TWI411148B - 有機太陽能電池 - Google Patents
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Description
本發明是有關於一種光電轉換元件,且特別是有關於一種有機太陽能電池(organic solar cell)。
太陽能是一種乾淨無污染而且取之不盡用之不竭的能源,在解決目前石化能源所面臨的污染與短缺的問題時,一直是最受矚目的焦點。由於太陽能電池可直接將太陽能轉換為電能,因此成為目前相當重要的研究課題。
有機太陽能電池為業界常見的一種太陽能電池,其由二個電極以及位於二個電極之間的光電轉換層構成。光電轉換層含有電子受體材料與電子施體材料,以傳輸當有機太陽能電池照光時所產生的電子與電洞。
然而,在目前的有機太陽能電池製程中,在電子受體材料與電子施體材料混合之後,必須進行回火(annealing)處理,因而使得製程較為繁雜。此外,電子受體材料與電子施體材料的混合往往無法達到理想的均勻度,因而導致有機太陽能電池的效能低落。
另外,在目前的有機太陽能電池中,一般會使用碳材衍生物(例如為[6,6]-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester,PCBM)來作為電子受體材料。然而,由於PCBM的價格昂貴,因此導致有機太陽能電池的成本提高。
本發明之一實施例提出一種有機太陽能電池,其包括基板、第一電極、第二電極以及光電轉換層。第一電極配置於基板上。第二電極配置於第一電極之上。光電轉換層配置於第一電極與第二電極之間。光電轉換層含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,且此全共軛嵌段式共聚合物包括具有拉電子基的聚合鏈段與具有推電子基的聚合鏈段。
為讓本發明之上述特徵和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉實施例,並配合所附圖式作詳細說明如下。
圖1為依照本發明一實施例所繪示的有機太陽能電池之剖面示意圖。請參照圖1,有機太陽能電池10包括基板100、第一電極102、第二電極106以及光電轉換層104。基板100例如為透明基板。基板100的材料可以是玻璃、透明樹脂或其他合適的材料。上述的透明樹脂例如為聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene naphthalate,PEN)、聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)、聚醚碸(polyethersulfone,PES)、聚醯亞胺(polyimide,PI)。第一電極102配置於基板100上。第一電極的材料可以是透明導電氧化物、金屬或導電高分子。上述的透明導電氧化物例如為銦錫氧化物(indium tin oxide,ITO)、氧化鋁鋅(Al doped ZnO,AZO)、銦鋅氧化物(indium zinc oxide,IZO)。上述的金屬可以是金、銀、銅、鋁、鈦。上述的導電高分子可以是聚3,4-乙基二氧噻吩(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),PEDOT)。第二電極106配置於第一電極102之上。第二電極106地材料同樣可以是透明導電氧化物、金屬或導電高分子。光電轉換層104配置於第一電極102與第二電極106之間。光電轉換層104含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,且此全共軛嵌段式共聚合物包括具有拉電子基的聚合鏈段與具有推電子基的聚合鏈段。本實施例中,有機太陽能電池10可更包括電洞傳輸層與電子傳輸層(皆未繪示)。其中電洞傳輸層包括金屬氧化物或共軛聚合物。上述的金屬氧化物可例如為氧化釩或氧化銅。上述的共軛聚合物可包括聚3,4-乙基二氧噻吩(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),PEDOT)。其中電子傳輸層包括金屬氧化物或金屬鹵化物。上述的金屬氧化物可例如為氧化鋅或氧化鈦。上述的金屬鹵化物可例如為氟化鋰。
在本發明的實施例中,全共軛嵌段式共聚合物可以由式(1)或式(2)表示,
其中R1
、R3
與R5
各自獨立為氫、烷基、羥基、鹵素、氰基(-CN)、亞硝酸基(-NO2
)、胺基、經取代或未經取代的芳香基、經取代或未經取代的雜芳香基,且R3
與R4
可結合成環,其環可為咔唑基(carbazole)、雙噻吩基(dithiophene)、茀基(fluorine)、噻二唑基(thiadiazol)、喹喔啉基(quinoxaline)、二苯並矽雜環戊二烯基(dibenzosilole)、苯雙噻吩基(benzodithiophene)等;R2
、R6
各自獨立為直鏈或支鏈的C1至C12烴連結基,且可具有酯基、氨基或烷氧基;X為富勒烯衍生物;o為介於3至5000的整數;p為介於2至1000的整數;1為介於0至100的整數;m為介於3至5000的整數;n為介於2至1000的整數。
此外,式(2)的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物中R3
與R4
亦可結合成環如式(3)所示,
其中,R7
、R8
、R9
與R10
可為氫、烷基、羥基、鹵素、氰基(-CN)、亞硝酸基(-NO2
)、胺基、取代或未取代之芳香基、取代或未取代之雜芳香基。
由於上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物包括具有拉電子基的聚合鏈段與具有推電子基的聚合鏈段,使得此全共軛嵌段式共聚合物可同時具有電子受體材料與電子施體材料的功能。因此,在一實施例中,上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物可做為光電轉換層104的材料,意即光電轉換層104僅含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物。
或者,在另一實施例中,上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物也可取代一般的電子施體材料,意即光電轉換層104含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物與電子受體材料。電子受體材料例如為富勒烯(fullerenes)、噁二唑(oxadiazoles)、奈米碳棒(carbon nanorods)、無機奈米粒子(inorganic nanoparticles)、無機奈米棒(inorganic nanorods)或其組合。
或者,在另一實施例中,上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物也可取代一般的電子受體材料,意即光電轉換層104含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物與電子施體材料。電子施體材料例如為盤狀液晶(discotic liquid crystals)、聚噻吩(polythiophenes)、聚苯(polyphenylenes)、聚矽烷(polysilanes)或聚噻吩乙烯(polythienylvinylenes)。
或者,在另一實施例中,光電轉換層104也可以同時含有上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物、電子受體材料與電子施體材料。此時,全共軛嵌段式共聚合物可作為掺合劑,以增進電子受體材料與電子施體材料的相容性。
在上述實施例中,光電轉換層104含有上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,其可增加電子受體材料或電子施體材料的結晶排列,因此提高了光電轉換層106的光吸收效率。如圖2、圖3所示,與僅含有電子施體材料,例如為聚3-己烷基噻吩(poly(3-hexylthiophene),P3HT)的膜層(圖2)相比,含有30%的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物(例如為C60
-BCP,下文將進行詳細說明)與P3HT的膜層(圖3)可形成纖維狀的型態,其有助於提高光電轉換層的光吸收效率。
特別一提的是,由於在製作含有上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物的光電轉換層時是採用溶液式製程,因此不需要額外進行回火製程,因而可以簡化製程步驟,達到提高產能的目的。
在氮氣環境下,將2,5-二溴-6-溴-3-己烷噻吩(2,5-dibromo-6-bromo-3-hexylthiophene,3BrHT)(1 eq.)加入攝氏0度的無水四氫呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)攪拌,加入異丙基氯化鎂(isopropyl magnesium chloride)(1.1 e.q.),溫度仍控制在攝氏0度。待回至室溫後,加入觸媒Ni(dppp)Cl2
(0.02 e.q.)進行反應(溶液1),並取出0.5 ml測聚合物分子量(P3BrHT,Mw=3131)。將3BrHT(1 eq.)加入攝氏0度的無水四氫呋喃攪拌,加入異丙基氯化鎂(1.1 e.q.),溫度仍控制在攝氏0度。待回至室溫後,加入至溶液1再繼續反應,之後,滴入甲醇(methanol)析出沉澱後,可獲得分子量為11422(g/mol)的嵌段聚合物P3(BrHT)015
-b-P3HT0.85
(下標數值為所佔莫耳數百分比)。
將0.5克P3BrHT-b-P3HT(1 e q)溶於100毫升的二甲基甲醯胺(dimethyl fumarate,DMF)。加熱至攝氏120度之後,加入1.3g NaN3
(10 e q)反應。待冷卻至室溫後,以大量甲醇析出沉澱後,藉由索式萃取法進行純化,可獲得具N3
官能基的嵌段聚合物(P3N3
HT-b-P3HT)。
1
H NMR(CDCl3
):6.95(s,1H),3.25(t,2H),2.80(t,2H),1.51(m,8H),0.9(t,3H)
將0.5克P3N3
HT-b-P3HT溶於50毫升的氯苯並除氧。之後,加入2 eq C60,加熱至攝氏100度反應。待冷卻至室溫後,以大量甲醇析出沉澱,並藉由索式萃取法進行純化,可獲得具C60官能基的嵌段聚合物。
1
H NMR(CDCl3
):6.95(s,1H),2.80(t,2H),1.51(m,8H),0.9(t,3H)
圖4為光吸收效率與全共軛嵌段式共聚合物的含量的關係圖。由圖4可以看出,當膜層中僅含有電子施體材料(P3HT)時,膜層具有較差的光吸收效率。隨著全共軛嵌段式共聚合物(C60
-BCP)的含量增加,膜層可以具有較佳的光吸收效率。
本實施例製備之有機太陽能電池裝置,其包括氧化銦錫(ITO)之第一電極;電洞傳輸層,材料可為聚3,4-乙基二氧噻吩:聚對苯乙烯磺酸(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate),PEDOT:PSS),形成於第一電極之上;光電轉換層,包含全共軛嵌段共聚合物,形成於電洞傳輸層之上;以及第二電極,材料可為鈣(Ca)/鋁(Al)。上述之光電轉換層可例如由全共軛嵌段共聚合物與苯基-碳-丁酸甲酯([6,6]-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester,PCBM)以1:1的比例摻混而組成,其中PCBM中的碳可以是碳61或是碳71的衍生物。效率的量測是在AM 1.5的太陽光照度下測量。
1. 配置光電轉換層溶液(全共軛嵌段共聚合物/PCBM=1:3,10 mg/mL),攪拌一晚。
2. 氧化銦錫玻璃分別用丙酮及異丙醇以超音波震盪清洗,以氮氣吹乾後,置於加熱板烘烤。
3. 將氧化銦錫玻璃置於氧氣電漿下5分鐘。
4. 以3000rpm/30sec旋轉塗佈電洞傳輸層,之後放置手套箱以150℃加熱烘烤。
5.將氧化銦錫玻璃置於140℃加熱板上退火後靜置冷卻。
6. 在手套箱中以450rpm/60sec旋轉塗佈光電轉換層(全共軛嵌段共聚合物/PCBM=1:1,w/w)。
7. 放至光罩於其上,蒸鍍鈣/鋁電極。
8. 將元件封裝,進行I-V量測。
以下將以實施例與比較例來說明本發明的功效。
表一顯示出實施例1-2與比較例1的短路電流密度(Jsc
)、填充因子(FF)與元件效能(光電轉換效率PCE)。
另外一提的是,在光電轉換層同時含有全共軛嵌段式共聚合物、電子受體材料與電子施體材料的情況下,可以使用價格較為便宜的C60
來取代一般常用但價格昂貴的電子受體材料PCBM,以達到降低成本的目的。
表二顯示出當光電轉換層含有不同比例的掺合劑C60
-BCP時的短路電流密度、填充因子與元件效能。
由表二可知,在光電轉換層含有C60
-BCP的情況下,可以使用價格便宜的C60
來取代價格昂貴的電子受體材料PCBM。與比較例2(光電轉換層同時含有C60
與P3HT)相比,實施例3的光電轉換層在短路電流密度、填充因子與元件效能方面皆有較佳的表現,且可以具有較低的成本。
由於本發明一實施例的光電轉換層含有包括具有拉電子基的聚合鏈段與具有推電子基的聚合鏈段的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,使得本發明之實施例的光電轉換層在光吸收效率、短路電流密度、填充因子與效能方面皆有較佳的表現。
此外,當光電轉換層含有上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物時,可以用價格便宜的C60
來取代一般常用但價格昂貴的電子受體材料,因此可以達到降低成本的目的。
另外,由於在製作含有上述的全共軛嵌段式共聚合物的光電轉換層時可採用溶液式製程,因此可以省略後續的處理(例如回火製程),以縮短製程時間而提高產能。
雖然本發明已以實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作些許之更動與潤飾,故本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
10...有機太陽電池
100...基板
102...第一電極
104...光電轉換層
106...第二電極
圖1為依照本發明一實施例所繪示的有機太陽能電池之剖面示意圖。
圖2為僅含有P3HT的膜層的原子力顯微鏡(atomic force microscopy,AFM)相位圖。
圖3為含有30%的(C60
-BCP)與P3HT的膜層的原子力顯微鏡相位圖。
圖4為光吸收效率與全共軛嵌段式共聚合物的含量的關係圖。
10...有機太陽能電池
100...基板
102...第一電極
104...光電轉換層
106...第二電極
Claims (8)
- 一種有機太陽能電池,包括:一基板;一第一電極,配置於該基板上;一第二電極,配置於該第一電極之上;以及一光電轉換層,配置於該第一電極與該第二電極之間,該光電轉換層含有一全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,該全共軛嵌段式共聚合物包括具有拉電子基的聚合鏈段與具有推電子基的聚合鏈段,其中該全共軛嵌段式共聚合物由式(1)或式(2)表示,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,其中R3 與R4 結合成環,其環為咔唑基、雙噻吩基、茀基、噻二唑基、喹喔啉基、二苯並矽雜環戊二烯基、苯雙噻吩基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之全共軛嵌段式共聚合物,其中R3 與R4 結合成環由式(3)表示,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之有機太陽能電池,其中該光電轉換層更含有一電子受體材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之有機太陽能電池,其中該電子受體材料包括富勒烯、噁二唑、奈米碳棒、無機奈米粒子、無機奈米棒或其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之有機太陽能電池,其中該光電轉換層更含有一電子施體材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之有機太陽能電池,其中該電子施體材料包括盤狀液晶、聚噻吩、聚苯、聚矽烷或聚噻吩乙烯。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之有機太陽能電池,其中該光電轉換層更含有一電子受體材料與一電子施體材料。
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Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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D. Mcgehee et. al "Ordered organic-inorganic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells" January 2005, MRS bulletin Vol.30 Page 37-40 * |
R. A. Segalman et. al "Block Copolymers for Organic Optoelectronics" October 2009, Macromolecules Vol.42 Page 9205-9216 * |
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