RU2504672C1 - Plunger-free engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: plunger-free engine comprises one cylinder accommodating two opposite pistons with rods, ignition plugs, timing control systems at cylinder ends, manifold to feed fuel-air mix, exhaust gas manifold and control system. In compliance with this invention, every cylinder is equipped with rack at the rod and two engaged gears fitted on drive shafts coupled with overrunning couplings that allow reverse rotation of two output shafts engaged with reduction gear input provided with load shaft. Reduction gear includes two driven gears fitted on output shafts and mid gear engaged therewith and fitted at load shaft. Note here that one of said gears is engaged with driven gear directly and another one is engaged via idle gear. Control system comprises control unit and piston position transducer. Note here that said control unit is electrically connected to piston position transducer, hydraulic control valve and ignition plugs. Electric generator is connected to load shaft. Cylinder has two coaxial walls for coolant to flow there between.

EFFECT: higher reliability and efficiency.

7 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to power plants and can be used in the automotive industry, heavy machinery and small energy, in particular in the form of auxiliary engines of transport mechanisms in mobile or portable power plants, electric welding units, etc.

Known free piston engine as.with. USSR A.S. 985365 USSR, MKI 5 F02B 71/04. publ. 12.30.82, containing a diesel internal combustion engine, a linear generator and a fuel supply system. The engine is a cylinder with end combustion chambers, in the area of which there are intake and exhaust valves. Inside the cylinder there are pistons connected by a jumper (rod).

The generator consists of a stator, an armature and excitation and load relieving systems. The stator is made in the form of stator windings and field windings. These windings are mounted on the outer surface of the cylinder. The anchor is made in the form of current collector and field windings, which are laid inside the pistons and connected to each other in series. The excitation system is made in the form of connecting excitation terminals, and the load shedding system is made in the form of load shedding terminals.

The fuel supply system is a nozzle located in the end parts of the cylinder and designed to supply fuel to the combustion chamber.

The energy conversion process is divided into two main cycles: the first cycle is the conversion of energy from the chemical energy of the fuel into the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons, and the second - the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons is converted into electrical energy. The first cycle is the workflow of a two-stroke diesel engine, and the second, in turn, is divided into two stages. At the first stage, by crossing the winding of the first piston of the magnetic field created by the first stator winding (field winding), a magnetic field is excited in the first piston. At the second stage, the formation and removal of electricity occurs, and the winding of the first piston plays the role of the field winding for the second piston.

Using the principle of electromagnets in both parts of the linear generator allows you to get a high power magnetic field, and, as a result, minimize the size of the installation.

However, the known device has the following disadvantages. When the device is operating, the movement of one piston is used to excite a magnetic field in another. This leads to the loss of the working process of the first piston to produce energy for current collection. Incomplete use of a two-stroke diesel engine workflow to generate energy for current collection is the cause of low efficiency. In addition, from overheating of the windings to a temperature of 500-600 ° C, their magnetic properties are reduced, which also reduces the efficiency of the motor.

Known free piston engine as.with. USSR No. 1733650 USSR, MKI 5 F02B 71/04, publ. 05/15/92 g, consisting of a diesel internal combustion engine, a linear generator, a fuel supply system and a cooling system.

This engine comprises a cylinder with exhaust valves in the end parts of the engine and a purge window in the central part of the engine. Inside the sleeve is a piston with a rod.

The generator consists of a stator, an armature, an excitation system and a load lifting system. The stator is made in the form of windings mounted on the outer surface of the cylinder. An anchor is a winding laid inside a piston. The excitation system is made of brushes and excitation wires. Brushes are located inside the piston. They are the first part of the sliding contact of the excitation system with the armature winding. The second part of the sliding contact is the excitation current receiving plate located on the armature winding. The plate is connected to the terminals of the armature winding. The excitation supply wires are located in the stock.

The fuel supply system includes two nozzles located in the opposed parts of the cylinder. The cooling system consists of two water nozzles, also located in the opposite parts of the cylinder.

The energy conversion is carried out in the same way as in the above engine and consists of two cycles: the first cycle is the conversion of energy from the chemical energy of the fuel into the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons, the second - the mechanical energy of the movement of the pistons is converted into electrical energy. The first cycle is a two-stroke diesel engine workflow. The second cycle, unlike the above engine, consists of one stage and represents the working process of a linear generator with direct excitation. The exception of one stage is achieved thanks to the direct excitation system, the wires of which pass through the rod.

The principle of operation of the cooling system is that when a certain temperature of the exhaust gases is reached (600-800 ° C) through a special water nozzle, a coolant is fed into the combustion chamber, which, evaporating and mixing with the exhaust gases, forms a cooling medium that cools the combustion chamber . The cooling system reduces the temperature of the exhaust gases to 100-200 ° C. But the temperature of the cooled exhaust gases is still lower than the temperature of the piston and armature winding, because first, the exhaust gases are cooled, and then they remove the excess heat from the piston and winding. Because of this, the temperature of the piston and windings decreases only to 250-300 ° C.

The advantage of this engine is an increase in efficiency due to the full use of the working process of a two-stroke engine for the production of electricity for current collection. In addition, the efficiency is attempted by reducing the loss of the magnetic field due to a decrease in the temperature of the windings (in particular the armature windings).

However, the known device has the following disadvantages. The lack of direct contact of the cooling medium with the armature winding located inside the piston leads to insufficient cooling of the winding. The temperature of the winding is reduced only to 250-300 ° C. In this case, the loss of electromagnetic field on copper windings is 50% greater than the loss of electromagnetic field at a temperature of 20 ° C.

In addition, the supply of coolant to the combustion chamber leads to sharp changes in temperature, and, as a result, to fluctuations in the magnetic field and the strength of the generated current, which also affects the reduction of efficiency.

Known free piston engine according to the patent of Russian Federation No. 2186231, IPC F02B 71/04, publ. 02/27/2002, the prototype.

This engine contains a diesel internal combustion engine made of a cylinder with nozzles, inside which a piston with a rod is located, a linear generator made of stator windings located on the cylinder, from an armature winding located on the piston and in contact with an excitation system consisting of brushes with wires for supplying excitation, a load-lifting system and a cooling system, two additional cut-off rings of the cooling system fixed to the stem and cooling tubes connected to it are additionally introduced into it e with an internal piston chamber, while the armature winding is located on the piston rod, each cut-off ring is installed between the winding and the end parts of the piston, and the brushes are installed in the cylinder body.

Disadvantages: low efficiency due to the lack of a system for timely opening and closing of valves and low reliability due to the use of windings and current collectors in explosive atmospheres: oil and fuel vapors. In addition, the GTE launch system has been developed.

The challenge facing the inventors was to develop a free-piston engine with high efficiency and reliability.

The solution of these problems was achieved in a free-piston engine containing at least one cylinder, inside of which there are two opposed pistons with a rod, spark plugs, gas distribution systems at the ends of the cylinder, a manifold for supplying a fuel-air medium and an exhaust manifold and a control system so that according to the invention, each cylinder is equipped with a gear rack on the rod and two gears in contact with it, mounted on drive shafts that are connected to overrunning clutches, o ensuring the opposite rotation of the two output shafts, the output shafts are connected to the input to the gearbox having a load shaft. The gearbox may contain two driven gears mounted on the output shafts and an intermediate gear connected to them, mounted on the load shaft, while one of the gears is connected directly to the driven gear and the other through the intermediate gear.

Each gas distribution system can be made in the form of spring-loaded intake and exhaust valves, containing a seat and a rod and installed in the cylinder heads, and hydraulic pushers mounted on the ends of the valve rods connected by pipelines to the valve. The control system may include a control unit and a piston position sensor, while the electrical communications control unit is connected to the piston position sensor, a hydraulic distributor, and spark plugs. An electric generator may be connected to the load shaft.

Each cylinder can be made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant.

The invention is illustrated in figure 1 ... 3, where

figure 1 shows a diagram of the engine, the first option,

figure 2 shows a diagram of the engine, the second option,

figure 3 shows a free piston engine with two cylinders.

The free piston engine (Figs. 1 ... 3) contains at least one cylinder 1, inside of which two pistons 2 are mounted on the opposite. Pistons 2 have compression and oil scraper rings, 3 and 4, respectively. The pistons 2 are mounted on the rod 5. at the ends 6, heads of cylinders 7 are mounted 1. Between the ends 6 of the cylinder 1 and the pistons 2, combustion chambers 8 are formed, and between the pistons 2 an intra-piston chamber 9. The intra-piston chamber 9 is partially filled with lubricating fluid.

The free piston engine comprises a fuel-air mixture supply pipe 10 and an exhaust pipe 11 and a gas distribution system 12.

The gas distribution system 12 in turn (each) contains a head 7, inside of which two inlet cavities 13 and an outlet 14 are made and an intake valve 15 with a head 16 and a stem 17 is installed, and in the exhaust cavity 14, an exhaust valve 18 with a head 19 and a stem 20 On the head 7, springs 21 are installed, which in the normal position hold the valves 15 and 18 in the closed position. At the ends of the rods 17 and 20 of all valves 15 and 18, hydraulic pushers 22 are installed. To ensure the operation of hydraulic pushers 22, a hydraulic system is used containing an oil tank 23, a low pressure pipe 24 connected to a hydraulic pump 25, to the outlet of which a high pressure pipe 26, a hydraulic distributor 27, are connected to the outputs of which are connected to control pipelines 28 connected to the hydraulic pushers 22. (The hydraulic pusher is a hydraulic cylinder with a piston and a rod.)

In the free piston engine on the rods 5 of each cylinder 1, a gear rack 29 is installed, with which two gear wheels 30 and 31 in contact with the drive shafts 32 and 33 are in contact (FIG. 1). Shafts 32 and 33 are connected to overtaking clutch 34 and 35, with the ability to transmit rotation in opposite directions. The output shafts 36 and 37 of the overtaking clutches 34 and 35 are connected to the inputs of the gearbox 38.

The most preferred gearbox 38 is shown in FIG. This gearbox may include a gear 39 mounted on the output shaft 36 and a gear 40 mounted on the output shaft 37. The gear 39 is in direct contact with the driven gear 42, and the gear 40 through the intermediate gear 41 to change the direction of rotation. The driven gear 42 is mounted on the load shaft 43. Each cylinder has two spark plugs 44.

In addition, a gear 45 mounted on a shaft 46 is in contact with a gear rack 29, at the end of which a piston position sensor 47 is mounted.

The purpose of the overtaking clutches 34 and 35 is to provide, due to the rotational movement of the shafts 32 and 33, alternating in the direction of power removal during forward and reverse piston stroke 2.

The use of shafts 32 and 33 for the removal of energy on one cylinder 1 is mandatory, since otherwise the energy generated during the reverse stroke of the pistons 2 and the engine efficiency will not be reduced by 2 times.

The engine can be equipped with a control unit 48, which is connected by electrical connections 49 to the spark plugs 44, the valve 27, the piston position sensor 47 and the pump 25.

Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the engine with the withdrawal of mechanical energy to the generator 55. This will provide a number of advantages, for example, coordination of the operation of several cylinders 1.

The cooling system consists of two walls of the cylinder 1: external 50 and internal 51 with a gap 52 between them and the supply and exhaust pipes of the cooler 53 and 54.

The electric circuit contains electric wires 56 connecting the electric power generators 55 through the connecting terminals 57 and the switch 58 with the electric motor 59. A battery 60 is also connected to the switch 58.

The control unit 48 is an electronic unit containing a processor and a memory unit (in Figs. 1 ... 3, the electronic circuit of the control unit is not shown in detail). The control unit 48 must ensure the timely supply of voltage to the spark plugs 44, the timely opening and closing of valves 15 and 18 and the control of the operating mode of the free piston engine, for example, the frequency of movement of the pistons 2.

The load removal system for an engine with two cylinders 1 (Fig. 3) is made in the form of wires 56 with connecting terminals 57. It is possible to use several (more than 2) cylinders 1. Figure 3 shows a diagram of a free-piston engine with two cylinders 1. B in this case, all the power generators 55 are connected to the switch 58.

Free piston engine operates as follows (figure 1 ... 3).

To start the engine (figure 1) it must be equipped with a starter (the starter in figure 1 ... 3 is not shown). When you start the free piston engine (figure 2), the electric power generator 55 operate in a motor mode. To do this, from the battery 60 to the electric power generator 55 through the switch 58, a reverse polarity trigger current is supplied with respect to the current generated by the electric power generators 55 in the generator mode. The drive shafts 32 or 33 together with the shaft 46 are driven into rotation, as a result of which the rod 5 and pistons 2 are set in motion, making a compression stroke in one of the combustion chambers 8 of cylinder 1. When a certain compression ratio is reached (at a certain position of the piston 2 fixed by the position sensor pistons 47) fuel is supplied to the air-fuel mixture supply pipe 10 and enters through one of the combustion chambers 8 through an open intake valve 15. After that, a voltage is applied to the candle 44 from the control unit 48 (Figs. 1 ... 3) and the combustion process begins and is expanded exhaust gas occurring in accordance with the cycle of a four-stroke engine. Simultaneously, at the opposite end of the cylinder 1, an exhaust and purge process takes place. After the start of the electric power generators 55, it switches to the generator mode using the switch 58 and the electric current is supplied to the electric motor 59 and the switch 60.

A rather long operation of the electric motor (s) 59 from the battery 60 is possible, for example, in a garage or densely populated area. This is necessary in order to ensure the ecology of the environment.

During the operation of the free piston engine, each stroke of the pistons 2 is a working stroke for one of the parts of the cylinder 1, while for the opposite part this stroke is a compression process. The temperature of the piston 2, due to its contact with hot exhaust gases, will be 500-600 ° C.

Simultaneously with the operation of the engine, the cooling system is operating. To do this, coolant is supplied through the pipe 53 to the gap 52, the heated fluid leaves through the pipe 54 and then cooled in a heat exchanger (not shown).

When the engine stops, the linear generator switches back to engine mode and the fuel supply is turned off. (not shown). In this case, in order to counter the movement of the piston, the stop current supplied to the electric power generators 55 can provide movement of the piston 2 in the direction opposite to the actual direction of movement of the piston 2 for emergency braking.

When operating a free piston engine with several cylinders 1, one cylinder 1 is first started and, as the load increases, a second, third, etc. is started. cylinders 1. (figure 5). This will allow all cylinders 1 to work almost in the design mode, which will increase engine efficiency. In this case, the idle cylinders 1 can be preheated. This will facilitate their launch and increase efficiency.

Because during operation of the free piston engine, the temperature on the windings of the electric power generator 55, which are located outside the cylinder 1, is approximately + 10- + 20 ° C, then the loss of the magnetic field in the copper windings for heating is reduced, compared with the loss of the magnetic field in the prototype by 30- fifty%. Reducing losses leads to increased efficiency of the free piston engine. The absence of current collectors leads to increased fire safety, and the absence of windings in the high temperature zone increases the reliability of the engine.

The electronic control system allows you to fully automate the process of ignition and opening and closing the drain and exhaust valves and adjust depending on the operating mode of the engine.

The environmental performance of the engine improves, since the vehicle in densely populated areas can move with the free-piston engine off on the battery.

Freewheel clutches ensure optimal operation of power generators. In their absence, the generator armature will constantly change the direction of rotation, which will lead to large shock loads and lower efficiency of electric power generators. The use of any other mechanisms for converting reciprocating motion into rotational motion will significantly complicate the design of the engine and increase its weight.

The use instead of a linear generator of mass-produced alternators with a rotating armature of both alternating and direct current will facilitate the design and manufacture of such engines.

Claims (7)

1. A free piston engine containing at least one cylinder, inside of which there are two opposed pistons with a rod, spark plugs, gas distribution systems at the ends of the cylinder, a manifold for supplying a fuel-air medium and an exhaust manifold and a control system, characterized in that each the cylinder is equipped with a gear rack on the rod and two gears in contact with it, mounted on the drive shafts, which are connected to overrunning clutches, providing opposite rotation for yx output shafts, the output shafts are connected to the input of the gear unit having a load shaft. 2. The free-piston engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the gearbox contains two gears mounted on the output shafts and a driven gear connected therewith, mounted on the load shaft, one of the gears being connected directly to the driven shaft and the other through intermediate gear. 3. The free piston engine according to claim 1, characterized in that each gas distribution system is made in the form of spring-loaded intake and exhaust valves containing a seat and a rod and installed in the cylinder heads, and hydraulic pushers mounted on the ends of the valve rods connected by pipelines to the valve. 4. The free-piston engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the control system comprises a control unit and a piston position sensor, while the electric communications control unit is connected to the piston position sensor, a hydraulic distributor and spark plugs. 5. Free piston engine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an electric generator is connected to the load shaft. 6. Free piston engine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that each cylinder is made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant. 7. Free piston engine according to claim 5, characterized in that each cylinder is made with two coaxial walls forming a gap for the passage of coolant.

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