RU2488259C1 - Universal tillage outfit - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: outfit comprises a frame with support wheels and control mechanisms, flat working elements and rollers. Rollers are made as serially arranged and doubled and are hingedly connected to a frame with the possibility to copy field relief. Flat working elements are arranged in a staggered order and are made in the form of stands. In the upper parts of the stands there are safety systems installed to protect against overload, and there are holes made to vary angle of attack. In the lower part of flat working elements there are ploughshares are mounted, as well as blade side knives installed at the angle of 10°-15°. The frame comprises central and side sections connected to each other by means of mechanisms for transition from the working position into the transport one and back. Front surfaces of stands of flat working elements are installed to the horizontal plane at the angle of 50°-60° and are protected with replaceable splitters. Splitters are installed above ploughshares. Ploughshares and blade side knives or cultivating hoes are mounted on lower parts of the stands as capable of replacement. Blade side knives and knives of cultivating hoes are equipped with blades, which are fixed at 1/4 part of length from the ends of blade side knives or knives of cultivating hoes and have width from 1/3 to 1/4 of length of blade side knives or knives of cultivating hoes. Blades are bent so that soil that gets onto their surfaces is sent beyond the stands of flat working elements. In the places of hinged connection of doubled rollers with the frame there are flat springs installed, which provide for even pressure of rollers at soil when uneven surfaces are rolled. Each of doubled rollers is made in the form of a shaft, where helical grooves are fixed at the distance from each other by means of spokes. Strips have width a, pitch t and make the angle δ with the generatrix of the cylindrical surface, which circumscribes this roller. The angle of inclination of helical strip projections at any surface stretching via the axis of the roller, to the axis of the roller is defined by the following expression: $$\beta =arctg\frac{2H}{c},$$

where H - height of combs formed during roller displacement in direction perpendicular to its axis of rotation, mm; c - distance between helical strips, mm. The pitch of helical strips t is defined from the following expression: $$t=\frac{2D}{tg\beta },$$

where D - diameter of the helical roller, mm. The number of helical strips in each helical roller is determined by the following expression: $$n=\frac{t}{c+a\cos \delta }$$

after calculations the produced fractional value n is rounded to an integer number, with subsequent recalculation of roller parameters.

EFFECT: invention will make it possible to expand functional capabilities of a unit with simultaneous simplification of its design and to increase quality of soil treatment.

10 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to universal tillage units that perform several technological operations in one pass.

Known tillage unit, including a frame with transport and support wheels, consisting of a central and side sections, interconnected by mechanisms of translation from the working position to the transport and vice versa, with sequentially installed working bodies in the form of pointed arms and spiral-bar multi-path dual rollers, consisting of front and rear, and the front rollers of the dual rollers are pivotally connected to the Central and side sections of the frame with the possibility of adjusting them in height, and the rear rollers are pivotally connected to the bars of the front rollers and spring-loaded, the working bodies are arranged sequentially in three rows, and the length of the side sections is equal to the length of the central frame, the front spiral roller with a diameter of 400-450 mm is made of an angle of 30-45 mm in size, and the rear diameter is 280 -350 mm from a strip with a width of 30-50 mm, while the number of corners and stripes on the roller from 6 to 12 pcs. (patent for utility model RU 68226).

The disadvantage of this tillage unit is that the racks of the working bodies have an almost vertical position, therefore, in the process of work, they accumulate strawy crop residues that cover them and gradually accumulate, clog, making the unit inoperative. In this connection, in order to maintain the unit in constant working condition, the racks of its working bodies must be periodically, manually, cleaned of straw stubble residues, in addition, when loosening paws are installed on the racks of working bodies, they form deeper grooves compared to cultivating paws, in the aggregate, the rollers will not provide the necessary leveling of the surface of the field to be treated, as the angles mounted on the front roller are 30-45 mm in size and on the second roller of the strip 30-50 mm wide by small angles of attack (see FIG. 1 of the patent) to the direction movement unit.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed universal tillage unit is a universal tillage unit selected as a prototype, including a frame with support wheels, control mechanisms, disks, flat-cutting working bodies and rollers, the frame is additionally equipped with a two-beam frame, springs, while the frame is made of all-metal concave disks are made inclined, with displacement relative to plane-cutting working bodies, rollers are made double, located and sequentially pivotally connected to the frame with the possibility of copying the relief of the field, and the flat-cutting working bodies are staggered and made in the form of racks, in the upper parts of which are installed safety systems against overloads, and holes are made for changing the angle of attack, while in the lower part of the flat-cutting working bodies mounted plowshares, wing side knives, which are installed at an angle of 10-15 ° and guide dumps, and inclined concave disks in the upper part are equipped with a safety system mine for ease of adjustment of the working depth and are made as a single unit with double rollers having a hinge connection and connected to inclined concave disks to a two-frame frame with the ability to copy the soil topography, while the mechanism for adjusting the depth of flat-cutting working bodies consists of support wheels connected by support legs wheels with an all-metal frame (RU 96451 U1, 08/10/2010, formula, FIGS. 1-4).

The disadvantages of this universal tillage unit are that dumps are fixed in front of the flat-cutting working bodies, which at the same time with the removal of crop residues from the stands of the flat-cutting working bodies are removed from the zone of their passage and, thereby, increasing the furrows left by these working bodies. To seal these furrows on the unit frame, they are additionally forced to mount concave disks located at a special angle α equal to 10 ° -15 ° and angle β equal to 40 ° -45 ° behind each working body with offset to level the surface of the treated field. In addition, paired rollers located one after another, the axes of which are mounted in common slats suspended movably on an additional two-frame frame, oscillate freely, which when rolling in uneven surfaces leads to overloads alternately, then in one roller, then in another and therefore to uneven soil compaction cultivated field. The design of the racks of flat-cutting working bodies does not provide for the possibility of installing cultivator paws instead of the loosening legs.

The aim of this invention is to simplify the design of a universal tillage unit by eliminating dumps and concave discs mounted on the frame of the unit behind plane-cutting working bodies from the design of flat-cutting working bodies, increasing the uniformity of rolling the surface of the treated field by ensuring uniform load distribution on paired rollers when rolling uneven surfaces, as well as enhanced functionality.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the well-known universal tillage unit, including a frame with support wheels and control mechanisms, plane-cutting working bodies and rollers, while the rollers are made sequentially doubled and pivotally connected to the frame with the possibility of copying the relief of the field, and plane-cutting working bodies located in a checkerboard pattern and made in the form of racks, in the upper parts of which safety systems against overloads are installed and holes for measuring angle of attack, while in the lower part of the plane-cutting working bodies mounted plowshares and winged side knives that are set at an angle of 10 ° -15 ° are distinguished by the fact that the frame consists of a central and side sections interconnected by mechanisms from the working position to transport and vice versa, the front surfaces of the racks of plane-cutting working bodies are mounted to a horizontal plane at an angle of 50 ° -60 ° and are protected by interchangeable dividers that are installed above the shares, and mounted on the lower parts of the racks and with the possibility of changing the share and wing side knives or cultivator legs, the wing side knives and cultivator foot blades are equipped with dumpers that are fixedly mounted 1/4 of the length from the ends of the wing side knives or cultivator leg knives and have a width of 1/3 to 1/4 of the length of the winged side knives or knives of cultivator paws, while the dumpers are bent so that the soil that falls on their surface is sent for racks of flat-cutting working bodies, and at the places of articulation of the double flat rollers are installed with rollers with a frame, which ensure uniform pressure of the rollers on the soil when rolling in uneven surfaces, each of the double rollers is made in the form of a shaft on which screw bands of a width of a, with a pitch of t and making an angle δ are fixedly fixed at a distance from each other with a generatrix of a cylindrical surface describing this roller, while the angle of inclination of the projections of the helical strips on any surface passing through the axis of the roller to the axis of the roller is determined from the expression

, $$\beta =arctg\frac{2H}{c}$$

,

where H is the height of the ridges formed when moving the roller in the direction perpendicular to its axis of rotation, mm;

c is the distance between the screw strips, mm,

a step of the helical stripes t is determined by the expression

$$t=\frac{2D}{tg\beta }$$

where D is the diameter of the screw roller, mm;

the number of screw strips in each screw roller is determined by the expression

$$n=\frac{t}{c+a\cos \delta }$$

after calculations, the resulting fractional value of n is rounded to the nearest integer, followed by recalculation of the roller parameters.

These differences are significant, since the introduction into the design of a universal tillage aggregate of racks, flat-cutting working bodies, in which the front surface makes an angle of 50 ° -60 ° with a horizontal surface, ensures their self-cleaning from large strawy crop residues. The cleaning mechanism of which occurs as follows, the straw straw crop residues accumulated on the racks, supported by the lower layers, gradually rise upward along the inclined surfaces of the racks and at some point break away from the soil, while always one of the parts of the straw crop residues is on one side of the racks heavier than the other, then they roll off the rack towards the larger part of the weight, thereby self-cleaning the racks of plane-cutting working bodies. Since these racks are installed instead of the racks used in the prototype, on which, for cleaning from crop straw residues, guide dumps are mounted, which simultaneously with crop residues are removed from the aisle passage area and soil, increasing the furrows left from their passage. To seal these furrows in the prototype, concave discs are used, the need for which is no longer necessary. In addition, the presence on the winged side knives of the cultivating paws and on the side knives of the cultivator paws of dumpers, which send part of the cut soil for the racks into the zone of their passage, make the furrows left by the working bodies even less, which facilitates the work of the rollers to straighten the treated surface. The use of screw bands in the proposed rollers, which are more curved than the straight bars in the prototype rollers, allows more active mixing and leveling of the treated soil, making it even more inappropriate to use concave disks in the assembly design. The invention is illustrated by drawings:

Figure 1 shows a universal tillage unit, figure 2 is also a side view, figure 3 shows a cultivating paw with dumpers, figure 4 shows a cultivating paw with dumpers, figure 5 shows a screw roller.

The universal tillage unit contains a frame 1 with a trailer 2 mounted on transport wheels 3 and technological wheels 4, frame 1 consists of a central 5 and side sections 6, interconnected by means of mechanisms for transferring the unit from the working position to transport and back 7, mounted on frame 1 in a staggered manner by means of brackets 8, plane-cutting working bodies 9 consisting of racks 10 on which plowshares 11 can be mounted, interchangeable dividers 12, winged side knives 13 with dumpers 14 or a cultivator torus legs 15 with dumpers 16, on the back of the frame 1 are mounted double multi-start helical rollers 17, consisting of shafts 18 mounted in bearing assemblies 19 on which helical strips 21 are mounted by means of spokes 20 with a distance between them along the axis of the roller and components with a generatrix describing cylindrical the surface of these rollers is an angle δ, the pitch of the screw strips 21 is equal to t, the twin screw rollers 17 are fastened by leashes 22 to beams 23 mounted on the axles 24, which are movably mounted on the brackets 25, the mobility is doubled of the rollers 17 on the brackets 25 is limited by flat springs 26, the brackets 25 are movably mounted on the frame 1, their mobility is limited by the locking pins of the brackets 27, which regulate the working depth of the flat-cutting working bodies 9, which have overload safety systems made in the upper parts as shear bolts 28 installed in one of the holes 29 serving to change the angle of attack of plane-cutting working bodies 9. Technological wheels 4 by means of bearing assemblies 30 mounted on movable on the brackets 31, the mobility of which is limited by the locking fingers of the technological wheels 32, the rearrangement of which in the holes 33 also controls the depth of the soil cultivation by plane-cutting working bodies 9.

Universal tillage unit operates as follows. After adjusting the plane-cutting working bodies according to the depth of the soil cultivation on a specially equipped platform, the unit is taken out to the field to be cultivated and set on its edge, then the unit is put into working position, the tractor is turned on and the plane-cutting working bodies 9 consisting of uprights 10 start moving, which can be mounted ploughshare 11, interchangeable dividers 12, wing side knives 13 with dumpers 14 or cultivating legs 15 with dumpers 16 cut into the soil to a depth that limited by technological wheels 4 and twin twin rollers 17, during the movement they cut the soil, crumble it while part of the soil falls on the dumpers 14 when using loosening legs and when using cultivating legs 15 on the dumpers 16, which lift it and send it to the area behind the racks 10 flat-cutting working bodies 9 partially falling asleep formed by the furrows formed by them and more fully mixing the crop residues with the soil, dual rollers 17 moving behind the flat-cutting working bodies 9, cut into the fore completely loosened soil, thus producing subsurface soil compaction to a depth corresponding to the depth of operation of the double rollers with ridges equal to H, and the surface soil layer is further crushed, listened to while combing and laying small crop residues on the field surface, large strawy crop residues are additionally pressed into the soil and fall asleep to it. Thus, after the aggregate passes into the field, a subsurface compacted soil layer is formed, filled with large strawy crop residues and a surface layer consisting of crushed and fluffy soil with small crop residues laid on its surface. Such a surface prevents the free evaporation of soil moisture and contributes to its accumulation in the area of long crop residues, which decompose by soil aerobic bacteria into inorganic forms used by plants directly into food or accumulate in the soil, increasing its fertility.

Claims (1)

A universal tillage aggregate containing a frame with support wheels and control mechanisms, plane-cutting working bodies and rollers, wherein the rollers are made sequentially arranged double and pivotally connected to the frame with the possibility of copying the relief of the field, and the flat-cutting working bodies are staggered and made in the form of racks, in the upper parts of which overload safety systems are installed and holes are made for changing the angle of attack, while in the lower part of plane-cutting ra of the organs of the body mounted plowshares and wing side knives, which are installed at an angle of 10-15 °, characterized in that the frame consists of a central and side sections interconnected by mechanisms of translation from the working position to transport and vice versa, the front surfaces of the racks of plane-cutting working bodies mounted to a horizontal plane at an angle of 50-60 ° and protected by interchangeable dividers that are installed above the shares, and on the lower parts of the racks are mounted with the possibility of changing shares and wing side knives or cultivator legs, wherein the winged side knives and cultivator leg knives are equipped with dumpers that are fixedly mounted 1/4 of the length from the ends of the winged side knives or cultivator leg knives and have a width of 1/3 to 1/4 of the length of the winged side knives or knives cultivator paws, while the dumpers are bent so that the soil that falls on their surface goes beyond the racks of plane-cutting working bodies, flat springs are installed at the joints of the double rollers with the frame, providing the number pressure of the rollers on the soil when rolling in uneven surfaces, each of the dual rollers is made in the form of a shaft on which at the distance "c" from each other by means of spokes are fixed motionless screw strips of width "a" having a pitch t and making an angle δ with a cylindrical generatrix the surface that describes this roller, while the angle of inclination of the projections of the helical strips on any surface passing through the axis of the roller to the axis of the roller is determined by the expression
$$\beta =arctg\frac{2H}{c},$$

where H is the height of the ridges formed when moving the roller in the direction perpendicular to its axis of rotation, mm;
c is the distance between the screw strips, mm; a step of the helical stripes t is determined from the expression $$t=\frac{2D}{tg\beta },$$

where D is the diameter of the screw roller, mm; the number of helical strips in each
screw roller is defined by the expression $$n=\frac{t}{c+a\cos \delta }$$

, after calculations, the resulting fractional value of n is rounded to the nearest integer with subsequent recalculation of the roller parameters.

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