RU2433344C1 - Plant for thermal decomposition of unsorted solid domestic wastes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering. ^ SUBSTANCE: plant for thermal decomposition of solid domestic wastes comprises a loading device, a gasification chamber with holes for discharge of thermogas gas, installed in the body as capable to form a zone of thermogas gas bleeding to supply it to an external load, gas burners, an accumulating chamber with loosening knives installed horizontally in parallel planes with the possibility of reciprocal movement in the horizontal plane and rotation around their axis, and a device to bleed a mixture of water vapours and light volatile vapours; a heat exchanger-heater of the mixture of water vapours and light volatile vapours connected via the first draft system to the accumulating chamber and via a nozzle to the gasification chamber; a heat exchanger-heater of air with the second draft system connected by pipeliens with gas burners and gasification chamber. Heat exchangers are joined in series along with the thermogas flow from holes of its discharge via the third draft system to the load. Holes of thermogas discharge from the gasification chamber are equipped with protective visors. ^ EFFECT: increased efficiency and reliability of thermal processing of unsorted solid domestic wastes to produce hot gas of high quality. ^ 2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a device for the thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste and can be used in the national economic complex for the disposal and destruction of waste.

Known devices for the disposal and destruction of solid waste, including a gasification chamber of a heat recovery furnace with drying, pyrolysis and gasification zones with openings for introducing an oxygen-containing gasifying agent and outlet openings for outputting gaseous products into the afterburning chamber, a device for controlling the flow of a gasifying agent, one an opening for introducing an oxygen-containing agent is located in the gasification zone, the other in the drying zone (RF patent No. 2089786, IPC F23G 5/00, 1997 RF patent No. 2089787, IPC F23G 5/00, 1 997 g.).

The disadvantages of the known devices are: low reliability due to freezing of the processed waste in the upper part of the gasification chamber, associated with the release of resins from the waste by pyrolysis gas rising from the lower part of the gasification chamber and a complex structure due to the presence of additional energy-intensive devices for producing a gasification agent.

A known installation for the disposal and destruction of municipal solid waste containing a loading device, a gasification chamber with openings for outputting gaseous products of processing, an afterburner, a waste receiving container, a device for removing gaseous products of processing, combustion chambers located in the lower part of the gasification and afterburning chambers (patent RF No. 2201552, F23G 5/027, F23G 5/14, 2003).

A disadvantage of the known installation is its low efficiency due to the clogging with incandescent masses of untreated MSW of the pyrolysis gas outlet channel, which leads to a decrease in the channel cross-section, the accumulation of pyrolysis gas in the gasification chamber and the impossibility of its entry to the consumer.

A known installation for the disposal and destruction of solid waste, which can be taken as a prototype (RF patent No. 2282788, IPC F23G 5/027, 5/24, 2006), containing a loading device, a gasification chamber with openings for the exit of pyrolysis gas, installed in the housing with the possibility of forming a pyrolysis gas extraction zone for supplying it to the combustion chambers and to an external consumer, an afterburner, a device for removing gaseous products of combustion, and some of the chambers are capable of completely burning pyrolysis gas, another incinerator - with the possibility of obtaining gasification agent during pyrolysis gas combustion and placed in the housing with the possibility of supplying gasification agent to the gasification chamber.

The disadvantages of the known installation are: low efficiency of the processing process due to the lack of a device for loosening solid waste in the drying zone, which allows to intensify the drying of solid waste; obtaining low-quality fuel gas due to its saturation with water vapor in the drying zone; low reliability due to the complexity of the design of the boot device.

The technical result of the proposed technical solution is to increase the efficiency and reliability of the thermal processing of unsorted solid waste with obtaining high-quality combustible gas.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the installation for thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste contains a loading device, a gasification chamber with gas thermogas outlet openings installed in the housing with the possibility of forming a gas thermogas extraction zone for supplying it to an external consumer, gas burners. The installation is equipped with a storage chamber with loosening knives mounted horizontally in parallel planes with the possibility of translational-reciprocal movement in the horizontal plane and rotation around its axis and a device for selecting a mixture of water vapor and light volatile; a heat exchanger-heater of a mixture of water vapor and light volatile, connected through the first draft device to the storage chamber and through the pipe to the gasification chamber; a heat exchanger-air heater with a second blower device, connected by pipelines to gas burners and a gasification chamber, the heat exchangers being connected in series along the direction of movement of the thermogas from its outlet openings through the third blower device to the consumer, and the openings of the thermogas outlet from the gasification chamber are provided with protective visors.

The proposed technical solution is illustrated by drawings, where figure 1 shows a General view of the device in section; figure 2 - section 1-1 - loosening knives; figure 3 - element I is a hole with a visor for the withdrawal of thermogas.

The installation of thermal decomposition of solid waste contains a storage chamber 1 of the reactor furnace, a gasification chamber 2 with a thermogas extraction zone (thermal chamber) 3 with openings for the outlet of thermogas 4, equipped with protective visors 5, burners 6, a pipe for supplying the vapor-air mixture to the gasification zone of the gasification chamber 7, loosening knives 8, a device for selecting a mixture of water vapor and light volatile 9 from the drying zone with the possibility of their supply to the gasification zone, a heat exchanger for heating a mixture of water vapor and light volatile 10, a heat exchanger for Air roar 11, the first forced-draft device 12, the third Forced draft device 13, the second forced-draft device 14, control valves 15, Termogaz collector 16, the receiving container 17.

Installation works as follows. Municipal solid waste is loaded into the storage chamber 1 of the reactor furnace without prior sorting. The storage chamber 1 is a kind of shutter, since the height of the MSW layer, having a high hydraulic resistance, prevents the escape of gases into the atmosphere.

Burners 6 are ignited by supplying air and gaseous fuel to them. At the same time, at the outlet of the burners 6, high-temperature high-speed flows of combustion products are formed, which transfer thermal energy to the processed products in the drying and pyrolysis zones of the gasification chamber 2. The heat transferred to the processed products ensures the drying, pyrolysis and gasification process. The resulting thermogas, which is a mixture of pyrolysis gas and gas from the gasification process, is taken from the heat chamber 3 and used as an energy carrier.

In the gasification chamber 2, a reversed process of movement of the pyrolysis gas is organized, directing it down into the heat chamber 3 by creating a vacuum with the blower device 13. Water vapor and light volatiles formed as a result of drying the MSW in the drying zone of the gasification chamber 2 are taken through the device for selecting a mixture of water vapor and light volatile 9 and using a draft device 12. Then they are sent to the gasification zone of the gasification chamber 2 through a pipe for supplying steam-air mixture 7, preheating in heat a heat exchanger for heating a mixture of water vapor and light volatile 10 due to the heat of thermogas.

For uniform drying of the MSW layer, its loosening is organized in the storage chamber using loosening knives 8 with pointed ends made of strong metal and mounted horizontally in parallel planes with the possibility of translational-reciprocal movement in the horizontal plane and rotation around its axis.

After entering the operating mode, the starting gaseous fuel is shut off to the burners 6, which will subsequently work as tuyeres for supplying hot air, which is obtained in the heat exchanger for heating the air 11 due to heat transfer by the thermogas. Air is supplied to the heat exchanger for heating the air 11 from the premises by means of a draft device 14. The thermal decomposition process is carried out due to the energy received from the partial combustion of thermogas and solid carbon residue (TUO).

The recyclable waste is moved from the drying zone through the pyrolysis zone to the gasification zone, undergoing continuous heat treatment. After treatment with a steam-air mixture supplied through a pipe for supplying a steam-air mixture 7 to the gasification zone, the waste is completely gasified.

The obtained thermogas through the holes of the thermogas 4, located in two tiers along the perimeter of the heat chamber in a checkerboard pattern and equipped with protective visors 5 from possible clogging with decomposition products, enters the collector of the thermogas 16, from where it is taken, sequentially cooled in heat exchangers 10, 11, and sent to the external to the consumer. The remaining unprocessed particles enter the receiving container 17, from where they are removed for further use.

The use of the invention improves the efficiency and reliability of the installation of thermal processing of solid waste with obtaining fuel gas.

Claims (2)

1. Installation for thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste, containing a loading device, a gasification chamber with gas thermogas outlet openings installed in the housing with the possibility of forming a gas thermogas extraction zone for supplying it to an external consumer, gas burners, characterized in that the installation is equipped with a storage chamber with loosening knives mounted horizontally in parallel planes with the possibility of translational-reciprocal movement in a horizontal plane and rotation around its axis, and a device for selecting the mixture of water vapor and light volatile; a heat exchanger-heater of a mixture of water vapor and light volatile, connected through the first draft device to the storage chamber and through the pipe to the gasification chamber; a heat exchanger-air heater with a second draft device connected by pipelines to gas burners and a gasification chamber, the heat exchangers being connected in series along the direction of movement of the thermogas from the openings of its outlet through the third draft device to the consumer, and the openings of the output of the thermogas from the gasification chamber are provided with protective visors. 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of loosening knives is two or more.

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