膨脹的整合系統。
100．．．發電系統
102．．．氣體渦輪系統
104．．．主壓縮機
106．．．膨脹器
108．．．軸
110．．．燃燒腔室
112．．．管線
114．．．管線
116．．．管線
118．．．入料壓縮機
120．．．入料氧化劑
122．．．管線
124．．．廢氣再循環(EGR)系統
126．．．熱回收蒸汽產生器
128．．．蒸汽氣體渦輪
130．．．管線/蒸汽氣流
132．．．管線
134．．．(第一)冷卻單元
138．．．排水流
140．．．經冷卻之再循環氣流
141．．．管線
142．．．增壓壓縮機
144．．．再循環氣流
146．．．淨化氣流
148．．．二氧化碳分離器
150．．．經壓縮之再循環氣流
151．．．富含氮之殘餘氣流
152．．．氮氣膨脹器
154．．．共軸
156．．．管線

Claims (35)

  1. 一種整合式二氧化碳分離系統，該系統包含：氣體渦輪系統，該氣體渦輪系統具有燃燒腔室，且該燃燒腔室係經建構以使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行實質化學計量燃燒；燃燒溫度控制系統，其係經建構以使至少一部分的經壓縮之再循環氣流注入該燃燒腔室以生成排放氣流，且使該經壓縮之再循環氣流作為用於控制該排放氣流之溫度的稀釋劑，其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流獨立於該經壓縮之氧化劑注入該燃燒腔室；膨脹器，其係經建構以使該排放氣流膨脹，以生成氣態廢料氣流且至少部分驅動主壓縮機；廢氣再循環系統，該廢氣再循環系統具有增壓壓縮機和一或多個冷卻單元中至少一者，以提供給該主壓縮機氧含量少於3.0體積%的經冷卻之再循環氣體，其中該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體且生成該經壓縮之再循環氣流，該經壓縮之再循環氣流的一部分流向該燃燒腔室且該經壓縮之再循環氣流的一部分提供淨化氣流；及二氧化碳分離器，該二氧化碳分離器與該淨化氣流係經流體耦接，該二氧化碳分離器包含：吸收劑管柱，該吸收劑管柱係經建構以接收該淨化氣流且使碳酸鉀溶劑在該吸收劑管柱內循環以吸收該淨化氣流內的二氧化碳，其中該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液； 第一閥，該第一閥與該吸收劑管柱經流體耦接，且該第一閥係經建構以閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達接近大氣壓之壓力；及再生管柱，該再生管柱與該第一閥經流體耦接，且該再生管柱係經建構以接收且煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液，以去除該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中的二氧化碳和水，從而產生再生之碳酸鉀溶劑，該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑係經再循環而回到該吸收劑管柱。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之系統，其中該淨化氣流之溫度係800℉，且該淨化氣流之壓力係280psia。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之系統，該系統進一步包含與該淨化氣流相連的熱交換器，其中該熱交換器係交叉互換式熱交換器，該交叉互換式熱交換器係經建構以使該淨化氣流之溫度降至介於250℉至300℉之間。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之系統，其中該再生管柱係於3psig之壓力下操作。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之系統，該系統進一步包含再沸器，該再沸器與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該再沸器係經建構以接收並加熱該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑的一部分且產生經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第5項之系統，其中該再沸器係經建構以使該經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑再循環而回到該再生管柱，以產生用於煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液的蒸汽。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之系統，該系統進一步包 含凝結器，該凝結器與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該凝結器係經建構以接收且分離自該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中所去除的二氧化碳和水，其中該二氧化碳流向下游壓縮系統。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第7項之系統，其中與該二氧化碳分離之水的一部分係經泵送而回到該再生管柱中以製造蒸汽。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項之系統，其中於完成溶劑再生之前，自該再生管柱抽出一部分之該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液，且使該一部分之碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液再循環且餵入該吸收劑管柱之下方。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第9項之系統，其中於完成溶劑再生之前，自該再生管柱抽出占該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液總量50%或更多的碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液。
  11. 種整合式二氧化碳分離系統，該系統包含：氣體渦輪系統，該氣體渦輪系統具有燃燒腔室，該燃燒腔室係經建構以使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行實質化學計量燃燒；稀釋劑注入系統，其係經建構以使至少一部分的經壓縮之再循環氣流注入該燃燒腔室以生成排放氣流，藉使於膨脹器中膨脹排放氣流，從而生成氣態廢料氣流且至少部分驅動主壓縮機，其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流作為用於緩和該排放氣流之溫度的稀釋劑，且其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流獨立於該經壓縮之氧化劑注入該燃燒腔室；廢氣再循環系統，該廢氣再循環系統具有增壓壓縮機 及一或多個冷卻單元，該一或多個冷卻單元與該增壓壓縮機經流體耦接，該增壓壓縮機係經建構以接收該氣態廢料氣流且增加該氣態廢料氣流之壓力，且該一或多個冷卻單元係經建構以冷卻該氣態廢料氣流並提供給該主壓縮機氧含量少於3.0體積%的經冷卻之再循環氣體，其中該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體且生成該經壓縮之再循環氣流；淨化氣流，該淨化氣流與該經壓縮之再循環氣流經流體耦接，且該淨化氣流具有熱交換器，該熱交換器係經建構以降低該淨化氣流之溫度且產生經冷卻之淨化氣流；及二氧化碳分離器，該二氧化碳分離器與該熱交換器經流體耦接，該二氧化碳分離器包含：吸收劑管柱，該吸收劑管柱係經建構以接收該經冷卻之淨化氣流且使碳酸鉀溶劑在該吸收劑管柱內循環以吸收該經冷卻之淨化氣流內的二氧化碳，其中該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液；第一閥，該第一閥與該吸收劑管柱經流體耦接，且該第一閥係經建構以閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達較低壓力，從而生成經減壓之溶液；分離器，該分離器與該第一閥經流體耦接，且該分離器係經建構以接收該經減壓之溶液且自該經減壓之溶液去除第一部分二氧化碳，該第一部分二氧化碳係注入下游壓縮系統之內層階段；第二閥，該第二閥與該分離器經流體耦接，且該第二 閥係經建構以接收該經減壓之溶液的殘餘部分，且閃蒸該殘餘部分以達接近大氣壓之壓力，從而生成接近大氣壓力之碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液；及再生管柱，該再生管柱與該第二閥經流體耦接，且該再生管柱係經建構以接收並煮沸該接近大氣壓力之碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液，以去除第二部分二氧化碳和水，從而產生再生之碳酸鉀溶劑，該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑係經再循環而回到該吸收劑管柱。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11項之系統，其中該淨化氣流之溫度係800℉，且該淨化氣流之壓力係280psia。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項之系統，其中該熱交換器係交叉互換式熱交換器，該交叉互換式熱交換器係經建構以使該淨化氣流之溫度降低至介於250℉至300℉之間。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第13項之系統，該系統進一步包含高壓冷卻單元，該高壓冷卻單元係經建構以冷卻該第一部分二氧化碳，隨後使該第一部分二氧化碳注入該下游壓縮系統之內層階段。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第13項之系統，該系統進一步包含凝結器，該凝結器與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該凝結器係經建構以使該第二部分二氧化碳與水分離且引導該第二部分二氧化碳流向該下游壓縮系統之第一階段。
  16. 一種分離二氧化碳之方法，該方法包含：於燃燒腔室內使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行實質化學計量燃燒； 使至少一部分的經壓縮之再循環氣流注入該燃燒腔室，從而生成排放氣流，該排放氣流於膨脹器中膨脹且驅動主壓縮機且產生氣態廢料氣流，其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流緩和該排放氣流之溫度，且其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流獨立於該經壓縮之氧化劑注入該燃燒腔室；利用增壓壓縮機提高該氣態廢料氣流之壓力，且利用與該增壓壓縮機經流體耦接的一或多個冷卻單元冷卻該氣態廢料氣流，藉以引導氧含量少於3.0體積%的經冷卻之再循環氣體進入該主壓縮機進行壓縮，其中該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體以生成經壓縮之再循環氣流；利用熱交換器冷卻與該經壓縮之再循環氣流經流體耦接的淨化氣流，藉以生成經冷卻之淨化氣流；引導該經冷卻之淨化氣流進入吸收劑管柱，該吸收劑管柱具有於管柱內循環之碳酸鉀溶劑，該碳酸鉀溶劑係用於吸收存在於該經冷卻之淨化氣流中的二氧化碳；自該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液；經由閥閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達接近大氣壓之壓力；於再生管柱內煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以去除該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中的二氧化碳和水，從而生成再生之碳酸鉀溶劑；及使該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑再循環而回到該吸收劑管柱。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法，該方法進一步 包含於再沸器中提高該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑之一部分的溫度以產生經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第17項之方法，該方法進一步包含使該經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑再循環而回到該再生管柱以產生用於煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液的蒸汽。
  19. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法，該方法進一步包含在與該再生管柱經流體耦接的凝結器中使自該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液去除的水與二氧化碳分離，且引導該二氧化碳流向下游壓縮系統。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第19項之方法，其中引導已與該二氧化碳分離之水的一部分回到該再生管柱中以製造蒸汽。
  21. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法，該方法進一步包含於完成溶劑再生之前，自該再生管柱抽出一部分之該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液，且使該經抽出的碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液餵入該吸收劑管柱之下方。
  22. 一種整合式二氧化碳分離系統，該系統包含：氣體渦輪系統，該氣體渦輪系統具有燃燒腔室，該燃燒腔室係經建構以使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行實質化學計量燃燒；燃燒溫度控制系統，其使至少一部分的經壓縮之再循環氣流注入該燃燒腔室以生成排放氣流，且使該經壓縮之再循環氣流作為用於控制該排放氣流之溫度的稀釋劑；膨脹器，其係經建構以膨脹排放氣流，以生成氣態廢 料氣流且至少部分驅動主壓縮機；廢氣再循環系統，該廢氣再循環系統具有增壓壓縮機和一或多個冷卻單元，該一或多個冷卻單元與該增壓壓縮機經流體耦接，該增壓壓縮機係經建構以接收該氣態廢料氣流且增加該氣態廢料氣流之壓力，且該一或多個冷卻單元係經建構以冷卻該氣態廢料氣流並提供給該主壓縮機氧含量少於3.0體積%的經冷卻之再循環氣體，其中該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體且生成該經壓縮之再循環氣流；淨化氣流，該淨化氣流與該經壓縮之再循環氣流經流體耦接，且該淨化氣流具有熱交換器，該熱交換器係經建構以降低該淨化氣流之溫度且產生經冷卻之淨化氣流和低壓蒸汽；及二氧化碳分離器，該二氧化碳分離器與該熱交換器經流體耦接，該二氧化碳分離器包含：吸收劑管柱，該吸收劑管柱係經建構以接收該經冷卻之淨化氣流且使碳酸鉀溶劑於該吸收劑管柱內循環以吸收該經冷卻之淨化氣流中的二氧化碳，其中該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液；閥，該閥與該吸收劑管柱經流體耦接，且該閥係經建構以閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達接近大氣壓之壓力；再生管柱，該再生管柱與該閥經流體耦接，且該再生管柱係經建構以接收並煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以去除該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中的第一部分二氧化碳和水，從而產生 再生之碳酸鉀溶劑；一或多個混合腔室，該一或多個混合腔室與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該一或多個混合腔室對應於一或多個噴射器，該一或多個混合腔室係經建構以接收該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑，且該一或多個噴射器係經建構以接收來自該熱交換器之低壓蒸汽且使該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑閃急沸騰，藉以萃取出第二部分二氧化碳和水，而使該第二部分二氧化碳和水再循環而回到該再生管柱；及幫浦，該幫浦與該一或多個混合腔室之至少一者經流體耦接，且該幫浦係經建構以引導該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑的剩餘部分回到該吸收劑管柱。
  23. 如申請專利範圍第22項之系統，其中該低壓蒸汽具有50psig或更高之壓力。
  24. 如申請專利範圍第22項之系統，該系統進一步包含凝結器，該凝結器與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該凝結器係經建構以使自該再生管柱中所去除的水與該第一部分二氧化碳分離且引導該第一部分二氧化碳流向下游壓縮系統。
  25. 如申請專利範圍第24項之系統，其中已與該二氧化碳分離的第一部分水係經泵送而回到該再生管柱中以製造蒸汽。
  26. 如申請專利範圍第25項之系統，其中已與該二氧化碳分離的第二部分水係經引導至該熱交換器以產生該低壓蒸汽。
  27. 如申請專利範圍第22項之系統，該系統進一步包含再沸器，該再沸器與該再生管柱經流體耦接，且該再沸器係經建構以接收及加熱一部分的該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑且產生經加熱之再生碳酸鉀溶劑，藉以使該經加熱之碳酸鉀溶劑再循環而回到該再生管柱內以產生用於煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液的蒸汽。
  28. 一種分離二氧化碳之方法，該方法包含：於燃燒腔室內使經壓縮之氧化劑與燃料進行實質化學計量燃燒；注入至少一部分的經壓縮之再循環氣流，從而生成排放氣流，該排放氣流於膨脹器中膨脹並驅動主壓縮機且產生氣態廢料氣流，其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流緩和該排放氣流之溫度，且其中該經壓縮之再循環氣流獨立於該經壓縮之氧化劑注入該燃燒腔室；利用增壓壓縮機提高該氣態廢料氣流之壓力，且利用與該增壓壓縮機經流體耦接的一或多個冷卻單元冷卻該氣態廢料氣流，藉以引導氧含量少於3.0體積%的經冷卻之再循環氣體進入該主壓縮機進行壓縮，其中該主壓縮機壓縮該經冷卻之再循環氣體以生成經壓縮之再循環氣流；利用熱交換器冷卻與該經壓縮之再循環氣流經流體耦接的淨化氣流，藉以生成經冷卻之淨化氣流和低壓蒸汽；引導該經冷卻之淨化氣流進入吸收劑管柱，該吸收劑管柱具有於管柱內循環之碳酸鉀溶劑，該碳酸鉀溶劑係用於吸收存在於該經冷卻之淨化氣流中的二氧化碳； 自該吸收劑管柱排放富含氮之殘餘氣流和碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液；經由閥閃蒸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以達接近大氣壓之壓力；於再生管柱內煮沸該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液以去除該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中的第一部分二氧化碳和水，從而生成再生之碳酸鉀溶劑；將該低壓蒸汽注入一或多個噴射器中，該一或多個噴射器與一或多個混合腔室經流體耦接，其中該一或多個混合腔室係經建構以接收該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑；在與該一或多個噴射器經流體耦接的該一或多個混合腔室中使來自該再生管柱的該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑閃急沸騰，藉以產生含有第二部分二氧化碳和水的流出物；藉由該一或多個噴射器加速該低壓蒸汽以萃取來自該一或多個混合腔室之該流出物，其中該流出物係經再循環而回到該再生管柱；使該再生之碳酸鉀溶劑的剩餘部分再循環而回到該吸收劑管柱。
  29. 如申請專利範圍第28項之方法，該方法進一步包含在與該再生管柱經流體耦接的凝結器中使自該碳酸氫鹽溶劑溶液中去除的水與第一部分二氧化碳分離，且引導該二氧化碳流向下游壓縮系統。
  30. 如申請專利範圍第29項之方法，該方法進一步包含引導該凝結器中已與該二氧化碳分離的第一部分水回 到該再生管柱內以製造蒸汽。
  31. 如申請專利範圍第30項之方法，該方法進一步包含引導該凝結器中已與該二氧化碳分離的第二部分水流向該熱交換器以生成低壓蒸汽。
  32. 如申請專利範圍第1、11或22項之整合式二氧化碳分離系統，其中該燃燒腔室於經壓縮之再循環氣流的存在下僅輸出由該燃料與該經壓縮之氧化劑之燃燒所形成之排放氣流。
  33. 如申請專利範圍第16或28項之方法，其中該燃燒腔室於經壓縮之再循環氣流的存在下僅輸出由該燃料與該經壓縮之氧化劑之燃燒所形成之排放氣流。
  34. 如申請專利範圍第1、11或22項之整合式二氧化碳分離系統，其中該經冷卻之再循環氣體之氧含量少於1.0體積%。
  35. 如申請專利範圍第1、11或22項之整合式二氧化碳分離系統，其中該經冷卻之再循環氣體之氧含量少於0.001體積%。
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