RU2447672C2 - Method for production of functional expanded aqua feedstuffs for cyprinid fishes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to production of aqua feedstuffs, in particular, full ration feedstuffs for cyprinid fishes underyearling age group. The method envisages milling shrunk wheat and feeding lupine into 1.0…1.5 mm sized particles, mixing them with soya bean cake, fish meal, wheat offal, chalky flour, feed yeast, feed chalk, a premix into homogeneous condition. The produced mixture is moistened till 28…30%, maintained during 4 hours in a bin for moisture levelling across the whole bulk, then one performs treatment in a screw expander, the product temperature before the circular clearance equal to 393…413 K and pressure in the expander pre-matrix area equal to 5…8 MPa. The produced flakes are strained, dressed with phosphatide-and-protein concentrate in a plate granulator, slightly dried in a belt drier till moisture content is 10% and packed. The flakes diameter for underyearlings is equal to 3.5 mm.

EFFECT: method ensures production of aqua feedstuffs for cyprinid fishes that have preset density, high quality and are characterised by balanced composition, enhanced digestibility, reduced prime cost and specific weight; additionally the method ensures extension of the range of expanded aqua feedstuffs manufactured using inexpensive and widely available raw material and food productions wastes.

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Description

The invention relates to the production of aquaculture, in particular full feed for carp fish.

The closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved effect is a method of producing feed [EP, 0071331, A23K 1/00, 1/18, 02/09/83], including extruding a protein-powdery mixture containing at least 40% powdery component and having the necessary humidity, at elevated pressure and temperature of at least 100 ° C in order to give the mass porosity, fluidity and thermoplasticity, cooling to 37.8 ... 82.2 ° C and subsequent granulation with the formation of a dense elastic structure.

However, the known method of production of feed has the following disadvantages:

- the inability to set a specific density of granules;

- lack of neutralization of toxins in the feed;

- high starch content;

- low digestibility of feed;

- high cost of the finished product;

- high specific gravity;

- rapid swelling in water.

The technical task of the invention is to develop a method for the production of functional expanded aquaculture for cyprinids, which allows to obtain aquaculture of a given density, of high quality, balanced in composition, increase their digestibility, reduce production costs, reduce specific gravity, expand the range of manufactured expanded aquacorms using an inexpensive and widespread raw materials and waste from food production, increase weight gain and growth rate of juvenile fish.

To solve the technical problem of the invention, a method for the production of functional expanded aquacorms for cyprinids is proposed, characterized in that for the age group of yearlings of cyprinids fish aquaculture is prepared from whole wheat, lupine, fodder, soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone flour, fodder yeast, chalk feed, premix,

the mixture is prepared with the next selection of the ratio of components for the age group of yearlings of cyprinids, wt.%:

Components and Composition No. КРК - 110-1 for yearlings of cyprinids Sloping wheat,% 27.0 Lupine feed% 12.0 Soybean meal,% 14.7 Fish flour,% 16,0 Wheat bran, % 15.0 Limestone flour,% 0.3 Fodder yeast,% 5,0 Chalk feed% 1,0 Premix% 1,0 Phosphatide-protein concentrate,% 8.0

moreover, punctured wheat, fodder lupine is crushed to a particle size of 1.0 ... 1.5 mm, sieved, mixed with soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone, fodder yeast, fodder chalk, premix obtained for various age groups of cyprinids feed mixtures are mixed until homogeneous, moistened to 28 ... 30%, kept for 4 hours in a hopper to equalize moisture throughout the volume, and then they are processed in an expander at a product temperature in front of an annular gap of 393 ... 413 K and 5-8 MPa in the prematrix zone of the expander, the resulting flakes are sieved, coated with a phosphatide-protein concentrate in a plate granulator, dried in a belt dryer to a moisture content of 10% and packaged, while for yearlings the diameter of the flakes is 3.5 mm.

The technical result of the invention is to improve the quality of functional expanded aquaculture, balanced in composition, as well as increasing the exchange energy and conversion of aquaculture due to the observance of rational process parameters (temperature and pressure in front of the annular gap, rotational speed of the expander screw, etc.), in increasing the weight gain, improving the chemical composition of carp meat at any stage of cultivation and the growth rate of carp fish of various age groups.

Figure 1 presents a graph of the dependence of the amount of phosphatide-protein concentrate on the quality of aquaculture.

To obtain expanded aquaculture, a mixture of the following starting components is prepared:

Defined wheat is used in compound feeds for all types of fish. Wheat grain contains 8 ... 15% protein, limiting amino acids are lysine, threonine and leucine. Wheat has a high content of nitrogen-free extractive substances and nicotinic acid [GOST R 52554-2006 Wheat. Specifications].

Millet, depending on the variety, contains an average of 10 ... 12% crude protein, which is higher than in corn, oats and sorghum, 2 ... 5% fat, 8 ... 9% crude fiber, high fiber is due to the presence of a grain shell that does not removed by conventional threshing methods [GOST 22983-88 Millet. Requirements for procurement and supplies].

Wheat bran is widely used in the production of animal feed and feed mixtures. They contain film of grain with particles of endosperm adhering to them. Bran is rich in crude fiber (8 ... 10%), a rich source of phosphorus, contains a lot of potassium and B vitamins [GOST 7169-66 Wheat bran. Specifications].

Lupine feed - high protein feed, characterized by good digestibility for all types of animals (31 ... 33% of crude protein). Lupine contains fat (3.7%) and fiber (13 ... 15%). The limiting amino acids for lupine are lysine and methionine. 1 kg of lupine contains 1.07 ... 1.11 food. units [GOST 11321-89 feed lupine. Requirement for procurement and supply].

Sunflower meal - a high-protein feed product obtained from the processing of sunflower seeds. Cake contains up to 10% fat, 31 ... 45% crude protein. Oilcakes are characterized by a high phosphorus content with a relatively low calcium content. They are a good source of B vitamins [GOST 80-96 Sunflower cake. Specifications].

Soybean meal - a soybean by-product of oil extraction production - is the main source of vegetable protein for cattle, its content in the diet is up to 16%. Meal is also rich in phosphorus and iron [GOST 12220-96 Soybean meal feed tested. Specifications].

Limestone flour contains 33% calcium. Limestone flour is prepared from pure white deposits. They should not contain arsenic, and the fluorine content should not exceed 0.2%. To balance feed and calcium rations, chalk, limestone, shell groats, travertines are used [GOST 14050-93 Limestone (dolomite) flour. Specifications].

Fishmeal - animal feed, which contains from 20 to 60% protein and fat from 1.9 ... 2.5%. These foods are rich in calcium and phosphorus [GOST 17681-82 Flour of animal origin. Test methods].

The phosphatide-protein concentrate is a waste of the oil and fat industry, contains 30 ... 46% of crude fat (without phosphatides), up to 28% of crude protein and up to 19% of linoleic acid, 1 ... 4% of water. The phosphatide-protein concentrate has an antioxidant effect associated with the presence of lecetin, cephalin, tocopherols in it.

Chalk feed is introduced into the feed to enrich them with calcium. 1 kg of feed chalk contains 330 g of calcium. It is used when feeding animals and birds as a source of calcium. When introducing chalk into compound feeds, it is necessary to observe the established ratio between phosphorus and calcium [TU 21-31 (5) -10-15-15- "Chalk raw for the production of compound feeds and mineral feeding of farm animals and poultry"].

Fodder yeast - products of the microbiological industry, are a valuable protein and vitamin feed, are rich in protein (45 ... 54%), are characterized by high biological value and contain almost all the vitamins of the group, therefore yeast serves as a complex B-vitamin supplement [GOST 28178-89 Fodder yeast. Methods, tests].

Premix is a homogeneous mixture of micronutrients and filler crushed to the required size, used to enrich feed. In addition to replenishing substances (vitamins, minerals, amino acids), substances with stimulating effects (antibiotics and others) are introduced into the premix; substances that have a protective effect on feed, preventing a decrease in their quality, contributing to an improvement in the palatability of the feed and its more efficient use (antioxidants, emulsifiers, enzymes, flavoring additives and others); substances with a therapeutic and prophylactic effect (furazolidone, sulfadimezin and others); sedatives (tranquilizers); surface-active (detergents). As a filler, wheat bran, fine grain wheat, fodder yeast, soybean meal are used [GOST R 51095-97 Premixes. Specifications].

A method of manufacturing a functional expanded aquaculture for cyprinids is as follows.

For the age group of yearlings of carp fish, aquaculture is prepared from whole wheat, lupine, soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone flour, fodder yeast, feed chalk, premix, the mixture is prepared with the following ratio of components for the age group of yearlings of carp fish, mas .%:

Components and Composition No. КРК - 110-1 for yearlings of cyprinids Sloping wheat,% 27.0 Lupine feed% 12.0 Soybean meal,% 14.7 Fish flour,% 16,0 Wheat bran, % 15.0 Limestone flour,% 0.3 Fodder yeast,% 5,0 Chalk feed% 1,0 Premix% 1,0 Phosphatide-protein concentrate,% 8.0

moreover, punctured wheat, fodder lupine is crushed to a particle size of 1.0 ... 1.5 mm, sieved, mixed with soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone, fodder yeast, fodder chalk, premix obtained for various age groups of cyprinids feed mixtures are mixed until homogeneous, moistened to 28 ... 30%, kept for 4 hours in a hopper to equalize moisture throughout the volume, and then they are processed in an expander at a product temperature in front of an annular gap of 3 93 ... 413 K and yes lenin in the prematrix zone of the expander 5 ... 8 MPa, the resulting flakes are sieved, drained with phosphatide-protein concentrate in a plate granulator, dried in a belt dryer to a moisture content of 10% and packaged, while for yearlings the diameter of the flakes is 3.5 mm, for two and three year olds the diameter of the flakes 4.7 mm.

When substantiating the choice of components and their ratio during dosing, a number of factors were taken into account: the need to obtain high-quality aquaculture, balanced in composition, with increased metabolic energy and conversion, focused on different age groups of cyprinids.

Next, the resulting feed mixture is moistened to 28 ... 30% and kept in a tempering hopper for even distribution of moisture for 4 hours.

After that, the resulting feed mixture is processed in the expander EUM-2. As you move the product in the mixing zone of the expander is partially mixed, in the compression zone there is an abrupt increase in pressure and compaction of the product due to a sharp decrease in the size of the screw channel of the screws. In the plasticization zone, the product granules are transformed into a melt due to friction between the product particles and the screw turns. Then there is further compression of the product. Further, in the homogenization zone, the transformation of the softened granules into a homogeneous melt occurs due to an increase in pressure. The melt pressure of the product in the dosing zone reaches the required value, the final melting of small inclusions is ensured, and the melt is uniform in structure and temperature.

Processing is carried out at the following parameters of the expansion process: the temperature of the product in front of the matrix is 393 ... 413 K and the pressure in the prematrix zone of the expander is 5 ... 8 MPa ..

The result is a high-quality aquacorm, which is an environmentally friendly product that does not contain growth stimulants, antibiotics, and is non-toxic. The proposed aquacorm is characterized by high digestibility, nutritional value of aquacorm; removes toxic digestion products from the body of cyprinids and increases the body's overall resistance; increases the reproductive functions of fish, as well as the growth and development of fish.

A method for the production of functional expanded aquaculture for cyprinids is illustrated by the following example.

Example.

We have conducted research on feeding expanded aquaculture on the example of carp: KRK-110-1 (for yearlings, the diameter of the flakes is 3.5 mm).

For the age group of year-olds of carp fish, aquaculture is prepared from whole wheat, lupine, soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone flour, fodder yeast, fodder chalk, premix,

the mixture is prepared with the next selection of the ratio of components for the age group of yearlings of cyprinids, wt.%:

Components and Composition No. КРК - 110-1 for yearlings of cyprinids Sloping wheat,% 27.0 Lupine feed% 12.0 Soybean meal,% 14.7 Fish flour,% 16,0 Wheat bran, % 15.0 Limestone flour,% 0.3 Fodder yeast,% 5,0 Chalk feed% 1,0 Premix% 1,0 Phosphatide-protein concentrate,% 8.0

moreover, punctured wheat, fodder lupine is crushed to a particle size of 1.0 ... 1.5 mm, sieved, mixed with soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone, fodder yeast, fodder chalk, premix obtained for various age groups of cyprinids feed mixtures are mixed until homogeneous, moistened to 29%, kept for 4 hours in a hopper to equalize moisture throughout the volume, and then they are processed in an expander at a product temperature in front of an annular gap of 398 K and pressure in a pre-expander zone of 7 MPa, the resulting flakes are sieved, drained with phosphatide-protein concentrate in a dish-shaped granulator, dried in a belt dryer to a moisture content of 10% and packaged, while for yearlings the diameter of the flakes is 3.5 mm, for two and three year olds the diameter of the flakes is 4.7 mm

The obtained aquacarms for carp were analyzed by the following indicators: crude protein, crude fiber, lysine, calcium, phosphorus, weight gain, daily average gain, chemical composition of meat. Based on weighings and the general health of the fish, the norms of metabolic energy and digestible protein were derived. Analysis data are presented in tables 1-3.

As can be seen from table 1-3, aquaculture has a high overall nutritional value, contains a sufficient amount of protein, minerals and vitamins and must meet the quality requirements of GOST R 52346-2005 (table 1).

Table 1 Nutrition Indicators carp yearlings Crude protein,% GOST R 52346-2005, not less than 18,4 Suggested Recipe 29.81 Crude fiber,% GOST R 52346-2005, no more 6.0 Suggested Recipe 5.98 Lysine,% GOST R 52346-2005, not less than 1,0 Suggested Recipe 1,69 Calcium% GOST R 52346-2005, no more 1.40 Suggested Recipe 1.4 Phosphorus,% GOST R 52346-2005, not less than 1.0 Suggested Recipe 1.12

The organoleptic characteristics of the finished product were as follows: appearance — rounded flakes with a rough or dull surface, without cracks; color - corresponding to the color of the bulk feed from which the flakes are prepared, or darker (when entering dyes - the color of the corresponding dye); odor - corresponding to a set of benign components of the original feed without a musty, moldy and other extraneous odors.

An analysis of the nutritional value of each of the components indicates the possibility of replacing expensive raw materials of animal origin with a more economical vegetable, while the decrease in the rate of exchange energy decreases slightly, which suggests a sufficiently high nutritional properties of the obtained aquaculture. This allows you to grow large fish.

When the fat content is above 15%, it becomes increasingly difficult to convert mechanical energy into heat, necessary for the preparation of high-quality aquaculture. Fat, in fact, gives lubricating properties and reduces friction in the expander's working chamber.

As shown in figure 1, the mechanical strength of the expander is significantly reduced with an internal fat content of more than 15%. For aquaculture requiring more than 15% fat, the remaining amount of fat must be added after the expansion process.

Since it is necessary that aquacarms for cyprinids belong to the slowly sinking group, its bulk mass should be about 400 g / l, and accordingly the mass fraction of internal fat should be 10%. The remaining amount of fat must be applied directly to the pellets of aquaculture when drazhirovaniem, which also improves its properties by increasing surface tension and reducing solubility.

In addition, a series of experiments was carried out, the purpose of which was to determine the diameter of the flakes, as well as the ability of the starch contained in the expander to hydrate. For this, a change was considered in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the total content of starch particles in the crushed expandate during its hydration at different temperatures. Studies of swelling at two temperatures, maximum and minimum, were carried out under the conditions of application of these feeds (277 K and 293 K). As a result, it was determined that the maximum degree of swelling of the feed, equal to 2.7 cm ³ / g, is achieved at a temperature of 293 K after 30 minutes of being in water, which also meets the requirements for the feed of this group. This resistance to swelling is due to the use of vegetable fats as coating agents, which increases the surface tension in the product and reduces the ability of limited swellable polymers to absorb moisture.

The performance indicators of carp when feeding experimental lots of expanded aquaculture are presented in table 2. The control was the yearlings of carp, commercial two-year-old carp and commercial two-year-old carp, grown on a production scale on a natural fodder base and dry feed, meeting the requirements of GOST 23513-79. Carp from the first days of cultivation actively consumed the test compound feed.

table 2 Indicators Carp age Control group (yearlings) Experienced group (yearlings) Duration of cultivation, days 61 Mass at the beginning of the experiment, g 21.25 21.29 Mass at the end of the experiment, g 23.48 23.56 Weight gain, g 2.23 2.27 The average daily gain, g 0,036 0,037

To characterize the nutritional value of carp meat after feeding the presented aquaculture, the content of moisture, protein, fat and minerals in it was determined using the example of the age group of carp year-olds (Table 3).

Table 3 The chemical composition of meat of carps,% Group of carps Moisture Protein Fat Min substance Control group (yearlings) 1.4 ± 2.11 5.3 ± 1.20 2.1 ± 0.11 0.6 ± 0.12 Yearlings 1.9 ± 0.97 6.1 ± 2.01 2.8 ± 0.16 1.0 ± 0.10

Safety indicators of expanded aquaculture (content of mycotoxins, pesticides, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides) were determined by certified methods in the accredited food testing laboratory of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Voronezh State Technological Academy”. The resulting aquaculture is environmentally friendly, characterized by increased nutrition, digestibility and improved microbiological indicators.

As can be seen from tables 1-3, the quality indicators of the finished product correspond to the standards for aquaculture, and the exchange energy has higher rates.

The proposed method for the production of functional expanded aquaculture for carp fish:

- create environmentally friendly aquacorm for cyprinids with high nutritional value, biological value and digestibility, as well as improved microbiological indicators;

- provide a significant increase in live weight gain of carp fish;

- improve the chemical composition of meat of carp fish;

- effectively use the proposed raw materials as a high lipid component for the feed industry;

- expand the range of manufactured aquacosts, balanced in nutritional value.

Claims (1)

A method for the production of functional expanded aquacorms for cyprinids, characterized in that for the age group of yearlings of cyprinids, aquacorns are prepared from full-grown wheat, lupine fodder, soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone flour, fodder yeast, fodder chalk, premix, the mixture is prepared the following selection of the ratio of components for the age group of yearlings of cyprinids, wt.%:
Components and Composition No. KRK-110-1 for yearlings of cyprinids Sloping wheat,% 27.0 Lupine feed% 12.0 Soybean meal,% 14.7 Fish flour,% 16,0 Wheat bran, % 15.0 Limestone flour,% 0.3 Fodder yeast,% 5,0 Chalk feed% 1,0 Premix% 1,0 Phosphatide-protein concentrate,% 8.0
moreover, punctured wheat, fodder lupine is crushed to a particle size of 1.0 - 1.5 mm, sieved, mixed with soybean meal, fish flour, wheat bran, limestone flour, fodder yeast, chalk feed, premix; the feed mixtures obtained for the age group of yearlings of cyprinid fish are mixed until homogeneous, moistened to 28-30%, kept for 4 hours in a hopper to equalize moisture throughout the volume, and then they are processed in an expander at a product temperature in front of the annular gap 393 - 413 K and pressure in the prematrix zone of the expander 5 - 8 MPa, the resulting flakes are sieved, drained with phosphatide-protein concentrate in a plate granulator, dried in a belt dryer to a moisture content of 10% and packaged, while To fingerlings flake diameter - 3.5 mm.

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