RU2332022C1 - Premix for poultry and method of feeding - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: premix for poultry, particularly for laying hen, containing selenium and vitamin E and corn gluten as filler in the following proportions: selenium - 0.0014-0.0020% (0.014-0.020 kg/t of premix), vitamin E - 2.8-4.0% (28-40 kg/t of premix), corn gluten - the remaining part. Poultry feeding method, particularly for laying hen, is characterised by that the proposed premix is fed to the 16-week birds (in the quantity of 2.9 - 3.1% from total amount of forage) together with the main ration containing balanced amino acids, vitamins, major and minor nutrients (Ca, P, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se).

EFFECT: steady obtaining of eggs containing balanced amount of vitamins for 24-hour requirement of average person.

3 cl, 8 tbl, 8 ex

Description

 The invention relates to the field of animal husbandry, in particular poultry farming, and in particular to a premix for farm birds and a method of feeding it to birds, including quails and laying hens to obtain the corresponding poultry products, including eggs and meat with a high content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids.

Specialists know that a high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere leads to the formation of free radicals that can damage organic molecules, which poses a potential threat to living organisms (Diplock, AT, Charleux, JL, Crozier-Willi, G., Kok, FJ, Rice-Evans , C., Roberfroid, M., Stahl, W. and Vina-Ribes, J. (1998). Functional food science and defense against reactive oxidative species. British Journal of Nutrition 80 (Suppl 1): S77-S112).

The presence of natural antioxidants in biological systems makes it possible to prevent this threat, of which tocopherols (vitamin E) are of particular importance for human and animal nutrition. In addition to its antioxidant properties, vitamin E is involved in the synthesis of hormones, the gem protein, which is part of red blood cells; prevents thrombosis; supports immunity; It has anticarcinogenic properties and ensures the normal functioning of muscles.

Moreover, given the fact that vitamin E is not synthesized in humans and animals, its main source is plant products. Unrefined vegetable oils are richest in this vitamin: soybean, cottonseed, sunflower, peanut, corn, sea buckthorn. A significant amount of vitamin E is found in cereal and bean sprouts, for example in wheat, rye and pea sprouts, as well as in vegetables, such as asparagus, tomatoes, lettuce, peas, spinach, parsley tops, rosehip seeds, etc.

Clinical studies have found that the daily physiological dose of vitamin E required for an adult is 15 mg. The need for vitamin E can increase under stressful conditions, as well as with increased radiation background (Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutrition Reviews 52: 253-265).

Another important trace element of human metabolism is selenium, which acts as a cofactor of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. This enzyme destroys toxic peroxides that are formed during intracellular lipid metabolism and destabilize membranes, leading to disruption of ionic homeostasis with subsequent cell death. Selenium prevents cardiovascular disease, arthritis, sexual dysfunction, strengthens the immune system, improves brain activity, and also prevents depression.

The main source of selenium in the human diet is fresh sour cream, coconuts, lard, squid, seaweed, boiled broccoli and garlic.

In most European countries, including Ukraine, the recommended physiological intake of selenium is 55-75 mcg / day (Rayman MP. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005 Nov; 64 (4 ): 527-42).

Carotenoids are a group of biologically active substances, which includes more than 600 substances. The main sources of carotenoids in the human diet are vegetables and fruits, which in particular contain carotenoid lutein, characterized by antioxidant properties (Muller, N. (1996). Daily intake of carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) from total diet and the carotenoid content of selected vegetables and fruit. Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft 35: 45-50). On average, people in Europe consume approximately 2 mg of lutein per day (Pelz, R., Schmidt-Faber, B. and Heseker, N. (1998). Carotenoid intake in the German National Food Consumption Survey. Zeitschrift fur Ernahrungswissenschaft 37: 329- 327), however, to date, the exact human need for carotenoids has not yet been established. At the same time, scientists believe that the higher the intake of carotenoids by a person, the higher their protective effect against the harmful effects of free radicals on his body. (Krinsky NI, Johnson EJ. Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Dec; 26 (6): 459-516).

It is possible to solve the problem of replenishing the deficiency of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in the human diet with the help of products that contain these components in amounts that meet or are close to the physiological needs of a person. One of these foods is chicken eggs.

The prior art (Russian patent for the invention RU 2156080, from 09.20.00) is known selected as a prototype premix for farm animals and birds, consisting of a number of biologically active substances in the form of trace elements, vitamins, amino acids, in particular containing selenium in the form of sodium selenite (0.002-0.005 wt.%) And vitamin E (0.02-0.15 wt.%).

The significant disadvantages of this method in particular include the following.

1. The use of premix sodium selenite, which is not transferred to eggs. As a result, the content of selenium in the eggs obtained remains low.

2. A low concentration of vitamin E in the premix, which does not significantly enrich the eggs with this vitamin. As a result, the eggs obtained using the premix prototype cannot serve as a significant source of vitamin E.

3. The absence of a source of carotenoids in the feed admixture, which, like vitamin E, has antioxidant properties, and their consumption by humans is quite low due to the relatively small amount of vegetables and fruits in its traditional diet. (SURAI P.F. and SPARKS N.H. S. (2001) Comparative evaluation of the effect of two maternal diets on fatty acids, vitamin E, and carotenoids in the chick embryo. British Poultry Science 42: 252-259).

The objective of the proposed invention is to create a highly effective premix and method of feeding it, in particular laying hens, for the stable production of eggs with a balanced content of vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids, which meets the daily physiological needs of an average person.

This problem is solved by creating a premix containing selenium and vitamin E.

Moreover, according to the invention, said premix additionally contains corn gluten as a filler in the following ratio of components:

selenium - 0, 0014-0.0020 wt.% (0,014-0,020 kg / t premix),

Vitamin E - 2, 8-4.0 wt.% (28-40 kg / t premix),

corn gluten - the rest.

Moreover, according to the invention, the premix contains enriched yeast cultures as a source of selenium.

Also, this problem is solved by creating a method of feeding the proposed premix to farm birds, in particular laying hens. Moreover, according to the invention, together with a basic diet balanced in amino acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements (Ca, P, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se), the premix of the proposed composition is fed to a bird from 16 weeks of age in the amount of 2.9-3.1% by weight of feed.

These signs make up the essence of the invention and ensure the achievement of a technical result:

- achievement of egg content of vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids in amounts that are comparable to the daily physiological needs of a person;

- increasing the efficiency and stability of the transfer of vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids from premix to the egg, as well as increasing the stable quality of eggs during their storage.

The causal relationship of the essential features of the invention and the technical result is as follows.

- The proposed composition, the ratio of the premix components and the method of feeding it provide new nutritional properties of eggs, making them a source of three antioxidants that are most important for humans, delivering with one egg their amount comparable to the daily physiological need of a person for these substances.

- Selected ranges of the content of vitamin E and selenium, as well as the presence of gluten in the premix provides a synergistic effect of these three components. In particular, vitamin E, together with gluten, provides effective absorption of selenium in the gastrointestinal tract of chicken. Selenium together with gluten provide an effective transfer of vitamin E from feed to egg yolk. Gluten and vitamin E can achieve a high degree of absorption and transfer of selenium into the egg.

- The selected range of premix in the feed allows you to achieve a high content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in the eggs obtained using the proposed invention.

The following are some examples of the implementation of the proposed invention, which, however, in no way limit the scope of the claimed rights.

Example 1

The purpose of the first experiment was to determine the optimal amount of gluten in the diet of laying hens for its subsequent use as a premix filler.

At the beginning of the productive period, 5 experimental and 1 control analog groups were formed from laying hens of the Loman Brown breed of 112 days of age, 15 laying hens in the group, subject to individual keeping of hens.

Hens received plenty of basic diet balanced in amino acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements (Ca, P, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se), as well as selenium (in organic form) and vitamin E in the following amounts : selenium - 0.6 g / t of feed, vitamin E - 1200 g / t of feed.

The composition of the diet of chickens in each of the experimental groups included corn gluten in the amount of 1-5% by weight of feed. Egg collection was carried out after 4 weeks of feeding. In this case, the analysis used daily egg collection (12-13 eggs).

After harvesting, each egg was individually weighed and broken, followed by separate weighing of the protein and yolk. After that, all the yolks and proteins were mixed in two corresponding samples and thoroughly mixed. Since vitamin E and carotenoids accumulate exclusively in the yolk, samples of medium yolk samples were subsequently taken to determine the content of vitamin E, carotenoids, and selenium. Medium protein samples were also taken to determine selenium content.

Egg collection and determination of indicators was carried out over 3 consecutive days and the results were obtained in the form of averaged data from 3 determinations (one determination - one day).

Vitamin E was determined using liquid chromatography as described in Surai PF, Noble RC, Speake BK. (1996) Tissue-specific differences in antioxidant distribution and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation during development of the chick embryo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Nov 11; 1304 (1): 1-10. The total carotenoid content was also determined using liquid chromatography according to the method described in Surai PF, Royle NJ, Sparks NH. Fatty acid, carotenold and vitamin A composition of tissues of free living gulls. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2000 Jul; 126 (3): 387-96. To determine the concentration of selenium in the protein and yolk, atomic adsorption fluorimetry was used after preliminary hydrolysis of the samples with an acid mixture according to the method described in Surai PF, Karadas F, Pappas AC, Sparks NH. Effect of organic selenium in quail diet on its accumulation in tissues and transfer to the progeny. Br Poult Sci. 2006 Feb; 47 (1): 65-72.

After determining the concentration of these components (vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium), their contents were recalculated into a whole egg.

The results are shown in table 1.

Table 1
The content of vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium in an egg, depending on the amount of corn gluten in the diet of laying hens N groups Gluten in the feed,% Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg Counter. 0 0.0191 16,4 0.315 one one 0.0214 17,2 0.488 2 2 0,0244 22.4 0.596 3 3 0,0341 26.8 0.788 four four 0,0301 24.2 0.844 5 5 0.0264 22.1 0.866

As can be seen from the table, the optimal amount of gluten in the diet of laying hens is 3% of the feed weight, which ensured the highest concentrations of vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium in the eggs studied. The above data justifies the 3% inclusion of gluten-based premix in the diet of laying hens.

Example 2

The purpose of the second experiment was to determine the optimal amount of vitamin E in the premix for laying hens.

At the beginning of the productive period, 7 experimental and 1 control analog groups were formed from laying hens of the Loman Brown breed of 112 days of age, 15 laying hens in the group, subject to individual keeping of hens.

After 4 weeks of feeding the laying hens with the inclusion of gluten-based premix in their diet in the amount of 3% of the amount of feed with a constant selenium content of 0.02 kg / t premix and different amounts of vitamin E. Eggs were collected for the next 3 days, weighed and combined according to the same scheme as in the previous example.

Table 2 presents the combined data for 3 analyzes (1 analysis in one day).

table 2
The effect of the content of vitamin E in the premix on the content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in eggs, mg / egg N groups Vitamin E in premix, kg / t Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg Counter. 0 0,0254 16.8 0,600 one 10 0.0277 18.2 0.694 2 twenty 0,0314 19.2 0.733 3 thirty 0,0318 24.4 0.765 four 40 0,0324 27.7 0.799 5 fifty 0,0321 28,2 0.788 6 60 0,0294 32.1 0.734 7 70 0.0264 40.1 0.611

Example 3

The purpose of the third experiment was to further clarify the amount of vitamin E in the premix.

In this example, 6 groups of laying hens were used, 15 animals each, at the age of 112 days, subject to individual maintenance. Chickens were fed in the same way with a premix of a similar composition, but with different values of the content of vitamin E.

Used doses of vitamin E and the experimental results are presented in table 3.

Table 3
Effect of Vitamin E in Premix on the Content of Selenium, Vitamin E and Carotenoids in Eggs N groups Vitamin E in premix, kg / t Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg one twenty 0,0304 18.2 0.734 2 24 0,0314 20.6 0.738 3 28 0,0319 24.2 0.777 four 32 0,0320 25,2 0.783 5 36 0,0324 25.6 0.795 6 40 0,0326 27,2 0.799

As can be seen from the data presented, the optimal dose of vitamin E is 28-40 kg / t premix. This dose provides the maximum concentration of selenium, carotenoids and vitamin E in the eggs tested.

Example 4

The goal of the fourth experiment was to optimize the amount of selenium in the premix.

At the beginning of the productive period, 4 experimental and 1 control groups of laying hens of the Loman Brown breed were formed, 15 animals each, at the age of 112 days, who received plenty of the main diet, balanced in amino acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements (Ca, P, Na , Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se). Gluten-based premix in the amount of 3% of the amount of compound feed with a constant vitamin E content of 32 kg per ton of premix and different amounts of selenium was included in the diet of chickens of the experimental groups. Yeast cultures enriched with it were used as a source of selenium. Eggs were collected for 3 consecutive days, weighed, combined and subjected to analysis according to the above methods.

The results of the data are shown in table 4.

Table 4
Effect of selenium content in premix on the content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in eggs N groups Selenium in premix, kg / t Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg Counter. 0 0.0094 17.8 0.6771 one 0.01 0,0222 24.4 0.7734 2 0.02 0,0346 25.3 0.8011 3 0,03 0,0388 19.3 0.7232 four 0.04 0,0484 15,2 0.7091

Example 5

The purpose of the fifth experiment was to further refine the amount of selenium in the premix. At the beginning of the productive period, 11 experimental and 1 control groups of laying hens of the Loman Brown breed were formed, 15 animals each, at the age of 112 days, who received a complete diet, balanced in terms of basic nutrient and biologically active substances. The hens of the experimental groups received the main diet with the addition of gluten-based premix in the amount of 3% of the amount of feed with a constant vitamin E content of 32 kg per ton of premix and different amounts of selenium. Yeast cultures enriched with it were used as a source of selenium. Eggs were collected for 3 consecutive days, weighed, combined and analyzed according to the above methods. The results are shown in table 5.

Table 5
Effect of selenium content in premix on the content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in eggs N groups Selenium in premix, kg / t Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg Counter. 0 0.0094 17.1 0.6579 one 0.01 0,0222 18.3 0.7014 2 0.012 0,0253 18.5 0.7332 3 0,0.14. 0,0301 21,4 0.7882 four 0.016 0,0322 24.5 0,8001 5 0.018 0,0336 25.7 0.8022 6 0,020 0,0346 28.3 0.8093 7 0,022 0,0348 28.0 0.7832 8 0.024 0,0351 23.3 0.7511 9 0,026 0,0356 21,4 0.7294 10 0,028 0,0372 20.3 0.7201 eleven 0,030 0,0389 19.6 0.7042

As can be seen from the data presented, the optimal dose of selenium in the premix, which provides the highest content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in the egg, is a dose of 0.014-0.02 kg / t premix.

Example 6

At the beginning of the productive period, 11 experimental and 1 control groups of laying hens of the Loman Brown breed were formed, 15 animals each, at the age of 112 days, who received a complete diet, balanced in terms of basic nutrient and biologically active substances. The diet of all chickens included a premix based on corn gluten in different% of the amount of feed with a constant selenium content of 0.02 kg per ton of premix and vitamin E at 32 kg per ton of premix (the indicated concentrations were selected from previously defined ranges). Eggs were collected for 3 consecutive days, weighed, combined and subjected to analysis according to the above methods.

Based on the results obtained, the optimal range of the amount of premix based on gluten in the feed was determined.

The data obtained are shown in table 6.

Table 6
The effect of premix in feed on the content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in the egg Group The amount of premix in the feed,% Selenium, mg / egg Vitamin E, mg / egg Carotenoids, mg / egg one 2,5 0,0251 23,2 0.6331 2 2.6 0,0271 23.8 0.6783 3 2.7 0.0286 24.1 0.7011 four 2,8 0,0301 25,4 0.7452 5 2.9 0,034 26.6 0.7900 6 3.0 0,0342 26.7 0.7901 7 3,1 0,0342 26.7 0,8001 8 3.2 0,0356 28.7 0.8153 9 3.3 0,0349 30.6 0.8228 10 3.4 0,0361 34.5 0.8284 eleven 3,5 0,0372 36,4 0.8321

As can be seen from table 6, the introduction of premix in the amount of 2.9-3.1% by weight of the feed allows you to get approximately the same reserves of vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids in the egg. Going beyond the boundaries of the specified amount of premix is economically disadvantageous. In addition, an increase in selenium content can adversely affect the body of laying hens.

Taking into account the efficiency of mixing premixes with feed in modern feed mills, this concentration limit fits entirely into the technological process, i.e. it is within the accuracy of mixing and provides a constant amount of vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids, which are supplied with poultry feed. This in turn allows you to get eggs with predetermined quantities of these substances.

Example 7

To compare the stability of the eggs during storage, the eggs taken from the hens of the control and experimental groups were kept at a temperature of 10 ° С for 4 weeks, and the amount of the final product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), which is one of the indicators of egg quality. In addition, the amount of MDA in the yolk of the eggs after cooking was determined (10 min at 100 ° C).

Table 7
MDA content in egg yolk, ng / g Shelf life The control Experience Fresh 34.2 22.6 1 Week 48,4 23.1 2 weeks 77.3 21.1 3 weeks 88.5 26.6 4 weeks 120.6 29.5 Boiled eggs 224.4 41.3

As can be seen from the table, the eggs obtained according to the proposed method have increased stability during storage and preparation (cooking). Thus, the total enrichment of egg yolk with vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium provides increased oxidation stability of the yolk lipids, which significantly improves their quality. It is known that lipid peroxides have a toxic effect and, when used, can cause various diseases.

Example 8

At the Kiev poultry farm, 2 groups of Loman Brown chickens were formed at the age of 112 days, 500 animals each, subject to their individual maintenance. The hens of the control group consumed food containing premix, described in the prototype in the amount of 1% by weight of feed. Premix contains minerals and vitamins, including sodium selenite and vitamin E.

The food of the experimental group of chickens contained the declared premix at the rate of 3% by weight of the feed. Every month, starting from the 30th day of the experiment, 30 eggs were selected from the control and experimental groups, weighed and combined 10 yolks and proteins (forming 3 replicates in the control and experiment). The following were determined: in yolk, the concentration of vitamin E, carotenoids, and selenium; in protein - the concentration of selenium. Further, the content of these elements was calculated on the weight of a whole egg. The experiment was carried out over 6 months of the productive period.

The data obtained are shown in table 8.

Table 8
Comparison of the content of selenium, vitamin E and carotenoids in eggs obtained according to the methods proposed in the prototype and in the present invention Month Vitamin E, mg Carotenoids, mg Selenium mg Control (prototype) Experience (invention) Control (prototype) Experience (invention) Control (prototype) Experience (invention) 0 0.71 0.72 0.31 0.30 0.00921 0.00916 one 0.91 21,4 0.28 0.83 0.0166 0.0351 2 0.88 22.3 0.29 0.85 0.0144 0.0361 3 0.90 23,2 0.27 0.88 0.0129 0.0368 four 0.87 23,4 0.28 0.90 0.0109 0.0371 5 0.86 24.1 0.27 0.91 0.0181 0.0372 6 0.81 24.0 0.25 0.92 0.0158 0.0381

The specified table also confirms the achievement of the technical result in the implementation of the proposed invention as follows.

1. The amount of vitamin E delivered with one egg is approximately 30 times greater than in the prototype, and corresponds to the daily physiological need for this vitamin.

2. The number of natural carotenoids that are delivered with one egg is more than 3 times higher than in the eggs of the control group, and makes up more than 30% of the number of carotenoids that are consumed with food per day by an average European.

3. The amount of selenium delivered with one egg in the claimed method is more than 2 times higher than in the prototype. It is stable and tends to increase during productivity, while in the prototype it is significantly reduced during the laying process.

4. The synergistic interaction of vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium allows to increase the efficiency of transfer of these antioxidants to the egg from the feed, as well as to increase the stability of the eggs during storage.

Claims (3)

1. Premix for farm birds, in particular laying hens, containing selenium and vitamin E, characterized in that it additionally contains corn gluten as a filler in the following ratio, wt.%: selenium  0.0014-0.0020 (0.014-0.020 kg / t premix), vitamin e  2.8-4.0 (28-40 kg / t premix), corn gluten  rest 2. The premix according to claim 1, characterized in that the source of selenium contains yeast cultures enriched therein. 3. The method of feeding poultry, in particular laying hens, characterized in that, together with a basic diet balanced in amino acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements (Ca, P, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se ), a bird from 16 weeks of age is fed a premix according to claims 1 and 2 in the amount of 2.9-3.1% of the mass of feed.