RU2544700C2 - Device for disposal of organic wastes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, food processing industry, as well as to public municipal services. The invention is intended for disinfection and sequential phase, anaerobic decomposition of crushed biological wastes of products of farm animals, birds, human and production wastes of food processing industry with obtaining of biogas and disinfected (from pathogenic microflora, helminth, their eggs and seeds of plants) mineralised organic fertilisers, as well as bio-fodder additives. The device comprises a cylindrical shaped reservoir divided inside with partitions alternately not reaching the top and bottom of the reservoir into the flow chambers of fermentation to produce over each of their pair of separate gas sections, loading and discharge pipes, heaters of substrate and a gas pipeline connected to the gas sections. The cylindrical shaped reservoir has the height equal to its diameter and its volume is divided by coaxial partitions into five coaxial chambers, the volumes of which are respectively equal to 3, 3, 5, 74, 15% of the device volume, and the loading chamber is located in the centre of the device, and the discharge is at the periphery.

EFFECT: invention provides reduction in heat loss, deep temperature pasteurisation of raw material and its hydrolysis at the beginning of the process, the uniform supply of raw material from one chamber to another, minimising dead spots, elimination of the temperature gradients in the volume and, consequently, obtaining biogas and fertilisers of higher quality with identical periods of disposal of raw materials.

5 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, food processing industry, as well as to municipal utilities. The invention is intended for disinfection and sequential phase, anaerobic decomposition of crushed biological waste products of livestock, poultry, humans and food processing industry waste products to produce biogas and disinfected (from pathogenic microflora, helminths of their eggs and plant seeds) mineralized organic fertilizers, as well as bio-feed additives. The invention can be widely used for livestock and poultry farms, municipal utilities, as well as for enterprises that process plant and animal biomass.

Known device volumes, which are divided by partitions into separate chambers, in each of which is placed a separately formed symbiotic group of substrate microorganisms. One of the processes of anaerobic decomposition of raw materials proceeds in these chambers: hydrolysis, neutralization, acid, alkaline and methane phases [1-7].

All of these structures that organize the multi-stage process described in [1–7] do not provide a highly efficient high-temperature fermentation process or require additional heat sources and therefore become unprofitable, since their structural solutions have a large ratio of the external surface area to the total volume digester.

Another device is known, a cylinder-shaped container. This form of the device allows you to minimize heat consumption, which means that in this device it is possible to implement a high-temperature anaerobic process [8]. This device has a diagonal heat exchanger, which creates temperature fields with large gradients in all chambers, which increases heat loss and creates temperature dead zones (zones where fermentation does not occur). Due to the presence of temperature gradients, it is difficult, and often impossible, to achieve balance in the stages in such a device.

The closest technical solution to the claimed method according to the technical essence and the achieved result from its use is the known method of anaerobic processing of organic waste according to the patent [9], in which fermentation is carried out sequentially and phase-wise in the anaerobic digestion mode of crushed and liquefied various organic waste. The device is represented by a tank divided by a coaxial partition that does not reach the bottom in the form of a truncated cone, dividing the device’s capacity into the external and internal digestion chambers with the supply of raw materials to the external chamber, where acidic fermentation is carried out and the spent sediment is removed from the inner chamber.

The disadvantages of this device are large heat losses, despite the almost optimal shape. Since acidic fermentation (requiring more heat and faster (24-48 hours) than alkaline (120-240 hours)) is located in an external chamber, and therefore has large heat losses to the environment. This circumstance, in turn, does not allow pasteurization of the substrate, reduce the volume of the acid fermentation chamber and carry out deeper processing, and in addition, the two-chamber mode is less effective than the four-, five-chamber mode.

The aim of the claimed invention is: reducing heat loss, deep temperature pasteurization of raw materials and their hydrolysis at the beginning of the process, ensuring a uniform supply of raw materials from chamber to chamber, minimizing dead zones, eliminating temperature gradients in the volume and, as a result, obtaining better biogas and fertilizers equal terms for the disposal of raw materials.

The goals are achieved in that: the device for the disposal of organic waste has the shape of a cylinder, the diameter of which is equal to its height and is divided by four coaxial cylindrical partitions that create five coaxial chambers. The cameras are located from the axis of the device to the periphery and insulating each other. The first loading chamber (high-temperature 65-75 ° C, in which hydrolysis and pasteurization of raw materials takes place) is located in the center of the device and is formed by the first partition. The volume of this camera is 3% of the volume of the device. The second chamber - acid fermentation insulates the first chamber and is formed by the first and second coaxial cylindrical partitions. The volume of this camera is 3% of the volume of the device. The third chamber - neutralization insulates the second chamber and is formed by the second and third coaxial cylindrical partitions. The volume of this camera is 5% of the volume of the device. The fourth chamber - alkaline methane fermentation insulates the third chamber and is formed by the third and fourth coaxial cylindrical partitions. The volume of this camera is 74% of the volume of the device. The fifth discharge chamber - accumulation of waste raw materials formed by the fourth coaxial cylindrical partition and the device body. The volume of this camera is 15% of the volume of the device. The device is equipped with nozzles (4-8 pcs.) Connecting the peripheral bottom part (dead zone) of the fourth chamber with the middle, in height, of the third chamber. The first partition is a heat exchanger, a raw material heater in the hydrolysis chamber and acid fermentation chamber to a temperature of 65-75 ° C, does not reach the floor of the device by 5%. The gap created in this way is the passage of raw materials from the first chamber to the second. The second partition is a heat exchanger, a heat recuperator and in chamber 2 and 3 it cools the feed to a process temperature of 43-55 ° C. This partition does not reach the ceiling by 10%. The gap created in this way is the level of overflow of raw materials from the second chamber to the third and combines the upper part of the second and third coaxial chambers, forming the first coaxial gas section. The first coaxial gas section is connected to the gas pipeline by a valve controlled by a pressure sensor of the first section and a level sensor of the fourth chamber. The third partition, which is continuous-enclosing, has check valves at the floor level, which allow raw materials to pass into the fourth chamber of the third. The fourth partition, the heat exchanger heater maintains the process temperature of 43-55 ° C in the fourth chamber, does not reach the ceiling by 10%. The gap created in this way is the level of overflow of raw materials from the fourth chamber into the fifth discharge chamber for collecting spent raw materials, which is formed between the fourth partition and the device body and is peripheral. The gap of the fourth partition combines the upper part of the fourth coaxial chamber and the fifth, forming a second coaxial gas section. The second coaxial gas section is connected to the gas pipeline by a valve controlled by a pressure sensor of the second section and a level sensor of the fourth chamber. The diameters of the partitions correspond to their volumes. To remove inorganic substances (sand, stone, clay), the first chamber is equipped with a conical bottom, in which a screw with a shutter-unloader is integrated to remove mineral deposits.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. In Fig. 1 shows a coaxial section of a plant in a vertical plane. In Fig. 2 shows a horizontal section of the device at the level of check valves 18 of the partition 3. The structure of the device includes 1 - coaxial loading chamber for high-temperature hydration, 2 - coaxial chamber for acidic fermentation, 3 - coaxial chamber for neutralizing and stabilizing raw materials, 4 - coaxial chamber for alkaline fermentation, 5 - coaxial discharge chamber for collecting waste materials. The chambers are formed by partitions: 6 - the first heating partition, 7 - the second partition of heat recovery, 8 - the third partition with check valves - 16, 9 - the fourth partition, heating the raw materials of the alkaline zone. The device has a cylindrical 10 - case, the height of which is equal to its diameter, 11 - a vertical discharge pipe of the unloading collector - 12 for collecting waste raw materials, 13 - a conical bottom for trapping inorganic particles, 14 - a screw drive, 15 - a screw for removing inorganic particles (sand, clay pebbles). The device is equipped with: 17 - pipes connecting the peripheral bottom part (dead zone) of the fourth chamber with a middle height of the third chamber, the output of which is equipped with 18 - check valves, 19 - the flat bottom of the device, 20 - ceiling of the device, 21 - collector loading device 22 - controlled gas valves, 23 - pressure sensors 28 - of the first and 29 - second coaxial gas sections, 24 - substrate level sensor. The device is equipped with a 25 - float mixer. The device is equipped with a pump - 26 and a non-return valve - 27.

The device is working. Pre-crushed and brought to a moisture content of 90-92%, the substrate 26 is pumped through a non-return valve 27 to the feed chamber of hydrolysis 1. Here the substrate is heated to a temperature of 65-75 ° C by the flow of hot water entering the coaxial partition 6. Next, the substrate passing through the gap between the floor and the lower edge of the partition 6, it enters the acidic fermentation chamber 2, in which it rises to the surface as it fermentes and is cooled by the partition 7. The bottom of the hydrolysis chamber 6 is a conical surface 13, ending in soil Ithel a screw 15 which drives the actuator 14. Due to the greater density of the inorganic particles (clay, sand, pebbles, and metal) are deposited in the conical bottom 13, accumulate therein and subsequently removed. Since the acid fermentation process is not temperature critical and proceeds quite intensively in a wide temperature range from 40-65 ° C, the second wall of the chamber 2 is a coaxial (recovery) partition 7. The substrate from the acid fermentation chamber 2 overflows through the upper edge of the partition 7 into neutralization chamber 3, where it continues to cool to a process temperature of 43-55 ° C, is diluted with an alkaline, thermophilic bacteria-rich portion of the substrate coming from chamber 4 through nozzles 17, due to the organization of excess biogas pressure aza in chamber 4. The released biogas in chambers 2 and 3 enters the coaxial gas section 28, where it accumulates and is removed through valve 22. The acidic fermentation substrate and the bacteria-rich substrates are mixed and lowered to the bottom of chamber 3, wherefrom, through check valves 16 installed in the coaxial solid partition 8 separating the neutralization chamber 3 and the alkaline fermentation chamber 4 flows into the alkaline fermentation chamber 4. The substrate in the volume of the alkaline fermentation chamber 4, which is formed by the partitions 8 and the coaxial septum evatelem 9 is heated up to temperature 43-55 ° C process. The partition 9 is connected hermetically to the bottom of the device, and its upper part does not reach the ceiling of the device by 10% of its total height. In this chamber, the substrate is fermented with the release of methane-rich biogas, which accumulates in the second coaxial gas section 29. As new portions enter the device, the substrate is poured from the chamber 4 into the waste collection chamber 5. The released biogas creates excess pressure and partially extrudes to a certain level the substrate from the discharge chamber 5 to the collector-collector 12 of the spent substrate and from the chamber 4 through the nozzles 17 and check valves 18 to the middle part of the neutralization chamber. As soon as in the chamber 4 the substrate level drops to the level set by the sensor level 24, the valve 22 of the chamber 4 opens and the valve 22 of the chamber 3 closes and the biogas accumulated in the coaxial section 28 of the chamber 3 starts to squeeze the substrate out of the chamber 3 into the chamber 4 until until the level sensor trips and repeats the process again. Due to this, the level in the chambers alternately increases or decreases, creating level fluctuations in chambers 3 and 4, and together with the float mixer 25, provides crust destruction and substrate mixing. Biogas through the valve 22 enters through the gas pipeline into the biogas accumulator and after purification from water and sulfur vapor enters the cogeneration unit (not shown in the drawings).

The described device is implemented in the form of a prototype installation of 200 liters, which was created on the farm "Selyana" Kemerovo region. The installation showed high efficiency and more than acceptable results: the period of disposal of cattle waste or green grass was 7-10 days; daily loading varies from 5 to 22 liters of prepared raw materials; biogas output amounted to 2 cubic meters. 75 liters of raw materials; the methane content for cattle manure was 83%, for green grass 86%; the degree of pasteurization of raw materials 99.9%; fertilizers obtained at the plant were tested on indoor plants, garden tomatoes, peppers and radishes. Productivity in comparison with reference beds increased by 30-55%.

Information sources

1. RF patent No. 2062299, C12M 1/107, 1991.12.24; Bioreactor / Mezenko V.I.

2. RF patent No. 2098481, C12M 1/00, 1995.02.28; Domestic digester / Tumchenok V.I.

3. RF patent No. 2099414, С12М 1/107, 1995.01.17; Domestic digester / Tumchenok V.I.

4. RF patent No. 2099415, С12М 1/107, 1995.01.17; The household apparatus of methane fermentation / Tumchenok V.I.

5. RF patent No. 2148080, С12М 1/00, А01С 3/00, 1998.12.30; Installation of methane fermentation / Tumchenok V.I.

6. RF patent No. 2234468, C02F 3/28, C02F 11/04, 2003.08.22; Metantenk / Andryukhin T.Ya.

7. RF patent No. 2254700, АСС 3/02, 2003.12.29; Biogas plant for anaerobic digestion of organic waste / Sofia R.G. and etc.

8. RF patent №2335464, C02F 3/28, 2003.11.07. The box is horizontal 4-chamber.

9. RF patent No. 2315721, C02F 3/28, C02F 11/04, 2006.04.03. Anaerobic Fermenter / Von Nordenskjöld Reinhard.

10. RF patent No. 2236106, А01С 3/00, C02F 11/04, 2003.03.27. The method of sequential phase-by-phase anaerobic digestion of liquefied organic waste and a device for its implementation / Andryukhin T.Ya.

Claims (5)

1. A device for the disposal of organic waste, containing a cylindrical reservoir, divided inside by partitions alternately not reaching the bottom and top of the reservoir, into flowing fermentation chambers with the formation of separate gas sections above each pair, loading and unloading pipes, substrate heaters and attached to the gas sections gas pipeline, characterized in that the cylindrical shape of the tank has a height equal to its diameter, and its volume is divided by five coaxial baffles x chambers the volumes of which are respectively equal to 3, 3, 5, 74, 15% volume of the device, the filling chamber is located in the center of the device, and discharge at the periphery. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first baffle heats the substrate, the second cools the substrate to a fermentation temperature, the third baffle is equipped with check valves that let the substrate pass from the third chamber into the fourth, the fourth baffle heats the substrate and supports fermentation. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with nozzles connecting the peripheral bottom part of the fourth chamber with a middle height of the third chamber, and the exits from the nozzles are equipped with check valves. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that two coaxial gas sections are formed above the second and third, fourth and fifth chambers in it, which are connected to the gas pipeline by valves controlled by pressure sensors of these sections and the level sensor of the fourth chamber. 5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the conical bottom is installed in the first chamber, in which a screw is installed to remove mineral deposits with a gate-unloader.

Images