RU2501209C2 - Greenhouse-cowshed for northern regions of country (device and method) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: greenhouse-cowshed comprises premises for animals and growing plants, a manure storage structure with accessories to create pulp, pumping it for recycling and disposal of gases. The greenhouse-cowshed is located on the pile foundation with air spaces between soil and floor structures of the first floor. The greenhouse-cowshed comprises coating on top of the manure storage structure. The greenhouse comprises an air shed above the ceiling structures of the greenhouse premises. The greenhouse-cowshed is equipped with ventilation which is made with the ability to cool the air and to release it from excessive moisture before feeding to the cowshed and heating the air before feeding it to the greenhouse. The method of growing plants while simultaneous keeping animals comprises a closed supply and exhaust ventilation to implement the circulation of the air, at that it is enriched with carbon dioxide in the cowshed before feeding to the greenhouse, and in the greenhouse it is enriched with oxygen before feeding it to the cowshed, at that before feeding to the cowshed the air is released from excessive moisture and cooled, and it is heated before feeding to the greenhouse.

EFFECT: method enables to maintain optimum microclimate conditions both for cows in the cowshed, and for plants in the greenhouse, to improve production performance.

2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in any region of the country with cold winters.

A technical solution is known for keeping cows in the Far North in cowsheds with pile foundations (TYPICAL PROJECT 801-2-31 M.83 CORN FOR 100 DAIRY COWS. See http://www.tipdoc.ru/upload/iblock-/ eb3 / 8.gif and also http://www.tipdoc.ru/catalog/150731/).

The disadvantages of this project are outdated methods of organizing heating, ventilation, flooring, manure removal, hot water supply, etc., which require large amounts of electricity and, consequently, large volumes of fuel, as well as the completely unresolved issue of the necessary disposal of manure and industrial waste .

The purpose and objectives of the present invention is to develop the design of a combined agricultural enterprise with the economical use of fuel and energy resources, the complete and economically feasible utilization of manure while ensuring the technological process of intensive crop production in the greenhouse.

The goal is solved as follows.

A cowshed for any number of cattle places (for example, 100 cattle places on the ground floor of a building) is combined with a greenhouse in one building (for example, on the second floor of the same building). Ventilation, heating and climate control are combined into one continuous monitoring circuit.

For a further description, it is necessary to make a digression and provide information from the practice of experimental livestock farms.

Experienced breeders know that in order to fully realize their productive potential, dairy cows need a constant influx of fresh, clean air. Fresh air is the key to success. High levels of humidity, temperature, concentration of gases, pathogenic microbes and dust in poorly ventilated areas negatively affect the health, productivity of animals and the quality of milk. However, the importance of good ventilation to improve livestock management, unfortunately, is often underestimated. A properly designed ventilation system should provide the necessary circulation of fresh air in the room, removing high humidity in the winter and heat in the summer.

These requirements are quite suitable for the organization of conditions in the processes of intensive plant growth. In addition, the joint ventilation of greenhouses and livestock buildings enriches the air with carbon dioxide released from animal manure. Carbon dioxide is a natural fertilizer for fast-growing plants. And at the same time, in the premises of the greenhouse, the circulating air is enriched with oxygen from plants and returns to the barn, creating a feeling of fresh air in the open.

From the literature (Dairy Cattle Breeding Magazine, 02/01/2010) it is known that there is a tendency to use the “cold content” of dairy cows for the economical use of fuel and energy resources. But this is acceptable for cattle raised for fattening (for example, calves), however, for dairy cows, the requirements for grooming increase sharply. Just washing the udder with cold water before milking reflexively reduces the milk output of the cow in the first minutes of milking, which creates some problems in the milk collection lines during vacuum milking. In addition, in cold cowsheds it is completely impossible to allow the animal to be cleaned using water, which is always desirable for dairy cows by hygienic standards.

Another negative factor of the “cold content” is the sharp changes in the supply air parameters at different time periods both during the day and throughout the year.

In order to increase the productivity of dairy farming, we refuse the “cold” content of dairy cows in any climatic zones and insist on optimal microclimatic conditions in the cowsheds throughout the year.

When designing and evaluating a ventilation system, the most important are the needs of the animals, not the needs of the staff. Cows feel comfortable in a wide temperature range from plus 15 to minus 15 ° C, if the resting places are protected from wind and precipitation, comfortable and dry. With proper feeding in a well-ventilated area, they only slightly reduce milk yield when the temperature drops. A properly designed and controlled ventilation system creates acceptable conditions for animals, but cannot provide thermal comfort for farm workers. A cold, dry environment is better for livestock health and productivity than warm and humid.

For the optimum temperature for the barn, we took the temperature of the supply air + 10 ... 12 ° C, the speed of air movement not more than 3.5 m / s, and the relative humidity not more than 40%.

For the optimum temperature for the greenhouse, we took a temperature of + 18 ... 20 ° C, the air velocity is not higher than 3.8 m / s., With a relative humidity of 60%.

Naturally, compliance with the microclimate parameters in different rooms and of different sizes makes it necessary to control the parameters of ventilation air at all stages of the circuit and requires an autonomous control system. In addition, the air circuit in all rooms of the greenhouse and the barn according to the proposed scheme implies a closed, closed circuit with a slight effect or exposure to outside air.

Further, in the development of an intensive method of obtaining products, in the northern regions there is a need to isolate both plants and animals from natural light and to regulate daily frequency using simple electronic circuits for controlling indoor lighting. In the northern latitudes, such an event takes on significant significance. Stable rhythm and constancy of microclimate parameters increases the yield of products of both plant and animal origin by tens of percent.

All these points allow you to arrange a minimum of windows in the rooms or even abandon natural lighting. The benefits that can be obtained with a strictly controlled lighting mode and adjustable microclimate parameters significantly exceed the costs of electric lighting and automation. Moreover, our production organization schemes provide for the use of a supercritical oxidation unit for the processing of manure and industrial waste, up to animal corpses. This unit, codenamed “PSV”, capable of processing any organic waste into combustible gas (methane), process water and ash residues (fertilizer), will be presented in a separate application for the invention. Methane gas is used to generate electricity sufficient for year-round lighting of the cowshed and greenhouse, provided that 100 or more cows are kept.

The manure removal system is based on the constant and slow movement of a thick rubber sheet moving along many rollers (or rolls) so that the hooves of the cows do not fail. The head end of the canvas is slightly raised, which allows fluid to flow into the back of the stall to the scraper. In the rounding section, the web is in contact with the scraper, which is combined with the pinch roller. The scraper removes manure and other industrial dirt, slightly squeezing the canvas and freeing it from excess moisture. As a result of such organization of manure removal, cows constantly move along the belt web and do the physical work necessary for them during certain periods of the day. A thick rubber sheet allows cows to rest on it without severe heat loss, without inconvenience.

The mobility factor of the support under the legs is used for physiological training of animals and allows you to abandon walking outside the walls of the barn.

The total amount of manure removal factors implies the ability to raise cows of the “new generation” or “disciplined cows”, which are easier to train in given life support and productivity modes. This promises interesting prospects.

Manure that has got into the manure storage facility is intensively mixed with special mixers with slurry and industrial wash water and fed through a pipeline to the PSV plant, where it is processed into combustible gas, industrial water and mineral fertilizer. Combustible gas is diverted to gas tanks and goes through the stage of carbon dioxide purification for subsequent use in electric energy generators. (The stage and installation for the purification of methane from carbon dioxide is not described and will be presented in a separate application).

In the same way, organic waste from the production of plant products is disposed of, which is discharged through the garbage chute to the manure depot, mixed, ground and fed together with the manure pulp to the supercritical oxidation unit (PSV).

The ventilation system is also organized according to the original principle. The basis is the air circuit in a closed or semi-closed system. Air from greenhouses, containing elevated temperature and humidity, as well as enriched with oxygen, passes through a condenser with natural cooling (outside air) of one (condensing) plane. Moisture, having condensed on a chilled plane, drains into the reservoir of clean water, and slightly chilled and drier air enters the barn through a number of supply pipes, so as not to create a feeling of drafts. In the barn, the air is enriched in carbon dioxide from manure, slurry and cow breathing, passes through a heater for easy heating and enters the greenhouse.

The production of plant products in greenhouses is organized on the principles of hydroponic cultivation columns (see Literary sources) with the supply of a nutrient solution to the columns along with gas-air mixtures.

Greenhouses are heated by two parallel-running systems: infrared heaters (both gas and electric) and air heating according to the principle of supply and exhaust ventilation.

The construction of the building, in the preferred embodiment, is carried out using sandwich panels. To reduce heat loss, a dome with protection against distortions under the influence of winds is installed on top of the greenhouse floor, and the manure storage is isolated from external temperatures by a high heat-insulating embankment.

The invention is illustrated by drawings (figures) 1, 2, 3 and 4, where figure 1 shows a frontal section of a greenhouse - barn, figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the removal of manure, figure 3 shows a diagram of a condenser for air entering the barn, and figure 4 shows an example of a ventilation scheme for a barn and a greenhouse as a whole.

The greenhouse-barn for the northern regions of the country (Fig. 1) consists of a barn 1 for any number of cattle places (preferably 100 or more), a greenhouse 2, a dome 3, a device 4 for removing manure, a manure storage 5. The construction of the building and manure storage is placed on piles 6 with airspace 7 made between the natural soil and the structures of the building with the manure storage. On top of the manure storage, filling 8 was made to protect the manure storage from heat loss. Inside the manure storage unit, devices 9 were made for crushing industrial waste, manure and greenhouse waste using circular knives 10. Vacuum suction 11 was made to supply pulp to the supercritical oxidation unit (PSV - not shown). A nozzle 12 was arranged in the upper part of the manure storehouse to remove waste from pulp gases.

In the premises of the greenhouses are placed cultivation columns 13 and light sources and heat 14. In the dome above the ceiling of the greenhouse a deflector 15 is equipped.

The manure removal system is formed as part of the floor of the cow stall. It is made of thick rubber or plastic tape 16, scooters 17 (or rolls), a scraper 18 with a pressure roller 19, as well as the movement of the belt 20, which can be located in the head (raised) part of the conveyor belt, and in the tail (lowered) part of it (which is preferable). The figure for the convenience of perception shows the motivators of movement in the head of the conveyor belt (although technologically this solution is less preferred but).

The figure 3 shows a condenser for moist air from greenhouse premises. It is made of the actual capacity (or volumetric structure) 21 located in the outer wall 22 with the possibility of cooling by external air and fixed by a bracket 23. The condenser consists of a receiving pipe 24, an exhaust pipe 25, guide plates 26, a cooled plane 27 and a pipe 28 leading condensate in a container 29.

The ventilation scheme (Fig. 4) in the greenhouse “A” and the barn “B” as a whole is represented by air intake devices 30 in the barn, air ducts 31, the driver 32 of the air movement, the air heater - distributor 33, the intake devices 34 in the greenhouse, the driver 35 of the air movement , a capacitor 21 and distribution devices in the barn (not shown).

From the point of view of optimizing the heat balance of the structure as a whole, it is stated that heat loss from the manure storage 5 (Fig. 1) is significantly reduced due to the air gap 7 between the soil and the floors of the barn 1 and the manure storage 5, as well as a filling 8, the height of which may even exceed the height the premises of the barn 1. And the heat loss from the greenhouse 2 is noticeably reduced due to the heat-protective role of the dome 3 and the use of sandwich wall panels in the construction. Since heat losses from the barn 1 and the manure storage 5 are noticeably reduced, this allows you to save all production waste, both from the barn 1 and from the greenhouse 2, in a pulp-like (i.e., liquid) form, which improves gas formation in the pulp itself.

In terms of improving performance, the following is claimed. Most of the gases from pulp and manure are carbon dioxide (although methane is also present in significant quantities). Such a gas mixture, when returned to the cow’s air exchange 1, significantly reduces the threshold of nervous sensitivity in cows and contributes to the development of a very calm state, which is beneficial from the point of view of rhythmic and abundant milk production.

The same gas mixture from the barn 1 is lifted by the ventilation system (Fig. 4, positions 30, 31, 32, 33) up into the greenhouse, where it promotes proper nutrition of plants with carbon dioxide. With such feeding with this gas mixture, for example, tomatoes mature faster, redden and gain better taste (they contain more polysaccharides and biologically active substances).

From the point of view of production energy, the following is noted. Excess gas from the pulp is directed through the pipe 12 (Fig. 1) to a gas tank (not shown), passing through a carbon dioxide purification system (the system is not described, since it will be presented in a new separate application for the invention). The gas mixture, significantly enriched in methane, is sent from gas tanks to electric power generators (not shown), which provides both the barn and the greenhouse with sufficient electricity to illuminate the premises.

That is, in relation to the device, we have in brief wording the following:

A greenhouse-cowshed containing rooms for animals and growing plants, a manure storage with devices for creating pulp, pumping it out for gas utilization and removal, located on a pile foundation with air layers between the ground and the floors of the first floor, filling over the manure storage, and air a dome over the ceilings of greenhouses, equipped with ventilation, made with the possibility of cooling the air and freeing it from excessive moisture before serving rovnik and heating the air before it enters the greenhouse.

From the point of view of the method, we have in principle the following:

A method of organizing the cultivation of plants in intensive mode while keeping animals with maximum production indicators, including closed supply and exhaust ventilation with the possibility of joint air circulation, in which it is enriched with carbon dioxide in the barn before being fed into the greenhouse, and enriched with oxygen in the greenhouse before being fed into barn, and before being fed into the barn, the air is freed from excess moisture and cooled, and heated before being fed into the greenhouse.

Protection of the building from heat loss and reasonably arranged ventilation allow maintaining optimal microclimatic conditions for both cows in the barn and plants in the greenhouse. In the barn, wet hygiene procedures for cows and maintenance of rooms with a high degree of cleanliness become acceptable. The present invention works as follows. Significant concentrations of carbon dioxide released from manure, slurry and pulp in the manure storage 5 (Fig. 1) and barn 1 are used as top dressing plants in greenhouse 2. In turn, air enriched with oxygen in greenhouse 2 and freed from excess water vapor in the condenser 21, is used to optimize the conditions of cows in the barn 1.

References

1) http://www.tipdoc.ru/upload/iblock-/eb3/8.gif

2) http://www.tipdoc.ru/catalog/150731/

3) Antufiev I.A. RF patent №2248120. Bull. No.8, 03/20/2005

4) Antufiev I.A. RF patent No. 2414121. Bull. No.8, 03/20/2011

5) Antufiev I.A. RF patent No. 2423044. Bull. No.19, 07/10/2011

6) The magazine "Dairy cattle breeding", 02/01/2010.

Claims (2)

1. A greenhouse-cowshed containing rooms for animals and growing plants, a manure storage with devices for creating pulp, pumping it out for gas utilization and removal, located on a pile foundation with air layers between the soil and the floors of the first floor, filling over the manure storage, and also an air dome over the ceilings of greenhouse rooms, equipped with ventilation, made with the possibility of cooling the air and freeing it from excessive moisture before serving cowshed and heating the air before feeding it into the greenhouse. 2. The method of organizing the cultivation of plants in intensive mode while keeping animals with achieving maximum production indicators, including closed supply and exhaust ventilation with the possibility of a joint air circuit, in which it is enriched with carbon dioxide in the barn before being fed into the greenhouse, and in the greenhouse is enriched with oxygen before being fed it into the barn, and before being fed into the barn, the air is freed from excessive moisture and cooled, and heated before being fed into the greenhouse.

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