SU1575140A1 - Apparatus for testing insulation for electric strength - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention can be used in devices for monitoring the dielectric strength of electrical insulation on an alternating current of electrical products, as well as as a controlled and stabilized source of alternating current power. The purpose of the invention is to increase the reliability of the device and increase electrical safety due to smooth automatic contactless control of the test voltage and smooth automatic shutdown at the end of the test time and in the case of insulation breakdown during the test. The device contains a driver (F) 1 counting pulses, F 2 "Stop" signals, F 3 time intervals, control block 4, source 5 calibrated voltages, logical key (K) 6, first and second analog K 7, 8, comparator 9 , integrator 10, direct current power amplifier 11, bias current source 12, magnetic amplifier 13, fault detection unit 14, control object 15 and detector 16. The device allows to quickly vary the value of the test voltage, its rise rate to a wide range required size and rate of decline, time the control object's exposures under voltage and the sensitivity of the block of registration of marriage (breakdown) of the insulation. 2 Il.

Description

The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used in devices for monitoring the electrical strength of an insulation on an alternating current of electrical products, as well as a controlled and stabilized source of alternating current power.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the reliability of the device under extreme loads (during insulation breakdown and short circuit in the test circuits) and to increase electrical safety during operation of the device by introducing smooth automatic contactless control of the test voltage and smooth automatic shutdown at the end of the test time and the case of insulation breakdown during the test, which is extremely important when testing inductive circuits. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a device for testing insulation strength; FIG. 2 - timing diagrams explaining the operation of the device, where Zone I corresponds to the normal operation of the device; Zone II - the mode when the breakdown of the insulation of the control object occurred; zo- | On III - the mode when the isolation fault occurs even before the test voltage is turned on (the beginning of each zone corresponds to the initial state of the device circuit).

The device contains a shaper 1 counting pulses, a shaper 2 stop signals, a shaper 3 time intervals, control block 4, source 5 calibrated voltages, logical switch 6, first and second analog switches 7 and 8, comparator 9, integrator 10, power amplifier 11 constant current, bias current source 12, magnetic amplifier 13, reject detection unit 14, control object 15 and detector 16.

The output of the imaging unit 1 of the counting pulses is connected to the input of the imaging unit 2 of the Stop signal and with the first input of the imaging unit 3 time intervals, the second output of the imaging device 2 of the Stop signal is connected to the second input of the logical switch 6, and the first output with the second input of the imaging unit 3 time intervals, the output of which is connected to the first input of the control unit 4, the first output of which is connected to the input of the imaging unit 1 of the counting pulses and the input of the source 5 of calibrated voltages, the second output of the control unit 4 is connected to the control at the input of the first analog switch 7, the output of the logical switch 6 is connected to the third input of the control unit 4, the second output of the source 5

calibrated voltages are connected to

signal inputs of the first and second

analog switches 7 and 8, and the first output - to the first input of the comparator 9, the output of the detector 16 is connected to the second input; the output of the comparator 9 is connected to the control input of the second analog switch 8 and the first input of the logical switch 6, the outputs of the first and second analog the keys 7 and 8 are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the integrator 10, the output of which through the power amplifier 11 is connected (the current is connected to the control input of the magnetic amplifier 13, the output of the reject recorder 14 is connected to the second input of the control unit 4 effects, the output of the bias current source 12 is connected to the input of the magnetic amplifier 13 (bias winding),

Q

„

0

five

five

the first and second outputs of which are connected to the terminals for connection to the AC mains, the third output of the magnetic amplifier 13 is connected to the input of the reject recording unit 14, the second output of which is connected to the first terminal for connecting the control object 15, the third output of the magnetic amplifier is connected to the first input of the detector 16, the second input of which is connected to the fourth output of the magnetic amplifier 13 and to the second terminal for connecting the test object.

Shaper 1 counting pulses generates pulses with a frequency of 1 Hz. The pulses are generated from a harmonic signal of a power frequency voltage with a Pmitt trigger and a binary counter. The interval read error is determined by the instability of the network frequency of 50 Hz, which is + 1% and is quite acceptable for this purpose.

Shaper 2 Stop signals are made on integral binary counters and four H-NOT elements, on which a waiting multivibrator is assembled, forming an output pulse. The former serves to obtain a signal that shuts down the device in the presence of a short circuit in the control object 15 and to obtain the time interval during which a given test voltage is established.

The shaper 3 time intervals serves to obtain standard intervals (60 seconds, 120 seconds or others) during which a predetermined test voltage is applied to the control object 15, and is a pulse counter-divider by 60 and 120, performed on integral counters. The switch for the duration of exposures inside the imaging unit 3 (FIG. 1) is not shown.

The control unit 4 is made on the RS trigger 17, which is controlled by the Start button on input S. On input R, the trigger 17 is controlled by the Stop button on the logical key 6, on the generator of the 2 Stop signals, or on the output of the generator of 3 time intervals.

Source 5 of calibrated voltages serves to obtain a calibrated voltage (in a particular case, -2.5 V and +0.5 V) required for

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operation of the integrator 10 and for obtaining the reference voltage supplied to the input of the comparator 9. A voltage of 2.5 V is obtained from a stabilized level of + 1.5 V using a resistor 18 and a zener diode 19 of a logical voltage 1 which comes from an inverted output trigger 17 of block 4 controls. A voltage of +1.5 V is applied to a large-scale amplifier made on resistors 20 and 21 and an operational amplifier 22. To the direct input of amplifier 22 from resistor 23, a reference voltage is applied, causing a voltage of + 0.5 V to the output of the amplifier 22 when the logical zero voltage arrives at its inverted input from the trigger 17 of the control unit 4. The reference voltage to the input of the comparator 9 is removed from the resistor 24.

The logical switch 6 is assembled on the I-KE element and serves to transmit control signals from the comparator 9 and the former 2 Stop signals to the control unit 4.

The first and second analog switches 7 and 8 serve to control the operation of the integrator 10 and are organized in a functional integrated circuit.

The comparator 9 serves to receive the control signal of the second analog key 8 and the logical key 6 in the circuit for establishing and maintaining the test voltage and is arranged in a functional integrated circuit.

The integrator 10 is implemented on the operational amplifier 25, contains timing resistors 26 and 27, a charging capacitor 28, a discharge resistor 29 and a limiting diode 30, and serves to control the DC amplifier 11 in the circuit for establishing and maintaining the test voltage.

A DC power amplifier 11 provides the necessary current in the control winding of the magnetic amplifier 13.

The bias current source 12 is a direct current source, powered by a power transformer of a power supply unit of the device (not specified), and serves to create an initial induction in the cores of a magnetic amplifier 13.

1 The magnetic amplifier 13 is a regulating element from which the test voltage is removed,

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and is a differential magnetic amplifier with transformer control elements and contains two inductances (Lf and L) with bias windings 31 and 32, controls 33 and 34, mains supply 35 and 36 and output 37 and 38. Emergency load output half windings

37 and 38 is a power resistor 39, and the test voltage is monitored by an AC voltmeter 40. The resistor 41 sets the current in the semi-windings of the bias 31 and 32, at which the voltage on the output semi-windings 37 and

38 is zero. The advantage of the magnetic amplifier 13 of this circuit is the possibility of obtaining practically any output voltage (the ratio of the turns of the network and output semi-windings) and current (voltage) in the load circuit in the absence of current in the control semi-windings equal to zero.

The defect registration unit 14 serves to generate a command for disconnecting the test voltage in case of insulating the control object 15 and consists of a transformer 42, a diode 43, a filter capacitor 44, a differentiator assembled on a capacitor 45, an operational amplifier 46, a Ymitt trigger 47 and a circuit indication consisting of trigger 48 and LED 49.

The detector 16 serves to obtain a constant voltage comparison, which is proportional to the output test voltage and consists of a transformer 50, a diode 51 and a filter capacitor 52.

The device works as follows.

In the initial state, the shaper 1 of the counting pulses is disabled (Fig. 2), since on one of the inputs And of the Ymitt trigger there is a logical O from the Q output of the trigger 17 of the control unit 4. At the same time, this logical O is fed to the input of the source 5 of calibrated voltages and is converted by the operational amplifier 22 to a positive voltage of +0.5 V, which is fed to the signal inputs of the analog switches 7 and 8. Since the control inputs of the analog switches 7 and 8 have a logical 1 from the direct output of the trigger 17 (FNG. 2,. 7t 8) and from the output of the comparator 9

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accordingly, this voltage passes to the input of the inverting integrator 10, the output voltage of which

34 increases (Fig. 2, 14). In this case, in the magnetic element containing the output semi-winding 37, induction, arcing

has a negative polarity (Fig. 2, caught by a bias current in a semi-winding 13) and is limited to a level of -0.7 V by a diode 30. This voltage is fed to the input of the DC power amplifier 11, which at a negative voltage is "A" (Fig. 2, JQ 4) is closed and there is no current in the control semi-windings t 33 and 34, while in the output semi-windings 37 and 38 some electromotive force (EMF) is induced, due to the ratio of turns to network half windings 35 and 36 , but due to the fact that the output windings 37 and 38 are included opposite, the total E DS is 0, i.e. Test object voltage is not applied to control object 15. When you press a button

The start of the trigger 17 of the control unit 4 is triggered, and the voltage of logic 1 at the input AND of the trigger Ymitta shaper 1 counting pulses of times-25 solves its operation (Fig. 2, zone I, 1). The counting pulses with a frequency of 1 Hz (seconds) arrive at the counter of the imager 2 of the Stop1 signal, which forms the time interval for the rise of 30 test voltage 1 (for example-10С) (Fig. 2, 2). The same voltage of logical 1 arrives at the input of source 5 calibrated with a voltage of 31, will decrease, and in a magnetic element with half windings 38 and 32 will increase. This causes an increase in the transformed EMF in the half-winding 37 and a decrease in the half-winding 38, i.e. the appearance of an output voltage that is applied to object 15 of the control. The shape of the change in output voltage will repeat the shape of the change in control current in the semi-windings of control 33 and 34 (Fig. 2, 14). The current rise rate and, consequently, the voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 13 is determined by the resistor 27, the capacitance of the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 and the magnitude of the voltage from the source 5 of calibrated voltages, the values of which can be set over wide limits.

As the voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 13 increases, the voltage from the detector 16 increases proportionally and when it reaches the value set by the resistor 24 in the source 5 of the calibrated voltages, it is compared by the comparator 9 and the O signal generated by it (Figs. 2, 11) closes analog key 8 (Fig. 2, 9). Voltage -2.5V,

zenith which is limited to the stabilitron 19ij which comes to the input of the integrator

40

to the level of +1.5 V and converted by the operational amplifier 22 to a voltage of -2.5 V (Figs. 2, 6), which is fed to the signal inputs of the analog switches 7 and 8. At the same time, the logical O voltage from the Q output of the trigger 17 control unit 4 arrives at the control input of the first analog switch 7 and closes it (fig. 2, 8), but the second analog switch 8 is in the conductive state e5 (fig. 2, 9), since its control input there is a logical 1 output from the comparator 9 (Fig. 2, 10). Thus, the voltage -2.5 V from the source 5 of the calibrated voltages passes through the resistor 27 to the input of the integrator 10f at the output of which a positive voltage appears (Fig. 2, 13) entering the input of the amplifier 11 of the DC power , the load of which is the control half windings 33 and 34 of the magnetic amplifier 13. The current in the control half windings 33 and

50

55

10, the operational amplifier 22 and the second analog switch 8 are disconnected. Since the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 is shunted by the resistor 29, the latter begins to discharge (Figs. 2, 12). The voltage at the output of the integrator 10 and, accordingly, at the input of the amplifier 11, the power begins to fall, the current in the control half windings 33,34 of the magnetic amplifier 13 (Fig. 2, 14) decreases, as well as the alternating voltage at its output and proportional to it detector 16. When this voltage decreases on the course of the comparator 9, a voltage of logical 1 is generated (Fig. 2, 11), which opens the second analog key 8 (Fig. 2, 9), and the input of the integrator 10 is again received voltage -2.5 V with operational amplifier 22, i.e. the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 is pumped, ultimately, the stabilization of the alternating voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 8

34 increases (Fig. 2, 14). In this case, in the magnetic element containing the output half-winding 37, the induction due to the bias current in the half-winding 31 will decrease, and in the magnetic element with the half-windings 38 and 32 increase. This causes an increase in the transformed EMF in the half-winding 37 and a decrease in the half-winding 38, i.e. the appearance of an output voltage that is applied to the object 15 of the control. The shape of the change in output voltage will repeat the shape of the change in control current in the semi-windings of control 33 and 34 (Fig. 2, 14). The current rise rate and, consequently, the voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 13 is determined by the resistor 27, the capacitance of the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 and the magnitude of the voltage from the source 5 of calibrated voltages, the values of which can be set over wide limits.

As the voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 13 increases, the voltage from the detector 16 increases proportionally and when it reaches the value set by the resistor 24 in the source 5 of the calibrated voltages, it is compared by the comparator 9 and the O signal generated by it (Figs. 2, 11) closes the analog key 8 (Fig. 2, 9). Voltage -2.5V,

which comes to integrator input

10, operational amplifier 22, through the second analog switch 8, is turned off. Since the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 is shunted by the resistor 29, the latter starts to discharge (Figs. 2, 12). The voltage at the output of the integrator 10 and, accordingly, at the input of the amplifier 11, the power begins to fall, the current in the control semi-windings 33.34 of the magnetic amplifier 13 (Fig. 2, 14) decreases, as well as the alternating voltage at its output and proportional to it detector 16. When this voltage is reduced, the output of the comparator 9 produces a voltage of logic 1 (Fig. 2, 11), which opens the second analog switch 8 (Fig. 2, 9), and the input of the integrator 10 again receives a voltage of -2 , 5 V with an operational amplifier 22, i.e. the capacitor 28 of the integrator 10 is pumped, ultimately, the stabilization of the alternating voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 9157

l 13. Thus, the connection of the integrator 10 to the source 5 of calibrated voltages is a sequence of pulses with modulation in latitude (FIM). Exposure of the object 15 of the control under voltage is caused by the shaper of 3 time intervals, which is triggered by a pulse from the shaper 2 of the Stop signal after the last working out of the voltage rise interval.

When a breakdown occurs (Fig. 2, zone II) in the circuit under test, a current rush occurs during the exposure to voltage in the output shchuobmotov 37 and 38 of the magnetic amplifier 13, which leads to a voltage surge in the secondary winding of the transformer 42 of the block 14 registration of marriage. This alternating voltage surge is detected by a diode 43 with a filter on the capacitor 44 and through the capacitor 45 enters the input of the amplifier 46 of the differentiator. An output pulse from amplifier 46 is formed into a rectangular Pmitt 47 trigger (Fig. 2, 10) and returns the trigger 17 of control unit 4 to its initial state (Fig. 2, 4.5), i.e. switches the device to the test voltage off mode, the trigger 48 of the sample indication circuit is triggered and the LED 49 lights up,

The test voltage disconnection mode is as follows. When switching the trigger 17 of the control unit 4, the logical O from the Q-output is fed to the input AND of the trigger Ymitt of the former 1 counting pulses and turns it off (Fig. 2, 1). The same signal is fed to the input of the source 5 of calibrated voltages (resistor 18) and at the output of the operational amplifier 22 a voltage of +0.5 V appears (Fig. 2, 6). Simultaneously from the Q-output of the trigger 17, the voltage of the logic 1 goes to the control input of the first analog switch 7 and opens it, while the voltage of +0.5 V from the output of the amplifier 22 passes through it and goes through the resistor 26 to the input of the amplifier 25 of the integrator 10, the output voltage of the integrator 10 varies linearly from positive to negative (Fig. 2, 13), acting through the power amplifier 11 on the current in the control semi-windings 33 and 34 of the magnetic amplifier 13 and in the final

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this ultimately leads to a decrease in the output voltage to zero (Fig. 2, 14). The rate of reduction of the output voltage can be controlled by the value (positive voltage from the output - operational amplifier 22, which is set by the value of the reference voltage from the resistor 23. The voltage

 from the output of the operational amplifier 22 is fed to the input of the integrator 10 through the first analog switch 7 and the resistor 26. Speed control is necessary when testing circuits with

15 inductance.

If a short circuit in the circuit under test occurred before applying the test voltage, the output voltage starts to be released at the ballast resistor 39 of the magnetic amplifier 13, and the inrush current in the primary winding of the reject recorder unit 14 causes the device to trip.

25 If the circuit under test has a low resistance, the current rise rate in the primary winding of the transformer 42 of the recording unit 14. the defect may not be enough for the operation30 of the differentiator and ultimately for switching the device to the test voltage disconnecting mode (Fig. 2, zone III).

In this case, the protection of the magnetic

35 amplifier 13 from overload occurs as follows.

The increasing voltage at the output of the magnetic amplifier 13 is divided between the control object 15 and the ballast resistor 39, since they are connected in series. In this case, the transformer 50 of the detector 16 appears to be connected to the control object 15 in parallel, i.e. the detector 16 fixes the voltage

45 is smaller by the amount allocated on the ballast resistor 39. In this case, the rise rate of the test voltage decreases relative to the set one, and the device switches to the test voltage decreasing mode by limiting the time to establish the test voltage. This time is set to 1 s longer than necessary to establish the test voltage (Fig.2.2), shaper 2 of Stop signal. The logic 1st from its output goes to i the first input of the logical key 6 and

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The ori no prohibiting signal (logical O) from the comparator 9 (Fig. 2, 11) at its second input generates a pulse of logical O (Fig.2 7), which arrives at the R input of the trigger 17 of the control unit 4, while the trigger switches to the initial state (Figs. 2, 4,5), turning off the shaper 1 of the counting pulses (Fig. 2, 1) and then shutting down the entire device occurs by analogy with shutdown at the end of the test interval (normal mode). Shut up

A device for testing insulation resistance, containing a time interval former, a control unit, a source of calibrated voltages, a comparator, a reject recorder, an output of a time interval former connected to the first input of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the source of a calibrated voltage , the first output of the block of registration of marriage with the thawing command by the comparator 9 vyraba- 5 is unified with the second input of the block of control 20

35

It is only in the case when the voltage coming from the detector 16 to the second input of the comparator is less than the voltage at its first input coming from the resistor 24 of the source 5 of calibrated voltages, which determines the final value of the output voltage of the magnetic amplifier 13.

25

Thus, the current in the test circuit with inductance, in the presence of leakage or short-circuit, increases smoothly and also smoothly decreases, thereby preventing 30 voltage surges. Limiting the current to a value safe for the magnetic amplifier 13 (if necessary for the control object 15) is made by appropriate selection of the ballast resistor 39.

As a result of the use of this device for testing the electrical resistance by alternating current, no surges are allowed before the voltage is tested in the test circuits with inductance, which prevents destruction of the test object and increases the electrical safety of the personnel. The use of the device 5 allows, within wide limits, to quickly change such parameters as the value of the test voltage, its ascent rate to the required value and speed of the fall, the exposure time of 50 ki of the object 15 of the control under voltage and the sensitivity of the block 14 of registration of breakdown (breakdown) isol It allows to raise labor productivity while improving the quality indicators, gives the opportunity to test less qualified workers.

No, the first output of the calibrated voltage source is connected to the first input of the comparator, characterized in that, in order to increase the reliability of the device under extreme loads and increase electrical safety during operation of the device, the counting pulse former, the stop conditioner, logical key, the first are entered into it. and second analog switches, an integrator, a DC power amplifier, a bias current source, a magnetic amplifier, and a detector, with the output of the counting pulse generator connecting En with the first input of the time interval generator, with the input of the Stop signal generator, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the time interval generator, the second output of the Stop signal generator is connected to the first input of the logical key, the output of which is connected to the third input of the control unit, the first output of the control unit connected to the input of the counting pulse generator, the second output of the source of calibrated voltages is connected to the signal inputs of the first and second analog switches, the output of the second analog The second key is connected to the first input of the integrator, the second input of which is connected to the output of the first analog key; the integrator's output is connected via a DC amplifier to the control input of a magnetic amplifier, the second input of the comparator is connected to the output of the detector, and the output of the comparator is connected to the second input. analog key and with the first input of the logical key, the second output of the control unit is connected to the control input of the first

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Formula

12

the invention

A device for testing insulation resistance, containing a time interval former, a control unit, a source of calibrated voltages, a comparator, a reject recorder, an output of a time interval former connected to the first input of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the source of a calibrated voltage , the first output of the block of registration of marriage is connected to the second input of the control unit0

five

five

0

about 5 0

No, the first output of the calibrated voltage source is connected to the first input of the comparator, characterized in that, in order to increase the reliability of the device under extreme loads and increase electrical safety during operation of the device, the counting pulse former, the stop conditioner, logical key, the first are entered into it. and second analog switches, an integrator, a DC power amplifier, a bias current source, a magnetic amplifier, and a detector, with the output of the counting pulse generator connecting En with the first input of the time interval generator, with the input of the Stop signal generator, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the time interval generator, the second output of the Stop signal generator is connected to the first input of the logical key, the output of which is connected to the third input of the control unit, the first output of the control unit connected to the input of the counting pulse generator, the second output of the source of calibrated voltages is connected to the signal inputs of the first and second analog switches, the output of the second analog The second key is connected to the first input of the integrator, the second input of which is connected to the output of the first analog key; the integrator's output is connected via a DC amplifier to the control input of a magnetic amplifier, the second input of the comparator is connected to the output of the detector, and the output of the comparator is connected to the second input. analog key and with the first input of the logical key, the second output of the control unit is connected to the control input of the first

I

analog key, the offset toKa source output is connected to the second magnetic amplifier, the first and second outputs of which are connected to the terminals for connection to the alternating voltage source, the third output of the magnetic amplifier is connected to the first inputs of the detector and the input of the unit

registering Kpak.ch, whose ltop output is connected to: the first lemma for connecting the counterpoint object, the fourth output of the magnetic amplifier is connected to the second detector input and r in the mountain terminal for connecting the control object.

1

FIG. 2

Editor I. Segl nick

Compiled by E. Kusch Tehred L. Serdyukova

Order 1783

Circulation 562

VNIIPI State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries at the State Committee on Science and Technology of the USSR 113035, Moscow, Zh-35, Raushsk nab. 4/5

Proofreader. Lonchakova

Subscription

Claims (2)

Claim A device for testing the insulation of electric strength, containing a time interval shaper, a control unit, a calibrated voltage source, a comparator, a marriage registration unit, a time interval shaper output is connected to the first input of the control unit, the first output of which is connected to the input of the calibrated voltage source, the first output the marriage registration unit is connected to the second input of the control unit, the first output of the calibrated voltage source is connected to the first input of the comparator, distinguishing with I mean that, in order to increase the reliability of the device under extreme loads and increase electrical safety during operation of the device, it introduced a counting pulse shaper, Stop signal shaper, a logical key, first and second analog keys, an integrator, a DC power amplifier, a current source bias, a magnetic amplifier and detector, while the output of the counter pulse shaper is connected to the first input of the shaper time intervals, with the input of the shaper Stop, the first output to of which is connected to the second input of the time interval shaper, the second output of the signal conditioner Stop is connected to the first input of the logic key, the output of which is connected to the third input of the control unit, the first output of the control unit is connected to the input of the counting pulse generator, the second output of the calibrated voltage source is connected to signal inputs the first and second analog keys, the output of the second analog key is connected to the first input of the integrator, the second input of which is connected to the output of the first analog key, integrator output through, DC power amplifier connected to the control input of the magnetic amplifier, the second input of the comparator connected to the output of the detector, and the output of the comparator to the control input of the second analog key and the first input of the logical key, the second output of the control unit connected to the control the input of the first analog key, the output of the bias current source is connected to the second input of the magnetic amplifier, the first and second outputs of which are connected to the terminals for connecting to an ac source conjugation, the third magnetic amplifier output is connected to first inputs of the detector and the input of marriage registration unit, the second output of which is connected to a first terminal for connecting a control object, a fourth output of a magnetic amplifier is connected to the second input of the detector and WTO swarm terminal for connecting a control object. / 2 -> * 1 g * - —CzU-, X Lee- »00 P Figure 2 Compiled by E. Kushch Editor I. Seglyanik Tehred L. Serdyukova Corrector. Lonchakova Order 1783 Circulation 562 Subscription VNIIIPI State 113035, Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the USSR SCST Moscow, Zh-35, Raushskaya nab., D. 4/5 Production and Publishing Plant Patent, Uzhhorod, st., Gagarina, 101