RU2536769C2 - Method and system for remote optical detection and location of object flying in stratosphere or at high altitude with supersonic speed based on vapour trail criteria of propulsion system thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics, navigation.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to detection of objects in the atmosphere, primarily low-visibility objects, and measurement of coordinates of said objects. The method for remote optical detection based on vapour trail characteristics in the atmosphere includes providing optimum viewing positions while mounting receiving stations of an angular coordinate measurement system on-board unmanned helicopters patrolling above clouds. The travelling speed of the front, albedo and shape of the artificial cloud represent the vapour trail, and the position and motion parameters of the object are determined from the measured angles of the front of the vapour trail using an angle measurement method.

EFFECT: implementing remote passive location and calculation of motion parameters of objects with minimal errors, wider surveillance area.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The technical solution relates to the field of detecting objects in space, mainly with low information visibility (low probability of intercepting signals from airborne communication and data transmission equipment, a radar glider, a thermal aircraft engine emitting airborne aircraft, navigation and weapon control devices), and determining their location and parameters movements with necessary practice errors according to the criteria of a disturbed region of the atmosphere, called a satellite inversion wake, at a distance of more 350 km from the governing body grouping aerospace defense.

There is a known method of reconnaissance of stealth aircraft (including supersonic and high-altitude), patented in the USA as A. Anuashvili’s Method of detecting a moving target using background radiation or New Generation Radar, with the background principle of obtaining information. The authors of the scientific discovery “The pattern of manifestation of the mobility of an object” (Diploma No. 55, issued May 30, 1997 on the basis of a resolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated February 18, 1992), made at the Institute of Management Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician I. Prangishvili, Doctor of Technical Sciences Anuashvili A.N., Maklakov V.V. They say that in flight an invisible object inevitably leaves “traces in the atmosphere” and it is precisely them that the radar can detect. The essence of the invention of A. Anuashvili is that if the probe radio waves of the generator are directed to the background (for example, the ionosphere), then the secondary waves reflected from the background create oscillations that are consistent with the primary signals. The coherent occurrence of oscillatory processes (harmony) is violated when an “invisible” aircraft appears in the radio wave propagation field, which serves as a detection signal. Fluctuations from the secondary generator (background) in the receiver detection unit in the phase mixer are mixed with the radiation of the primary generator and a coherent component is allocated, which indicates the degree of harmony (consistency) of the oscillatory processes of the primary and secondary generators. If there are no moving objects in the field of view, then the coherence is maximum. When a moving object appears in the radio wave propagation field, the consistency under a certain law is violated (falls). Such a violation of coherence does not depend on the degree of “visibility” of the moving object. An invisible object does not change the amplitude of the signals, but changes the phase of the oscillations when moving, so it is possible to detect invisible (“radiolucent”) phase objects (see US Patent No. 6,707,488, priority 04/05/1999).

A disadvantage of the analogue is the need to use a primary generator of radio waves, unmasking the position of the radar with sounding signals, which can be disabled by aviation munitions homing on the source of radio emission.

There is also a known reconnaissance method according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2394255 of May 26, 2008, IPC G01S17 / 08, the essence of which is scanning the space with an antenna system consisting of four antennas arranged in pairs with a scanning point located in the middle between the separated antenna pairs, with each antenna pair receiving position forms an equal-signal direction. During the operation of the direction finding system, the moment the emitter is located on the equal-signal direction of each pair of antennas is determined and the time interval between the moments when the object is on the equal-signal direction of each antenna pair is determined. The range to the target is determined by the ratio of the distance between the equal-signal directions of the antenna pairs to the product of the time interval between the moments when the emitter is on the equal-signal direction of each antenna pair and the angular scanning speed.

The method has the following disadvantages: the required high constancy of the scanning speed and hardware limitations of the implementation even in the daytime of early detection of optical objects.

The range of vision or visibility of an object in space depends on its color and size, illumination and background (contrast), photoelectric and technical characteristics of a camera - a radiometer of visible and near-infrared optical wavelength radiation and is determined by the transparency of the medium along the path of the photon flux. Reduced air transparency is the main reason for the restriction and loss of visibility of any objects and lights. If the air at the surface of the Earth does not contain either aerosols or water vapor, that is, perfectly clean and dry, then the attenuation of solar radiation is caused only by molecular scattering. In an ideal atmosphere at an air temperature near the Earth’s surface of 0 ° C, the maximum meteorological range of vision is 321 km. At air temperatures of 20 ° C and -20 ° C, it will be equal to 344 and 297 km, respectively. This means that at the above distance, the brightness of the atmospheric haze resulting from molecular scattering in the air layer between the observer’s eye and the black body visible against the sky at the horizon becomes equal to the brightness of the sky at the horizon. Superimposing on a black object, the haze gradually reduces the contrast of the object with the background (with the sky) and brings it to the threshold of contrast sensitivity of the eye, when the object becomes indistinguishable from the background of the sky, that is, invisible. Thus, in an ideal atmosphere at a distance of 321 km, the blackest object becomes bright. Any non-black body has less contrast with the sky near the horizon than black, that is, the range of vision of other bodies is less than meteorological visibility. With the occurrence of optical meteorological interference (atmospheric haze, cloudiness, haze, fog), with snowfalls and blizzards, rains, sand and dust storms, the transparency of the air decreases significantly and photon fluxes significantly weaken [Zvereva S. In the world of sunlight. // Publishing house "Gidrometeoizdat", L., 1988. - 160 p.].

For the closest analogue to the proposed method and reconnaissance system, it is advisable to take the device for optical observation of an object on a remote background, which implements the reception and formation of the reference and compared image frames, two identical with parallel main optical, as shown in RF patent No. 2363018 dated 06.11.2007 axes high-speed photodetectors with CMOS-matrices, which are located at a relatively small distance from the background from each other. In this case, two video systems simultaneously simultaneously register two images and form two difference scenes, the first of which is formed by subtracting the compared frame from the reference, and the second by subtracting the reference frame from the compared. Then, in the difference scenes, the negative values of the frame elements are taken equal to zero, and the angular coordinates of each nonzero fragment on the first difference scene are associated with the shift value between the indicated region and the corresponding fragment on the second difference scene to their maximum coincidence in the direction of background parallax shift, if any such a fragment on the second difference scene in the indicated direction. Similarly to the coordinates of each non-zero region on the second difference scene, the shift value between this region and its corresponding fragment on the first difference scene is associated. The range to the explored target is calculated as the ratio of the product of the distance between the centers of the lens and the interval from the photosensitive plane of the matrix to the main optical axis of the lens of the video system to the numerical value of the parallactic shift of the scene area.

The disadvantages of the prototype include: gross selection errors in the case of simultaneous registration of images of group targets and hardware limits in the implementation even in the daytime, early detection and location of optical objects.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is the realization of long-range optical detection of a supersonic stealth aircraft flying at a high altitude or in the tropopause, or in the stratosphere (for example, the F-22A “Reptor” multipurpose fighter, B-1B “Lancer” bomber, ballistic missile) - on 350 km away. a point object — and determining its location with the accuracy required for practice with the aim of providing information on the fire effects of anti-aircraft missile systems with a maximum range of 220 km at an altitude of 8000 ... 15000 m.

After combat losses by the US Air Force, multi-purpose “invisible” fighters F-117A Night Hawk (in a local war in the Persian Gulf on January 20, 1991, the Night Hawk was hit by a Soviet-made Iraqi man-portable short-range anti-aircraft missile system Igla "; In the war in the Balkans on March 27, 1999 at 20.25, 32 km from Belgrade, in the vicinity of the village of Budanovtsy, the F-117A was destroyed by Soviet-made S-125M Neva short-range anti-aircraft missile system, with target tracking being carried out on Dan of the Philips thermal imager; on April 5, 1999, the Night Hawk was shot down by the Serbian missile with the infrared homing missile launcher Igla during the attack on the Crveni Kot television tower; on May 20, two F-117A were destroyed over Kosovo missiles fired by the Soviet-made fighter MiG-29 of the Air Force of Yugoslavia; April 1 at the Pleso airfield in Zagreb in Macedonia made an emergency landing "Night Hawk", which received military damage from fire from air defense systems of Serbia), capable of carrying out air attacks on subsonic speed and forced from small and medium altitudes to use the main armament - laser-guided bombs - due to the opacity of the atmosphere due to cloudiness and weather interference. The Pentagon has changed the tactics of manned aviation in favor of adopting a JDAM type of aviation ammunition with a combined INS / GPS (inertial-satellite) guidance system and completing missions with attack aircraft at high (8 ... 12 km) altitudes at night with supersonic speed with mandatory intelligence support for Sentry's long-range radar detection aircraft E-3A. Already in the 1999 conflict in the Balkans, the “invisible” strategic bombers B-2A Spirit and supersonic B-1B bombed from altitudes of 12,000 m and 10,000 m, respectively. During the Enduring Freedom operations of 2001 in Afghanistan and the Iraqi Freedom of 2003 in Iraq, B-2A warships with low information visibility used aircraft-based weapons of destruction from high (9 ... 12 km) heights. In April 2012, at the Operation Chimichanga exercises to develop the concept of ultra-long-range surprise strikes, B-1B bombers and 5-generation multi-purpose “invisible” fighter “Reptor” bombers made using the “Stele” technology bombarded aviation munitions JDAM from altitudes of 10 km and 12 km, respectively, at supersonic speed with the information support of E-3A aircraft of the AWACS system [Zverev A. US Air Force exercises “Operation Chimichanga”. // "Independent Military Review", No. 6, 2012 - p.66 ... 69]. When performing combat missions with the B-1B and B-2A strike ships and F-22A multi-role fighters at an altitude of more than 7000 m, there will be optical signs of aircraft in the atmosphere (technical unmasking signs of aircraft engines) - inverse traces of their power plants - artificial pinnacles cumulus clouds (in the meteorological classification “road” - “Cirrocumulus tractus”, Ci trac) formed at a distance of 200 ... 300 m from the nozzles and visible (in an ideal atmosphere) at a distance of more than 320 km [Egorov B., Kabanov B., Shchipin S. Trace in the sky. // "Aviation and astronautics yesterday, today, tomorrow ...", No. 8, 2001].

The task of long-range passive optical reconnaissance of a supersonic high-altitude aircraft with low information visibility in the proposed technical implementation is solved due to the fact that it provides for the integrated use of the maximum possible in real conditions numerical values that make the object visible in space: color and size of the object, illumination and background (contrast of an extended cloud “trace of an airplane” against the sky), photoelectric and technical characteristics of a television camera (feel elnosti photodetector - quantum efficiency of the photoelectric converter on the basis of the CCD), the transparency of the medium in the path of the reflected solar radiation from the target to the sensor surface (reducing the negative impact of the cloud and meteopomeh radiometer by placing visible and near infrared ranges above optical waves natural clouds). The idea of an optimal solution to the problem is to select as a reconnaissance object with cameras equipped with photodetectors with highly sensitive large-format CCD arrays, radiometers not of a small-sized target (point), but of a track (extended) that is visible at a great distance from an aircraft engine, which is contrasted against the sky, against the background of the sky ) and organization close to ideal visibility conditions by placing round-the-clock cameras in gyro-stabilized platforms on board unmanned vert letov that also allows you to extend the range of search and positioning objectives through the removal of patrol cars uninhabited area. The criteria for detecting the inverse trace of the power plant of a high-altitude supersonic airborne object are: the numerical value of the reflection coefficient of the target surface of solar radiation - the albedo; a form in the form of a vein in the sky (stripes in the form of a ribbon against a cloudless sky); more than 1.2 times the Mach number, the velocity of movement of the front cut (front) of the artificial cirrocumulus cloud “airplane trail”. The “road” clouds of Ci trac formed in the altitude range of natural cirrus clouds of the upper tier Ci arise in the zone of cooling exhaust gases of the aircraft engine at higher temperatures than the surrounding atmosphere, therefore, the ice microcrystals in them are in the form of ice microcrystals of natural high-layer clouds of the middle tier (As ) Clouds of different composition and origin reflect the radiation of the Sun in different ways (differ in the values of the albedo criteria) [Bukharov M., Volkova E. Methodological issues of recognizing inversion traces of aircraft over clouds in multispectral measurements with the NOAA satellite. II IV All-Russian open conference. Modern problems of sensing the Earth from space. Moscow, November 13 ... November 17, 2006. Abstract of the conference]. Supersonic is considered a speed that is more than 1.2 times the Mach number (M) - a dimensionless quantity equal to the ratio of the speed of a moving medium to the local speed of sound. The speed of sound changes with pitch; at the surface of the Earth it is 340 m / s; at an altitude of 11,000 m - 295 m / s. The speed of sound propagation in the atmosphere is equal to the product of the number 20.1 per square root of the temperature (in degrees on the Kelvin scale) of the environment at a given height. In a standard atmosphere, with an increase in altitude to 11 km, the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees. for every 1000 m, higher - remains constant; at an altitude of 7 km, the temperature of the medium is about minus 30 ° C (243.15 ° K); at 9 km - 235.7 ° K; 10 km - 234.2 ° K; at 11,000 m - 232.54 ° K. In this case, the accuracy of measuring the angular coordinates of the front of the inversion trace by cameras determines the resolution of the “looking” photodetector, which is limited only by the discrete topology of the photosensitive surface of the CCD matrix and directly depends on the number of elements (pixels) of the CCD mosaic crystal. If the spectral channel of the radiometer is equipped with a long focus lens and is equipped with a large-format CCD matrix, then the error in measuring angles is units of angular seconds, which, combined with the speed of orientation in the space of helicopter-type carriers, creates the conditions for using the simplest and most reliable method of passive coordinate measurement of the solar radiation reflector - triangulation (angular, direction finding) with an error in calculating the plane coordinates of the optical radiation source in nly tens of meters. Therefore, the proposed system of long-range optical detection and location of an object flying in the stratosphere or at high altitude with supersonic speed according to the criteria of the condensation trace of its power plant in the atmosphere is a mobile goniometer complex consisting of interconnected digital lines for the exchange of digital information of intelligence, reports and ground commands a mobile reference point for information processing and control of sensors and carriers and three to four remote survey-pr whole helicopter positions, positions which are oriented according to the operational requirements of the mode of functioning of angle measuring system.

The technical solution allows for the detection, measurement of angular coordinates, spatial location with the errors necessary for practice, and trajectory tracking of objects with low information visibility flying at a supersonic speed in the stratosphere, at the tropopause and at high altitudes and creating regions of airspace disturbance (i.e. confused inverse traces). The method and system of long-range optical detection and location of a supersonic high-altitude target from its optically visible condensation trail in the atmosphere consists in receiving solar radiation reflected from an extended object by three or more onboard radiometers of unmanned helicopters, whose positions are spaced apart by a given distance in space, while the reflection coefficient photon flux (albedo), vein shape (stripes in the form of a tape) against the sky and the ground speed of the movement of the Cirrocumulus front of artificial "road" cloud classify it as a vapor trail flying at a high altitude or in the stratosphere samoleta- "invisible". To measure the angular coordinates of the location of the object and determine its motion parameters, the contrast of the inverse trace against the background of a cloudless sky is used. The plane coordinates of the location of the air target are calculated algorithmically by the goniometer method from the azimuths of the front slice of the condensation trace, measured by large-format (high-resolution) CCD arrays of the visible and near infrared optical wavelengths of the optical waves of the cameras of the spectral channels of radiometers. The speed of the object is taken equal to the speed of movement of the front of the inversion trace. The altitude of the target is calculated as a function of horizontal range, elevation angle of the front of the condensation trail and the radius of the Earth. The course (motion vector) of the reconnaissance object is taken equal to the displacement trace inversion vector.

Graphic documents are presented to explain the technical solution. Figure 1 shows the structural diagram of a system for long-range optical detection and location of a target flying in the stratosphere or at high altitude with supersonic speed according to the criteria of the inverse trace of its power plant in the atmosphere; figure 2 is a functional diagram of a goniometric optical-electronic complex of long-range optical reconnaissance flying in the stratosphere or at high altitude with supersonic speed of the object according to the criteria of the inversion trace of its aircraft engine in the atmosphere; figure 3 - characteristics of the CCD matrices of cameras S3C / 077 and S4C / 085; figure 4 - dependence of the quantum efficiency of the CCD matrix ELCM1077 of the photodetector S3 C from the wavelength of solar radiation.

The technical solution described above for the method and system of long-range optical detection and location of an object flying in the stratosphere or at high altitude at a supersonic speed according to the criteria of the condensation trace of its power plant in the atmosphere is as follows: the solar radiation reflected from an extended object contrasting with the background of a clear sky is recorded by the aggregate forming two-dimensional frames of optical (light) images of CCD matrices of the ELCM1077 type (format 1160 × 1040 elements; peak size village 16 × 16 μm) and ELCM1085 (format 2300 × 2050 elements; pixel size 8.2 × 8.2 μm) - see figure 3 - S3C and S4C photodetectors (averaged over the visible range of 400 ... 750 nm optical waves quantum yield 0.57; quantum yield 0.4 averaged over the near infrared range of 750 ... 900 nm optical waves - see Fig. 4) of S3C / 077 and S4C / 085 digital cameras (in short-focus 50 mm mode, a wide field of view of 25 ° × 22, 4 °; narrow field of view 3 ° × 2.8 ° in telephoto 120 mm mode), products of the SILAR-ELAR group of companies (St. Petersburg) installed in gyro-stabilized platforms SON-730 (even image stabilization bone by elevation, azimuth and roll; range of viewing angles: in the azimuthal plane 360 °; in elevation from + 10 ° to -90 °) OJSC “Production Association“ Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant ”named after E.S. Yalamova ”(UOMZ, Yekaterinburg), which are located on board the BPV-500 Rotorfly rotorcraft (payload weight 180 kg; flight duration 8 hours at an altitude of 50 m to 4 km and a distance of up to 150 km from the ground guidance point) of NPP Radar MMS (St. Petersburg), while unmanned helicopters are built in combat order “a rectangular isosceles triangle” with a hypotenuse (base) of 45 km, oriented perpendicular to the direction to the reconnaissance object. Then, a set of interconnected executors (decryption operators) and automation equipment of a ground-based intelligence gathering point and control of sighting sensors (PU) consisting of three modules for interfacing a server with television cameras of air-based radiometer channels, central production, with debugged software, a digital video processing computer , three ergonomic workstations, interacting with radioelectronic and optical devices located on the sides of rotorcraft robots Paratura, which captures the space above natural clouds, converts image frames into electrical signals, accumulates and transmits data to the control center via digital radio links, is an automated control system (ACS) for the combat use of an optical-electronic complex (OEC). For example, the Silar video system includes three digital precision television cameras of the S3C / 077 type coaxially aligned with three small-frame S4C / 085 CCD cameras, and information channel pairing devices with a PC computer server used to form interfaces between a computer and television cameras, to create multi-camera video systems, interface conversion, connecting cameras to a local Ethernet network. The set of interconnected performers (pilot operators), automation equipment for the guidance point of robot gyros with a digital communications and data transmission (PU) node and aerodrome means for providing take-off / landing, interacting with three uninhabited helicopters, are ACS combat operations of an unmanned aircraft complex (LHC) ) helicopter type with a maximum range of rotorcraft removal up to 150 km. For example, the BAK "Radar" in the mobile version includes a ground launcher, three unmanned helicopters BPV-500 "Rotorfly" and interchangeable sets of payload (target avionics). Combining ACS with the combat use of the OEC with ACS with the combat operations of a LHC of a helicopter type forms the ACS with the combat operation of a mobile goniometer complex of sector-wide vision and long-range optical reconnaissance flying with more than 1.2 times the Mach number in the stratosphere or in the tropopause or at high altitude of stealth aircraft on the inversion traces of their aircraft engines in the atmosphere (see figure 1).

The choice of the object of exploration of the long inverse trace of the power plant of the aircraft with an albedo of 0.99 and a background at an altitude of 3000 ... 3500 m - clear sky with an albedo of 0.1 [Halperin A. Definition of photographic exposure. - M .: Publishing house "Art", 1955] allows you to get the brightness of the contrast of the object [Smelkov V. Express calculation of the observation range of the television system. // "Special equipment", No. 5, 2004]:

$$K_{EO}=\frac{{\nu }_{\mathrm{ABOUT}B}-{\nu }_F}{{\nu }_{\mathrm{ABOUT}B}+{\nu }_F};(\mathrm{one})$$

where ν _OB , ν _Ф - albedo in the visible (near IR) range of the optical waves of the object and background, respectively;

with a numerical value of 0.8165.

The use of round-the-clock S3C / 077 cameras equipped with S3C matrix photodetectors with a quantum output of 0.57 averaged over the apparent range of 400 ... 750 nm; a quantum yield of 0.4 averaged over the near infrared region of 750 ... 900 nm [Vishnevsky G., Kosov V., Nesterov V., Chetvergov M., Vydrevich M., Rivkind V. Video signal conditioners in television cameras and digital cameras. 4.1., II. Development and production of FPSS and digital cameras based on them. // Internet magazine "Telephoto Technique", St. Petersburg, 01/01/2008. http://www.telephototech.ru], the time of accumulation of photons by matrix elements of 20 ms, makes it possible to obtain the threshold sensitivity of K _Epo radiometers _. [Tsytsulin A. Television and space. // Edition of "St. Petersburg GETU" LETI "", St. Petersburg, 2003, p.98]:

$$K_{EP\mathrm{about}R.}^2=\frac{2m_{FP\mathrm{about}R.}^2}{E\times ({\nu }_{\mathrm{ABOUT}B}+{\nu }_F)\times {(D/f)}^2\times \tau \times N\times \eta \times {\Delta }^2\times T_H};(2)$$

here m _Fore. - threshold signal to noise ratio; for an S3C photodetector based on an ELCM1077 C-dot CCD array _. = 3, E - scene illumination; E is taken equal to 50 lux; D / f is the relative aperture of the lens; τ is the transmittance of the lens; for a lens with a focal length of 120 mm, τ = 0.785; D / f = 0.555; N is the potentially available CCD number of photons in a time of 1 s at a site of 1 cm ² with an illumination of 1 lux; for the matrix ELCM1077 N = 2 × 10 ¹² ; g / - quantum yield of the CCD matrix ELCM1077; Δ ² is the area of the matrix element in cm ² ; for an ELCM1077 CCD, the area of an element is 256 μm ² ; Δ ² = 2.56 × 10 ^-6 cm ² ; T _N - the accumulation of photons by the pixels of the matrix;

with a numerical value of 0.00484 or 0.484%.

Placing radiometers at an altitude of 3 ... 3.5 km allows you to create shooting conditions with a volumetric index of atmospheric scattering along the path of photon fluxes (transparency of the medium along the path of solar radiation) with a numerical value determined by the dependence of the change in contrast As along the optical path in the medium [Smelkov V Express calculation of the observation range of the television system. // "Special equipment", No. 5, 2004]: $$K_{BR}=K_{EO}\exp (-\sigma R);(3)$$

where σ is a constant value specified in a specific situation by the condition of the meteorological range of vision.

By definition, the maximum distance that a black body is visible with a contrast of 2% is taken as the value of meteorological visibility. If at a height of 3000 ... 3500 m the meteorological range of vision is 230 km, then, according to formula (3), the attenuation coefficient of the photon flux by the atmosphere is σ = 0.000017 m ^-1 .

The integrated use in the technical solution of an extended inversion trace as a contrast reconnaissance object against a cloudless sky equipped with S3C highly sensitive photodetectors with ELCM1077 CCDs of S3C / 077 precision television cameras as spectral channels of air-based radiometers placed in a space with a volumetric scattering index of the medium along the path passage of photon fluxes σ = 1.7 × 10 ^-5 m ^-1 provides the opportunity to obtain the maximum observation line, according to formula (3), with a numerical value d, exceeding 301.5 km during daylight hours. In the formula (3), the product of the quantum efficiency of the CCD matrix ELCM1077 and the photon accumulation time by pixels is 0.0114 s. If the quantum yield of the ELCM1077 CCD matrices averaged over the near-IR region of the optical spectral range is taken to be 40%, then the inversion trace of the power plant of a low-visible high-rise object with a contrast of 81.65% relative to the background can be observed at night at 300 km at the turn of S3C series cameras at night subject to a meteorological vision range of 230 km and an increase in the accumulation time of the field (frame) up to 30 ms.

Removal of helicopter posts for receiving reflections of solar radiation at a distance of up to 150 km [Shcherbakov V. UAVs “Radar”. // “Unmanned Aviation”, Internet portal UAV.RU] from a ground-based data processing and control point (the maximum line of removal of the patrol zone of robot gyroplanes is limited by the maximum radius of digital communications) allows you to get a maximum reconnaissance range of more than 450 km.

Constructing uninhabited helicopters into a “rectangular isosceles triangle” battle formation with a base of 45 km and operational reconfiguration of positions, the use of S3C / 077 and S4C / 085 cameras (wide field of view in short-focus 50 mm mode 25 ° × 22.4 °; narrow field of view 3 ° × 2.8 ° in the mode with a long 120 mm focus) with CCDs ELCM1077 (format 1160 × 1040 elements) and ELCM1085 (format 2300 × 2050 elements) makes it possible to measure the angular coordinates of the front of the condensation track with an accuracy of: 0.75 angles . minutes in mode with 50 mm focus; 4.7 angles seconds in a narrow field of view ELCM1077; 0.4 angle minutes in a wide field of view and 2.5 angles. seconds in the mode with 120 mm focus ELCM1085; which allows the calculation of the plane coordinates of the emitter with the error σ _{X, Y} [km] [Overview of modern positioning systems for mobile phones. // "Special equipment", No. 6, 2001]:

$${\sigma }_{X,Y}=\frac{\mathrm{one},7\times {10}^{-2}\times {\sigma }_{\beta }\times \mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B\; sin"\; filenames="00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B\; </figure-callout>}\sqrt{{\sin }^{}}\sqrt{{}^2\beta +{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="sin"\; filenames="00000008.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">sin</figure-callout>}}^2{\beta }_{\mathrm{one}}}}{{\sin }^2(\beta +{\beta }_{\mathrm{one}})};(\mathrm{four})$$

where β [deg.] and β ₁ [deg.] are the values of the measured angles adjacent to the base;

σ _β [deg.] - measurement error of the base angle; B [km] - the base of the system;

with a numerical value: less than 800 m at the stage of review - detection; no more than 70 m at the stage of observation - aiming with S3C / 077 radiometers; up to 425 m at the survey – detection stage; up to 40 m at the stage of observation - aiming with S4C / 085 cameras. Moreover, according to the sine theorem, the horizontal distance d to the point of intersection of the sight lines [Melnikov Yu. Aerial radio intelligence (methods for evaluating effectiveness). - M.: "Radio Engineering", 2005. - 304 p.: Ill.]:

$$d=\frac{B\times \sin {\beta }_{\mathrm{one}}}{\sin (\beta +{\beta }_{\mathrm{one}})};(5)$$

in the case β = β ₁ - from the properties of an isosceles triangle: d = E / 2cosβ.

The detection of the trajectory of movement (auto-capture for tracking) of an object, the construction of its flight path in space (tracking), the calculation of the path parameters for changing the target’s position in the interests of consumers with an equal (or large) exposure time (accumulation) of a data update period of 20 ms (30 ms) are implemented in the process of functioning of the algorithms for the primary analysis of frames and the secondary processing of optical information (images) of the central computer of the reference PU.

An automated system for processing video information and controlling the combat operation of a mobile goniometer complex of a sector survey and long-range optical reconnaissance of flying with a speed more than 1.2 times the Mach number in the stratosphere or in the tropopause, or at a high altitude of inconspicuous aircraft along the condensation traces of their aircraft engines in the atmosphere performs the functions of destination as follows. After building in the patrol zone of the BPV-500 Rotorfly unmanned helicopters into the battle order, the spectral channels (combined digital cameras) of the on-board sensors search for artificial cirrocumulus “road” clouds of the “airplane trace” type at the “survey-detection” stage in a wide field vision (in the sector of 25 degrees, in azimuth and 22.4 degrees, in elevation) - in 50 mm short-focus mode, while at a distance of 300 km from the base, the total sector of the video system of the multi-position goniometric complex of long-range optical reconnaissance 75 degrees, (more than 420 km). In case of detection of an artificial “trace of an airplane” cloud in the responsible sector of an radiometer in the ground mobile reference control station, the angular coordinates of the front of the condensation trail of the aircraft engine of a high-altitude aircraft (LA) are measured, orders are issued to unmanned helicopters to orient their positions in combat order "rectangular isosceles triangle "with hypotenuse oriented perpendicular to the direction of the reconnaissance object. After working out the control center and capturing the “trail of the plane” cloud to accompany the front of the cloud with three (or more) cameras, the control server calculates the spatial location and sets up a new airway track. Then, the target’s motion parameters are calculated and, if the flight course of the high-altitude aircraft is oncoming, and the heading parameter corresponds to the fire zone of the provided group of long-range anti-aircraft missile systems (ZRS DD), the new route is assigned the “important” flag and the cameras of the video system of the LHC helicopter are adjusted for operation in a narrow field of view 3 ° × 2.8 ° - with a 120 mm focal length of the lens. Further, the angular coordinates of the target are measured with the spectral channels of radiometers with an accuracy of 4.7 angles. seconds, then calculating its planar location using the goniometer method with an error of up to 70 m by the central computer of the launcher and issuing combat information to the command post of the ZRS DD group. The automated control system for the combat use of the OEC incorporates a single information, control and executive subsystem. The information-analytical subsystem includes three round-the-clock television complexes located on the SON-730 gyro-stabilized platforms, each of which consists of a camera 1 visible on the basis of a precision low-frame digital S3C / 077 and a near infrared on the basis of a high-precision low-frame digital S4C / 085 camera 2 spectral channels. SON-730 optoelectronic products are equipped with automatic uninhabited helicopters BPV-500 "Rotorfly" BAK "Radar". From the outputs of TV cameras 1 and 2, digital image frames in various spectral zones are transmitted using a communication and data transmission module 3 via a radio link to a central ground control server for more complex processing. The set of technical tools for the control system subsystem includes three modules of communication and data transmission equipment 3, three server interface modules with spectral channels of air-based radiometers 5, a leading video processing computer 6, a GLONASS satellite navigation receiver 4, database memory 7, three automated universal workstations, each of which consists of assembling a display and control product of OEC 8 and a display and control product of a LHC of helicopter type 9. Taken from the sides of three Pilot helicopters with three modules of communication and data transmission equipment 3 digital video frames of images of cameras 1 and 2 through three modules for pairing the channels of air-based sensors with server 5 are entered into the memory of the host computer 6 PU. Simultaneously with the outputs of satellite navigation receivers 4 using the modules of communication equipment and data transmission 3 to the ground control station, the spatial coordinates of the locations of the carriers of information and analytical elements of the automated control system are transmitted to the host computer 6 by combat use of the OEC. The central computer software 6 realizes the detection of a supersonic high-altitude object "invisible" by the numerical values of the ground speed of the front of the front of the contrasting extended condensation trace of its power plant and the albedo of this trace, measuring the relative angular coordinates of the front slice of the inverse track of the target on each frame, determining the planar angle method coordinates and calculation based on measured azimuths and elevation angles, flight track auto-tracking, automatic construction the trajectory of the observed object, the calculation of the parameters of the change in the position of the target with a data refresh period of 20 ms (30 ms) and the display of reconnaissance and reference information on the screens of the automated workstations (AWP) of the OEC 8 operators and the pilot arm of the BAK 9. Moreover, detection of the reconnaissance object, teams of the control system are being developed - controlling the position of onboard gyro-stabilized platforms SON-730; telecode transmissions of the control center via modules for pairing the channels of air-based sensors with server 5, modules for communication and data transmission 3, controllers, a radio line, on-board modules for communication and data transmission 3 helicopter-type robots arrive at SON-730 drives. After assigning the sign “important” to the observed air object and generating control actions on the transition of the cameras 1 and 2 to the “observation-aiming” mode, the codograms for setting the foci of the lenses from the output of the central computer 6 through the interface modules of the server with the channels of the air-based sensors 5, communication equipment modules and data transmission 3 launchers, a radio link, airborne modules of communication equipment and data transmission of 3 unmanned helicopters pass to the micromotors of zoom lenses of precision video cameras. The proposed technical solution allows to obtain the following technical results. The round-the-clock line of reconnaissance of stealth aircraft flying at high altitude, in the tropopause, in the stratosphere with a speed exceeding the Mach number by more than 1.2 times, following the condensation traces of their power plants in the atmosphere - more than 450 km. Track tracking of contrasting extended reconnaissance objects and determining the plane coordinates of the fronts of artificial clouds "trace plane" with S3C / 077 radiometers with an error of less than 800 m at the survey-detection stage; up to 70 m at the stage of observation - aiming; S4C / 085 cameras no more than 425 m at the survey-detection stage; up to 40 m at the observation-aiming stage. According to the criterion of "efficiency-cost" the assessment is carried out as follows: a survey-sighting observation complex based on optical radiometers is 5 ... 10 times cheaper compared to traditional low-frequency active radars; the use of uninhabited helicopters for tactical reconnaissance of the army rank is much cheaper in operation than when using Mi-8 helicopters operated by pilots to perform similar functions of situational awareness. Thus, the proposed technical solution allows you to:

1) to organize in the group of mobile anti-aircraft missile forces and air defense systems a round-the-clock line of reconnaissance of combat aircraft with low information visibility flying at a supersonic speed in the stratosphere, tropopause and at high altitude, along the inverse tracks formed at a distance of up to 200 m from the nozzles of their engines air with a numerical value of more than 450 km;

2) implement tracking of targets in space with the errors necessary for practice, calculating the parameters of the movement of objects in the interests of consumers with a video update period equal to (or greater) the exposure time (photon accumulation) of 20 ms in the daytime (30 ms in low light );

3) to provide high survivability criteria for the combat functioning of the mobile goniometric sector survey system and long-range optical reconnaissance flying at supersonic speeds at high altitude or in the tropopause, or in the stratosphere of stealth aircraft along the inversion traces of their power plants (combat stability through the use of a passive round-the-clock mode all-weather surveillance and operational restructuring of the battle order of uninhabited helicopters; operational reliability - due to the possibility of using separate devices HES and BAK as a "hot standby": complete CPA-730 two cameras; complete BAC three unmanned helicopter; complete PU three universal APM);

4) to reduce the cost of the survey-sighting observation complex based on optoelectronic radiometers with matrix photodetectors by 5 ... 10 times in comparison with traditional low-frequency active radars; to reduce by an order of magnitude the costs of the technical operation of uninhabited helicopters in comparison with the use of situational awareness for Mi-8 pilots controlled by pilots for similar tasks.

Claims (2)

1. The method of distant optical detection of an object flying in the stratosphere or in the tropopause, or at high altitude with a supersonic speed, mostly inconspicuous, and determining its location according to the criteria of the condensation trace of its power plant in the atmosphere, including recording photon streams by photodetectors of television cameras of spectral channels of radiometers, differing in order to achieve maximum visibility, the contrast emitted by the aircraft engine is selected as the object of observation e cloudless sky and extended artificial "road" Cirrocumulus defining albedo, shape and velocity of the front of which classify it as a condensing power plant footprint of the aircraft; the photon fluxes reflected from the object are transmitted to three or more search-and-target sensors separated by a fixed distance in space with precision digital television cameras based on the highly sensitive large-format CCD arrays of photodetectors of visible and near infrared ranges of optical waves in the light and dark time of the day, respectively; in order to exclude weather interference and use the highest transparency of the environment along the path of solar radiation, the receiving posts of the goniometric coordinate system with search and aiming sensors are placed on the sides of unmanned helicopters barraging above the natural clouds, while the angular coordinates of the front section of the condensation trail are fixed and the target location is determined using the direction finding method planes; the error in calculating the plane coordinates of the object is set by the accuracy of measuring the angles of the front of the condensation wake, which is established by the discrete topology of the crystals of CCD photodetector matrices and short-focus or long-focus camera operation modes; the speed of the object is taken equal to the velocity of the front slice of its condensation trail, the altitude of the target is calculated as a function of the distance and elevation of the front of its condensation trail; the line of reconnaissance is further increased by moving the patrol zone of unmanned helicopters from a ground-based mobile reference point for processing information and controlling sensors and carriers to a distance limited by the range of communication equipment. 2. The system for implementing the method according to claim 1, including ground-based mobile reference point for processing information and controlling sensors and carriers connected by radio links for the exchange of digital information of intelligence, reports and commands, and three or more stations for receiving solar radiation, characterized in that the gyrostabilized radiometers with near infrared and visible spectral channels based on precision search and aiming digital cameras with adjustable exposure times of photodetectors based on high sensitivity 's large-format CCDs are mounted on the sides of the unmanned helicopter; at the same time, unmanned helicopters occupy positions along the vertices of a right-angled isosceles triangle with a hypotenuse oriented perpendicular to the direction of the reconnaissance object, which, combined with high accuracy in measuring azimuths by CCD photodetector arrays, allows the target location to be determined using the angle method on a plane with minimal errors set by short-focus or long-focus modes of operation I am a television camera.

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