TW202311248A - 經取代之雜環化合物 - Google Patents
經取代之雜環化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本文揭示具有下式I之化合物:
Description
本發明係關於適用於藉由作用於Tyk-2以抑制信號轉導來調節IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα之化合物。本文提供經取代之雜環化合物、包含此類化合物之組合物及其使用方法。本發明進一步關於含有至少一種本發明化合物之醫藥組合物,其適用於治療哺乳動物中與調節IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα相關之病狀。詳言之,本發明係關於展示針對神經退化性疾病之效用的化合物。
共用常見p40次單元之雜二聚體細胞介素介白素(IL)-12及IL-23藉由活化抗原呈遞細胞製得且在Th1及Th17細胞之分化及增殖中十分關鍵,該等細胞係在自體免疫中起關鍵作用之兩種效應子T細胞譜系。IL-23由p40次單元以及特有p19次單元構成。經由由IL-23R及IL-12Rβ1構成之雜二聚體受體起作用的IL-23為Th17細胞存活及增殖所必需,該等Th17細胞會產生促炎性細胞介素,諸如IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-6及TNF-α (McGeachy, M.J.等人, 「The link between IL-23 and Th17 cell-mediated immune pathologies」,
Semin. Immunol., 19:372-376 (2007))。此等細胞介素在介導多種自體免疫疾病,包括類風濕性關節炎、多發性硬化症、發炎性腸病及狼瘡之病理學中十分關鍵。與IL-23相同,IL-12除p40次單元以外亦含有p35次單元且經由由IL-12Rβ1及IL-12Rβ2構成之雜二聚體受體起作用。IL-12為Th1細胞發育及分泌IFNγ所必需,IFNγ係藉由刺激MHC表現、將B細胞類別轉換至IgG子類及活化巨噬細胞而在免疫中關鍵起作用之細胞介素(Gracie, J.A.等人,「Interleukin-12 induces interferon-gamma-dependent switching of IgG alloantibody subclass」,
Eur. J. Immunol., 26:1217-1221 (1996);Schroder, K.等人,「Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions」,
J. Leukoc. Biol., 75(2):163-189 (2004))。
自體免疫中含p40之細胞介素的重要性藉由以下發現來證明:保護缺乏p40、p19、或IL-23R之小鼠免受多發性硬化症、類風濕性關節炎、發炎性腸病、狼瘡及牛皮癬以及其他疾病之模型中之疾病(Kyttaris, V.C.等人,「Cutting edge: IL-23 receptor deficiency prevents the development of lupus nephritis in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice」,
J. Immunol., 184:4605-4609 (2010); Hong, K.等人,「IL-12, independently of IFN-gamma, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a murine psoriasis like skin disorder」,
J. Immunol., 162:7480-7491 (1999); Hue, S.等人,「Interleukin-23 drives innate and T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation」,
J. Exp. Med., 203:2473-2483 (2006); Cua, D.J.等人,「Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain」,
Nature, 421:744-748 (2003); Murphy, C.A.等人,「Divergent pro- and anti-inflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation」,
J. Exp. Med., 198:1951-1957 (2003))。
在人類疾病中,在牛皮癬性病變中已量測到p40及p19之高表現,且在來自MS患者之大腦的活性病變中及在活性克羅恩氏病(Crohn's disease)患者之腸黏膜中已鑑別出Th17細胞(Lee, E.等人,「Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris」,
J. Exp. Med., 199:125-130 (2004); Tzartos, J.S.等人,「Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis」,
Am. J. Pathol., 172:146-155 (2008))。亦展示活性SLE患者中p19、p40及p35之mRNA含量明顯比非活性SLE患者中彼等mRNA含量之更高(Huang, X.等人,「Dysregulated expression of interleukin-23 and interleukin-12 subunits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients」,
Mod. Rheumatol., 17:220-223 (2007)),且來自狼瘡患者之T細胞具有主要Th1表現型(Tucci, M.等人,「Overexpression of interleukin-12 and T helper 1 predominance in lupus nephritis」,
Clin. Exp. Immunol., 154:247-254 (2008))。
此外,全基因組關聯研究已鑑別多個與慢性發炎性及自體免疫疾病相關之基因座,該等基因座編碼在IL-23及IL-12路徑中起作用之因子。此等基因包括IL23A、IL12A、IL12B、IL12RB1、IL12RB2、IL23R、JAK2、TYK2、STAT3及STAT4 (Lees, C.W.等人,「New IBD genetics: common pathways with other diseases」,
Gut, 60:1739-1753 (2011); Tao, J.H.等人,「Meta-analysis of TYK2 gene polymorphisms association with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases」,
Mol. Biol. Rep., 38:4663-4672 (2011); Cho, J.H.等人,「Recent insights into the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease」,
Gastroenterology, 140:1704-1712 (2011))。
實際上,已展示抑制IL-12與IL-23兩者之抗p40治療以及IL-23特異性抗p19療法在包括牛皮癬、克羅恩氏病及牛皮癬性關節炎之自體免疫疾病之治療中有效(Leonardi, C.L.等人,「PHOENIX 1 study investigators. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1)」,
Lancet, 371:1665-1674 (2008); Sandborn, W.J.等人,「Ustekinumab Crohn's Disease Study Group. A randomized trial of Ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease」,
Gastroenterology, 135:1130-1141 (2008); Gottlieb, A.等人,「Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial」,
Lancet, 373:633-640 (2009))。因此,可預期抑制IL-12及IL-23之作用的藥劑在人類自體免疫病症中具有治療益處。
包括IFNα成員以及IFNβ、IFNε、IFNκ及IFNω之I型干擾素(IFN)群組經由雜二聚體IFNα/β受體(IFNAR)起作用。I型IFN在先天與後天免疫系統中具有多種作用,包括活化細胞與體液免疫反應以及增強自身抗原之表現及釋放(Hall, J.C.等人,「Type I interferons: crucial participants in disease amplification in autoimmunity」,
Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 6:40-49 (2010))。
在患有全身性紅斑性狼瘡症(SLE)(一種可能致命的自體免疫疾病)之患者中,已證明在大多數患者中在末梢血液單核細胞中及在受影響的器官中血清干擾素(IFN)α (I型干擾素)含量增加或I型IFN調節之基因(所謂IFNα特徵)的表現增加(Bennett, L.等人,「Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood」,
J. Exp. Med., 197:711-723 (2003); Peterson, K.S.等人,「Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli」,
J. Clin. Invest., 113:1722-1733 (2004)),且若干研究已展示血清IFNα含量與疾病活性與嚴重程度相關(Bengtsson, A.A.等人,「Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies」,
Lupus, 9:664-671 (2000))。IFNα在狼瘡之病理學中之直接作用藉由向患有惡性或病毒性疾病之患者投與IFNα可誘導狼瘡樣症候群之觀察結果來證明。此外,易感狼瘡之小鼠中缺乏IFNAR提供高度保護以免於自體免疫、疾病嚴重程度及死亡(Santiago-Raber, M.L.等人,「Type-I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice」,
J. Exp. Med., 197:777-788 (2003)),且全基因組關聯研究已鑑別出與狼瘡相關之基因座,其編碼在I型干擾素途徑中起作用之因子,包括IRF5、IKBKE、TYK2及STAT4 (Deng, Y.等人,「Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era」,
Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 6:683-692 (2010); Sandling, J.K.等人,「A candidate gene study of the type I interferon pathway implicates IKBKE and IL8 as risk loci for SLE」,
Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 19:479-484 (2011))。除狼瘡以外,有跡象表明I型干擾素介導之路徑的異常活化在諸如休格連氏症候群(Sjögren's syndrome)及硬皮病之其他自體免疫疾病之病理學中十分重要(Båve, U.等人,「Activation of the type I interferon system in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a possible etiopathogenic mechanism」,
Arthritis Rheum., 52:1185-1195 (2005); Kim, D.等人,「Induction of interferon-alpha by scleroderma sera containing autoantibodies to topoisomerase I: association of higher interferon-alpha activity with lung fibrosis」,
Arthritis Rheum., 58:2163-2173 (2008))。因此,可預期抑制I型干擾素反應之作用的藥劑在人類自體免疫病症中具有治療益處。
酪胺酸激酶2 (Tyk2)係非受體酪胺酸激酶之Janus激酶(JAK)家族之成員,且已展示在調節以下兩者中IL-12、IL-23及I型干擾素之受體的信號轉導級聯下游中十分關鍵:小鼠(Ishizaki, M.等人,「Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 Axes
In vivo」,
J. Immunol., 187:181-189 (2011); Prchal-Murphy, M.等人,「TYK2 kinase activity is required for functional type I interferon responses
in vivo」,
PLoS One, 7:e39141 (2012));及人類(Minegishi, Y.等人,「Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity」,
Immunity, 25:745-755 (2006))。Tyk2介導轉錄因子之STAT家族之成員的受體誘導之磷酸化,一種使STAT蛋白質二聚及STAT依賴型促炎性基因轉錄之必要信號。缺乏Tyk2之小鼠對結腸炎、牛皮癬及多發性硬化症之實驗模型具有抗性,表明Tyk2介導之信號在自體免疫及相關病症中之重要性(Ishizaki, M.等人,「Involvement of Tyrosine Kinase-2 in Both the IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 Axes
In vivo」,
J. Immunol., 187:181-189 (2011);Oyamada, A.等人,「Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis」,
J. Immunol., 183:7539-7546 (2009))。
在人類中,保護表現Tyk2之無活性變異體之個體以免發生多發性硬化症及可能的其他自體免疫病症(Couturier, N.等人,「Tyrosine kinase 2 variant influences T lymphocyte polarization and multiple sclerosis susceptibility」,
Brain, 134:693-703 (2011))。全基因組關聯研究已展示Tyk2之其他變體與諸如克羅恩氏病、牛皮癬、全身性紅斑性狼瘡症及類風濕性關節炎之自體免疫病症有關,進一步表明Tyk2在自體免疫中之重要性(Ellinghaus, D.等人,「Combined Analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Crohn Disease and Psoriasis Identifies Seven Shared Susceptibility Loci」,
Am. J. Hum. Genet., 90:636-647 (2012);Graham, D.等人,「Association of polymorphisms across the tyrosine kinase gene, TYK2 in UK SLE families」,
Rheumatology (Oxford), 46:927-930 (2007);Eyre, S.等人,「High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis」,
Nat. Genet., 44:1336-1340 (2012))。
TYK2抑制亦可作為單一療法及與包括免疫療法之現有標準組合用於實體腫瘤及血液科惡性疾病兩者中。
T細胞急性淋巴母細胞白血病(T-ALL)之離體研究已表明,TYK2為T-ALL存活所需的,表明此適應症中TYK2抑制劑之潛在直接癌症殺滅機制,Sanda, T.等人,TYK2-STAT1-BCL2 Pathway Dependence in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Cancer Discov. 3, 564-577 (2013)。已偵測及表徵T-ALL細胞株中之多個TYK2活化突變。亦在皮膚T細胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)之子集中鑑別出NPM1-TYK2基因融合物,且TYK2被證明為轉型之致癌驅動因子, Kuravi, S.等人,Functional characterization of NPM1-TYK2 fusion oncogene.
Npj Precis. Oncol. 6, 3 (2022)。TYK2信號傳導之缺失可抑制此轉型潛力。
已描述有效TYK2抑制劑;然而,此等化合物傾向於為在標準流出模型中經受高流出比率之高極性化合物, Wrobleski, S. T.等人,Highly selective inhibition of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: Discovery of the allosteric inhibitor BMS-986165.
J. Med. Chem. 62, 8973-8995 (2019)。已充分確定,一種多藥抗性路徑為流出轉運子之表現增加, Gottesman, M. M.等人,Multidrug Resistance in Cancer: Role of ATP-Dependent Transporters.
Nature Rev. Cancer 2, 48-58 (2002), Fletcher, J. I.等人,ABC transporters in cancer: more than just drug efflux pumps.
Nature Rev. Cancer 10, 147-156 (2010)。
因此,在活體外模型中具有較低流出比之化合物有效治療一些致癌適應症之機會可能更大。
鑒於該等病狀可受益於涉及細胞介素及/或干擾素調節之治療,能夠調節諸如IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα之細胞介素及/或干擾素之新穎化合物及使用此等化合物之方法可向多個有需要患者提供實質性治療益處。
本發明係關於下文式I化合物,其藉由抑制Tyk2-介導之信號轉導而適用作IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα之調節劑。
本發明亦提供製造本發明化合物之製程及中間物。
本發明亦提供包含醫藥學上可接受之載劑及至少一種本發明化合物的醫藥組合物。
本發明亦提供一種藉由抑制Tyk-2介導之信號轉導來調節IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα之方法,其包含向需要此類治療之宿主投與治療有效量之本發明化合物中之至少一者。
本發明亦提供一種治療神經退化性疾病之方法,其包含投與需要此類治療之宿主治療有效量之本發明化合物中之至少一者。
本發明亦提供用於療法中之本發明化合物。
本發明之此等及其他特徵將隨本發明之繼續而得以充分闡述。
相關申請之交叉引用
本申請案主張2021年5月14日申請之美國臨時申請案第63/188,498號及2022年3月10日申請之美國臨時申請案第63/318,508號之權益,其揭示內容以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
在本發明之第一態樣中,提供一種式I化合物
或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽,
其中
X為-N-或-CH-;
R
1為-C(O)R
1a;
R
1a為C
3-6環烷基;
R
2為C
1-6烷氧基;
R
3為C
1-6烷基或C
3-6環烷基。
在本發明之第二態樣中,提供下式之化合物
或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽,
其中
R
1為-C(O)R
1a;
R
1a為C
3-6環烷基;
R
2為C
1-6烷氧基;
R
3為C
1-6烷基或C
3-6環烷基。
在本發明之第3態樣中,提供下式化合物
或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽,
其中
R
1為-C(O)R
1a;
R
1a為C
3-6環烷基;
R
2為C
1-6烷氧基;
R
3為C
1-6烷基或C
3-6環烷基。
在另一態樣中,提供一種選自第一態樣之範疇內之例示實例的化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一態樣中,提供一種選自任何上述態樣之範疇內之化合物之任何子集清單的化合物。
在另一態樣中,提供一種選自以下之化合物(IUPAC命名定則)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽:
N-(4-((3-甲氧基-4-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺,
N-(4-((3-甲氧基-4-(2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺,
N-(4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺,
N-(4-((4-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺,
N-(4-((3-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺;及
N-(4-((3-甲基-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺。
在另一實施例中,提供一種包含一或多種式I化合物及醫藥學上可接受之載劑或稀釋劑之醫藥組合物。
本發明亦關於適用於藉由作用於Tyk-2以抑制信號轉導來治療與調節IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα相關之疾病的醫藥組合物,其包含式I化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽及醫藥學上可接受之載劑或稀釋劑。
本發明進一步係關於治療與調節IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα相關之疾病的方法,其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物。
本發明亦提供製造本發明化合物之製程及中間物。
本發明亦提供一種治療增殖、代謝、過敏、自體免疫及發炎性疾病之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等疾病之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之宿主投與治療有效量之本發明化合物中之至少一者。
本發明亦提供一種治療發炎性或自體免疫疾病之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等疾病之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物。
本發明亦提供一種治療疾病之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等疾病之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物,其中該疾病為類風濕性關節炎、多發性硬化症、全身性紅斑性狼瘡症(SLE)、狼瘡性腎炎、皮膚狼瘡、發炎性腸病、牛皮癬、克羅恩氏病、牛皮癬性關節炎、休格連氏症候群、全身性硬皮病、潰瘍性結腸炎、格雷夫氏病(Graves' disease)、盤狀紅斑狼瘡、成年發作型史蒂爾氏病(adult onset Stills)、全身發作型青少年特發性關節炎(systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis)、痛風、痛風性關節炎、1型糖尿病、胰島素依賴性糖尿病、敗血症、敗血性休克、志賀桿菌病(Shigellosis)、胰臟炎(急性或慢性)、絲球體腎炎、自體免疫性胃炎、糖尿病、自體免疫溶血性貧血、自體免疫性嗜中性白細胞減少症(autoimmune neutropenia)、血小板減少、異位性皮膚炎、重症肌無力、胰臟炎(急性或慢性)、僵直性脊椎炎、尋常天疱瘡、古德巴士德氏病(Goodpasture's disease)、抗磷脂症候群、特發性血小板減少、ANCA相關之血管炎、天疱瘡、川崎病(Kawasaki disease)、慢性發炎性脫髓鞘多發性神經病(Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy;CIDP)、皮肌炎、多發性肌炎、葡萄膜炎、格-巴二氏症候群(Guillain-Barre syndrome)、自體免疫性肺炎、自體免疫甲狀腺炎、自體免疫發炎性眼病及慢性脫髓鞘多發性神經病。
本發明亦提供一種治療神經退化性疾病之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療該等疾病之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物,其中該疾病係選自阿茲海默症(Alzheimer's disease)、帕金森式症(Parkinson's disease)、ALS、多發性硬化症(RMS及/或進行性MS,包括CIS、視神經炎、視神經脊髓炎)。
本發明亦提供一種治療類風濕性關節炎之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療類風濕性關節炎之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物。
另外,本發明亦提供一種治療病狀之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等病狀之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物,其中該病狀係選自急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、轉移性黑素瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、多發性骨髓瘤、實體腫瘤、眼部血管再生及嬰兒血管瘤、B細胞淋巴瘤、全身性紅斑性狼瘡症(SLE)、類風濕性關節炎、牛皮癬性關節炎、多發性血管炎、特發性血小板減少性紫癜(ITP)、重症肌無力、過敏性鼻炎、多發性硬化症(MS)、移植排斥、I型糖尿病、膜性腎炎、發炎性腸病、自體免疫溶血性貧血、自體免疫甲狀腺炎、冷熱凝集素疾病、伊凡氏症候群(Evans syndrome)、溶血尿毒症候群/血栓性血小板減少性紫癜(HUS/TTP)、類肉瘤病、休格連氏症候群、周邊神經病、尋常天疱瘡及哮喘。
本發明亦提供一種治療IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα介導之疾病的方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等疾病之藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物。
本發明亦提供一種治療IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα介導之疾病之方法(或本發明化合物用於製造用以治療此等疾病治療藥劑的用途),其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物,其中IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα介導之疾病係藉由IL-12、IL-23及/或IFNα調節之疾病。
本發明亦提供一種治療疾病之方法,其包含向需要此類治療之患者投與治療有效量之式I化合物以及其他治療劑。
本發明亦提供用於療法中之本發明化合物。
在另一實施例中,式I化合物係選自例示化合物或例示化合物或本文中之其他實施例之組合。
在另一實施例中,在下文所描述之分析中之至少一者中為IC
50<1000 nM之化合物。
本發明可在不背離其精神或基本特質之情況下以其他特定形式來實施。本發明涵蓋本文中所提及之本發明之較佳態樣及/或實施例的所有組合。應瞭解,本發明之任何及所有實施例均可結合任何一或多種其他實施例來描述另外的更佳實施例。亦應瞭解,較佳實施例之各個別元素係其自身獨立的較佳實施例。此外,實施例之任何要素意欲與任何實施例之任何及所有其他要素組合以描述另一實施例。
以下係本說明書及隨附申請專利範圍中所用之術語之定義。除非另外指明,否則對於本文之基團或術語提供的初始定義適用於本說明書及申請專利範圍通篇中的個別或作為另一基團之一部分的基團或術語。
本發明化合物可具有一或多個不對稱中心。除非另外指明,否則在本發明中包括本發明化合物之所有對掌性(鏡像異構及非鏡像異構)及外消旋形式。烯烴、C=N雙鍵及其類似者之多種幾何異構體亦可存在於化合物中,且所有此類穩定異構體涵蓋在本發明中。描述了本發明化合物之順式及反式幾何異構體且可以異構體混合物形式或以經分離之異構形式分離。本發明化合物可以光學活性或外消旋形式進行分離。此項技術中熟知如何製備光學活性形式,諸如藉由解析外消旋形式或藉由自光學活性起始物質合成。除非特別指定特定立體化學或異構形式,否則欲係結構之所有對掌性、(鏡像異構體及非鏡像異構)及外消旋形式及全部幾何異構形式。
當任何變數(例如R
3)在化合物之任何組分或式中出現超過一次時,其在每次出現時之定義獨立於其在其他每次出現時之定義。因此,舉例而言,若基團顯示為經0至2個R
3取代,則該基團可視情況經至多兩個R
3基團取代且R
3在每次出現時獨立地選自R
3之定義。此外,取代基及/或變數之組合僅在此類組合產生穩定化合物時為容許的。
若連至取代基之一鍵顯示與連接環中之兩個原子的一鍵交叉,則此類取代基可鍵結至該環上的任何原子。若所列取代基未指示此類取代基鍵結至指定式之化合物的其餘部分的原子,則此類取代基可經此類取代基中的任何原子鍵結。取代基及/或變數之組合僅在此類組合產生穩定化合物時為容許的。
在本發明化合物上存在氮原子(例如胺)的情況下,此等氮原子可藉由用氧化劑(例如MCPBA及/或過氧化氫)處理而轉化成N-氧化物,由此得到本發明之其他化合物。因此,所展示及所主張之氮原子視為涵蓋所展示之氮及其N-氧化物(N→O)衍生物。
不在兩個字母或符號之間的短劃線(「-」)用於指示取代基之連接點。舉例而言,-CONH
2經由碳原子連接。
關於式I化合物之特定部分的術語「視情況經取代」(例如視情況經取代之雜芳基)係指具有0、1、2或更多個取代基之部分。例如,如下文所定義之「視情況經取代之烷基」涵蓋「烷基」與「經取代之烷基」。熟習此項技術者將理解,對於含有一或多個取代基之任何基團,該等基團不意欲引入空間上不切實際、合成上不可行及/或本身不穩定之任何取代或取代模式。
如本文所用,術語「至少一個化學個體」可與術語「化合物」互換。
如本文所用,術語「烷基」或「伸烷基」意欲包括具有指定碳原子數之分支鏈與直鏈飽和脂族烴基。舉例而言,「C
1-10烷基」(或伸烷基)意欲包括C
1、C
2、C
3、C
4、C
5、C
6、C
7、C
8、C
9及C
10烷基。另外,舉例而言,「C
1-C
6烷基」表示具有1至6個碳原子之烷基。烷基可未經取代或經取代以使得其氫中之一或多者經另一化學基團置換。實例烷基包括(但不限於)甲基(Me)、乙基(Et)、丙基(例如正丙基及異丙基)、丁基(例如正丁基、異丁基、三級丁基)、戊基(例如正戊基、異戊基、新戊基)及其類似基團。
當術語「烷基」與另一基團一起使用,諸如用於「芳基烷基」中時,此結合更特定定義經取代之烷基將含有之取代基中之至少一者。舉例而言,「芳基烷基」係指如上所定義之經取代之烷基,其中取代基中之至少一者為芳基,諸如苯甲基。因此,術語芳基(C
0-4)烷基包括具有至少一個芳基取代基之經取代之低碳烷基,以及包括直接鍵結至另一基團之芳基,亦即芳基(C
0)烷基。術語「雜芳基烷基」係指如上所定義之經取代之烷基,其中取代基中之至少一者為雜芳基。
術語「烷氧基」係指經如本文所定義之烷基或經取代之烷基取代之氧原子。舉例而言,術語「烷氧基」包括基團-O-C
1-6烷基;諸如甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、異丙氧基、正丁氧基、二級丁氧基、三級丁氧基、戊氧基、2-戊氧基、異戊氧基、新戊氧基、己氧基、2-己氧基、3-己氧基、3-甲基戊氧基及其類似基團。「低碳烷氧基」係指具有一至四個碳之烷氧基。
應瞭解,藉由熟習此項技術者選擇所有基團,包括例如烷氧基、硫代烷基及胺基烷基以提供穩定化合物。
如本文所用,「經取代」意謂指定原子或基團上之任何一或多個氫經選自指定基團者置換,其限制條件為不超出指定原子之正常價。若取代基為側氧基(oxo)或酮基(亦即=O),則原子上之2個氫經置換。酮基取代基不存在於芳族部分上。除非另外規定,否則取代基指向核心結構。舉例而言,應理解,當(環烷基)烷基列為可能取代基時,此取代基與核心結構之連接點在烷基部分中。如本文所用,環雙鍵為在兩個相鄰環原子之間所形成之雙鍵(例如,C=C、C=N或N=N)。
取代基及/或變數之組合僅當此類組合產生穩定化合物或適用的合成中間物時為容許的。穩定化合物或穩定結構意謂化合物足夠穩固以經受住自反應混合物分離得到適用純度且隨後調配為有效治療劑。目前所述之化合物較佳不含有N-鹵基、S(O)
2H或S(O)H基團。
術語「環烷基」係指環化烷基,包括單環、雙環或多環系統。C
3-7環烷基意欲包括C
3、C
4、C
5、C
6及C
7環烷基。實例環烷基包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、降冰片烷基及其類似基團。如本文所用,「碳環」或「碳環基團」欲意謂任何穩定3員、4員、5員、6員或7員單環狀或雙環狀、或7員、8員、9員、10員、11員、12員或13員雙環狀或三環狀環,其中任一者可為飽和、部分不飽和、不飽和或芳族環。此類碳環之實例包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環丁烯基、環戊基、環戊烯基、環己基、環庚烯基、環庚基、環庚烯基、金剛烷基、環辛基、環辛烯基、環辛二烯基、[3.3.0]二環辛烷、[4.3.0]二環壬烷、[4.4.0]二環癸烷、[2.2.2]二環辛烷、茀基、苯基、萘基、二氫茚基、金剛烷基、蒽基及四氫萘基(萘滿)。如上文所示,橋接環亦包括於碳環定義中(例如[2.2.2]二環辛烷)。除非另外規定,較佳碳環為環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基及苯基。當使用術語「碳環」時,其意欲包括「芳基」。當一或多個碳原子連接兩個不相鄰碳原子時,產生橋接環。較佳橋為一或兩個碳原子。應注意,一個橋總是將單環轉變成三環。當環橋接時,該環所列舉之取代基亦可存在於該橋上。
術語「芳基」係指環部分中具有6至12個碳原子之單環或雙環芳族烴基,諸如苯基及萘基,其各可經取代。
較佳環烷基包括環丙基、環丁基、環戊基及環己基。
術語「鹵基(halo)」或「鹵素(halogen)」係指氯、溴、氟及碘。
術語「鹵烷基」意謂具有一或多個鹵基取代基之經取代烷基。舉例而言,「鹵烷基」包括單氟甲基、二氟甲基及三氟甲基。
術語「鹵烷氧基」意謂具有一或多個鹵基取代基之烷氧基。舉例而言,「鹵烷氧基」包括OCF
3。
術語「雜環(heterocycle)」、「雜環烷基」、「雜環(heterocyclo)」、「雜環(heterocyclic)」或「雜環基(heterocyclyl)」可互換使用且係指經取代及未經取代之3員至7員單環基團、7員至11員雙環基團及10員至15員三環基團,其中該等環中之至少一者具有至少一個雜原子(O、S或N),該含雜原子之環較佳具有1、2或3個選自O、S及N之雜原子。此類含有雜原子之基團的各環可含有一或兩個氧或硫原子及/或一至四個氮原子,其限制條件為各環中雜原子之總數為四個或更少,且其他限制條件為環含有至少一個碳原子。氮及硫原子可視情況經氧化且氮原子可視情況經四級銨化。使雙環及三環基團完整之稠環可僅含有碳原子,且可為飽和、部分飽和或完全不飽和的。雜環基可在任何可用氮或碳原子處連接。如本文所用,術語「雜環(heterocycle)」、「雜環烷基」、「雜環(heterocyclo)」、「雜環(heterocyclic)」及「雜環基(heterocyclyl)」包括如下所定義之「雜芳基」。
除下文所描述之雜芳基之外,例示性單環雜環基包括氮雜環丁烷基、吡咯啶基、氧雜環丁烷基、咪唑啉基、㗁唑啶基、異㗁唑啉基、噻唑啶基、異噻唑啶基、四氫呋喃基、哌啶基、哌𠯤基、2-側氧基哌𠯤基、2-側氧基哌啶基、2-側氧基吡咯啶基、2-側氧基氮呯基、氮呯基、1-吡啶酮基、4-哌啶酮基、四氫哌喃基、𠰌啉基、噻𠰌啉基、噻𠰌啉基亞碸、噻𠰌啉基碸、1,3-二氧雜環戊烷及四氫-1,1-二側氧基噻吩基及其類似基團。例示性雙環雜環基包括 啶基。其他單環雜環基包括
。
術語「雜芳基」係指經取代及未經取代之芳族5員或6員單環基團、9員或10員雙環基團及11員至14員三環基團,其在至少一個環中具有至少一個雜原子(O、S或N),該含雜原子環較佳具有1、2或3個選自O、S及N之雜原子。雜芳基中含有雜原子之各環可含有一或兩個氧或硫原子及/或一至四個氮原子,其限制條件為各環中雜原子之總數為四個或更多個且各環具有至少一個碳原子。使雙環及三環基團完整之稠環可僅含有碳原子,且可為飽和、部分飽和或不飽和的。氮及硫原子可視情況經氧化且氮原子可視情況經四級銨化。雙環或三環雜芳基必須包括至少一個完全芳族環,但其他一或多個稠環可為芳族或非芳族環。雜芳基可在任何環之任何可用氮或碳原子處連接。價數允許時,若該其他環為環烷基或雜環,則其另外視情況經=O(側氧基)取代。
例示性單環雜芳基包括吡咯基、吡唑基、吡唑啉基、咪唑基、㗁唑基、異㗁唑基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、異噻唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、㗁二唑基、吡啶基、吡𠯤基、嘧啶基、嗒𠯤基、三𠯤基及其類似基團。
例示性雙環雜芳基包括吲哚基、苯并噻唑基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基、苯并㗁唑基、苯并噻吩基、喹啉基、四氫異喹啉基、異喹啉基、苯并咪唑基、苯并哌喃基、吲哚𠯤基、苯并呋喃基、色酮基、香豆素基、苯并哌喃基、㖕啉基、喹喏啉基、吲唑基、吡咯并吡啶基、呋喃并吡啶基、二氫異吲哚基、四氫喹啉基及其類似基團。
例示性三環雜芳基包括咔唑基、苯并吲哚基、啡啉基、吖啶基、啡啶基、𠮿基及其類似基團。
除非另外指明,否則當提及特定命名之芳基(例如苯基)、環烷基(例如環己基)、雜環(例如吡咯啶基、哌啶基及𠰌啉基)或雜芳基(例如四唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、三唑基、噻唑基及呋喃基)時,該提及意欲包括具有0至3個、較佳0至2個選自以上適當時針對芳基、環烷基、雜環及/或雜芳基所述取代基之取代基的環。
術語「碳環基(carbocyclyl)」或「碳環(carbocyclic)」係指飽和或不飽和單環或雙環,其中所有環之所有原子均係碳。因此,術語包括環烷基環及芳基環。單環碳環具有3至6個環原子,更通常具有5或6個環原子。雙環碳環具有7至12個環原子,其例如排列為雙環[4,5]、[5,5]、[5,6]或[6,6]系統,或具有9或10個環原子,其排列為雙環[5,6]或[6,6]系統。單環及雙環碳環之實例包括環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、1-環戊-1-烯基、1-環戊-2-烯基、1-環戊-3-烯基、環己基、1-環己-1-烯基、1-環己-2-烯基、1-環己-3-烯基、苯基及萘基。碳環可經取代,在此情況下該等取代基係選自上文針對環烷基及芳基描述之彼等基團。
術語「雜原子」應包括氧、硫及氮。
當術語「不飽和」在本文中用以係指環或基團時,該環或基團可為完全不飽和或部分不飽和的。
在整個說明書中,基團及其取代基可由熟習此項技術者選擇,以提供穩定部分及化合物及適用作醫藥學上可接受之化合物的化合物及/或適用於製造醫藥學上可接受之化合物的中間化合物。
式I化合物可以游離形式存在(在無電離之情況下)或可形成鹽,其等亦在本發明範疇內。除非另外指明,否則提及本發明化合物應理解為包括提及游離形式及其鹽。術語「鹽」表示由無機及/或有機酸及鹼形成之酸性鹽及/或鹼性鹽。另外,例如當式I化合物含有鹼性部分(諸如胺或吡啶或咪唑環)與酸性部分(諸如羧酸)時,術語「鹽」可包括兩性離子(內鹽)。醫藥學上可接受之(亦即生理學上可接受之無毒)鹽為較佳,諸如可接受之金屬及胺鹽,其中陽離子不會明顯促進鹽之毒性或生物活性。然而,其他鹽可適用於例如分離或純化步驟中,其可在製備期間使用,且因此涵蓋在本發明之範疇內。式I化合物之鹽例如可藉由使式I化合物與一定量(諸如等量)之酸或鹼在介質(諸如使鹽沈澱之介質)中或在水性介質中反應,然後凍乾來形成。
例示性酸加成鹽包括乙酸鹽(諸如由乙酸或三鹵乙酸(例如三氟乙酸)形成之彼等鹽)、己二酸鹽、海藻酸鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、天冬胺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、硼酸鹽、丁酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、樟腦酸鹽、樟腦磺酸鹽、環戊烷丙酸鹽、二葡糖酸鹽、十二烷基硫酸鹽、乙烷磺酸鹽、反丁烯二酸鹽、葡糖庚酸鹽、甘油磷酸鹽、半硫酸鹽、庚酸鹽、己酸鹽、鹽酸鹽(由鹽酸形成)、氫溴酸鹽(由溴化氫形成)、氫碘酸鹽、2-羥基乙烷磺酸鹽、乳酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽(由順丁烯二酸形成)、甲烷磺酸鹽(由甲烷磺酸形成)、2-萘磺酸鹽、菸酸鹽、硝酸鹽、草酸鹽、果凍酸鹽、過硫酸鹽、3-苯丙酸鹽、磷酸鹽、苦味酸鹽、特戊酸鹽、丙酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、硫酸鹽(諸如由硫酸形成之彼等鹽)、磺酸鹽(諸如本文中提及之彼等鹽)、酒石酸鹽、硫氰酸鹽、甲苯磺酸鹽(toluenesulfonate)(諸如甲苯磺酸鹽(tosylate))、十一烷酸鹽及其類似鹽。
例示性鹼性鹽包括銨鹽;鹼金屬鹽,諸如鈉鹽、鋰鹽及鉀鹽;鹼土金屬鹽,諸如鈣鹽及鎂鹽;鋇鹽、鋅鹽及鋁鹽;由有機鹼(例如有機胺)形成之鹽,有機鹼諸如三烷基胺(諸如三乙胺)、普魯卡因(procaine)、二苯甲基胺、N-苯甲基-β-苯乙胺、1-二苯羥甲胺、
N,N'-二苯甲基乙二胺、去氫松香胺、N-乙基哌啶、苯甲胺、二環己胺或醫藥學上可接受之類似胺,及與胺基酸(諸如精胺酸、離胺酸及類似酸)形成之鹽。鹼性含氮基團可用試劑進行四級銨化,諸如低碳烷基鹵化物(例如甲基、乙基、丙基及丁基氯化物、溴化物及碘化物)、二烷基硫酸鹽(例如二甲基、二乙基、二丁基及二戊基硫酸鹽)、長鏈鹵化物(例如癸基、月桂基、肉豆蔻基及硬脂基氯化物、溴化物及碘化物)、芳烷基鹵化物(例如苯甲基及苯乙基溴化物),及其他試劑。較佳鹽包括單鹽酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、甲烷磺酸鹽、磷酸鹽或硝酸鹽。
片語「醫藥學上可接受」在本文中用於指在合理醫學判斷範疇內,在無過度毒性、刺激、過敏反應或其他問題或併發症情況下適用於與人類及動物之組織接觸、與合理益處/風險比相稱的彼等化合物、物質、組合物及/或劑型。
如本文所用,「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」係指本發明化合物之衍生物,其中親本化合物藉由製造其酸鹽或鹼鹽而改質。醫藥學上可接受之鹽的實例包括(但不限於)鹼性基團(諸如胺)之無機酸鹽或有機酸鹽;以及酸性基團(諸如甲酸)之鹼金屬鹽或有機鹽。醫藥學上可接受之鹽包括例如由無毒無機酸或有機酸形成之親本化合物的習知無毒鹽或四級銨鹽。舉例而言,此類習知無毒鹽包括衍生自無機酸之鹽,該等無機酸諸如鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、胺磺酸、磷酸及硝酸;及自有機酸製備之鹽,該等有機酸諸如乙酸、丙酸、丁二酸、乙醇酸、硬脂酸、乳酸、蘋果酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、抗壞血酸、帕莫酸、順丁烯二酸、羥基順丁烯二酸、苯乙酸、麩胺酸、苯甲酸、水楊酸、對胺基苯磺酸、2-乙醯氧基苯甲酸、反丁烯二酸、甲苯磺酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷二磺酸、草酸及羥乙基磺酸,及其類似物。
本發明之醫藥學上可接受之鹽可藉由習知化學方法自含有鹼性或酸性部分之親本化合物合成。一般而言,此等鹽可藉由使此等化合物之游離酸或鹼形式與化學計算量之適當鹼或酸在水中或在有機溶劑中或在兩者之混合物中反應來製備;一般而言,非水性介質(如醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、異丙醇或乙腈)較佳。適合的鹽的清單見於
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences第18版, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA (1990)中,其揭示內容特此以引用之方式併入。
涵蓋呈摻合物或純或實質上純形式之本發明化合物之所有立體異構體。立體異構體可包括經由擁有一或多個對掌性原子而成為光學異構體之化合物,以及藉助於一或多個鍵周圍之受限旋光性而成光學異構體(滯轉異構體)的化合物。本發明化合物之定義涵蓋所有可能的立體異構體及其混合物。尤其涵蓋外消旋形式及具有指定活性之經分離之光學異構體。外消旋形式可藉由物理方法解析,諸如非鏡像異構體衍生物之分步結晶、分離或結晶,或藉由對掌性管柱層析分離。個別光學異構體可由習知方法(諸如與光活性酸形成鹽,然後結晶)自外消旋體獲得。
本發明意欲包括存在於本發明化合物中之原子的所有同位素。同位素包括具有相同原子數但質量數不同之彼等原子。作為一般實例且非限制性地,氫之同位素包括氘及氚。碳之同位素包括
13C及
14C。本發明之經同位素標記化合物一般可藉由熟習此項技術者已知之習知技術或藉由類似於本文所描述之製程,使用經適當同位素標記之試劑代替原來使用之未經標記之試劑來製備。
亦涵蓋本發明化合物之前藥及溶劑合物。術語「前藥」表示向個體投與時藉由代謝或化學方法經歷化學轉化而產生式I化合物及/或其鹽及/或溶劑合物的化合物。將在活體內轉化而得到生物活性藥劑(亦即式I化合物)的任何化合物為在本發明之範疇及精神內的前藥。含有羧基之化合物可形成生理學上可水解之酯,其充當藉由在體內水解以本身產生式I化合物之前藥。此等前藥較佳經口投與,因為在許多情況下水解主要在消化酶之影響下發生。在酯本身具有活性的情況下或在水解發生於血液中的情況下,可使用非經腸投藥。式I化合物之生理學上可水解之酯的實例包括C
1-6烷基苯甲基、4-甲氧基苯甲基、二氫茚基、苯二甲醯基、甲氧基甲基、C
1-6烷醯氧基-C
1-6烷基(例如乙醯氧基甲基、特戊醯氧基甲基或丙醯氧基甲基)、C
1-6烷氧基羰氧基-C
1-6烷基(例如甲氧基羰氧基甲基或乙氧基羰氧基甲基、甘胺醯基氧基甲基、苯基甘胺醯基氧基甲基、(5-甲基-2-側氧基-1,3-二氧雜環戊烯-4-基)-甲基),及用於例如青黴素(penicillin)及頭孢菌素(cephalosporin)技術中之其他熟知的生理學上可水解之酯。此類酯可藉由此項技術中已知之習知技術來製備。
前藥之各種形式為此項技術中熟知的且描述於Rautio, J.等人,
Nature Review Drug Discovery, 17, 559-587 (2018)中。
式I化合物及其鹽可以互變異構形式存在,其中氫原子轉置至分子之其他部分且分子之原子之間的化學鍵因此發生重排。應理解,所有互變異構體形式只要可能存在則均包括於本發明內。另外,本發明化合物可具有反式及順式異構體。
進一步應瞭解,式I化合物之溶劑合物(例如水合物)亦在本發明之範疇內。溶合方法一般為此項技術中已知的。
效用
本發明化合物調節IL-23刺激及IFNα刺激之細胞功能,包括基因轉錄。可藉由本發明化合物調節之其他類型之細胞功能包括(但不限於) IL-12刺激反應。
因此,式I化合物的效用係藉由作用於Tyk2來介導信號轉導,以治療與調節IL-23及/或IFNα之功能,尤其是選擇性抑制IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα之功能相關之病狀。此類病狀包括IL-23、IL-12或IFNα相關疾病,其中發病機制由此等細胞介素及對Tyk2路徑的後續活化介導,其中後續促發炎反應可在周邊及/或中央區室中發生。
如本文所用,術語「治療(treating/treatment)」涵蓋哺乳動物,尤其人類之疾病病況之治療,且包括:(a)預防或延遲哺乳動物之疾病病況之發生,尤其在此類哺乳動物易患疾病病況但尚未診斷為患有疾病病況時;(b)抑制疾病病況,亦即遏制或減緩其發展;及/或(c)達成疾病病況之症狀的完全或部分減輕,及/或減緩解、改善、減輕或治癒疾病或病症及/或其症狀。
鑒於其作為IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα刺激之細胞反應之調節劑的活性,式I化合物適用於治療IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα相關疾病,包括(但不限於)發炎性疾病,諸如克羅恩氏病、潰瘍性結腸炎、哮喘、移植物抗宿主疾病、同種異體移植排斥、慢性阻塞性肺病;自身免疫疾病,諸如格雷夫氏病、類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑性狼瘡症、皮膚狼瘡、狼瘡性腎炎、盤狀紅斑狼瘡、牛皮癬;自體發炎性疾病,包括CAPS、TRAPS、FMF、成年發作型史蒂爾氏病、全身發作型青少年特發性關節炎、痛風、痛風性關節炎;代謝疾病,包括2型糖尿病、動脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗塞;破壞性骨病,諸如骨骼再吸收疾病、骨關節炎、骨質疏鬆、多發性骨髓瘤相關骨病;增生性病症,諸如急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病;血管生成病症,諸如包括實體腫瘤、眼部血管再生及嬰兒血管瘤之血管生成病症;傳染性疾病,諸如敗血症、敗血性休克及志賀桿菌病;神經退化性疾病,諸如阿茲海默症、帕金森氏病、ALS、多發性硬化症(RMS及/或進行性MS,包括CIS、視神經炎、視神經脊髓炎)、大腦局部缺血或由創傷性損傷引起之神經退化性疾病、致癌性及病毒性疾病,分別諸如轉移性黑色素瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤、多發性骨髓瘤以及HIV感染及CMV視網膜炎、AIDS。
更詳言之,可用本發明化合物治療之特定病狀或疾病包括(但不限於)胰臟炎(急性或慢性)、哮喘、過敏、成人呼吸窘迫症候群、慢性阻塞性肺病、絲球體腎炎、類風濕性關節炎、全身性紅斑狼瘡、皮膚狼瘡、狼瘡性腎炎、盤狀紅斑狼瘡、硬皮病、慢性甲狀腺炎、格雷夫氏疾病、自體免疫胃炎、糖尿病、自體免疫溶血性貧血、自體免疫嗜中性白血球減少症、血小板減少症、異位性皮炎、慢性活動性肝炎、重症肌無力、多發性硬化症、發炎性腸病、潰瘍性結腸炎、克羅恩氏病、牛皮癬、移植物抗宿主疾病、由內毒素誘發之發炎反應、肺結核、動脈粥樣硬化、肌肉退化、惡病質(cachexia)、牛皮癬性關節炎、萊特爾氏症候群(Reiter's syndrome)、痛風、創傷性關節炎、風疹性關節炎、急性滑膜炎、胰臟β細胞疾病;以大規模嗜中性白血球浸潤為特徵之疾病、類風濕性脊椎炎、痛性關節炎及其他關節炎病狀、大腦瘧疾、慢性肺部發炎性疾病、矽肺病(silicosis)、肺部類肉瘤病、骨骼再吸收疾病、同種異體移植排斥、由於感染引起的發燒及肌痛、繼發於感染之惡病質、瘢痕瘤形成、疤痕組織形成、潰瘍性結腸炎、發熱、流感、骨質疏鬆、骨關節炎、急性骨髓性白血病、長期骨髓性白血病、轉移性黑色素瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、敗血症、敗血性休克及志賀桿菌病;阿茲海默症、帕金森氏症、多發性硬化症(RMS及/或進行性MS,包括CIS、視神經炎、視神經脊髓炎)、大腦局部缺血或由創傷性損傷引起之神經退化性疾病;血管生成病症,包括實體腫瘤、眼部血管再生及嬰兒血管瘤;病毒性疾病,包括急性肝炎感染(包括A型肝炎、B型肝炎及C型肝炎)、HIV感染及CMV視網膜炎、AIDS、ARC或惡性病及疱疹;中風、心肌缺血、中風心臟病發作性缺血、器官低氧症、血管增生、心臟及腎再灌注損傷、血栓、心臟肥大、凝血酶誘發之血小板凝集、內毒素血症及/或中毒性休克症候群、與前列腺素內過氧化酶合成酶-2相關之病狀及尋常天疱瘡。較佳治療方法為其中該病狀係選自阿茲海默症、帕金森氏症、ALS、多發性硬化症(RMS及/或進行性MS,包括CIS、視神經炎、視神經脊髓炎)之治療方法。
當本文使用術語「IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα相關病狀」或「IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα相關疾病或病症」時,各者意欲涵蓋所有上文所鑑別之病狀,如同其詳細重複一般,以及受IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα影響之任何其他病狀。
本發明因此提供用於治療此類病狀之方法,其包含向有需要個體投與治療有效量之至少一種式I化合物或其鹽。「治療有效量」意欲包括當單獨或組合投與以抑制IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα功能及/或治療疾病時有效的本發明化合物之量。
治療IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα相關病狀之方法可包含單獨或彼此組合投與式I化合物及/或適用於治療此類病狀之其他適合的治療劑。因此,「治療有效量」亦意欲包括有效抑制IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα功能及/或治療與IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα相關之疾病之所主張化合物之組合的量。
例示性此類其他治療劑包括皮質類固醇、咯利普蘭(rolipram)、鈣磷酸蛋白、細胞介素抑制性抗炎藥(cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drug,CSAID)、介白素-10、糖皮質激素、水楊酸鹽、氧化氮及其他免疫抑制劑;核易位抑制劑,諸如去氧斯匹胍素(deoxyspergualin,DSG);非類固醇抗炎藥(NSAID),諸如布洛芬(ibuprofen)、塞內昔布(celecoxib)及羅非考昔(rofecoxib);類固醇,諸如普賴松(prednisone)或地塞米松(dexamethasone);抗病毒劑,諸如阿巴卡韋(abacavir);抗增生劑,諸如甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)、來氟米特(leflunomide)、FK506 (他克莫司(tacrolimus),PROGRAF®);抗瘧疾藥,諸如羥基氯奎(hydroxychloroquine);細胞毒性藥物,諸如硫唑嘌呤(azathiprine)及環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide);TNF-α抑制劑,諸如替尼達普(tenidap)、抗TNF抗體或可溶性TNF受體及雷帕黴素(rapamycin)(西羅莫司(sirolimus)或RAPAMUNE®)或其衍生物。
當與本發明化合物組合使用時,以上其他治療劑可例如以
Physicians' Desk Reference(PDR)中所指示或由一般熟習此項技術者以其他方式測定之彼等量使用。在本發明之方法中,此類其他治療劑可在本發明化合物投與之前、同時或之後投與。本發明亦提供能夠藉由抑制Tyk2介導之信號轉導治療IL-23、IL-12或IFNα相關病狀(包括如上文所描述之IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα介導之疾病)之醫藥組合物。
本發明組合物可含有如上文所描述之其他治療劑,且可例如根據諸如醫藥調配之技術中所熟知之技術藉由使用習知固體或液體媒劑或稀釋劑以及適合於所需投與模式之一類醫藥添加劑調配(例如,賦形劑、黏合劑、防腐劑、穩定劑、調味劑等)。
因此,本發明進一步包括包含一或多種式I化合物及醫藥學上可接受之載劑的組合物。
「醫藥學上可接受之載劑」係指用於將生物活性劑遞送至動物,尤其哺乳動物之技術中公認之介質。醫藥學上可接受之載劑根據一般熟習此項技術者見識內的許多因素來調配。此等因素包括但不限於:所調配之活性劑的類型及性質;要投與含該藥劑之組合物的個體;組合物之預期投與途徑;以及所靶向之治療適應症。醫藥學上可接受之載劑包括水性及非水性液體介質,以及各種固體及半固體劑型。除活性劑以外,此類載劑可包括多種不同成分及添加劑,此類額外成分出於一般技術者熟知之多種原因(例如使活性劑、黏合劑穩定等)包括於調配物中。適合的醫藥學上可接受之載劑之描述及其選擇所涉及之因素見於多個容易獲得之來源中,諸如
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第17版(1985),其以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
式I化合物可藉由適用於待治療之病狀之任何手段投與,其可視定點治療需要或待遞送藥物之量而定。對於皮膚相關疾病而言,局部投與通常較佳,且對於癌或癌前病狀而言,全身治療較佳,但亦涵蓋其他遞送模式。舉例而言,化合物可經口遞送,諸如呈錠劑、膠囊、顆粒劑、散劑或液體調配物(包括糖漿)形式;局部遞送,諸如呈溶液、懸浮液、凝膠或軟膏形式;經舌下、經頰、非經腸遞送,諸如藉由皮下、靜脈內、肌肉內或胸骨內注射或輸注技術(例如呈無菌可注射水性或非水性溶液或懸浮液形式);經鼻遞送,諸如藉由吸入噴霧;局部遞送,諸如呈乳膏或軟膏形式;經直腸遞送,諸如呈栓劑形式;或經脂質體遞送。可投與含有無毒醫藥學上可接受之媒劑或稀釋劑之劑量單位調配物。化合物可以適用於立即釋放或延長釋放之形式投與。立即釋放或延長釋放可用適合的醫藥組合物實現,或尤其在延長釋放之情況下用諸如皮下植入物或滲透泵之裝置實現。
用於局部投與之例示性組合物包括局部載劑,諸如PLASTIBASE® (用聚乙烯膠化之礦物油)。
用於經口投與之例示性組合物包括懸浮液,其可含有例如微晶纖維素用於賦予鬆散的海藻酸或海藻酸鈉作為懸浮劑、作為黏度增強劑之甲基纖維素及甜味劑或調味劑(諸如此項技術中已知之彼等者);及立即釋放錠劑,其可含有例如微晶纖維素、磷酸二鈣、澱粉、硬脂酸鎂及/或乳糖及/或其他賦形劑、黏合劑、增量劑、崩解劑、稀釋劑及潤滑劑(諸如此項技術中已知之彼等者)。本發明化合物亦可藉由舌下及/或經頰投與,例如用模製、壓縮或凍乾錠劑經口遞送。例示性組合物可包括快速溶解稀釋劑,諸如甘露糖醇、乳糖、蔗糖及/或環糊精。此類調配物中亦可包括高分子量賦形劑,諸如纖維素(AVICEL®)或聚乙二醇(PEG);用以輔助黏膜黏附之賦形劑,諸如羥丙基纖維素(HPC)、羥丙基甲基纖維素(HPMC)、羧甲基纖維素鈉(SCMC)及/或順丁烯二酸酐共聚物(例如GANTREZ®);及用以控制釋放之試劑,諸如聚丙烯酸共聚物(例如CARBOPOL 934®)。亦可添加潤滑劑、助滑劑、調味劑、著色劑及穩定劑以便易於製造及使用。
用於經鼻氣霧劑或吸入投與之例示性組合物包括溶液,其可含有例如苯甲醇或其他適合的防腐劑、用以增強吸收及/或生物可用性之吸收促進劑及/或其他增溶劑或分散劑,諸如此項技術中已知之彼等者。
用於非經腸投與之例示性組合物包括可注射溶液或懸浮液,其可含有例如適合的無毒非經腸可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑,諸如甘露糖醇、1,3-丁二醇、水、林格氏溶液、等張氯化鈉溶液或其他適合的分散劑或潤濕劑及懸浮劑(包括合成的單甘油酯或二甘油酯)及脂肪酸(包括油酸)。
用於經直腸投與之例示性組合物包括栓劑,其可含有例如適合的無刺激性賦形劑,諸如可可脂、合成的甘油酯或聚乙二醇,其在常溫下為固體,但在直腸腔內液化及/或溶解以釋放藥物。
本發明化合物之治療有效量可由一般熟習此項技術者確定,且包括用於哺乳動物之例示性劑量為每天每公斤體重約0.05至1000 mg、1-1000 mg、1-50 mg、5-250 mg、250-1000 mg之活性化合物,其可以單次劑量或以個別分次劑量形式投與,諸如每天1至4次。應理解,任何特定個體之特定劑量水準及劑量頻率可改變且其將視多種因素而定,該等因素包括所採用之特定化合物之活性;彼化合物之代謝穩定性及作用時長;個體之物種、年齡、體重、一般健康狀況、性別及飲食;投與模式及時間;分泌速率;藥物組合;及特定病狀之嚴重程度。治療之較佳個體包括動物,最佳為哺乳動物物種,諸如人類及家養動物,諸如狗、貓、馬及其類似動物。因此,當本文使用「患者」時,此術語意欲包括受調節IL-23、IL-12及/或IFNα介導之功能影響之所有個體,最佳哺乳動物物種。
製備方法
本發明化合物可以熟習有機合成技術者熟知之多種方式製備。本發明化合物可使用下述方法以及有機合成化學技術中已知之合成方法或如熟習此項技術者所瞭解之其變化形式合成。較佳方法包括(但不限於)下文所描述之方法。本文中所引用之所有參考文獻皆以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
本發明化合物可使用此章節中所描述的反應及技術來製備。反應在適於所用試劑及物質且適用於實現轉型之溶劑中進行。另外,在下文描述之合成方法的描述中,應理解,所提出之所有反應條件(包括溶劑選擇、反應氛圍、反應溫度、實驗持續時間及處理程序)均經選擇為熟習此項技術者容易識別的該反應之標準條件。熟習有機合成技術者應瞭解,分子之各個部分上所存在之官能基須與所提出之試劑及反應相容。對與反應條件相容之取代基的此等限制對於熟習此項技術者而言將顯而易知,且於是須使用替代方法。有時此將需要作出判斷以修改合成步驟次序或選擇一種特定製程方案而非另一種,從而獲得所需本發明化合物。亦將認識到,在本領域中,任何合成途徑之規劃中的另一主要考慮因素為審慎選擇用於保護本發明所描述之化合物中存在之反應性官能基的保護基。向經培訓之從業者描述許多替代方式的權威性說明係Greene及Wuts (
Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, 第三版, Wiley and Sons, 1999)。
方案1展示在R=簡單烷基(甲基、乙基等)的情況下,中間物Ia (其中X=鹵素,諸如碘)與中間物Ib可以如何在適當的鹼、較佳碳酸鉀的存在下在適當溶劑、較佳DMF中組合得到式II之中間物。在R=環丙基之情況下,可在乙酸銅(II)、2,2'-聯吡啶及碳酸鈉存在下,在高溫下於二氯乙烷中用環丙基硼酸處理Ib。II接著可在強還原鹼(尤其溴化異丙基鎂)、於乙醚中之THF溶液存在下,在低溫下單溴化,以得到式IIa之中間物。同樣,II亦可用於製備更加高度經取代之1,2,3-三唑。IIa可按原樣使用或可藉由金屬鹵素交換,然後用硼酸三烷基酯,尤其硼酸三甲酯或硼酸三異丙酯淬滅而轉化為對應硼酸(IIb)。用於金屬鹵素交換的較佳鹼在低溫下可為含異丙基氯化鎂氯化鋰錯合物之THF。
方案1
方案2展示熟習此項技術者可以如何將中間物IIa或IIb與中間物Ic (其中Y=硼酸酯基)組合(在與IIa反應之情況下),或與鹵化物組合(在與IIb反應的情況下),以得到通式III之中間物。(通式Ic之中間物為可商購的或可使用熟習有機合成技術者熟知之方法製備)。轉型可由熟習此項技術者使用適當硼酸酯與適當鹵化物之經過渡金屬催化的偶合來實現。更特定言之,可使用鈴木型偶合,以PdCl
2(dppf)[DCM]作為催化劑及磷酸三鉀水溶液作為鹼在如1,4-二㗁烷之溶劑中在高溫下實現此轉型。可用中間物II進行類似化學反應以產生完全經取代之1,2,3-三唑(通式IIa之中間物)。在此等情況下,必需採用相應的溴-三唑且使其經受與硼酸烷基酯或硼酸烯酯之額外鈀催化之偶合(在此情況下,然後使用此項技術中已知之方法進行烯烴還原,亦即催化氫化)。
方案2
方案3展示熟習有機合成技術者可以如何將通式Id之中間物(參考WO 2020/086616)與醯胺/胺偶合,得到通式IV或IVa之中間物。詳言之,此反應之有利條件涉及使用布赫瓦爾德型偶合,在高溫下在作為溶劑之1,4-二㗁烷中使用Pd
2(dba)
3作為催化劑,使用xantphos作為配位體且使用Cs
2CO
3作為鹼。此催化劑/配位體/鹼系統可以熟習此項技術者已知之方式改變。
方案3
方案4展示熟習有機合成技術者可以如何使化合物IV與適當受質偶合以產生通式1之化合物。在過渡金屬催化之條件下使通式IV之化合物與通式Ig之一級醯胺或通式Ih之芳族胺偶合。詳言之,此反應之有利條件涉及使用布赫瓦爾德型偶合,在高溫下在作為溶劑之1,4-二㗁烷中使用Pd
2(dba)
3作為催化劑,使用xantphos作為配位體且使用Cs
2CO
3作為鹼。此催化劑/配位體/鹼系統可以熟習此項技術者已知之方式改變。
方案4
製備
除非另外指出,否則所有購自商業來源之試劑皆不經進一步純化即使用。所有涉及空氣敏感或濕氣敏感試劑之反應均在惰性氛圍下進行。在Bruker Avance 400或JEOL Eclipse 500光譜儀上記錄質子及碳磁共振(
1H及
13C NMR)光譜,且以相對於在其中進行質子及碳磁共振光譜之樣本之參考溶劑的ppm之形式進行報告。使用Shimadzu LC-10AS液相色譜儀及SPDUV-vis偵測器在220或254 nm下進行HPLC及LCMS分析,其中用Micromass Platform LC光譜儀進行MS偵測。
LCMS-方法A:
線性梯度:經4分鐘,20%至100%溶劑B,其中在100% B保持0.6分鐘,及
隨後梯度經0.1分鐘達到20% B及在20% B保持0.3分鐘
溶劑A:5 mM甲酸銨pH 3.3: ACN (98:02)
溶劑:B:ACN:緩衝液(98:02)
流動速率:1.0 ml/min
管柱:Kinetex XB - C18 (75 × 3.0) mm,2.6μm
在220奈米(「nm」)下的紫外線(「UV」)觀測。
LCMS-方法B:
線性梯度:經2.5分鐘,5%至95%溶劑B,其中在95% B保持1.5分鐘,及
隨後梯度經0.5分鐘達到5% B及在5% B保持1.5分鐘
溶劑A:含0.1% TFA之H
2O
溶劑:B:含0.1% TFA之ACN
流動速率:1.5 ml/min
管柱:XBridge C8 (50 × 4.6) mm,3.5μm
在220奈米(「nm」)下的紫外線(「UV」)觀測。
GCMS方法:
層析管柱:HP-5 (30m × 320μm × 0.25μm)
管柱長度30 m,內徑0.32 mm,厚度0.25 μm
入口溫度:250℃;載氣:He。偵測器溫度:300℃;管柱流速2 mL/min;空氣流速400 mL/min;H
2流速40 mL/min。加熱計劃表:120℃保持時間3 min;接著以40℃/min速度升高至300℃且保持2 min,來源溫度:230℃。
縮寫 | 含義 |
ACN | 乙腈 |
DIPEA | 二異丙胺 |
LiHMDS | 雙(三甲基矽烷基)胺基鋰 |
EtOH | 乙醇 |
EtOAc | 乙酸乙酯 |
THF | 四氫呋喃 |
DCM | 二氯甲烷 |
TBAF | 氟化四正丁基銨 |
DMF | N,N´-二甲基甲醯胺 |
TFA | 三氟乙酸 |
DAST | 三氟化二乙基胺基硫 |
Tf 2O | 三氟甲烷磺酸酐 |
dba | 二苯亞甲基丙酮 |
Xantphos | 4,5-雙(二苯基膦基)-9,9-二甲基二苯并哌喃 |
dcpf | 1,1′-雙(二環己基膦基)二茂鐵 |
dppf | 1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵 |
MeOH | 甲醇 |
DIC | N,N'-二異丙基碳化二亞胺 |
HPLC | 高壓液相層析 |
DIAD | 偶氮二甲酸二異丙酯 |
LC | 液相層析 |
MS | 質譜分析 |
rt | 室溫 |
Pd/C | 鈀/碳 |
Et | 乙基 |
Me | 甲基 |
h | 小時 |
℃ | 攝氏度 |
PBSF | 全氟丁烷磺醯氟 |
HATU | 3-氧化六氟磷酸1-[雙(二甲胺基)亞甲基]-1 H-1,2,3-三唑并[4,5- b]吡啶鎓 |
DMA | 二甲基乙醯胺 |
MW | 微波 |
AcOH | 乙酸 |
DMAP | 4-二甲基胺基吡啶 |
Boc | 三級丁氧羰基 |
AcCl | 乙醯氯 |
min | 分鐘 |
MHz | 百萬赫茲 |
m-CPBA | 間氯過氧苯甲酸 |
中間物 -1 : 步驟-1
向-10℃冷卻之250 mL三頸圓底燒瓶中添加4-溴吡啶-3-醇(1.70 g,9.77 mmol)。在N
2氛圍下於-10℃經10 min在緩慢攪拌下逐滴添加經濃縮硫酸(5 mL)。在相同溫度下繼續攪拌混合物10 min,4-溴吡啶-3-醇完全溶解形成澄清溶液。在-10℃經10 min逐滴添加硝酸(發煙,437 µL,9.77 mmol)。使所得混合物逐漸達到室溫(約1.5 h),且攪拌10 h。將反應混合物極小心地倒入碎冰(約150 g)中。在完全淬滅之後,用CH
2Cl
2(3×50 mL)萃取混合物。用飽和鹽水溶液(30 mL)洗滌所得有機層,經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮,得到4-溴-2-硝基吡啶-3-醇(1.01 g,粗物質)。其不經進一步純化即用於下一步驟。
GCMS (M)
m/z: 218.0 [M]
+。GC滯留時間7.36 min。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d
4):
δ8.00 (d,
J= 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d,
J= 4.8 Hz, 1H)。
步驟-2
向具有攪拌棒之250 mL三頸圓底燒瓶中裝入4-溴-2-硝基吡啶-3-醇(6 g,27.4 mmol)及DMF (100 mL)。在室溫下攪拌混合物以形成澄清溶液(約5 min)。向此溶液中分批添加K
2CO
3(7.57 g,54.8 mmol)且在室溫下攪拌混合物10 min。經5 min逐滴添加碘代甲烷(3.43 mL,54.8 mmol)且在室溫下攪拌混合物16 h。將反應混合物用水(60 mL)淬滅,用EtOAc (3×100 mL)萃取。依次用冰冷水(2×100 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(100 mL)洗滌合併之有機層。所得有機層經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。其係藉由二氧化矽管柱層析,使用0-25% EtOAc/石油醚作為移動相純化,得到呈灰白色固體之4-溴-3-甲氧基-2-硝基吡啶(4.61 g,71%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 234.9 [M+H]
+。LC滯留時間0.66 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ8.25 (d,
J= 5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d,
J= 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H)。
步驟-3
向具有攪拌棒之250 mL三頸圓底燒瓶中裝入4-溴-3-甲氧基-2-硝基吡啶(4.70 g,21.5 mmol)、AcOH (20 mL)、EtOH (20 mL)及水(10 mL)。在室溫下攪拌混合物以形成澄清溶液(約5 min)。將混合物冷卻至0℃。在0℃經10 min分批添加鐵粉(12.0 g,151 mmol)。使混合物升溫至室溫且攪拌4 h。經由矽藻土濾片過濾混合物,用EtOAc (2 × 100 mL)洗滌矽藻土濾片。依序用NaHCO
3飽和水溶液(2 × 100 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(50 mL)洗滌濾液,經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮。粗產物係藉由二氧化矽管柱層析(230至400目),使用0%-60% EtOAc/石油醚純化,得到呈灰白色固體之4-溴-3-甲氧基吡啶-2-胺(3.5 g,80%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 205.0 [M+H]
+。LC滯留時間0.66 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ7.54 (d,
J= 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d,
J= 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H)。
中間物 -2 步驟-1
在0℃向4-溴-2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(5.0 g,30.9 mmol)於THF (50 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中緩慢添加異丙基氯化鎂氯化鋰複合物(3.17 g,30.9 mmol)。在此溫度下攪拌反應物2小時且隨後進一步冷卻至-20℃。隨後向此溶液中緩慢添加硼酸三甲酯(0.64 mL,5.7 mmol)。在-20℃攪拌反應物1 h,且隨後用1N HCl水溶液酸化反應混合物直至pH約5。在0℃攪拌所得混合物10 min。使反應混合物分配於EtOAc (50 mL)與水(50 mL)之間。收集有機層且用EtOAc (2×100 mL)再萃取水層,且用鹽水溶液(50 mL)洗滌合併之有機層,並接著經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥。在壓力下移除有機溶劑以獲得粗產物。用20 mL正戊烷洗滌所得粗產物,得到所需(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)硼酸(2.6 g,66.3%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 128.0 [M+H]
+。LC滯留時間0.66 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ8.34 (s, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 4.12 (S, 3H)。
步驟-2
向4-溴-3-甲氧基吡啶-2-胺(0.3 g,1.478 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(3 mL)及水(0.5 ml)中之溶液中添加碳酸銫(0.963 g,2.96 mmol)、(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)硼酸(0.281 g,2.216 mmol)且在N
2氣體下吹掃5 min,然後添加肆(三苯基膦)鈀(0) (0.085 g,0.074 mmol),接著在密封管中在120℃加熱3 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,用乙酸乙酯(25 mL)稀釋,經由矽藻土濾片過濾且用乙酸乙酯(25 mL)洗滌。依序用水(25 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(20 mL)洗滌濾液,經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮。粗殘餘物係藉由急驟管柱層析,使用0%至30% EtOAc/石油醚純化,得到呈黃色固體之所需產物3-甲氧基-4-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-胺(0.22 g,72.6%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 206.2 [M+1]
+。LC滯留時間0.36 min [方法A]。
中間物 -3 步驟 -1在1000 mL三頸圓底燒瓶中,向乙酸銅(II) (29.3 g,161 mmol)於1,2-二氯乙烷(500 mL)中之經攪拌懸浮液中添加2,2'-聯吡啶(25.2 g,161 mmol)且使反應混合物在80℃回流2 h。將含環丙基硼酸(34.1 g,397 mmol)、4,5-二溴-2H-1,2,3-三唑(30 g,132 mmol)及碳酸鈉(28.0 g,264 mmol)之1,2-二氯乙烷(1000 mL)放入3000 mL三頸圓底燒瓶中,隨後添加以上製備之乙酸銅(II)-2,2'-聯吡啶複合物溶液,且在N
2下使反應混合物脫氣5 min。用O
2氣體吹掃所得反應混合物15 min,並接著在85℃攪拌15 h。完成後,使反應混合物冷卻至室溫且用DCM (1000 mL)稀釋,經由矽藻土濾片過濾且用DCM (2×500 mL)充分洗滌。將所收集之濾液用1.5 N HCl水溶液(2×1000 mL)洗滌,然後用鹽水溶液(1000 mL)洗滌,接著經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥且減壓濃縮。所得粗殘餘物係藉由矽膠(230至400目)管柱層析,使用2%至5% EtOAc/石油醚純化,得到呈淡黃色液體之4,5-二溴-2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(18 g,46.4%產率)。
GCMS (M)
m/z: 266.8 [M]
+。GC 滯留時間3.25 min。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ4.01-3.98 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.16-1.11 (m, 2H)。
步驟 -2在-20℃向4,5-二溴-2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(18 g,67.4 mmol)於THF (180 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加異丙基氯化鎂(84 mL,169 mmol)。在此溫度下攪拌反應混合物30分鐘,隨後使其升溫至0℃且攪拌2 h。在反應完成之後,藉由添加氯化銨飽和水溶液(50 mL)淬滅反應混合物。用EtOAc (2×500 mL)萃取反應混合物,且用水(500 mL)洗滌,然後用鹽水(500 mL)洗滌。所收集之有機萃取物經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥且減壓濃縮。粗殘餘物係藉由矽膠管柱層析(230至400目),使用5% EtOAc/石油醚純化,得到呈淡黃色液體之4-溴-2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(12 g,90 %產率)。
GCMS (M)
m/z: 186.9 [M]
+。GC滯留時間2.36 min。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ7.52 (m, 1H), 4.03-3.97 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.14 (m, 2H)。
步驟 -3在-10℃向4-溴-2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(12.0 g,63.8 mmol)於THF (100 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中緩慢添加1.3 M於THF中的異丙基氯化鎂氯化鋰複合物(58.9 mL,77 mmol)。在10℃攪拌反應物2 h且隨後進一步冷卻至-20℃。隨後向此溶液中添加硼酸三甲酯(2.487 g,23.93 mmol)。在-20℃攪拌所得反應混合物1 h。用1N HCl水溶液酸化反應混合物直至pH約5。在0℃攪拌所得混合物10 min。用EtOAc (2×400 mL)萃取反應混合物,且用水(200 mL)洗滌,然後用鹽水(200 mL)洗滌。有機層經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥且減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。用150 mL二乙醚:正戊烷(1:1)洗滌所得粗殘餘物,得到呈橙色固體之所需產物(2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)硼酸(6 g,55.3%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 154.1 [M+1]
+。LC滯留時間1.03 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ8.34 (s, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 4.14-4.10 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 2H)。
步驟 -4向4-溴-3-甲氧基吡啶-2-胺(0.11 g,0.542 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(3 mL)及水(0.5 ml)中之經攪拌溶液中添加碳酸銫(0.353 g,1.084 mmol、(2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)硼酸(0.124 g,0.813 mmol)且在N
2氣體下吹掃5 min,然後添加肆(三苯基膦)鈀(0) (0.031 g,0.027 mmol),接著在密封管中在120℃加熱2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,用乙酸乙酯(25 mL)稀釋,經由矽藻土濾片過濾且用乙酸乙酯(25 mL)洗滌。依序用水(20 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(20 mL)洗滌濾液,經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。粗殘餘物係藉由急驟管柱層析,使用0至2% 甲醇/DCM純化,得到呈黃色固體之所需4-(2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)-3-甲氧基吡啶-2-胺(103 mg, 82%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 232.2 [M+1]
+. LC滯留時間1.38 min [方法A]。
中間物 -4 步驟 -1在0℃向4,6-二氯菸醛(8.5 g,48.3 mmol)於THF (100 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加溴化乙基鎂(48.3 mL,145 mmol,3.0 M於二乙醚中),且在0℃攪拌此溶液2 h。在0℃用NH
4Cl飽和水溶液(100 mL)淬滅反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯(2×200 mL)萃取。有機層經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮,獲得粗物質。粗化合物係藉由矽膠急驟管柱層析(20% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到呈淡黃色固體之1-(4,6-二氯吡啶-3-基)丙-1-酮(4.35 g,38.4%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 206.0 [M+H]
+。LC滯留時間1.75 min [方法B]。
步驟 -2在0℃向1-(4,6-二氯吡啶-3-基)丙-1-醇(4.35 g,21.11 mmol)於DCM (100 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加戴斯-馬丁高碘烷(17.91 g,42.2 mmol)且在rt下攪拌2 h。用10% Na
2CO
3溶液(50 mL)淬滅反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯(2×200 mL)萃取。合併之有機層經Na
2SO
4乾燥,隨後減壓濃縮,獲得粗物質。粗化合物係藉由矽膠急驟管柱層析(20% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到呈淡黃色固體之1-(4,6-二氯吡啶-3-基)丙-1-酮(3.7 g,86%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 204.0 [M+H]
+. LC滯留時間1.44 min [方法B]。
步驟 -31-(4,6-二氯吡啶-3-基)丙-1-酮(0.2 g,0.98 mmol)向於1,4-二㗁烷(5 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加環丙烷甲醯胺(0.1 g,1.18 mmol)、碳酸銫(0.96 g,2.94 mmol)。在N
2氣體下使反應混合物脫氣5 min,然後添加1,1'-雙(二環己基膦基)二茂鐵(0.68 g,1.18 mmol)、Pd
2dba
3(0.18 g,0.196 mmol)且再脫氣5 min。將反應混合物密封且在80℃攪拌2 h。經由注射器濾片過濾反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯(50 mL)洗滌。減壓濃縮濾液,得到粗物質。粗化合物係藉由矽膠管柱層析(10% EtOAc/己烷)純化,得到呈淡黃色固體之
N-(4-氯-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(0.1 g,40.4%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 253.0 [M+H]
+。LC滯留時間2.25 min [方法B]。
實例 -1 向N-(4-氯-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(200 mg,0.791 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(3 mL)中之溶液中添加碳酸銫(516 mg, 1.583 mmol)、3-甲氧基-4-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-胺(162 mg, 0.791 mmol)且在N
2氣體下脫氣5 min,然後添加1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵(43.8 mg,0.079 mmol)及Pd
2dba
3(36.2 mg,0.040 mmol)。將反應混合物在密封管中於130℃攪拌3 h。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,用乙酸乙酯(20 mL)稀釋,經由矽藻土濾片過濾且減壓濃縮。所得粗產物係藉由急驟層析,使用0至2% 甲醇/DCM純化,且用二乙醚(20 mL)濕磨,得到呈灰白色固體之所需產物N-(4-((3-甲氧基-4-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(54 mg,15.9%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 422.0 [M+H]
+. LC滯留時間2.29 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ12.33 (s, 1H), 10.93 (s, 1H), 9.68 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 5.20 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 5.20 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.18 (q, J = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 2.08-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H), 0.87-0.83 (m, 4H)。
中間物 -5 步驟 -1在0℃向4,6-二氯菸鹼酸(15.0 g,78.0 mmol)於DMF (220 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加DIPEA (27.3 mL,156.0 mmol)及HATU (44.6 g,117.0 mmol)。隨後在0℃分批添加
N,O-二甲基羥胺(5.73 g,94.0 mmol)。在rt下攪拌反應混合物6 h。將冷水(150 mL)添加至反應混合物中且用乙酸乙酯(3×150 mL)萃取。將合併之有機萃取物用鹽水溶液(100 mL)洗滌,且經Na
2SO
4乾燥並減壓濃縮。粗殘餘物係藉由使用矽膠管柱層析純化,得到呈灰白色固體之所需產物4,6-二氯-
N-甲氧基-
N-甲基菸鹼醯胺(12.5 g,66.9%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 235.4 [M+H]
+,
LC滯留時間1.36 min [方法B]。
步驟 -2在0℃向4,6-二氯-
N-甲氧基-
N-甲基菸鹼醯胺(0.8 g,3.40 mmol)及2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯胺(0.69 g,3.40 mmol)於THF (20 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加LiHMDS (10.21 mL,10.21 mmol,1 M於THF中之溶液),且在rt下攪拌2 h。將反應混合物冷卻至0℃且用NH
4Cl飽和水溶液(30 mL)淬滅,用乙酸乙酯(2×100 mL)萃取。有機層經Na
2SO
4乾燥,且接著減壓濃縮,得到粗殘餘物。粗化合物係藉由矽膠急驟管柱層析(25% EtOAc/石油醚)純化,得到呈橙色固體之6-氯-
N-甲氧基-4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-
N-甲基菸鹼醯胺(0.85 g,58.6%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 403.1 [M+H]
+, LC滯留時間2.06 min [方法B]。
步驟 -3在0℃向6-氯-
N-甲氧基-4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-
N-甲基菸鹼醯胺(0.2 g,0.5 mmol)於THF (10 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加溴化乙基鎂(0.5 mL,1.5 mmol,3.0 M於二乙醚中之溶液)且在此溫度下攪拌2 h。在0℃用NH
4Cl飽和水溶液(20 mL)淬滅反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯(50 mL)萃取。有機層經Na
2SO
4乾燥,隨後減壓濃縮,得到粗物質。粗化合物係藉由矽膠急驟管柱層析(20%乙酸乙酯/己烷)純化,得到呈淡黃色固體之1-(6-氯-4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)吡啶-3-基)丙-1-酮(0.14 g,72.5%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 372.1 [M+H]
+, LC滯留時間2.17 min [方法B]。
實例 3 在環境溫度下向1-(6-氯-4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)吡啶-3-基)丙-1-酮(150 mg,0.403 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(3 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加碳酸銫(329 mg,1.009 mmol)及環丙烷甲醯胺(68.7 mg,0.807 mmol)。在N
2下使反應混合物脫氣5分鐘。將Pd
2dba
3(73.9 mg,0.081 mmol)及Xantphos (46.7 mg,0.081 mmol)添加至反應混合物且脫氣5分鐘。在MW下於130℃攪拌所得反應混合物2h。經由矽藻土濾片過濾反應混合物且用EtOAc(50 mL)洗滌,並減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。粗殘餘物係藉由逆相製備型HPLC純化,得到呈灰白色固體之N-(4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(40 mg,23.16%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 421.0 [M+H]
+, LC滯留時間1.18 min [方法A]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ11.06 (s, 1H), 10.93 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.31 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.14 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.00-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.78-0.79 (m, 4H)。
中間物 -6 步驟 -1向3-溴-4-氟-2-甲氧基苯胺(800 mg,3.64 mmol)及(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)硼酸(554 mg,4.36 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(10 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加2N K
3PO
4水溶液(3.6 mL,7.28 mmol))且在N
2下脫氣5 min。隨後向反應混合物中添加PdCl
2(dppf)-DCM加合物(297 mg,0.364 mmol),且在密封管中於90℃攪拌6h。用乙酸乙酯(30 mL)稀釋反應混合物且經由矽藻土濾片過濾,用乙酸乙酯(30 mL)洗滌矽藻土濾片。依序用水(40 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(40 mL)洗滌濾液,經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥,過濾且減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。粗殘餘物係藉由矽膠(100至200目)管柱層析,使用30%至35% EtOAc/石油醚作為溶離劑純化,得到呈棕色固體之所需產物4-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯胺(520 mg,64.4%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 223.2 [M+H]
+, LC滯留時間1.16 min [方法A]。
中間物 -7 步驟 -1在環境溫度下在密封管中向3-溴-5-氟-2-甲氧基苯胺(2 g,9.09 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(20 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加bispin (2.308 g,9.09 mmol)及KOAc (0.892 g,9.09 mmol)。在N
2氣體下吹掃反應混合物5 min且隨後添加PdCl
2(dppf)-DCM加合物(0.742 g,0.91 mmol)。在90℃攪拌反應混合物5 h且冷卻至室溫。用EtOAc (100 mL)稀釋反應混合物且經由矽藻土濾片過濾。用水(50 mL)及飽和鹽水溶液(50 mL)洗滌濾液。所收集之有機層經無水Na
2SO
4且減壓濃縮,得到粗產物。粗殘餘物係藉由矽膠(100至200目)管柱層析,使用20至25% EtOAc/石油醚來純化,得到呈白色固體之所需產物5-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)苯胺(2 g,82%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 267.8 (M+H)
+, LC滯留時間2.43 min [方法A]。
步驟 -2向5-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜硼雜環戊-2-基)苯胺(989 mg, 3.70 mmol)及4-溴-2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑(500 mg, 3.09 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(10 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中添加2N K
3PO
4水溶液(4.63 mL,9.26 mmol)且在N
2氣體下吹掃5 min。向反應混合物中添加PdCl
2(dppf)-DCM加合物(252 mg,0.309 mmol)且在90℃攪拌6h。用乙酸乙酯(50 mL)稀釋反應混合物且用鹽水(25 mL)洗滌。所收集之有機層經無水Na
2SO
4乾燥且減壓濃縮。粗殘餘物係在矽膠(100至200目)管柱層析下,使用35% EtOAc/石油醚來純化,得到呈棕色固體之所需產物5-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯胺(0.6 g,38%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 223.0 (M+H)
+, LC滯留時間1.95 min [方法A]。
以下中間物
8係以類似於中間物
7之製備的方式由3-溴-2-甲氧基-5-甲基苯胺製備。
中間物編號 | MW | m/z[M+H] + | Rt (min) [方法] |
8 | 218.26 | 219.2 | 1.04 [A] |
實例 4 藉由使N
2氣體鼓泡持續5 min,使4-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯胺(376 mg, 1.691 mmol)、N-(4-氯-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(200 mg, 0.791 mmol)、碳酸銫(774 mg, 2.374 mmol)於1,4-二㗁烷(5 mL)中之混合物脫氣。隨後添加1,1'-雙(二環己基膦基)二茂鐵(45.8 mg,0.079 mmol)、Pd
2dba
3(36.2 mg,0.040 mmol)且藉由使N
2氣體鼓泡持續5 min來使反應混合物脫氣。隨後密封反應容器且加熱至110℃持續16 h。將反應物冷卻至室溫,用乙酸乙酯(20 mL)稀釋,經由0.45微米耐綸過濾器過濾且濃縮。粗殘餘物係藉由逆相製備型HPLC純化,得到呈灰白色固體之N-(4-((4-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺(130 mg,36.8%產率)。
MS (M+1)
m/z: 439.2 [M+H]
+, LC滯留時間2.517 min [方法B]。
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d
6):
δ10.92 (s, 1H), 10.85 (s, 1H), 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.24 (t, J = 9.60 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.13 (q, J = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 2.02-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H), 0.80-0.78 (m, 4H)。
以下實例(
5-6)係以類似於
實例 4之製備的方式製備。
a= 在製備中用作配位體的Rac-BINAP而非dcpf。
生物學分析
實例編號 a | X | MW | m/z[M+H] + | Rt (min) [方法] |
5 | F | 438.46 | 439.0 | 3.11 [A] |
6 | CH 3 | 434.5 | 435.2 | 2.91 [A] |
實例編號 | 1H NMR |
2 | 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ12.34 (s, 1H), 10.94 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 5.60 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 5.20 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.24 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.18 (q, J = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 2.09-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.08 (m, 5H), 0.89-0.87 (m, 4H)。 |
5 | 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ11.21 (s, 1H), 11.01 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.15 (q, J = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 2.08-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H), 0.86-0.80 (m, 4H)。 |
6 | 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ11.15 (s, 1H), 11.05 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.15 (q, J = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H), 0.86-0.83 (m, 4H)。 |
以下分析用於展示本發明化合物之活性。
大腦穿透活體內分析
使用C57BL6野生型小鼠(每個實驗n=3)進行藥物動力學研究以測定本發明化合物之大腦及血漿暴露。該化合物係以5% ETHANOL、90% PEG 300、5% TPGS之溶液形式以5 mL/kg經口投與,最終濃度為10 mg/kg。在給藥後1小時處死小鼠,且收集血漿及大腦並冷凍以供分析。在1:1體積的空白C57BL6小鼠血漿中均質化大腦組織。藉由LC-MS分析測定血漿及大腦組織勻漿中之化合物濃度。
Caco-2 細胞中之雙向滲透性分析 概述
在Caco-2雙向滲透性分析中測試所描述化合物以評定其滲透性及流出受質潛力。將化合物(在3 μM,一式三份)與Caco-2細胞一起在pH 7.4的分析緩衝液(含有0.5%牛血清白蛋白[BSA])在37℃培育2小時,且接著萃取以供LC-MS分析以測定其在反應混合物中之濃度且計算滲透係數、流出比及回收率。
材料及方法
Caco-2 (高加索人結腸腺癌)細胞係獲自美國菌種保藏中心(Manassas, Virginia)。達爾伯克氏改良伊格爾氏培養基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium;DMEM)、N-2-羥基乙基哌𠯤-N′-2-乙磺酸(HEPES)緩衝液、非必需胺基酸、L-麩醯胺酸、青黴素-G-鏈黴素、加熱不活化胎牛血清(FBS)係購自GIBCO/Invitrogen (Carlsbad, California)。具有96個孔(表面積:0.11 cm
2)、具有0.4 μm孔徑聚碳酸酯膜之transwell盤及低結合transwell簇盤係購自Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, Missouri)。低結合96孔盤係購自Corning (Corning, New York)。藉由用HEPES將漢克氏平衡鹽溶液(HBSS)調節至pH 7.4來製備經修飾之漢克氏平衡鹽溶液(MHBSS)。HBSS、地高辛(digoxin)及牛血清白蛋白(BSA)係購自Sigma (Saint Louis, Missouri)。過濾塊(2 mL,96孔)係購自Whatman (Freiburg, Germany)。所有溶劑均為分析級。
細胞製備
在分析前十四(14)至28天,將Caco-2細胞以1.8×10
5個細胞/平方公分,大約每孔2.0×10
4個細胞之密度接種至96孔transwell盤中的聚碳酸酯濾膜上。使細胞在由補充有10%胎牛血清、10 mM HEPES、1%非必需胺基酸、2 mM L-麩醯胺酸、100 U/mL青黴素-G及100 μg/mL鏈黴素之DMEM組成的培養基中生長。每3天更換培養基且將細胞保持在37℃下95%相對濕度及5% CO
2氛圍中。僅在分析之前評估細胞之緊密連接形成(參見以下品質控制部分)。
化合物製備
將化合物在100% DMSO中溶解至10 mM。在目視確認完全溶解之後,將10 mM化合物儲備液塗敷至96孔盤中且進一步在100% DMSO中連續稀釋,產生0.3 mM之100×儲備濃度。除了所描述之化合物,測試四(4)種對照化合物,將其一式四份地以0.3 mM之100×濃度塗鋪。
滲透性評定
在單個實驗中以3 μM之最終濃度一式三份地測試所描述化合物。分析中所用之細胞繼代符合QC準則(參見以下品質控制部分)。利用培養14至28天之Caco-2細胞單層進行研究,其中細胞代數在20與80之間。
分析(轉運)緩衝液由調節至pH 7.4之MHBSS及0.5% BSA組成。將化合物的8 μL 100% DMSO儲備溶液自100×化合物培養盤添加至800 μL分析緩衝液中,充分混合,且過濾以移除任何沈澱,作為分析培育前之最終製備步驟。所描述化合物及對照化合物之靶向最終測試濃度為3 μM。濾液表示用作供分析(在兩個方向上)之供體溶液的初始儲備化合物溶液。接收體溶液僅為分析緩衝液。
剛好在分析執行之前,將各細胞單層用分析緩衝液洗滌3次以移除所有痕量培養基。滲透性研究係藉由向頂端transwell區室添加100 μL分析緩衝液加/減化合物且向96孔transwell低結合簇盤之底外側區室添加200 μL分析緩衝液加/減化合物來開始。對於頂端至底外側(A→B)滲透性(吸收方向),將含有化合物或對照化合物之緩衝液(1×供體溶液)置於頂端區室(供體孔)中,同時將單獨的緩衝液置於對應的底外側區室(接受體孔)中。對於底外側至頂端(B→A)滲透性(分泌方向),將含有化合物或對照化合物之緩衝液(1×供體溶液)置於底外側區室(供體孔)中,同時將單獨的緩衝液置於對應的頂點區室(接受體孔)中。隨後將transwell在95%相對濕度及5% CO
2氛圍中在37℃培育2小時。在培育之後,自各頂端及底外側區室移除75 μL且轉移至先前裝載有75微升/孔的含有250 nM普萘洛爾(propranolol)、250 nM雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)及500 nM甲苯磺丁尿(tolbutamide)作為內標之乙腈的96孔低結合盤中。隨後藉由LC-MS/MS分析樣本以測定所描述化合物及對照化合物之濃度。
分析用樣本之分析
藉由LC-MS/MS測定分析用樣本中之所描述化合物及對照化合物之濃度。AB Sciex 4500/5500/6500多工系統由2組具有用於梯度溶離之SCL-20Avp控制器及LS1自動進樣器的二元Shimadzu 20ADvp泵及在電噴霧電離(ESI)模式下操作的AB Sciex 4500/5500/6500三重四極桿質譜儀組成。為獲得用於樣本分析之最佳SRM條件,使用DiscoveryQuant™ (AB Sciex)進行各化合物之MS/MS最佳化,其特徵為用在由化合物儲備溶液製備之甲醇與水(1:1,v/v)之混合物中的5 μM標準溶液進行飽和度控制。在75%移動相B (0.2%甲酸/乙腈)及25%移動相A (0.2%甲酸/水)之等度溶離下,使用注入體積為40 μL的流動注入分析進行最佳化。
注射5 μL等分試樣之樣本,且隨後在使用由A (0.2%甲酸/水)及B (0.2%甲酸/乙腈)組成之移動相的梯度溶離下,在Kinetex XB-C18、2.6 μm、2.1 × 30 mm管柱上進行分離。
A=0.2%甲酸/水;B=0.2%甲酸/乙腈
表A: Caco-2細胞分析中之雙向滲透性 - 用於樣本分析之移動相梯度 | |||||
時間 | 長度 | 流速 (mL/min) | 梯度 | %A | %B |
0 | 5 | 0.7 | 步驟 | 98 | 2 |
5 | 25 | 0.7 | 斜率 | 2 | 98 |
30 | 20 | 0.7 | 步驟 | 2 | 98 |
50 | 30 | 0.7 | 步驟 | 98 | 2 |
DiscoveryQuant™自動測定所描述化合物及參考化合物的最佳電離極性(陽性或陰性)、前驅體及產物離子、去簇電位及碰撞能量。使用最佳化之SRM MS/MS條件進行樣本分析。使用所描述化合物或對照化合物與內標之峰面積比進行定量。使用給藥溶液中之化合物之峰面積比測定樣本中之化合物濃度。
資料分析
針對所描述之化合物報導以下結果:滲透係數(Pc [奈米/秒])、流出比及回收百分比。
使用以下方程式計算Pc值:
其中:
CAt = 時間t後受體孔中測試化合物之濃度,
VA = 受體孔中之體積,
S = 膜之表面積(0.11 cm
2),
CD0 = 供體孔中測試化合物之初始濃度,
t = 培育時間。
藉由以在分析培育之前添加至供體區室之測試化合物之總量(nmol)的分率(百分比)形式表現培育時間結束時存在於供體及接受體分析區室中之測試化合物之總量(nmol)來計算回收率(%)。其係使用以下方程式計算:
其中:
CD0 = 供體孔中測試化合物之初始濃度,
VD = 供體孔中之體積,
CDt = 時間t後在供體孔中之濃度,
CAt = 時間t後在受體孔中之濃度,
VA = 受體孔中之體積。
品質控制
使用跨上皮電阻(TEER)量測來評估分析當天使用之一個transwell盤中的Caco-2細胞的緊密連接形成。使用EVOM電阻計(World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, Florida)進行TEER評估。transwell盤之各孔證明TEER值>600 Ω●cm
2,且該塗敷批次之所有培養盤係經公認用於分析。
除各實驗中所描述之化合物以外,測試具有覆蓋一系列滲透性之Pc值的四(4)種對照化合物。此分析之接受準則需要3 μM之對照化合物的結果在可接受的歷史範圍內。歷史上針對此等4個對照所觀測到的Pc值及流出比之可接受範圍顯示於表B中。
在此等研究中,所有對照化合物之結果均在其各別歷史範圍內。因此,該分析資料係經公認用於資料分析及評估所描述化合物在Caco-2細胞中的雙向滲透性。
值為均值±標準差。
Pc=滲透係數。A→B=頂端至底外側。B→A=底外側至頂端。
人類全血中 IFN α 誘導之 STAT 磷酸化
表B:Caco-2細胞分析中之雙向滲透性 - 對照化合物之歷史結果 | |||
化合物 | Pc (A→B) (nm/s) | Pc (B→A) (nm/s) | 流出比 |
地高辛 | 18 ± 7 | 265 ± 74 | 14.7 |
納多洛爾(Nadolol) | 20 ± 9 | 25 ± 11 | 1.3 |
阿替洛爾(Atenolol) | 19 ± 8 | 27 ± 10 | 1.4 |
維拉帕米(Verapamil) | 120 ± 20 | 160 ± 40 | 1.3 |
與化合物一起培育長達一小時之後,用1000 U/mL重組人類IFNα A/D (R&D Systems 11200-2)刺激人類全血(用ACD-A作為抗凝血劑抽出)持續15 min。藉由添加固定/溶解緩衝液(BD 558049)終止刺激。用CD3 FITC抗體(BD 555916)染色細胞,洗滌且使用Perm III緩衝液(BD 558050)在冰上滲透。接著用Alexa-Fluor 647 pSTAT5 (pY694)抗體(BD 612599)染色細胞60 min,隨後在iQue Plus上進行分析。在對CD3陽性群體進行圈選後,藉由中值螢光強度定量pSTAT5表現量。
表1:例示化合物在人類全血分析中之效力
表2:實例1及3與化合物A及B之CNS穿透圖譜之比較:
Ex. # | 人類全血IFNa pSTAT5 IC50 (µM) | Caco-2 AB (nm/s) | Caco-2流出比 |
1 | 0.037 | 663 | 0.1 |
2 | 0.40 | 180 | 0.2 |
3 | 0.46 | 183 | 0.5 |
4 | 0.28 | 545 | 0.4 |
5 | 0.71 | 258 | 0.3 |
6 | 0.77 | 152 | 0.3 |
化合物 | 腦血漿暴露比(小鼠) (1 h,10 mpk,po) |
實例1 | 3.1 |
A | 0.14 |
實例3 | 3.0 |
B | 0.05 |
已出人意料地發現,與結構上類似的1,2,4-取代之三唑化合物相比,本發明之1,2,3-取代之三唑化合物具有顯著較高的腦血漿比。因此,本發明化合物能夠穿透血腦障壁且可適用於治療某些神經病症。
Claims (7)
- 一種化合物或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽、水合物或酯,其中該化合物係選自 N-(4-((3-甲氧基-4-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺, N-(4-((3-甲氧基-4-(2-環丙基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)吡啶-2-基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺, N-(4-((2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺, N-(4-((4-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺, N-(4-((3-氟-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺,及 N-(4-((3-甲基-2-甲氧基-3-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)苯基)胺基)-5-丙醯基吡啶-2-基)環丙烷甲醯胺。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如請求項1至4中任一項之化合物或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽、水合物或酯,及醫藥學上可接受之載劑或稀釋劑。
- 一種如請求項1至6中任一項之化合物或其立體異構體或醫藥學上可接受之鹽、水合物或酯之用途,其係用於製造用以治療神經退化性疾病之藥劑。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中該神經退化性疾病為阿茲海默症、帕金森氏症、ALS、多發性硬化症(RMS及/或進行性MS,包括CIS、視神經炎、視神經脊髓炎)。
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