RU2545012C1 - Igniter of internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: igniter of an internal combustion engine includes an ignition plug and a prechamber with a cavity having a threaded hole for installation of the ignition plug and a threaded section for screwing the prechamber into a head of cylinders, as well as an ignition chamber of cylindrical shape and a bottom with a central hole and side holes made in it. The prechamber consists of two parts. The ignition plug is screwed into the first part, and the second part is screwed on the inside of the head of cylinders. Inside the second part there is an additional chamber, to which there opened is a central axial hole and side holes. Total surface area of all the holes is larger than cross-sectional area of the prechamber cavity. Surface area of the central axial hole can be larger than cross-section area of the prechamber cavity. Side holes can be radial. Side holes can be tangential. Side holes can be made at an angle to the prechamber axis.

EFFECT: creation of a simple igniter with small dimensions, which provides improvement of ignition reliability at reduction of fuel consumption and emission of hazardous substances.

5 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to spark plugs, in particular to an improved spark plug, which can significantly improve the efficiency of distribution of the spark and the efficiency of fuel combustion when used in an internal combustion engine - ICE as carburetor, injection and diesel, as well as in rotary engines, gas engines and other types of engines and in power plants.

State of the art

Usually the lateral grounded electrode of the spark plug is bent and L-shaped, being perpendicular to the direction of the axial central electrode so that the cross section of the discharge part, the so-called “mini-chamber”, facing the axial central electrode, is rectangular.

When a spark discharge occurs, the spark appears between the axial central electrode and the end discharge part of the grounded electrode located below the axial central electrode. The gas mixture in the spark gap formed by these electrodes is ignited by the spark so that the compressed gas mixture is ignited first in the “mini-chamber” between the electrodes, and then the horizontally expiring torch ignites the rest of the fuel assembly. In conventional designs, the high gas pressure caused by ignition can be blocked by the end discharge part so that the effect of the propagation of combustion on the air-fuel gas mixture in the combustion chamber is not good enough. And starting the engine at low temperatures generally causes difficulty due to the cooling of the flaming flame from the cold metal parts of the cylinder head.

When the residual carbon (the product of incomplete combustion of the fuel-air mixture - FA) remains in the spark gap between the electrodes, carbon can accumulate and change from the phase of the particles to the phase of the connection on the surfaces of the electrodes so that a short circuit can occur between the electrodes. In this state, even when voltage is applied, a spark may not occur, which leads to serious problems up to stopping the engine or releasing the air-fuel mixture through the exhaust pipe without combustion. When an unburned gas mixture is discharged into the exhaust pipe, a reverse flash effect is often manifested, with an emergency effect and a reduced combustion efficiency. Failure of one of several cylinders can remain unattended for a long time, which will lead to engine failure due to imbalance of rotor parts.

During the operation of the internal combustion engine, a crack may appear at the end of the axial central electrode due to corrosion, which leads to critical damage. Spark plug life may be reduced due to such a defect.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2366053, IPC H01T 13/20, publ. August 27, 2009. This spark plug contains a central electrode and a side electrode of cylindrical shape, between them a “mini-chamber” is formed. Spark discharge is carried out on a cylindrical wall, and the output of combustion products is carried out in an annular gap.

The disadvantages of this candle are the possible clogging of the annular gap due to the deposition of solid particles of combustion products on both electrodes, especially when working on an enriched mixture.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2366052, IPC H01T 13/00, publ. August 27, 2009. This candle contains a central electrode and a L-shaped side electrode, the plane of which is twisted along the length to create a vortex motion of the combustion products.

The disadvantage is poor engine starting at low temperatures.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2360342, IPC H01T 13/54, publ. 06/27/2009

This candle contains a central and side electrodes and two prechambers mounted in series.

Disadvantages: constructive complexity of the candle, its large axial dimensions and high cost.

It is known that for the trouble-free operation of the spark plug, the lower part of the insulator (thermal cone) should have a temperature of about 500-600 ° C. At a temperature lower than indicated on the candle, a layer of soot forms and it begins to work intermittently. The insufficient heating temperature of the insulator and the spark plug electrodes is especially pronounced when the cold engine starts at negative temperatures, when the fuel vapor partially condenses and the ignition reliability of the mixture is due not only to its ionization, but also to the heating of the gas volume adjacent to the electrodes. To increase the reliability of the ignition system in conditions of negative temperatures, candles with forced electric heating are used.

Known, for example, a spark plug containing a metal casing, an insulator and a heating element, placed in an annular groove made on the side wall of the insulator, in its part, closed by a casing according to the USSR AS No. 1802382, IPC H01T 13/00, publ. 1993 year

The disadvantage of this design is that the heating element can be integrated into the candle only during its manufacture. However, the urgent task is the modernization of already made candles.

Known spark plug containing "mini-prechamber" according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2356145, IPC H01T 13/20, publ. 05/20/2009

This spark plug contains an axial central electrode for a spark discharge and a side grounded electrode opposite the axial central electrode relative to the spark gap, with a circular portion in plan having a central circular hole formed at the discharge end of the lateral rounded electrode. In this case, the spark plug includes a plurality of spiral projections that protrude from the inner side of the circular part in the direction of the central circular opening so as to form a turbulent flow in the gas mixture when gas compressed during the compression stroke is supplied into the spark gap through the central circular opening. The technical result is to improve the efficiency of spark propagation by providing better mixing in the spark gap between the electrodes, providing a function of generating a turbulent flow, and also increasing the ignition force.

The disadvantages of this device: low efficiency of the spark discharge, due to the mismatch of the shape, size and relative position of the electrodes is optimal for an electric discharge in the gas gap. The disadvantage is that the area of the Central hole is made smaller than the cross-sectional area of the Central electrode. This gives several negative results. The twisting device is not very effective and does not perform its function for two reasons:

- spinning means have a very small height (due to the small diameter of the hole) and, being located within the boundary layer of the stream, do not affect the nature of the movement of the bulk of the stream flowing from the hole,

- the spin is carried out in a horizontal plane, which does not contribute to the introduction of the torch into a significant volume of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine cylinder, which is usually located below the candle.

In addition, this technical solution has several more disadvantages:

- a small diameter hole is more easily clogged by products of incomplete combustion of fuel assemblies,

- the hole acts as the output nozzle of the “mini-camcorder” and with a small area of the hole, the torch power is insignificant and cannot ensure the start of the ICE at negative temperatures. The role of the second nozzle is played by the lateral gaps between the central and side electrodes, but the combustion products flowing out along the head of the unheated cylinder are sharply cooled and cannot ignite the entire volume of the combustion chamber of the cylinder. The traditionally used method of starting with fuel assembly enrichment leads to excessive fuel consumption, wear of the internal combustion engine piston system and to soot deposition on the electrodes.

Known igniter according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2169885, IPC F23Q 9/00, publ. 06/27/2001

Signs common with the proposed technical solution: prechamber housing, ignition cavity and fuel supply holes in the prechamber and torch discharge.

The disadvantages of the prototype: large dimensions. Weight and structural complexity due to the presence of a large number of parts. At the same time, with a decrease in the size of the prechamber, it will not fulfill its main function; reliably ignite the vehicle (air-fuel mixture.).

Known pre-chamber ICE according to the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 16, IPC F02B 19/16, publ. 06/25/1994

A remote prechamber for an internal combustion engine with a moving fuel flow in an air mixture, comprising a housing, a cavity with a spark plug and a transition channel, characterized in that a swirl plate is placed in the transition channel nozzle, twisted by an angle of rotation (1/2) * pi - (2/3) * pi rad (90-120 °).

The disadvantage is the complexity of the design.

Known pre-chamber ICE for St. RF for utility model No. 60635, IPC F02D 19/10, publ. 01/27/2007

The vortex prechamber of an internal combustion engine according to this patent comprises a cylindrical body with external and internal threads, an internal cavity, a lower hole and side flare channels, while the side flare channels have three deflection angles in the chamber chamber. The lower and side openings are located on a conical bottom.

The disadvantage is the low efficiency of the prechamber due to the fact that the total area of the holes is less than the cross-sectional area of the ignition chamber. This leads to throttling when filling the fuel assembly chamber and a decrease in its dose and the power of the ignition torches. The increase in the area of the holes is technically impossible due to the fact that this will lead to the protrusion of the conical bottom inside the cylinder of the internal combustion engine.

Known pre-chamber ICE according to the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 30396, IPC F02B 19/00, publ. 06/27/2003, the prototype.

The prechamber of the internal combustion engine contains a cavity (ignition chamber), an axial flare channel and side flare channels made at an angle to the longitudinal axis, side flare channels in plan are made at an angle to the radii passing through the axis of the prechamber, and are located on a conical bottom. The conical bottom has a large angle at the apex from 60 to 90 degrees, because at small angles, its length will be large and the piston may be grazed at top dead center. Since the length of the conical bottom is limited, both the number of holes and their area are limited. In addition, the installation angles of all side holes are the same, which limits the diameter of the total flammable flame. The twist effect is insufficient, since the volume of the prechamber is less than 1% of the volume of the engine cylinder and the entire volume of the fuel assembly in the cylinder cavity cannot be twisted.

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the low efficiency of the prechamber due to the fact that the total area of the holes is less than the cross-sectional area of the ignition chamber. This leads to throttling when filling the fuel assembly chamber and reducing its dose and, as a consequence, the power of the ignition torches.

The objective of the invention, corresponding to the achieved technical result, is to create a simple small-sized igniter that provides more reliable ignition when starting the engine especially at low temperatures, more complete combustion of the fuel assemblies and reliability.

The solution of these problems in the ignitor of an internal combustion engine containing a spark plug and a prechamber with a cavity having a threaded hole for installing the spark plug, and a threaded section for screwing the prechamber into the cylinder head, a cylindrical ignition chamber, a bottom with central and side holes in it, is achieved the fact that according to the invention the prechamber is made of two parts, the spark plug is screwed into the first, and the second is screwed from the inside of the cylinder head, inside it is made by awn ignition thereon formed with a central axial and lateral openings, wherein the total area of all openings is formed larger cross-sectional area of the prechamber cavity. The area of the central axial hole can be made larger than the cross-sectional area of the cavity of the prechamber. Side holes can be made radial. Side holes can be made tangential. Side holes can be made at an angle to the axis of the prechamber.

The invention is illustrated in the drawings of figures 1 ... 4, where

- figure 1 shows the igniter assembly,

- figure 2 shows the housing of the prechamber assembly,

- figure 3 shows a section aa,

- figure 4 shows the first part of the prechamber,

The internal combustion engine igniter (FIGS. 1 ... 4) contains a spark plug 1 and a pre-chamber 2, which consists of two parts: the first with a threaded hole 3 for installing the spark plug 1 and the second part 5 with a threaded section 6 on the cylindrical part 7 for screwing the pre-chamber 2 into cylinder head 8, cavity 9 of the prechamber 2, additional axisymmetric chamber 10, a central hole 11 and side holes 12 in the second part 5. A feature of this design is that the second part 5 is screwed into the cylinder head 8 from its inside (from the side ony cavity of the cylinder). This made it possible to significantly increase the transverse dimensions of the prechamber 2 without increasing its axial dimensions, especially the part protruding into the cylinder. In turn, this allowed the total area of the holes 11 and 12 to be larger than the cross-sectional area of the additional chamber 10 and, moreover, the cavity 10 of the prechamber 2.

Moreover, it is possible to fulfill the area of the Central hole 11 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the additional chamber 10, for this it is necessary to fulfill the ratio D2≥D1.

Side holes 12 can be made radially (figure 1). Side holes 12 can be performed tangentially (figure 3). Side holes 12 can be made at an angle to the axis of the prechamber 2 (figure 4).

During operation of the igniter, for example, as part of the internal combustion engine (Fig. 1 ... 4), which includes the igniter, after injection of the fuel assembly (air-fuel mixture), part of it through the openings 10 and 11 enters the ignition chamber 10 and into the cavity 9 of the prechamber 2.

In the “stroke” cycle, the combustion products are preliminarily ignited by the spark plug 1 in the cavity 9, then the products of incomplete combustion having a very high temperature pass into the ignition chamber 10, where the fuel assembly completely burns out and is emitted from the additional chamber 10 at high speed through openings 11 and 12 into the cavity of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine cylinder and ignite the entire charge of the fuel assembly existing in it. Moreover, due to the fact that the total area of the holes 11 and 12 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the additional chamber 10, the holes 11 and 12 do not throttle the fuel assembly stream when it enters the additional chamber 10. As a result, the charge volume of the fuel assembly in the additional chamber 10 increases . In the cycle, the stroke due to the larger total area of the holes 11 and 12 compared to the prototype, the power of the flaming flame also increases.

The large transverse dimensions of the additional chamber 10 allow you to place on it the maximum number of holes of large diameter with a minimum protrusion of the prechamber inside the engine cylinder. In addition, it is possible to arrange the side openings at almost any angle to the axis of the prechamber and tangentially.

Such an organization of the fuel assembly ignition process will provide 100% ignition even in the worst conditions at low temperature and high humidity. Also, this approach can be applied on engines operating on cryogenic fuels: hydrogen and liquefied natural gas. To ignite a cryogenic fuel having a very low temperature, it is not necessary to significantly increase the power of the spark plug. This effect will be especially good on high power engines.

It is impossible to implement these principles in any other prechambers, since having large transverse dimensions of the lower part of the prechamber, it is impossible to assemble the ICE.

As a result, the application of the invention will allow:

- reduce the axial overall dimensions of the prechamber,

- to simplify the design of the ignition system by reducing the number of parts when combining the spark plug and prechamber,

- improve ignition when starting an unheated engine, especially at low temperatures, by heating the central electrode,

- reduce fuel consumption due to its more complete combustion, provided more accurate ignition of the fuel assemblies in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine with a powerful torch pre-chamber.

- reduce emissions of harmful substances due to complete combustion of fuel,

- increase the life of the candle due to the cleaning of soot from its electrodes,

- significantly increase the life of the candles and eliminate the burning of their electrodes.

Claims (5)

1. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine containing a spark plug and a prechamber with a cavity having a threaded hole for installing the spark plug and a threaded portion for screwing the prechamber into the cylinder head, a cylindrical ignition chamber, a bottom with central and side openings in it, characterized in that the prechamber is made of two parts, the first is screwed into the spark plug, and the second is screwed from the inside of the cylinder head, an additional chamber is made inside it, the central Noe axial and lateral openings, wherein the total area of all openings is formed larger cross-sectional area of the prechamber cavity. 2. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the area of the central axial hole is larger than the cross-sectional area of the prechamber cavity. 3. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the side openings are made radial. 4. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the side openings are made tangential. 5. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the side openings are made at an angle to the axis of the prechamber.

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