RU2386825C2 - Method to operate multi-fuel thermal engine and compressor and device to this effect (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: operation of multi-fuel thermal engine and compressor comprises electro thermal dissociation of conducting fluid by adding compacted powder of solid or liquid carbon fuel into heating zone, heating, thermo chemical decomposition and gaseous products efflux. Note here that jet of conducting fluid is injected into heating zone. Note also that heating and thermo chemical decomposition of sold or liquid fuel are carried out by electric blasting of injected jets in intermittent excitation of electric discharges therein to produce white-hot mix of gaseous products of carbon fuel and conducting fluid decomposition.

EFFECT: reduced consumption of carbon fuel and contamination of atmosphere.

14 cl, 29 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of heat engines and wave compressors and is intended primarily for use in the energy and transport sectors.

Known piston engines with internal and external mixture formation, gas turbine units / gas turbine /, turbojet and ramjet engines of various powers. All known heat engines listed above operate on oil distillation products, have low efficiency, not exceeding 20-40%, and high toxicity of combustion products. Known prototypes of diesel engines operating on a mixture of diesel fuel with coal dust / particle sizes from 0.5 to 10 microns /, with a different ratio of components in the range from 10 to 50% for coal dust. As experiments showed, the use of coal dust leads to increased wear of valves, cylinders, piston rings, as well as to an increase in the toxicity of combustion products, mainly in terms of HO _X and smoke. However, the presence of significant shortcomings does not exclude the possibility of using coal dust in conditions of acute shortage of liquid petroleum fuel as its alternative / cm. E.B. Paskhin "Modern trends in the design of passenger cars", Knowledge, Transport, 1985/4, M., pp. 27-28 and V.N. Alekseev "Internal combustion engines", Mashgiz, M., 1960 , p. 176-177.

For example, in the United States, an engine running on coal dust was blown into the cylinder by compressed air.

The results are the same as in the previous engine.

In addition, it turned out that the second method requires a particle size of coal no more than 3 microns, and the grinding to such an extent is extremely expensive / cm. K. Chirikov "Engine", M.: Knowledge, Transport, 1983/2, p. 32 /.

The use of these engines is not yet possible.

However, a coal dust engine is an analogue prototype.

Known gas turbine units / gas turbine / on coal dust / see I.I. Kirillov “Gas turbines and gas turbine units”, vol. 2, Mashgiz, M., 56, pp. 86-93 /. GTU on coal dust with a particle size of 1-1.5 mm were not used due to increased erosion of gas turbine blades and increased toxicity of exhaust gases. However, GTU on coal dust also serves as an analogue, the closest analogue prototype.

The idea of controlled thermonuclear fusion / TCF / is known, which is supposed to be implemented at the Tokamak installation, by about 2050. According to scientists, it is possible to use water energy in it, but to keep a plasma with a density of 10 ¹⁴ cm ^-1 at a temperature of more than 10 ⁸ K with magnetic thermal insulation in the reactor has not yet succeeded. It is planned to carry out this process by the combined efforts of industrialized countries, with huge investments in this project. According to the head of the laboratory of the state examination of inventions of the Central Scientific Research Institute of Atominform V. Bobrov, the concept of the Tokamak fusion reactor is barren / cm. Journal "Engineering and Science", 2/90, pp. 36-37 /.

For the proposed piston engines using the energy of a concentrated solution of a strong electrolyte and a steam turbine internal combustion unit (PT UVS), using the energy of water, the closest prototype analogues are the technical solutions set forth in the materials of patents Nos. 2154738 and 2298106. Author A.S. Artamonov.

Air compressors are known: piston, centrifugal and axial / cm. K.I. Strakhovich "Compressor machines", Rostorgizdat, M., 1961 /. At end pressures of up to 100 atmospheres and above and suction volumes of no higher than 400 m ³ / min, piston compressors, blowers and vacuum pumps are used; for pressures up to 6-10 atm and suction volumes up to 300-400 m ³ / min - rotary compressors. For large suction volumes / up to 6-7 thousand m ³ / min / and pressure increases up to 20-30 ata, centrifugal compressors and blowers, high-pressure fans and centrifugal circulating gas pumps are used. To obtain very high capacities / up to 10-12 thousand m ³ / min / and relatively low pressure ratios / ε = 5-7 /, axial compressors are used.

Known compressor machines are prototype analogues. The aim of the invention is to significantly reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon fuel, improving the atmosphere and the transition of the operation of heat engines and compressors to the use of water energy. The object of the invention is achieved due to the fact that jets of electrically conductive liquid are injected into the heating zone, and heating and thermochemical decomposition of solid or liquid fuel is carried out by electric explosion of injected jets by periodically exciting electric discharges in them, with the formation of a hot mixture of gaseous decomposition products of hydrocarbon fuel and conductive fluid.

In addition, the goal in the invention is achieved due to the fact that the combustion of the working mixture is carried out sequentially one after another in the zones of the combustion chamber with compressed air by mixing it with gaseous decomposition products of hydrocarbon fuel and conductive liquid, with the ignition of the working mixture in the zones of the combustion chamber by shock waves, with the implementation of detonation and the formation of combustion products with increased temperature and pressure. The goal of the invention is achieved due to the fact that electric explosions of injected jets from an electrically conductive liquid, with the formation of a plasma with a temperature exceeding / 1.5-5 / × 10 ⁴ K, are carried out sequentially one after another in the explosive chambers of the nozzles, with the release of plasma jets into the zones of reactors, mixing them with water vapor, with high temperature and pressure parameters and thermochemical decomposition of it into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, at a temperature of explosive gas in the reactor exceeding 2500 ° C.

In addition, the goal in the invention is achieved due to the fact that jets of concentrated aqueous solution of a strong electrolyte based on salts are injected into the heating zone with the addition of metal particles or graphite 5-10 micrometers in predetermined concentrations, and heating and electrothermal dissociation at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C electrolyte solution with additives, carry out an electric explosion of the injected jets by periodically exciting electric discharges in them, with the formation of gaseous hydrogen, oxygen and electrolyte fragments with additives. The goal of the invention is also achieved due to the fact that it is equipped with intake valves of atmospheric and compressed air and exhaust valves of exhaust gases and compressed air, and the intake and exhaust valves of compressed air are connected to the receiver, and the exhaust valve of exhaust gases is connected to a wave compressor, rocker arms connected to solenoids, switched on and off by the electronic system, the divided combustion chamber is equipped with a combined nozzle, with a cylinder placed in it in the layer of electrical insulation communicating with the compressed solid powder powder supply pipeline, equipped with a piston and a drive mechanism on one side and a mouthpiece on the other, cylindrical channels of electrical insulation material contain electrodes and nozzles with screws mounted on them, and nozzles directed on the other at an angle to each other.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the combined nozzle is equipped with an explosive chamber containing a bottom with holes and a cooling system.

The goal in the invention is also achieved due to the fact that in the combined nozzle, in the insulation layer, an additional fuel nozzle is placed for injecting jets of liquid fuel into the explosive chamber.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the crankshaft of the crankshaft are made in the form of two elements with the possibility of sliding relative to each other, one of which is equipped with a spring placed at the end of the other containing holes for circulating fluid and a cylindrical blind channel filled layer by layer with liquid and compressed air, the other is made in the form of two halves fastened with studs, and the connecting rod neck of the crankshaft is connected to the sliding part of the crank.

The goal in the invention is also achieved due to the fact that in the blind channel with the fluid there is a piston with a rod pivotally connected to the sliding part of the crank.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the nozzle with an explosive chamber with cylindrical channels made of insulating material inside it contains electrodes on the one hand and nozzles directed at an angle to each other on the other hand, while the nozzle with the explosive chamber is equipped with a cooling system.

The goal of the invention is also achieved due to the fact that it is equipped with a cylinder cover with a built-in combustion chamber communicating with the cylinder by placing working channels connected to the combustion chamber in the cylinder cover, the working channels are evenly spaced around and provided with profiled channels, directed at an angle to the piston crown.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the combustion chamber is made in the form of a cylinder with inlet and outlet valves and is equipped with sequentially arranged combined nozzles and oppositely placed nozzles / nozzles-detonators /.

The goal in the invention is also achieved due to the fact that the wave compressor contains a cylinder, on the one hand equipped with a cover with inlet valves and drive mechanisms - solenoids for the intake of exhaust products of combustion and atmospheric air, and on the other hand, exhaust valves with solenoids for the release of compressed air and exhaust gases.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the cylinder is equipped with nozzles arranged opposite to each other, a cover with an inlet valve and a solenoid for inlet of atmospheric air into the cylinder and a cover with exhaust valves for the release of compressed air and exhaust vapor of the nozzles .

The goal in the invention is also achieved due to the fact that the wave compressor contains a receiving chamber for air inlet, equipped with a grill with self-acting plate valves, a damping device with concave reflectors in communication with the cylinder, the cylinder on the one hand contains nozzles, and on the other hand has a grill with exhaust plate self-acting valves for the release of compressed air and vapor of the working fluid nozzles.

In addition, the goal is achieved in the invention due to the fact that the solid fuel supply system in the form of dust contains a hopper in communication with a receiving device equipped with a conical transitional part with a pipeline, with a piston placed in it, connected with a crank drive mechanism, a hopper equipped with a cover and a vertical shaft with beats placed on it, connected to a gearbox connected to an electric motor.

The goal of the invention is also achieved due to the fact that it contains a container with a piston placed on one side with a rod in the hydraulic cylinder and a fluid supply pump, and on the other, the tank is connected to a conical part in communication with a hopper containing a cutter connected to an electric motor , the hopper communicates with a cylinder, on the one hand containing a piston connected by a rod with a hydraulic cylinder and a pump for supplying liquid under pressure, and on the other, a conical part connected to a pressure pipe for supplying compressed pore Single solid fuel. In addition, the goal in the invention is achieved due to the fact that the reactors, made in the form of elongated cylinders and arranged uniformly around the circumference, are equipped with steam distribution mechanisms connected to a steam collector connected to a heat exchanger, nozzles of plasma jets of metal vapor placed sequentially one after another in the zones of the reactors, the combustion chambers are equipped with nozzles for generating shock waves and igniting explosive gas and tapering or expanding nozzles connected mi with long pipes of wave compressors with reflectors connected to a steam collector and a steam multistage turbine with an electric generator.

The goal of the invention is also achieved due to the fact that the casing of the steam turbine is connected to a magnetic filter containing an expansion chamber with a pipe for periodic removal of the condensed liquid metal, equipped with an external magnet.

In addition, the goal of the invention is achieved due to the fact that the combustion chambers are equipped with combined nozzles for injecting a hot gaseous mixture of thermochemical decomposition of coal and an electrolyte solution with the addition of metal particles or graphite, with the formation of a fuel-air mixture and injection of jets of electrothermal decomposition of an electrically conductive liquid with temperature, exceeding 25 ° C, for ignition of the working mixture, expanding or tapering nozzles connected to long wave tubes 's compressor, a gas turbine connected to an electric generator and the cooling system of the combustion chambers and wave compressor.

The goal in the invention is also achieved due to the fact that the combustion chambers are equipped with nozzles for igniting the working mixture, placed opposite to the combined nozzles containing a bottom with holes for injecting incandescent gas jets of electrothermal decomposition products of electrically conductive liquid into the combustion chambers. In addition, the goal of the invention is achieved due to the fact that the combustion chambers are equipped with combined nozzles for injecting incandescent gaseous mixtures of thermochemical decomposition of liquid fuel and an electrolyte solution with additives placed sequentially one after another in the zones of the combustion chambers and opposite detonator nozzles connected to expanding or tapering nozzles and long pipes of wave compressors with reflectors in communication with a gas turbine with electric rogeneratorom, damping devices are provided with concave reflectors.

The above set of essential features during implementation ensures the achievement of the goal, while each of this set of characteristics is necessary, and all together are sufficient to obtain a positive effect - reducing the consumption of hydrocarbon fuel, improving the atmosphere and switching heat engines and compressors to use water energy.

Based on the above arguments, the conclusion that the claimed technical solution meets the criteria of the invention is “inventive step” is absolutely legitimate.

The repeated possibility of implementing / in the manufacture of the claimed technical solution with the above set of essential features also fully meets another main criterion of the invention - "industrial applicability".

The essence of the technical solution is illustrated by drawings, in which:

- figure 1 shows a diagram of an internal combustion engine with a crankshaft of a new design.

- figure 2 shows a part of the cylinder of the engine with a variable displacement, in cross section.

- figure 3 shows a top view of the cylinder cover 1-1.

- figure 4 shows a portion of the crankshaft in longitudinal section.

- figure 5 shows the same part of the crankshaft with a compressed spring.

- Fig.6 shows a cross section through 2-2, and Fig.7 according to 3-3.

- Fig.8 shows a part of the crankshaft with a piston in longitudinal section.

- figure 9 shows a cross section through a combined nozzle.

- figure 10 shows a top view of it in 4-4, and figure 11 shows a longitudinal section along the explosive chamber, showing the bottom of the nozzle.

- Fig. 12 shows a cross-section through a combined nozzle for solid fuel.

- Fig.13 shows a flow diagram from the hopper of solid fuel in the form of dust, with a longitudinal section through the chamber with a piston and a pipeline.

- Fig.14 shows a design diagram for supplying solid fuel from the tank.

- Fig. 15 shows a longitudinal section through a wave compressor.

- Fig.16 shows a cross section of a nozzle, showing a schematic diagram of an electric pulse generator.

- Fig.17 shows a diagram of a wave compressor in longitudinal section.

- in Fig.18 shows the node 0 on the lattice with plate valves.

- Fig.19 shows a cross section of a wave compressor.

- Fig.20 shows a cross section along the cylinder cover of the detonation engine.

- Fig.21 shows a cross section along the cylinder cover of the engine with a combustion chamber made in the form of a cylinder.

- Fig.22 shows a cross section through 5-5.

- Fig.23 shows a diagram of a gas turbine installation of intermittent combustion / GTU PG /.

- Fig.24 shows a diagram of a steam turbine internal combustion plant operating on the energy of water / PT UVS /.

- Fig.25 shows the node D "in longitudinal section.

- Fig.26 shows a cross section through 6-6.

- Fig.27 shows a diagram of a detonation gas turbine installation of intermittent combustion / DGTU PG /.

- Fig.28 shows a diagram of a magnetic filter.

- Fig.29 shows a cross section through the explosive chamber of the nozzle showing the bottom made with holes / second variant of the nozzle of Fig.16 /.

The method of operation of a multi-fuel heat engine and compressor consists of a group of inventions, the main of which are: - multi-fuel internal combustion engines (MDVS) for use in passenger cars with the usual ("slow") combustion process at a speed of 20-30 m / s;

- multi-fuel internal combustion engines with a detonation, explosive combustion process at a speed of from 1500 to 3500 m / s for use in freight vehicles, railway, as ship, stationary and in other sectors of the economy. We will call them MDVS.

- forced-use multi-fuel internal combustion engines / MDVSF / and / MDDVSF /;

- wave compressors for working on the energy of exhaust gases;

- wave compressors with a working fluid, which are the products of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels / multi-fuel wave compressors /;

- electric wave compressors, the working fluid of which are products of electrothermal dissociation of concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with the addition of metal particles or graphite, to increase and control the electrical conductivity of the suspension. A second example of the preparation of a working fluid is the products of electrothermal dissociation of water injected into an electric explosion zone with a stream of liquid metals: sodium plus potassium, gallium, tin, lead, bismuth alloys, their alloys, zinc, aluminum, etc.

Fuels for internal combustion engines and compressors at the present stage of development using hydrocarbons: all types of solid fuels known in nature that have passed the enrichment stage (and for brown coals and oil shale - the pyrolysis stage) and used in the form of powders with a particle size of 1-1.5 mm in bulk, or in the form of large and small briquettes. All types of liquid fuels and their alternatives: oil, gas and products of their processing, including methanol and ethanol, and others.

Fuels for internal combustion engines and compressors based on water energy: concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with the addition of metal particles and water injected into the explosion zone of jets of liquid metals, or water vapor in a medium of hot liquid metal vapor.

2. The second group of inventions includes turbine engines:

- steam turbine internal combustion unit / PT UVS /; with thermochemical decomposition of water vapor with high temperature and pressure: T 550-600 ° C and P 18-20 MPa. In other words, the fuel of the FF UVS is ordinary water.

- intermittent combustion gas turbine unit / GTU PG / on solid fuel in the form of coal dust with a size of 1-1.5 mm, efficiency of 60-70% and a capacity of 200-250 thousand kW.

- detonation gas turbine installation on liquid, gaseous and solid fuel, powerful. 200-250 thousand kW, efficiency 70% or more.

Multi-fuel internal combustion engine / MDVS /. Automotive.

Four stroke engine. It is shown in figures 1, 2, 3. It consists of: cylinder 1, piston / s / 2, connecting rod 3, cylinder cover / s / 4, nozzle 5, crankshaft 6 and crankcase with pan 7. In the cover of cylinder / s / two main valves are placed - pos.8 fresh air inlet valve and exhaust valve 9, and two additional valves - compressed air exhaust valve 10 and compressed air inlet valve 11, nozzles in the cylinder cover for compressed air 12 and 13, rocker arm valves air 14 and 15, which are driven by solenoids 16 and 17. Exactly the same mechanisms when ode have main valves 8 and 9 / not shown /. Switching on and off the solenoids is carried out by an electronic system as known / cm. E.B. Paskhin “Modern trends in the design of passenger cars”, M .: Knowledge, Transport, 1985/4, p. 18 /.

Using the exhaust pipe 12 of the compressed air and the intake 13, the engine is connected to the receiver 18 having the pipes 19, 20. A cavity 21 is made in the cylinder cover (s), which is a combustion chamber when the engine is idling and at low loads. A further increase in the volume of the combustion chamber depending on the operating mode / speed, load / is due to the volume of the cylinder when the piston moves to the bottom dead center / n.m.t./. Successive changes in volume are shown at 22, 23, 24.

The duty cycle in the engine is as follows:

- engine start. The engine during the start-up period while cranking the crankshaft works as a compressor, pumping compressed air in a “compression” cycle through a periodically opening valve 10 into the receiver 18.

This also works valve 8 - inlet - fresh air. In other words, during the start-up period, only two valves operate diagonally relative to each other, or all valves 8-10-11-9 and the injector 5 with fuel injection idling. The pressure of the compressed air in the receiver 18 has reached a predetermined value, for example 10 kg / cm ² . Immediately includes a combined nozzle 5, which provides two functions: the function of the nozzle, from which glowing jets of gaseous fuel are “injected” into cavity 21, regardless of whether the engine is currently using solid or liquid fuel / in detail according to the combined nozzles see below /, and the function of the firing device. Following the gaseous fuel jets (more precisely, gaseous fuel mixed with products of electrothermal decomposition of jets of electrically conductive liquid), “jets” of hot products of electrothermal decomposition of jets of electrically conductive liquids are injected, which, like torch ignition in prechamber engines ignite a lean depleted mixture with an air excess coefficient α of more than 1 , 15-1.2 / cm. VP Alekseev “Internal combustion engines”, Mashgiz, Moscow, 1960, pp. 176-177. Due to the combustion of the lean mixture, fuel economy reaches 10-12%.

After the expansion of the gases and the reverse stroke with the movement of the piston to the top dead center / v.m.t./, the exhaust valve 9 / main / opens and the exhaust gases are released into the atmosphere.

Recall that at this time the receiver is at a predetermined pressure R. Following the exhaust gas outlet, the compressed air inlet valve 11 is opened by means of the solenoid 16 and the electronic system when the piston 2 moves in nm. with the filling of the cavity 21 and zone 22 with fresh air. The nozzle 5 is switched on again twice with the piston working stroke and the gases discharged through valve 9. In this mode, the engine runs at low power and idle with the least fuel supply by nozzle 5. When only two valves are used 11-9.

The pressure in the receiver 18 has decreased to a predetermined value.

The fresh air inlet valve 8 is turned on again, then when the piston moves in bhp. valve 10, then with the movement of the piston in N.M.T. valve 11, stroke - the nozzle has worked two times and the exhaust gas through the open valve 9.

With a change in the engine operating mode / revolutions, load / in the direction of increasing the power of the electronic system, the shutdown of the solenoid 16 of the valve 11 is delayed, when moving in nm piston, for example, to zone 23, 24, and the intake of more compressed air into the cylinder, up to the maximum value, zone 24.

However, even with this, the engine operates either using valves 11–9, when the receiver is under increased pressure “P”, or only using the valves of the main valves 8, 9 and additional 10, 11, during periods of reduced pressure “p” in receiver 18.

So, in periods of high / set / pressure of compressed air in the receiver 18, only valves 11-9 work, and in periods of low pressure of compressed air / set / in the receiver, all valves, in order of 8-10-11-9. The switching frequency from one valve operating mode — mode 11–9 to mode 8–10–11–9 increases with increasing engine power, which the engine electronic system copes with / not shown in the drawing /.

Engine operation at full power is carried out only through the operation of the main valves 8-9.

Features of the engine in transient conditions.

The first one. Changing the working volume of the combustion chamber 21-22, 22-23-24 in transient conditions provides an increase in efficiency - the average operational efficiency.

Due to this, fuel consumption is reduced when a car with a new engine moves in an urban environment / cm. K. Chirikov "Engine", M .: Knowledge, Technique, 1983/2, p. 5-6 /.

The second one. When operating in transient conditions, air portions with significantly smaller volumes than the working / s / cylinder volume are involved in the working processes.

As a result, the engine works with a continuous expansion of the combustion products, lower pressures and temperatures before exhaust gas.

In addition, pumping energy losses, the temperature of exhaust gases and coolant are reduced. All these additional advantages over conventional ICEs significantly increase engine efficiency / cm. "Thermal engines and compressors" S.N. Grigoriev, Transzheldorizdat, 1959, p. 123, 136-139 /.

However, all these indicators are further enhanced with the use of a new design crankshaft in a multi-fuel engine. The crankshaft is shown in figure 1 - pos.6. Its difference from the known crankshafts with rigid cranks is that it allows the use of additional gas energy in the engine at an angle of rotation from 90 ° to 180 ° due to the fact that the cranks consist of two parts, one of which is connected to the connecting rod , has the ability to slip relative to the first connected to the main shaft neck.

In this case, additional energy is used from the continued expansion of the combustion products / cm. M.M.Vihert "Design and calculation of automotive engines", Mashgiz, M., 1957, pp. 33-37, 29-32 /.

The crankshaft of the new design consists of: / Fig. 4/ of a crank 25 and a shaft with a main neck 26 installed in the bearing 27, a sliding crank 28 containing a crank pin 29, which is made of two parts 30 and 31, interconnected by pins 32.

A spring 33 is installed between the cranks, and the space between them is filled with liquid / mineral oil, water, etc. / 34.

In crank 25, holes 35 are made in the upper part of the body, and 36 in the lower part. Plug 37.

Inside the crank 25 has a vertical cavity, made in the form of a cylinder, in which the same liquid is placed on top as pos. 34, and below the compressed gas pos. 38. The shaft has a through channel 39 for supplying fluid to the vertical cavity of the crank 25 and the stuffing box 40, into which fluid is supplied from the pump (not shown). In Fig. 5, a part of the crankshaft is shown with an offset in Nm.t. the sliding crank 28 due to the pressure of the connecting rod / not shown in the drawing / on the connecting rod neck 29. Displacement at bottom dead center by the value of pos. 41.

The crankshaft operates in the new multi-fuel engine as follows: the connecting rod pressure force to the crank pin 29 is transmitted to the crank 25 by means of the sliding crank 28 through the spring 33 and the fluid 34, which compresses the gas 38 previously pumped into the cavity through the holes 35 in the cavity of the crank 25. When the movement of the piston 2 to the bottom dead center the connecting rod journal - its center takes the position of position 42 with an offset of the value of position 41. In this case, the spring is fully compressed, as shown in Fig. 5, and the fluid 34 through the holes 35 even more filled the cavity in the crank 25 - position pos. 43, and the gas is compressed by it - pos. 44. At the initial moment, the liquid occupies a position of pos. 45 in the cavity. Cavity 46. When the piston returns to top dead center, the spring 33 and the compressed gas from positions 47 and 44 again occupy positions 33 and 38, as shown in FIG. 4. In this case, for a full revolution of the crankshaft during the stroke of the piston / cm. figure 1 / the center of the connecting rod neck of the crankshaft sequentially occupies the positions shown pos.48, 49, 42, 50, 51, 52. The trajectory of the center of the connecting rod neck with a conventional crankshaft pos.53. With the new pos. 54. At the same time, at point 48, when the angle between the connecting rod axis and the crank shaft crank axis is 90 °, and at the point 51, located on one horizontal line, the center of the connecting rod neck does not move along the path 53, but lower along the path 54. Along the path 53 crankshaft crank elements occupy the positions shown in figure 4. Crank pos. 55.

, то произойдет удар поршня о крышку цилиндра, точка 56 на фиг.1. Для избежания удара и использования сил инерции в верхней мертвой точке выпускной клапан 9 за счет электронной системы, воздействующей на соленоид этого клапана, поддерживается в полузакрытом состоянии, обеспечивая дросселирование газа в выпускную систему, или в выпускную систему и турбонагнетатель, или в волновой компрессор для использования энергии на наддув двигателя. Таким образом в четырехтактном двигателе с коленчатым валом новой конструкции силы инерции используются для совершения полезной работы четыре раза за один рабочий цикл, что существенно повышает КПД многотопливного ДВС.So, with the periodic movement of the piston 2 and the connecting rod 3 periodically driven in reciprocating motion, the sliding cranks of the crankshaft 6 / in the drawings of Figures 4, 5 show only part of the crankshaft with one crank / that compress the spring / us / 33 and compressed gas 38 using a fluid 34, 45 and accumulate energy from gas pressure forces and inertia forces of reciprocating moving masses P _∑ = P ₂ + P _j at bottom dead center. During the reverse stroke of the piston due to the rotation of the flywheel, the spring and the compressed gas tend to take their initial position, expanding and expanding in its movement. At this time, the liquid 43 from the cavity 46 through the holes 35 again flows into the space with the spring of the sliding crank 28 and takes the position of 34. Thus, during the reverse stroke of the piston in BMT the accumulated energies of the compressed spring and compressed gas are transferred to the working process, which significantly reduces the mass of the flywheel and the energy costs of its rotation. This energy of the compressed springs and gas in a 4-stroke engine immediately goes when leaving the bottom dead center to accelerate the piston and connecting rod and slightly to push the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. In this case, the spring 33 and the compressed gas 38 during assembly of the crankshaft have a predetermined voltage / the spring is stressed and the gas is under a predetermined pressure / to keep the movable sliding crank 28 in working condition and balance it from centrifugal inertia forces K _{r of the} rotating mass m _{r of the} crank mechanism. However, if the resistance to the movement of the piston in BMT when pushing the exhaust gases from the cylinder through the valve 9 will be less than the inertia from the reciprocating moving masses of the piston and connecting rod

then the piston will strike the cylinder cover, point 56 in FIG. 1. To avoid impact and the use of inertia at top dead center, the exhaust valve 9 is kept half-closed by the electronic system acting on the solenoid of this valve, providing throttling of the gas to the exhaust system, or to the exhaust system and turbocharger, or to a wave compressor for use energy to boost the engine. Thus, in a four-stroke engine with a crankshaft of a new design, inertia forces are used to perform useful work four times in one working cycle, which significantly increases the efficiency of a multi-fuel internal combustion engine.

When assembling the crankshaft, first liquid / oil, water, etc. / is poured through the hole 36, and then gas is supplied under a given pressure. The hole 36 in the crank 25 is closed / sealed / with a stopper / not shown in the drawing /, and the hole in the sliding crank with a stopper 37.

Example. In the well-known diesel engine 64 18/22 with a power of N = 110 kW, the number of revolutions n = 750 rpm, efficiency = 38%, if replacing the old one with a new crankshaft, the engine power would increase to N = 151 kW, or 37.3% . With the same engine power, a diesel engine with a new crankshaft would have an efficiency of 52%, instead of 38%. In other words, an internal combustion engine with a new crankshaft is more efficient than any existing internal combustion engine that operates according to the Carnot cycle.

It is interesting to note that the same diesel engine, but with a new crankshaft and its increased rotational speed, for example up to 3000 rpm, would have an efficiency of more than 60%. Those. There is an increase in efficiency and a decrease in fuel consumption with an increase in engine speed.

Note. In the sliding crank 28 in its part connected to the connecting rod neck, i.e. in pos.30, a slot 57 is shown, shown in Fig.4-6, for the movement of the sliding crank relative to a fixed shaft to it with the main neck 26.

Receiver pos. 18. Special operating conditions of the new engine are compliance with maintaining the parameters of compressed air in the receiver during its operation in transient conditions and maximum power.

1. It is not recommended to reduce the compressed air pressure in the receiver by large values, for example, by 1 / 3,1 / 2. The decrease should be about 5-10%. So if in the receiver the calculated pressure of compressed air reaches 10 kg / cm ² , then when compressed air is taken out of it with the help of valve 11 and its inlet into the cylinder, this pressure can become 9-9.5 kg / cm ² . A further decrease in pressure during the selection of compressed air from the receiver is undesirable because the thermal efficiency of the engine duty cycle is reduced. For cars with an average engine power of 80 kW, a displacement of 1.6 liters, the receiver volume for a compressed air pressure of 10-20 kg / cm ² can be about 5-6 liters. In this case, the engine runs about four to five slaves. cycles only from the receiver using valves 11-9, in transition modes with low power, after which in the same mode it switches to work using all valves 8-10-11-9, to replenish the receiver with compressed air. And again it works only with the help of valves 11-9 after a short period of time, but already as a 2-stroke engine / since in this mode it has a supply of compressed air /. A second embodiment of the crankshaft is shown in FIG.

Unlike the first crankshaft shown in Figs. 4-7, the second additionally contains a piston 58 with a rod 59. The rotating crank 60 contains a jumper 61 with holes 62. The working fluid 63, the compressed gas 64.

The crankshaft operates as follows: when the piston 2 moves to the bottom dead center, the connecting rod 3 transfers force to the crank pin 29 of the crankshaft, which is in position 65 at the bottom dead center and the sliding crank is at position 66. The upper part of the sliding crank 31 pushes the piston 58 through the rod 59 and at the same time compresses the spring 33. The piston displaces the fluid through the holes 62 and compresses the compressed gas 64 to even greater pressure. The piston return is accompanied by the sliding of the crank 28 along the crank 25, the spring is straightened / in / and the fluid flows from the lower cavity 67 to the upper cavity 68.

The assembly technology of the crankshaft with the injection of liquid and compressed gas into the cranks is the same with the first with the crankshaft in Fig.4-7.

Fuel oil system. Figure 9 shows a combined nozzle and circuit diagram of an electric pulse generator. The combined nozzle consists of: an outer casing 69, in which channels 70 for passage of coolant from the nozzles 71 and 72 are made. The casing comprises an explosive chamber 73 with a nozzle 74. Inside the outer casing there is a casing 75 made of ceramic insulating material having nozzles 76. The inner case has channels 77 arranged diametrically opposite to each other with connecting pipes 76 and 77. The channels on the one hand contain electrodes 78 and 79, and on the other hand nozzles 80. Screws 81 are installed inside the pipes 76, nozzle mounting slides 82. The nozzle is connected to two electric pulse generators by means of electrodes, the circuit diagram of which consists of a direct current source / or rectifier / 83, capacitor 84, switch / or arrester / 85. Electrodes 79 installed in oppositely placed channels / do not shown in the drawing /, connected to a second electric pulse generator, similar to the first, which also contains a direct current source 86, a capacitor 87 and a switch / or a spark gap / 88.

Jets 89 of electrically conductive liquid are injected into the explosive chamber of the nozzle, directed at an angle to each other and touching at a point 90 / the contact zone of the jets forms the shape of a mushroom cap /. Jet 91 of fuel oil from fuel injector 92.

The nozzle works as follows: the pump for supplying electrically conductive liquid is turned on, which, through the nozzles 76, flowing around the screws 81, enters the channels 77 and flows through the nozzles 80 in the form of jets 89 into the explosive chamber 73, where the jets touch each other in the contact zone 90. 3a a short circuit of the jets, the electric pulse generator 83, 84 is switched on when the spark gap 85 is turned on / switch-on / switch /. The discharge current flows through the electrodes 78, the electrically conductive liquid in the channels 77, and the jets 89, which instantly evaporate and when the temperature of the electric explosion of the jets exceeds 2500 ° C, dissociate with the formation of hydrogen gas, oxygen, electrolyte fragments and evaporated metal particles introduced into the electrically conductive liquid. As electrically conductive liquids, concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes based on acids, bases, and salts are used. To increase the conductivity of the solution, metal particles are introduced into it: iron, aluminum, copper, and many others. others with a size of 5-10 microns in an amount that is established experimentally / cm. B.A. Artamonov “Dimensional electrical processing of metals”, Higher school, M., 1978, pp. 213-232 /, B.A. Artamonov “Electrophysical and electrochemical methods of processing materials”, t.2, Higher school, M., 1983, pp. 91-104 /, G. A. Libenson, "Fundamentals of powder metallurgy", M.: Metallurgy, 1987, p. 164 /, G. Muchnik, "New methods of energy conversion", Knowledge , Technique, M., 1984/4, pp. 47-48 /.

Depending on the instantaneous power P = J ² · R _eq, an electric explosion of jets has a different temperature, which does not exceed about 10 ⁴ K for engine operation. In other words, this temperature during an electric explosion is sufficient for instant evaporation and thermochemical decomposition of 91 liquid jets after injection fuel. In the detonation engines discussed below, the blast chamber 73 is used as shown in FIG. 9. In the described engine with a conventional combustion process, the blast chamber is made with a bottom 93, in which openings 94 / cm are made. 11 /. In addition, for both types of engines, the combined nozzle contains two more channels with nozzles 77 and nozzles (not shown in the drawing), with which, after the first electric explosion of jets 89, they are injected perpendicular to the first jet of electrically conductive liquid when an electrically conductive pump is supplied from another pump liquids through nozzles 77. Due to the second electric explosion, incandescent electrothermal decomposition of an aqueous solution of jets, followed by the release through aperture 94 of a mixture of incandescent gaseous of the products of thermochemical decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel and electrically conductive liquid, exit the openings 94 and ignite the working mixture in the combustion chamber.

So, the ignition of the working mixture is carried out by hot jets of products of electrothermal decomposition of an aqueous electrolyte solution, "injected" into the combustion chamber of the engine through the nozzle openings 94 of FIG. 9. The discharge current to the channels and jets comes from the second generator of electric pulses 86, 87, interlocked with the first generator / GI /.

On Fig shows a combined nozzle with an electric explosion of jets 95, which is designed to carry out the process in which thermochemical decomposition of solid fuel occurs. Coal, lignite, oil shale, wood, reed, etc., which have undergone enrichment and grinding, are used as fuels.

For example, brown coal undergoes a pyrolysis process using a semi-coke engine 1-1.5 mm in size, combustible gas and resins, or products of further processing of these resins to remove combustion products harmful to the atmosphere.

The combined nozzle consists of: a casing 96, in which a second casing 97 is placed, made of ceramic insulating material. The channels 98 are made therein, containing electrodes 99 on the one hand and nozzles 100 on the other. The channels 98 are connected to nozzles 101 in which the screws 102 are placed. Inside the housing 97 there is a cylinder 103 in which a piston 104 is installed having a contact washer 105 The cam 106 of the shaft 107, the spring 108, the flanges of the nozzle 109 interacts with the washer. The blast chamber 110 on the thread 111 is connected to the body 96. The cylinder 103 / channel / has a nozzle-mouthpiece 112 through which pressed coal powder is pressed in the form of a rod 113. The cylinder / channel / 103 is connected to the pipe 114 through the hole Hole 115. The electrodes 99 are connected to an electric pulse generator / GI /, the circuit diagram of which consists of a direct current source 116, / a rectifier /, a capacitor 117 and a switch 118 / spark gap /.

The solid fuel supply system consists of: a hopper 119 with a conical part 120 communicating with a cylinder 121 in which a piston 122 / initial position / is mounted. The cylinder contains a conical portion 123 connected to the nozzle 124. Inside the hopper, beats 125 are mounted on the shaft 126. The gearbox is mounted to the hopper 127, the hopper cover 128. The piston 122 is driven by a crank mechanism 129, the drive shaft 130 from the gearbox and electric motor. The combined nozzle and the solid fuel supply system operate as follows: the hopper 119 is loaded, for example, with 1-1.5 mm enriched coal powder, which is partially poured into the cylinder 121, and the crank mechanism 129 is driven from the shaft 130 by operation of the gearbox and electric motor / not shown in the drawing /. The piston 122 moves and pushes in front of itself a coal powder, which in the mouthpiece 123 undergoes a compression process and is squeezed out into the pipe 124, from it into the pipe 114 with the arrival of the pressed mass through the hole 115 into the channel / cylinder / 103. 3a due to the rotation of the cam 106, the piston 104 is driven into the movement and further pushes the pressed mass of coal / portion / through the mouthpiece 112 into the explosive chamber 110 in the form of a rod of square or circular cross section 113. Without delay, jets 95 of electrically conductive liquid are injected into the explosive chamber, which are closed in e 131. explosion chamber has a hole 132. When the contact closes the circuit jets 95 discharge the electric pulse generator circuit 116, 117 to form a powerful electric blast jets with a temperature of approximately T = 1.2 × 10 ⁴ K. This temperature and electrical explosion shock wave, formed during the explosion instantly heat the coal rod 113, which collapses, heats up and evaporates, with the formation in the blast chamber 110 of a hot mixture of gaseous coal and products of electrothermal decomposition of jets 95. The sublimation temperature at coal leroda 3500 ° C, which is significantly less than the temperature of the electric explosion of the jet 95. The resulting combustible mixture under high pressure and at high speed out of the engine combustion chamber through the holes 132, forming a highly active pressurized air fuel mixture into the combustion chamber. Ignition of the mixture occurs by the second electric explosion of jets of electrically conductive liquid injected into the explosive chamber in the same way as in the nozzle of Fig. 9 10 / in the combined nozzle there are two more channels similar to channels 98 with electrodes 79 and nozzles, as well as nozzles 77 through figure 10 /. The resulting hot products of electric explosion of jets exit at high speed through the holes 132 of the explosive chamber of the combined nozzle and ignite the working mixture in the combustion chamber. The process of igniting a mixture is similar to ignition with the aid of a torch of burnt gases in a pre-chamber ICE. Fuel economy is 10-12%. The same thing happens when the working mixture is ignited with liquid fuel / cm. above/.

To prevent coal powder / coal dust / from caking in hopper 119, a shaft 126 with beater 125 is installed in it, which is periodically rotated by electric motor 128 and gearbox 127. When pressing coal powder, piston 122 takes position 133. The crank trajectory 134 of the crankshaft 130. For reciprocating movement of the piston 122, a hydraulic press circuit may also be used with the piston operating from a rod connected to the hydraulic cylinder piston and pump (s) / high pressure / not shown in the drawing /.

The use of enriched coal or drill coal, which, according to experts, will be enough for more than 400 years, and for the described multi-fuel engines with an efficiency exceeding 70-75%, will be much more, puts the engines of the new design on a par with thermal power plants with nuclear reactors .

Let us consider in more detail the operation of solid propellant solid propellants. A known technology for the processing of brown coal, for example, using an industrial energy-fuel-chemical installation ETX-175 / cm. M. Schadov “Coal: fuel or raw materials?”, M .: Knowledge, Technique, 1985/5, pp. 27-30 /. It produces solid fuel in the form of semi-coke, combustible gas and tar. All these types of fuels can be used in a multi-fuel internal combustion engine. In this case, the main fuel for vehicles can serve as semi-coke and tar, or products of its processing.

The combustion mechanism of solid fuel in the form of semi-coke or enriched coal using the combined nozzles of Fig. 12 is practically no different from the combustion using the combined nozzles of Figures 9-11, since in both nozzles in their explosive chambers using an electric explosion jets 89, 95 there is a thermochemical decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels injected either in the form of jets 91, or in the form of a compressed coal rod 113. The difference is only in the temperature of the electric explosion of jets 89 or 95. In the first case, this temperature the tour is considerably less than in the second. In both blast chambers, gaseous fuel is formed due to thermochemical decomposition, which, under high internal pressure in the blast chambers, exits through openings 94, 132 into the combustion chamber, where it is actively mixed with compressed air. Both gases are in the same state of aggregation and mix rapidly with each other. Thus, a multi-fuel engine, running on liquid or solid fuel, becomes simultaneously gas, with all the advantages of gas engines. The sanitary and hygienic conditions of engine operation are sharply improved. Gaseous fuel does not cause the dilution of lubricating oil on the walls of the engine cylinders, which is observed during the operation of conventional internal combustion engines on liquid fuel, and therefore the wear of engine parts is reduced and its service life is significantly increased. The consumption of crankcase or oil supplied to the rubbing parts under pressure is reduced by a factor of 2–3. Gaseous fuels form combustible mixtures with air having wider flammability limits. The operating cost of the engine in question, due to its longer service life, lower cost of solid fuel and significantly higher efficiency, as well as lower consumption of lubricating oil, is much lower than existing diesel and gasoline engines, long outdated and, frankly, harmful to the atmosphere and human health of engines.

Given the serious climate change on the planet with global warming, in connection with the work not only of industry and energy, but mainly of a huge fleet of cars on Earth, whose engine power exceeds the power of thermal power plants by more than 20 times, consuming a huge amount of liquid archidorough fuel solid fuel in vehicles is currently only possible in a recycled form. The huge coal deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin, as well as the untouched still grandiose Tunguska, Lensky and Taimyr, as well as Ekibastuzky, allow using various technologies to produce various hydrocarbons suitable for use in a new multi-fuel and energy-efficient engine. Pyrolysis, hydrogenation, and other methods of coal processing provide fuel purification from harmful impurities. Moreover, coal contains more than 60 different metals, 16 of them in abnormal concentrations, from which germanium, uranium, thorium, etc. can be obtained. In other words, coal is also a source of rare substances, the only one for producing germanium. On Fig shows the design of a coal hopper tank, suitable for placement on a passenger car, with a system for supplying solid fuel in the form of briquettes / coal dust / in the combined nozzles of Fig.12.

The tank is made in the form of a pressing chamber 135 containing a piston 136 and a conical part 137. The piston is connected via a rod to the piston 139 of the hydraulic cylinder 138, which is connected to a high pressure pump 140. The capacity for the drained working fluid / oil, water / 141. The conical part is connected with a hopper 142, in which a cutter 143 is mounted, connected to an electric motor 144. From below, the hopper 142 is connected to a second pressing chamber 145, which performs the function of supplying compressed coal powder to the combined nozzles. To reduce the friction forces, a plasticizer is added to coal dust, as in the first embodiment with a hopper 119, which can also be liquid coal distillation products, such as boiler fuel in the form of fuel oil and many others. others. A piston 146 is placed in the pressing chamber 145, connected via a rod to the hydraulic cylinder piston (not shown), like the hydraulic cylinder 138 with the piston 139, pump 140 and capacity 141. The chamber 145 has a conical part 147 connected to the compressed powder supply pipe 148 coal.

The device operates as follows: the lid of the hopper-tank 149 is turned or removed, after which coal dust compressed in the form of briquettes 150, semi-coke / brown coal pyrolysis product /, wood flour or cane flour, straw, etc., packed, for example, are placed in the tank in plastic bags / or without /. The pump 140 is turned on and the piston 139 pushes the piston 136, which pushes and compresses the briquettes in the conical part 137. To destroy the pressed mass of fuel cutter 143 is turned on, which crushes the fuel into powder. The crushed fuel enters the compression chamber 145, in which the piston 146 compresses it again in the conical part 147 and squeezes it into the pipe 148 connected to the combined nozzle of FIG. 12 of the engine.

For multi-cylinder engines, the supply of solid compacted powder material (any) is as follows: the pipe 148 is connected to a receiving funnel of a screw device (not shown in the drawing), from which due to the rotation of the screw / screw / the compressed material is distributed into the hopper of Fig.13, which installed against each cylinder of the engine, or each hopper 119 on two cylinders, with the installation instead of one pipe 124 two at an angle to each other. There are other options for feeding the pressed powder material to the nozzles of a multi-cylinder engine, which are solved during the detailed design.

Compressors

On Fig shows a wave compressor for boosting the cylinders of the engine. It consists of: a cylinder 151, two covers with valve boxes 152 and 153, in which are located - in one two inlet valves 154 and 155, having limiters 156, 157 for springs, solenoids 158, 159 connected to an electronic system / not shown on figure /, and the inlet nozzles 160, 161. In the cylinder 151, nozzles 162 are mounted opposite to each other. The second cover 153 also contains exhaust valves 163 and 164 with spring stops 165, 166, solenoids 167, 168.

The wave compressor works as follows: the principle of operation is based on the compression of one gas, in this case air, by another gas / mi / - exhaust gases of the engine, as well as products of the electric explosion of jets of electrically conductive liquid generated by the nozzle in Fig. 16 - nozzle 162.

Compression of air using engine exhaust gases. Using an electronic system, the solenoid 158 of the intake valve 154 is turned on, which allows hot exhaust gases to enter the cylinder and fills the zone 169. The valve 154 is closed by shutting off the solenoid 158 by the same electronic system. The heated gas expands and compresses the air in the cylinder, which at a given pressure exits by opening valve 163 through the nozzle 170 or into the receiver, or enters the intake system of a multi-fuel engine. As soon as the valve 163 closes, the exhaust valve 164 is immediately opened using the solenoid 168 with the same electronic system. The exhaust gases exit through the pipe 171. Thus, the cycle of air compression is completed, as a result of which vacuum / cm is created in the cylinder 151. “Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics,” ed. Emmons, trans. from English, 1960 g. With the valve 154 closed, the inlet valve 155 opens and fresh air enters the cylinder 151 through the pipe 161. The compressor is prepared for a new air compression stroke. In the engine in question, the energy of the exhaust gases is used because at the top dead center due to the use of a new design crankshaft, the piston is braked by the inertia of reciprocating moving masses by compression of the exhaust gases by the piston, with the opening of the exhaust valve of the engine 9 controlled by a solenoid and electronic valve control system.

Thus, the energy of the compressed exhaust gas with a low temperature is used here / due to the continuous expansion of the burned gases at the bottom dead center, using the work of the new crankshaft /, while conventional diesel engines use the energy of the exhaust gases with a high temperature in excess of 1100 K / cm A.S. Khachiyan “Internal Combustion Engines”, Moscow: Higher School, 1978, p. 86 / and which is a necessary measure for the use of energy of combustion products. In other words, the described engine uses both energy from the continuous expansion of gases in NMT, and the energy of inertia from reciprocating moving masses in NMT and in BMT, which is not in conventional ICEs. We examined the first version of the operation of a wave compressor that runs on exhaust gases for boosting the engine.

Electric compressor

The second option. The wave compressor operates on the energy of electric explosions of jets of electrically conductive liquid using the nozzles 162 of FIG. 16. Its purpose is to receive compressed air with significantly greater pressure and large volumes of intake air. For example, with volumes of intake air and pressures equal to centrifugal and axial compressors / from 6 thousand to 10-12 thousand m ³ / min and P = 2-3 MPa or more, see K.I. Strakhovich “Compressor machines”, Torgovaya literature, M., 1961, p. 6 /. The principle of its operation is identical to that of the compressor according to the first embodiment, however, the design of the cap with valve 152 is simplified by installing only one inlet valve 154. The valve 155 with the nozzle 161 is excluded, since gases heated to high temperature are generated inside the cylinder during the operation of the nozzles 162. The nozzle is shown in Fig. 16 and consists of the following elements: a housing 172 with two nozzles 173. A second housing 174 is located inside, in which cylindrical channels 175 are made, containing on one side descending 176 directed at an angle d yr other, and on the other - the electrodes 177. Within manifold mounted augers 178 for reflecting the shock waves. The outer casing has flanges 179 for attaching the nozzle to the cylinder 151. The inner one is made of insulating material, for example, aluminum oxide Al ₂ O ₃ and others. The electrodes are connected to an electric pulse generator / GI /, the circuit diagram of which consists of a direct current source / rectifier / 180, capacitor 181 and switch / arrester / 182.

The compressor of FIG. 15 operates as follows: through nozzles 162 from a pump / not shown in the drawing / conductive liquid jets 183 are injected / the principle of operation of the nozzle is identical to the principle of the combined nozzle of FIG. 9 /, which converge in zone 184 and close the generator discharge circuit electrical pulses 188-182 / the switch is turned on - pos. 188 /. A discharge current with instantaneous power P = J ² R _eq passes through the electrodes 177, through an electrically conductive liquid filling the channels 175, nozzles 176, and jets 183, which are heated, instantly evaporate with the implementation of the process of electrothermal decomposition of the electrically conductive liquid jets. In this case, a gas cloud is formed with a temperature exceeding T> 2500 ° C, consisting of hydrogen, oxygen and electrolyte fragments, which expand and compress the air that fills the cylinder 151. Due to the expansion of gases, the temperature in the cylinder decreases and the reverse association process occurs, i.e. e. compounds of hydrogen with oxygen and electrolyte fragments at T <2500 ° C / cm. G.Muchnik “New methods of energy conversion”, Knowledge, Technique, M., 1984/4, pp. 47-48 /, in other words, a chemical reaction with the release of heat. The temperature of the products of combustion of hydrogen with oxygen exceeds T ₁ > 3000 ° C / cm. S. Bartenev “Knock coatings in mechanical engineering”, L .: Mechanical engineering, 1982, p. 30 /, which leads to a sharp increase in the pressure of the combustion products and compressed air. Valve 163 opens by releasing compressed air into the receiver or engine system. Then this valve closes and valve 164 opens, releasing the exhaust gases in the form of water vapor with electrolyte into the engine cleaning system / catalytic converter /. Thus, in this compressor workflow, and when using cylinder 151 / s / as the engine cylinder of FIG. 2, 3 and FIG. 20, 21, the operation of the compressor or engine on the energy of the water is ensured. Because the electric energy of the discharge, converted into the heat of the products of dissociation during an electric explosion of jets 183 / or jets 89, 95 of combined nozzles / and a temperature exceeding T> 2500 ° C, is combined with the chemical energy of the association - the compound of the products of dissociation - hydrogen, oxygen and electrolyte fragments that are equal to each other.

As is known from the course “General Chemistry”, NL Glinka, L .: “Chemistry”, 1980, pp. 161-168 / 15 /, the heat of formation of water is 285.8 kJ / mol. The double use in the cylinder of the energy of electric discharge and the chemical combination of hydrogen with oxygen introduces into the process of gas expansion energy equal to the sum of the above processes, i.e. E _∑ = Q _er + Q _x . E = 285.8 × 2 = 571.6 kJ / mol. Taking into account the efficiency of the compressor and engine, about 70-75%, the efficiency of the electric pulse generator = 0.97-0.94 and the efficiency of converting the energy of an electric discharge into heat η = 0.97; the effective efficiency of the engine according to Figs. 2, 3 and 20, 21 is equal to η _eff = 571.6 × 0.7 × 0.97 × 0.97 = 376.5 kJ / mol - 285.8 kJ / mol = 90.7 kJ / mol. Efficiency = 90.7: 571.6 = 0.1586, approximately Efficiency = 16%.

The calorific value of 1 kg is 285.8 × (1000: 18) = 15877: 4.18 = 3798.5 kcal / kg. So, for one working cycle in the engine, water energy is used, which is equal, taking into account efficiency = 608 kcal, about the same in the compressor. After the exhaust gas / water vapor with particles of electrolyte is released, / the inlet valve 154 opens, due to which fresh atmospheric air enters the rarefied zone of the cylinder 151.

So, we were convinced that the proposed engines and compressors can operate on water energy, and the efficiency increases with increasing efficiency of the engine and compressor. For the detonation engine, discussed below, the effective efficiency is greater than the engine of FIG. 2, 3.

In the drawing, the same conductive liquids are used as for the combined nozzles of FIG. 9. At the same time, in the engine when working on water energy, the fuel nozzle 92 becomes unnecessary. However, to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the engine and compressor, water is injected through the nozzle 92, and liquid metal is pumped through the nozzles 76 into the channels 77 with an electric explosion, not of aqueous solutions of electrolytes with the addition of electrically conductive particles, but of liquid metal in the form of jets 89. Unlike the first method of electric explosion using electrolyte solutions, an electric explosion of liquid metal, for example, alloys of 22.8% Na and 77.2% K, having a negative melting point of 12, ° C, tin, lead, bismuth and their alloys, as well as gallium with a melting point of 29.78 and mercury - 38.87 ° C / cm. VB Kozlov "Liquid metals in technical physics", M .: Knowledge, Physics, 4/1974, pp. 13-19 /, has its advantages. These advantages include: the ability to obtain the highest temperature of an electric explosion during an electric explosion of jets 89 from liquid metal - more than / 5-10 / × 10 ⁴ K, due to which water can be injected into the explosion zone, which instantly dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen / hundreds more inventions / can work on this principle, with expansion in the engine chamber or in the cylinder of the compressor 151 and the further process of the association of hydrogen and oxygen of dissociated water. The liquid metal vapors are carried off together with the water vapors to the exhaust system, where the condensed liquid metal vapors are captured and again sent to the working process, to the nozzle (s) / in Fig. 9.

The second one. The engine does not consume atmospheric air, does not pollute it, the atmosphere and biosphere become healthier, and ordinary water becomes widely available as fuel.

So, we have the engines of FIGS. 2, 3 and 20, 21, which operate on the energy of water, which in comparison with the Tokamak installation have undeniable advantages. These include: a) the simplicity of the method of generating energy; b) the electro-explosive method of electrothermal decomposition of water compared to Tokamak eliminates many, extremely expensive additional technologies in terms of producing deuterium and tritium, while / it is not possible to retain plasma using magnetic thermal insulation. Parameters of this plasma are too high.

The cost of work, including R&D for the manufacture of the engine according to FIGS. 2, 3 and 28, 21 with achieving high results in the efficiency of both the engine itself and the electric pulse generator - the second main object of the new technology for generating energy from water, as well as a combined nozzle 9-11, 16, can not be compared with the cost of the hypothetical Tokamak generator, the work on which is planned to be carried out until 2050 with the deduction from the budget of our country of an astronomical amount of 600.0 billion rubles.

Multi-cylinder wave compressor. On Fig-19 shows a diagram of the compressors. For example, the compressor of FIG. 15 is made of several cylinders arranged around the circumference — pos. 185. On Fig-18 shows the design of the compressor / wave / with plate self-acting valves, which greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of the compressor.

It consists of an air inlet 186, at the inlet of which plate / strip / self-acting valves 187 are installed, located in the grate 188. The inlet nozzles 189 are made in the grate. The air intake is connected to a damping device 190 in which a reflector 191 is installed. The compressor contains a cylinder 192 with grating and plate valves 193, such as grating 188, nozzle 194 of FIG. 16 or FIG. 9, valve box 195 and pipe 196. The compressor operates as follows: jets 183 of electrically conductive liquid are injected into cylinder 192 using nozzles 194 bone, which, in contact in the zone of their discharge circuit 184 includes a generator of electric pulses / GI / 180, 181, included at a switch circuit 182. The discharge current from the instantaneous power P = J · R _eq ² heats, vaporizes electrothermal decomposition conductive liquid jets 183 and the formation of gaseous hydrogen, oxygen and fragments of electrolyte with evaporated metal particles.

Concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes based on acids, bases and salts, with concentrations of 10-25% or another, which is established experimentally, serve as the electrically conductive liquid. Metal particles 5-10 microns in size with a concentration also determined experimentally are added to the solution. The introduction of metal particles — iron, aluminum, copper, etc. — allows one to sharply increase the electrical conductivity of jets 183 and to regulate this parameter. The resulting products of thermochemical decomposition at an electric explosion temperature of jets exceeding T> 2500 ° C expand in cylinder 192 and compress air in it, which plate valves open through a valve grate 193 / at a given pressure, occupying position 197 /, is sent through a pipe to the network or engine intake system, or into the receiver. However, before the valves 187 are opened in the cylinder, the temperature of the products of the electric explosion of the jets decreases due to expansion, and at T <2500 ° C the reverse association process begins - the combination of hydrogen with oxygen and electrolyte fragments with the release of heat and an increase in the temperature of the products of combustion of Н ₂ and О. В As a result, the compression process of the air in the cylinder continues to the set value. The output through the pipe 196 of compressed air in this compressor occurs together with the products of combustion - water vapor, however, it can be separate, as in the compressor of Fig. 15. Here, as in the previous compressor of Fig. 15, the use of water energy for compressing air occurs due to the use of the energy of the electric discharge, which goes to the electrothermal decomposition of the jets 183 and the chemical energy of the compound of hydrogen with oxygen / excellent fuel /. The efficiency of the wave compressors of FIGS. 15 and 17 reaches the efficiency of the known axial compressors, approximately η = 77%. When the efficiency of the electric pulse generator / GI / is more than 0.9 and the efficiency of converting the energy of an electric discharge into heat, with an electric explosion of jets 183 is also more than 6, 9, the effective efficiency of using water energy will be about 12%.

In other words, the compressors operate on water energy in the same way as the engines of FIGS. 2, 3 and 20, 21. To increase the performance, the compressors of FIGS. 17, 18 are made in the form of a block of FIG. 19.

Example. Determine the performance of the compressor. We set the following values:

- the diameter of the cylinder 192 is 200 mm, the length is 500 mm, the frequency of duty cycles is 100 r.c./s, the number of cylinders is 8 / cm. Fig.19 /.

The compressor capacity is P = 0.785 × 0.2 ² × 0.5 × 100 × 8 × 60 = 753.6 m ³ / min, which is 2-3 times more than reciprocating compressors. The efficiency of a compressor operating, for example, on aqueous solutions of electrolytes with the addition of metal particles, also increases due to the chemical transformation of the working fluid, i.e. the injection of electrolyte solution jets provides, during the course of electrothermal dissociation, an increase in the volume of gaseous products of the decomposition of hydrogen and oxygen to 2.108 m ³ / kg of solution, and the vapor of an aqueous solution to 1.733 m ³ / kg, which is 1.218 more. Therefore, we must also increase the efficiency of the compressor - η = 12% · 1.218 = 14.6% / cm. VV Sushkov “Technical thermodynamics, Gosenergoizdat. M., L., 1960, p. 350 and A.B. Fradkov “Cryogenic liquids”, Knowledge, Physics, 1988/7, p. 19 /. So, the effective efficiency of the compressor is 14.6% when working on water energy due to the electrothermal dissociation of an aqueous electrolyte solution with the subsequent association process - a chemical compound of hydrogen with oxygen. Thus, the double return of energy - an electric discharge through jets of electrolyte and the chemical energy of the association of products of electrothermal decomposition - provides useful work of air compression.

Ordinary water becomes fuel.

Another embodiment of the compressors of FIGS. 15, 17 is a variant with the installation of the combined nozzles of FIGS. 9-11 and 12, during operation of which gaseous fuel is “injected” into the zone of the cylinder 169 with the formation of a working mixture in this zone and its ignition by the second "Injection" of hot gaseous products of electrothermal dissociation due to the electric explosion of jets 89 or 95 in the nozzle 12, leaving the blast chamber 73 or 110 through openings 94 or 132.

So, these compressor designs work - they compress the air on all known hydrocarbon fuels: solid or liquid. Therefore, compressors with internal combustion of fuel in zones 169 and 198 / KVS / are compressed air generators not only for use in internal combustion engines, but also for operation of turbogenerators in larger energy, moreover, on solid fuel and water energy.

For internal combustion engines of FIGS. 2, 3 and 20, 21, FACs become additional capacities and provide a multiple increase in power if, instead of one cylinder 151 and 192, several of FIG. 19 are installed. The sequential inclusion of the KVS compressor cylinders into operation allows “smoothly” increasing the engine power, i.e. to force. In this way, we have the boosted engines MDVSF and MDDVSF (high boost).

The principle of increasing the engine power in figure 2, 3 is that through the inlet valve 8 / when the valves are 10-11 / comes in the cylinder / ry / compressed air with high pressure, about 10 kg / cm ² or more / something like this the pressure of air compression during the cycle of "compression" in a conventional ICE with a flare ignition /, which fills the combustion zone to pos.24 / cm. figure 2 / with the movement of the piston in NMT and creates the conditions for the combustion of a greater amount of fuel due to the operation of nozzles 9-11, 12 in the forced mode of the engine. Efficiency of the engine decreases, but the power increases sharply. This is very important, as you know, for use in military and special equipment. It should also be noted that with the transition from mechanical turbochargers or turbochargers, providing a boost ratio in the best cases of 1.2-1.8 / for example, with the help of turbochargers with a rotation speed of 250,000 min ^-1 to 325,000 min ^-1 , Japan see 2 , p. 14 /, which have great inertia, are complex in design, and provide even at ultrahigh speeds of the turbine and compressor an increase in the pressure of compressed air to only 1.2-1.8, all the power engineering dramatically improves on the wave ones in Figs. 15, 17, for example car.

A multi-fuel detonation internal combustion engine is shown in Fig.20-22 and Fig.1 / MDVS /.

The engine is also equipped with the combined nozzles of FIGS. 9-11, 12, crankshafts of one of the embodiments of FIGS. 4-7, 8 and wave compressors of one of the options discussed above - of FIG. 15. with caps 152, 153. The compressor runs on exhaust gases, and in the boost mode the engine is a compressor with internal combustion / KVS /.

In contrast to the engine of FIGS. 2, 3, the engine has special cylinder covers shown in FIGS. 20-22 with built-in combustion chambers that use the wave principle of energy transfer: from incandescent products of combustion formed during periods of detonation explosions / combustion / working mixture to compressed air, which in turn transfers pressure to the piston. Such a mechanism of energy transfer allows you to absorb the energy of shock waves on the walls of the cylinder cover, reduce the temperature of the burnt gases and ensure the normal operation of the crank mechanism.

Two options for cylinder covers are presented.

The first option is shown in Fig.20, 22.

20, 22. The cylinder cover 199 consists of: a combustion chamber 200, in which an inlet valve 201 and an exhaust valve 202 are located. A combined nozzle 213 is installed on the side. The combustion chamber 208 communicates with working channels 204, each of which has windows / profiled channels, directed at an angle to the piston bottom 205 /. Piston 266, cylinder 207, connecting rod 208.

The walls of the working channels 209 with channels 210 for circulation of the coolant.

The operation of the engine of figure 1 with a cylinder cover 199 is as follows:

note that the valves 201 and 202 are also equipped with rocker arms, solenoids and an electronic system, as well as the engine of FIG. 1 with cylinder covers / pa / in FIGS. 2, 3 - not conventionally shown in the drawing.

- valve 201 opens and compressed air from the compressor of FIG. 15 enters the cylinder cover and cylinder 207.

At the second stroke, the air is compressed due to the movement of the piston 206 to the top dead center / m.t./. Combined nozzle 203 is turned on ahead of the way, due to which, through openings 132 or 94, incandescent gaseous fuel jets generated in the explosive chamber of the combined nozzle exit at high speed through openings 132 or 94 into the combustion chamber 200, for example, in Fig. 12 (fuel - enriched coal), mixed with compressed air in the combustion chamber 200 and form a working combustible mixture. Due to the second electric explosion of jets of electrically conductive fluid flowing through nozzles similar to nozzles 77 of the combined nozzle of FIG. 9, heated openings 132 of products of electrothermal dissociation of electrically conductive liquids exit through holes 132, which ignite the working mixture in the form of incandescent flames. With a compression ratio of 12-14, normal combustion of the mixture occurs at a speed of 20-30 m / s, since the combustion chamber is protected from the effects of shock waves generated in the explosive chamber 110 of the combined nozzle during an electric explosion of jets 95. When performing an explosive chamber without a bottom 211 / a slice at the level of pos. 212 /, as in the type of the combined nozzle of Fig. 9, shock waves during a second electric explosion of jets 89 or 95 ignite the working mixture with the detonation combustion of the working mixture in the combustion chamber 200.

The combustion products expand and compress the already compressed air located in the working channels 204, which is even more compressed, and through the windows / profiled channels / 205 go into the cylinder 207, and at an oblique angle to the piston bottom 286. The latter is set in motion in m .t., and after the compressed air, combustion products enter the cylinder, but with a much lower temperature due to their expansion in the working channels 214, the walls of which are intensely cooled by the liquid circulating in the channels 210. Shock waves are damped against the walls of the cylinder cover when gases exit through windows 205.

Thus, the crank mechanism of the engine works, as in conventional ICE under normal conditions.

Knock combustion, proceeding with high temperature and pressure values of the burnt gases, allows to increase the heat emission during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel by 10-12% / cm. A.I. Zverev “Detonation coatings in shipbuilding”, M .: Shipbuilding, 1979, pp. 7-23 /, which further increases engine efficiency and reduces fuel consumption, as well as toxic combustion products / exhaust gas volume decreases, what climate change is the most valuable for our time. At the same time, the detonation combustion process with high pressure parameters creates conditions for decreasing the compression ratio ε. The compression ratio is assigned at the level of gasoline ICEs - ε≈6-9. Thus, the weight of engine parts and its cost are reduced.

The detonation combustion process must be used in all types of engines: reactive in aviation and in gas turbines, which will provide them with a number of significant advantages over the known ones with continuous, conventional combustion. First of all, an increase in profitability, gas outflow rate and reduction of environmental pollution.

The ignition of the working mixture in the combustion chamber 200 is best carried out by the shock waves generated by the electric explosion of the jets 183 of the nozzle of FIG. 16, which is installed in the combustion chamber opposite to the combined nozzle 203 / not shown in the drawing - FIGS. 20, 22 /. In this case, the combined nozzle of FIG. 12 is performed with an explosive chamber 110 and holes 132 / in the combined nozzle of FIG. 9 with the bottom 93 and holes 94 /, which improves the process of mixture formation in the combustion chamber and simplifies the design of the combined nozzles / nozzles without second channel devices with nozzles 77 /.

The detonation engine of FIGS. 20, 22 can also be forced through the use of an internal combustion compressor / FAC / of FIG. 15, which operates at a given power and compresses the air to pressurize the engine for exhaust gas energy / universal compressor /.

Changing the working volume of the combustion chamber 200 for the operation of the internal combustion engine in transient conditions. It is carried out by changing the amount of fuel supplied by the nozzle 92 and the power of the electric discharge during an electric explosion of jets 89 / cm. Fig.9 /. In this case, the range of the jets of thermochemical decomposition of the fuel decreases when they exit the openings 94. When these parameters change, the volume of compressed air involved in the detonation combustion process changes with the combustion in zones 213, 214 and the full volume of the combustion chamber 215.

The combined nozzle of FIG. 12. Considered above with camshaft drive 106 and a fixed supply of solid fuel. To change the volume and quantity of fuel supplied, it is necessary to increase or decrease the length of the rod 113 extruded into the blast chamber 110. It is difficult to do this with a cam shaft, however, it is possible by smoothly raising or lowering the cam shaft 106 vertically with a special mechanism / not shown in the drawing / .

For reliable operation of the combined nozzle with a smooth change in the length of the rod 113 extruded by the piston / plunger / 104, instead of the cam shaft, the same mechanism shown in figure 2 is used, controlled by an electronic system that acts on the solenoid / for example, 16 / so that the angle of rotation of the rocker arm / for example, 14 / varies depending on the engine parameters / speed, load /. In other words, the stroke of the plunger / piston / 104 increases or decreases.

The second version of the cylinder cover of the detonation engine of Fig.21-22. The combustion chamber 216 is made in the form of a cylinder in which an inlet valve 217 and an outlet 218 are installed, combined nozzles 219 and 220 located in the combustion zones 221 and 222.

Studs for attaching cylinder cover 223.

The cylinder cover also has working channels 204 and windows / profiled channels / 205.

The new design of the cylinder cover is designed for use in powerful engines with a low compression ratio ε ₁ = 6-9.

Its feature of work, in contrast to the previous cylinder cover design considered, is the implementation of layer-by-layer, more precisely zone combustion and compression of already compressed air in zones 221 and 222, which allows the “wave” method to increase the degree of air compression in the combustion chamber 216 and engine efficiency.

The essence of the work is as follows: after the “compression” stroke, compressed air is in the combustion chamber 216 and the working channels 204 plus the volume occupied by the windows 205. The combined nozzle or 219 of FIGS. 9-11, 12 is turned on with the formation of the working mixture in the combustion zone 222 and then the nozzle 224 of FIG. 16, which, due to the electric explosion of the jets 183, forms a powerful shock wave that ignites the working mixture in the combustion zone 222. The combustion products expand and compress the already compressed air in the zone 221. Next, the combined nozzle 220 and the nozzle 225 / fo sunka firing of 16 /, whereby the combustion products are formed at higher temperature parameters and pressure of burnt gases. They expand, compress the air in the working channels 204, which, through the windows 205, drives the piston 206 to complete the duty cycle of the multi-fuel detonation internal combustion engine.

Engine operation on water energy.

As electrically conductive liquids can be used:

- concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes, for example, nitric acid HNO ₃ , hydrochloric Hcl, sulfuric H ₂ SO ₄ , solutions of salts and alkalis - NaC, NaOH, etc.

- aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with a concentration of 31%, 20% and 30% for acids with a concentration of 2.5-5.2% with the addition of metal particles or graphite with a size of 5-16 microns in quantities determined experimentally / - from 5 to 10 % and more/.

These types of solutions and suspensions are used for electrothermal dissociation of jets 89, 95, 188 in the combined nozzles and nozzles of FIG. 16 / detonator nozzle /. A special place is occupied by solutions of salts, for example, sea water and industrial water / weak electrolyte solution /.

The mechanism of thermochemical decomposition of ordinary water injected into the explosion zone of jets of concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with limiting electrolyte concentrations, or into the explosion zone of jets of liquid metals: alloy 44.5% Pb + 55.5% Bi with a melting point T = 125 ° C, gallium with Т = 29.78 ° С and others. In this case, jets of liquid metals 89, 95, 183, into the explosion zone of which water jets 91 are injected instead of liquid hydrocarbon fuel, can also be used in the form of a suspension with solid particles of metals having high electrical conductivity , n example aluminum, copper, silver or alloys thereof. The use of liquid metals and metals in the form of solid particles with a concentration of 5-10% or more / or less / allows you to change or extend the range of active resistance of the jets when a powerful electric discharge with a short pulse flows through them - τ ^{<-g (7)} . In this case, liquid metal with particles is captured before water vapor is discharged into the condenser and returned to the working process again / VB Kozlov “Liquid Metals in Technical Physics”, M .: Knowledge, Physics, pp. 10-19, V. A.Volosatov “Handbook of electrochemical and electrophysical processing methods”, L .: Mechanical engineering, pp. 36-54 /. The differences in the electrothermal decomposition of an aqueous electrolyte solution or suspension from the thermochemical decomposition of water are primarily in the efficiency of the process of converting the discharge energy into heat, which goes to the thermal dissociation of water. The efficiency of electrothermal dissociation is greater than thermochemical dissociation due to the direct conversion of the energy of the capacitor 84, 181 into heat. Currently, at the level of 1983, the efficiency of the process reached only about 40% with an electric explosion of a wire or foil in a vacuum. For most of the energy of the capacitors / capacitor bank / to be converted into heat, a discharge with a high slew rate of the discharge current J is needed. This can be achieved by selecting the parameters of the discharge circuit. For certain lengths and diameters of the jets 89 /, the main combined nozzle for decomposing water or the solution of FIGS. 9-11 with an explosive chamber having a bottom 93 with openings 94, the nozzle and the bottom are especially intensely cooled by liquid through channels 69 /. The greatest efficiency. In other words, an electric pulse generator with powerful and short electric discharges / GI / is needed.

It is also necessary to achieve high efficiency the following: the formation of a "close" explosive chamber 73 with a bottom 93 to reduce the loss of energy of the discharge current during the expansion of the products of electrothermal dissociation of a suspension or electrolyte solution of jets 89;

- maintaining high temperature in the explosive chamber of the combined nozzle, which is achieved using heat-resistant alloys and electrical insulation material of the second body 75, in which the channels 77 with nozzles 80 are placed;

- maintaining in the high-pressure blast chamber the products of electrothermal dissociation. This can be achieved by conducting not only one electric explosion of the jets in one engine operating cycle, but a series of injection of jets 89 and a series of electric discharges with increasing pressure in the blast chamber 73. High pressure in the blast chamber directly increases the efficiency of the process of thermal decomposition of an aqueous electrolyte solution. Firstly, due to an increase in the plasma density generated by electric explosions of jets 89. With an increase in the plasma density, that is, the number of ions and electrons, the conductivity and discharge current increase, and consequently, the amount of heat and the energy of the capacitor bank. Secondly, by increasing the temperature of an aqueous electrolyte solution or water injected into the explosion zone of more than 100 ° C, the energy consumption of the capacitor bank is reduced;

- thirdly, with the increase in the number of pairs of jets 89 due to the placement of several pairs of channels 77 and their sequential injection, with the flow of electric discharges along them, along with the electrothermal dissociation, the thermochemical also occurs due to the heating of the jets in the blast chamber from the products of dissociation of the previous electric explosions jets. The blast chamber of the combined nozzle becomes a thermal reactor / thermochemical /;

fourthly, the compression ratio in the engines of FIGS. 1-3, 20-22 when operating on water energy should be high, approximately at the diesel level, from 12-14 to 24-26, in order to maintain high pressure in the explosive / s / chamber / s / combined nozzles of Fig.9-11. The mechanism of the electric explosion of jets of a concentrated aqueous solution of a strong electrolyte in which metal particles are suspended differs from a pure solution in that the discharge current flowing through the metal particles is identical to the electric explosion of solid conductors, and between the particles to the breakdown of solutions. Therefore, with an increase or decrease in the concentration of metal particles in the solution, the electrical conductivity of the jets sharply changes, for example, 89, 95, 183. Thus, both the concentration of electrolyte in the solution of jets and the concentration of solid particles of metals affect the conductivity of suspensions, which allows expanding the range of selection of parameters electric explosion of electrically conductive jets in combined nozzles. The stated requirements for conducting electric explosions of jets in nozzles make it possible to achieve a high process efficiency with obtaining combined nozzles at T> 2500 ° C in hydrogen, oxygen, electrolyte fragments and metal vapors / with returning the latter to the working process / and using water energy in energy . Moreover, environmentally friendly energy / eco-energy / to further increase the electrical conductivity of the plasma after an electric explosion of the jets of an electrolyte solution with metal particles in the explosive chamber of a combined nozzle, the electrolyte must be used based on NaCl salts (for example, sea water), which form in plasma when atomic bonds are broken additional amount of easily ionizing particles. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride dissolved in ordinary fresh water are also suitable for electric explosion of jets with the addition of metal particles with high electrical conductivity. Through the application of the above measures, the discharge time is significantly increased, and the conclusions on the electric discharge in the liquid are also suitable for the electric explosion of jets of electrolyte suspensions.

гдеP / l _n = K _p · τ and

Where

l _n - the length of the pair of jets when they contact in the area of 90, or 131, or 184.

L _eq is the inductance of the lead wires, electrodes, channels 77 and the jets 89, 95, 183 themselves.

τ - T / 4, where T is the period of natural oscillations of the discharge circuit.

The constant K _p for an electric explosion of jets is, as in a discharge in a liquid, the most important characteristic value that determines the efficiency of the process of electrothermal decomposition of aqueous solutions of electrolytes / during the first quarter of the period, the specific power is proportional to the discharge time: P / l _n = K _p · τ. The engine of FIG. 1 on water energy operates as follows: at the end of the compression stroke of the residual vapor of the electrolyte solution of jets 89 / the combined nozzle of FIGS. 9-11 / using the nozzle into the combustion chambers of FIGS. 2, 20 through the openings 94 exit under pressure hot jets of electrothermal dissociation products, which in the cylinders 1,207 do the expansion work, pushing the piston 2,206 to the bottom dead center. With the expansion of gases: hydrogen, oxygen, fragments of electrolyte and vapor of metal particles in the cylinders and lowering the temperature below T <2500 ° C, the process of association and the release of heat due to the combustion of detonating gas occurs. Under the pressure of the products of combustion of water vapor, the engine completes its working cycle with the continuous expansion of the steam due to the use of the new crankshaft of FIGS. 4-7 / or FIG. 8 /. The spent heat leaves the condenser 226 / while the heat goes through the stage of purification from the particles of metal additives added to it in the solution in the installation 227 /, where it condenses at pressures P <1 kg / cm ² / cm. VV Sushkov “Technical Thermodynamics”, Gosenergoizdat, M., L., 1960, pp. 399-310 /.

Engine efficiency η = 1-T / T = 1- / 100-200 ° С / 2500 ° С = 0.92 and more. Effective efficiency is less by the amount of heat loss during cooling of the cylinders, cap, nozzles, mechanical losses, heat losses in the condenser.

We also determine the efficiency taking into account the heat of formation of water equal to 285.8 kJ / mol / cm. 15, p. 167 /.

Electric explosion of jets 89 / cm. Fig.9 / in the explosive chamber of a nozzle with a temperature of more than 2500 ° C / jets from a concentrated aqueous solution, for example, NaCl with the addition of metal particles - iron, aluminum, etc. / leads to electrothermal dissociation of an aqueous electrolyte solution / see patent No. 2154738 of the author / with the release of gaseous hydrogen, oxygen and electrolyte fragments, i.e. to obtain explosive gas - an excellent fuel. Explosive gas expands and pushes the engine piston in NMT, however, its temperature sharply decreases, and at T <2500 ° C, the inverse process of association with the explosion of explosive gas, a sharp increase in temperature and pressure of combustion products with the formation of superheated water vapor . The energy of the electric discharge, providing an electric explosion of the jets of an aqueous electrolyte solution, equal to E ₁ = 285.8 kJ / mol, and the energy E ₂ obtained by the chemical reaction of a compound of hydrogen and oxygen - products of electrothermal dissociation of a solution, as is known from the course “General Chemistry” are equal to each other. Thus, the total energy introduced into the working process of the piston engine is equal to the sum of the energies E _Σ = E ₁ + E ₂ = 285.8 + 285.8 = 571.6 kJ / mol noted above.

It was noted above that an engine with a new design crankshaft at a speed of P = 3000 rpm has an efficiency exceeding 60%, which increases in proportion to an increase in the engine speed. In addition, the effective efficiency also depends on the work of the inertia forces of the reciprocating moving masses of pistons and connecting rods at the top dead center / b.m.t./, which is used to compress the exhaust steam by throttling it at the outlet by operating the electronic engine system, acting on the solenoid arms of the exhaust valves / cm. description of the engine of FIGS. 1-2-3 /. In an engine running on the energy of water from an electrolyte solution, there are differences in the working process from the first hydrocarbon-based MDA. These differences are that only part of the exhaust steam after the explosive gas explosion in the engine cylinder is discharged into the condenser 226. The remaining vapor volume in the cylinder / ah / is compressed by the piston with compression ratio ε = 12-14 and up to 24-26, depending on the speed of the engine, and in this work of vapor compression, useful work is used from inertia in BMT reciprocating moving masses of pistons and connecting rods. Therefore, the effective efficiency of the engine with the new design crankshaft in FIGS. 4-7 or 8 exceeds η _eff = 70%. Assuming the values of the efficiency of the electric pulse generator / GI / are the same as for the compressor considered above η ₃ = 0.97, and the efficiency of converting the energy of an electric discharge into heat is also η ₄ = 0.97, the effective efficiency of the engine is: η _eff = 571 , 6 × / 0.6-0.7 / × 0.97 × 0.97 = minus the energy spent on an electric explosion of jets, E ₁ = 285.8 = 322.69-285.8 = 36.89 kJ / mol and efficiency = 36.89: 571.6 = 0.0645. Approximately 6.5%. Due to the increase in the volume of detonating gas compared with steam at 1.218 / cm. above page /, the effective efficiency will also increase and become equal to 6.5 × 1.218 = 7.9%, with the efficiency of the engine itself with a new design crankshaft η = 60%. When the efficiency of the internal combustion engine is 70%, the efficiency of the engine when running on water energy will reach approximately 20% due to the use of the energy of inertia from reciprocating moving masses at top dead center.

The exhaust steam is released into the condenser already from the second engine duty cycle, while the MDE operates as a 2-stroke engine, which is very useful, since it has twice as many duty cycles compared to the MDS in FIGS. 2-3, which increases power of a new piston engine using water energy, using concentrated aqueous solutions of electrolytes based on salts with the addition of metal particles. We recall once again that a high compression ratio of the exhaust steam in the engine cylinders is necessary for a significant increase in efficiency. conversion of electric discharge energy through jets of 89 aqueous electrolyte solution into heat / cm. on this subject above.

So, we consider an environmentally friendly engine that does not consume atmospheric air and does not pollute it, which ensures the salvation of the environment, the cessation of temperature increase on the planet and the gradual improvement of the air we breathe. As for fuel, there is plenty of salt water in the oceans.

For piston engines of high power - more than 400-500 kW, industrial water is used that is injected into the explosion zone by jets 91 and dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen, and an electric explosion of jets 89 of liquid metals in the nozzle in Fig. 9, 11 serves as a heating source. Purification of the spent steam with condensed liquid metal particles is carried out in the same way as when using electrolytes with the addition of metal particles in the device 227.

Section 2

Steam-turbine internal combustion unit / ПТ УВС / with thermochemical decomposition of hydrogen superheated steam into hydrogen and oxygen, with high temperature parameters Т = 550 ° С and pressure Р = 18-20 MPa.

The installation is carried out with a large capacity exceeding 1000 MW and is designed to operate in power plants in exchange for the existing steam turbine power units of large energy, operating on hydrocarbon fuels, as well as instead of nuclear power plants / and the future type of thermonuclear installations "Tokamak" /.

It consists of: cylindrical reactors 228 arranged uniformly around the circumference / cm. Fig.24, 26 /. Using conical adapter parts 229, the reactors are connected via pipes 230 to combustion chambers 231, which, in turn, are connected via long conical or expanding nozzles 232 to long pipes of wave compressors 233 having reflectors 234 at their ends. The pipes communicate with a steam collector / collector / 235, from which steam with high temperature parameters T = 700-1300 ° C, P = 3.5-12 MPa enters the turbine 236.

The generator 237. The reactors 228 are equipped with nozzles 238, made in Fig.16, placed in the zone 239 of the reactors, nozzles 240 are placed in the zone 241 and nozzles 242 in the zone 243 of the reactors - sequentially one after another. For periodic supply of steam to the reactors, valves 244 are used, having valve boxes 245 connected to a steam collector 246. Steam is supplied to the collector through a pipe 247 from a surface heat exchanger 248, into which condensate / water / enters from the condenser 249. Capacitor 249 also serves to separate condensed liquid metal particles from the vapor. The separated liquid metal is sent to the device 250, where it is further cleaned, adjusted in composition and under pressure, the liquid metal periodically in a predetermined sequence enters nozzles 238, 240 and 242. Valve springs pos. 251, exhaust manifold of turbine steam 252, turbine shaft 253. Reactors 228 and pipes 230 have jackets for circulating liquid metal in them - liquid coolant pos. 254 and 255, which are the first cooling circuit of reactors and pipes 230. The second circuit includes shirts 256 and 257 of the combustion chambers and pipes 233. The first and second cooling circuits via pipes connected to the heat exchanger 248, wherein the condensate water from the condenser 249 to the pressure therein to F = 0.04 kg / cm ² is heated, vaporized and superheated by the heat of the liquid metal circulating in the reactor jackets, pipes, and chambers combustion and their cooling walls. Thus, the liquid metal in this circuit is a coolant and a heat source with a high temperature for operation of the heat exchanger 248 as a heat generator. In each reactor, nozzles 258 are installed for supplying high-pressure industrial water to them. These nozzles are used to start the ATF and its output to the operating mode.

Works steam turbine installation of internal combustion / PT UVS / as follows.

In reactors 228, superheated water vapor received through valves 244 with high pressure and temperature parameters goes through the stage of thermochemical decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen with an increase in volume compared to steam at 1.218 / cm. above p. In other words, reactors are generators of explosive gas from water vapor - an excellent fuel for burning it in combustion chambers 231 connected to a steam collector 235 and a multi-stage turbine 236 using long, relatively narrow pipes 233 having reflectors 234 at their ends / concave pipe surface /.

The remaining steam with a given pressure P and temperature T in these pipes from previous cycles serves as a piston, which is compressed and accelerated under the pressure of expanding combustion products leaving the combustion chambers 231, and shock waves from detonation explosions of detonating gas in the combustion chambers 231 are reflected from the concave surfaces 234 of the pipes 233 and are quenched. The compressed steam column in the pipes 233, having a pressure of P ₁ and speed w, enters the turbine guide nozzle apparatus through the steam collector / collector / 235 and then operates at all its stages, with the output of the exhaust steam through the nozzle 252 to the condenser 249, combined with a separator condensed particles of liquid metal. With the expansion of the products of combustion of explosive gas in the pipes 233, the pressure and temperature of the burnt gases are significantly reduced, and the work of expanding the gases is spent on compression and acceleration of the vapor column in the pipes 233, while the energy received by the piston is realized in the form of high pressure and temperature on the turbine 236.

Depending on the set temperature on the blades of the turbine 236, the parameters of the water vapor entering the reactors 228 are determined, the sizes and volume of these reactors, the sizes of the pipes 230 and the combustion chambers 231 and pipes 233. Modern heat-resistant steels for the manufacture of turbines with water-cooled blades, for example, turbojet turbojet engines operate at gas temperatures reaching T = 1500-1600 K / cm. O.K. Yugov "Coordination of the characteristics of the aircraft and the engine", M .: Mechanical Engineering, 1980, pp. 48-49 /.

For stationary gas turbine plants, this temperature is much lower, about T = 700-900 ° C. However, the use of water cooling of turbine blades, the manufacturing technology of which has long been mastered, can significantly increase the gas temperature in front of the turbine to about 2000-2500 ° C / cm. B.N. Arzamasov "Materials Science", Engineering, 1986, pp. 293-294 /.

To obtain cheap electric energy in unlimited quantities from water, such as water vapor, the use of expensive refractory alloys with a large value of permissible operating temperatures on the turbine blades is justified. Further delay with the introduction of an airborne firefighting system can cause irreparable damage to human life on Earth.

However, in this design, the installation of the combustion chamber is connected to long pipes 233, in which the temperature of the steam after the explosion of explosive gas in the combustion chambers 231, with T≈4000-5000 K / cm. SS Bartenev "Knock coatings in mechanical engineering", Engineering, L., 1982, p. 30 /, can be reduced by 2-3 times due to the continuous expansion of the products of combustion of explosive gas-vapor. And thus changing the length of the pipes 233 in the direction of increase or decrease, we achieve the calculated temperature of the steam on the blades of the turbine 236 / cm. VV Sushkov "Technical Thermodynamics", Gosenergoizdat, M., L., 1980, pp. 21-37 /.

At the same time, the temperature of the steam on the turbine blades must be high, at a level of 1400-1600 K, to reduce heat loss through the walls of the pipes 233 into the cooling system with excessively long pipes.

Thus, the main device serving to reduce a significant decrease in the temperature of the products of combustion of explosive gas in front of the turbine in this design of the steam-turbine internal combustion unit are long, relatively narrow pipes 233 of wave compressors.

Reactors, pos. 228. The vapor pressure in the reactors received through valves 244 is kept high, approximately P = 18-20 MPa / is verified experimentally /, for electrical explosions of the jets 183 in the explosive chambers of the nozzles of Fig.16. high efficiency converting the energy of the capacitor bank 181 into heat when a discharge current flows through jets 183 of a liquid metal, instead of aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes.

The thermal explosion of liquid metal jets 183 with a high temperature exceeding (2-5) · 10 ⁴ K leads to the formation of superheated steam in the medium of high-pressure water vapor and temperature in the explosive chamber of the nozzle in Fig. 16 - pos. 259, communicating with the chamber of the reactor 228 / the inner space of the reactor /, also with steam of high pressure and temperature. The metal vapor formed in the blast chamber 259 with high speed and high pressure enters the zone 239 of the reactor 228 through the nozzle 260 of the nozzle of FIG. 16, made with channels 261 connected to the nozzles 262 for supplying coolant, in order to cool the blast chamber and the nozzle itself . The nozzle of FIG. 16 without an explosive chamber and cooling channels, which acts as a detonator nozzle, is described above.

Thus, the nozzle shown in Fig. 16 is the main source of generation of metal vapor with high temperature and pressure, necessary for almost instant dissociation of water vapor in the zone 239 of the reactor / for reference: the temperature in the plasmatron reaches T = 32000 K /.

In this case, the temperature of detonating gas in the reactor is maintained at a level of T = 2800-3000 ° C, a pressure of about 20-24 MPa, with a water vapor pressure of about 18-20 MPa, T≈550 ° C, while the temperature of a stream of metal vapor of liquid metal exiting the nozzle 260 is not less than T = 20000-50000 K and the pressure is significantly greater than P = 20-70 MPa. It is necessary to strive to reduce the volume of metal vapor in the zone 239 of the reactor compared with the volume of water vapor, which is achieved due to the high temperature of the electric explosion of the jets 183 of liquid metal. The metal vapor in the stream flowing out of the nozzle 260 in the zone 239 of the reactor instantly expands, mixes with water vapor in the same aggregate state with the metal vapor - a plasma jet, and dissociates / water vapor / into hydrogen and oxygen - explosive gas.

Explosive gas expands in both directions and compresses water vapor in the rest of the reactor and explosive gas in the pipe 230, with the propagation of an acoustic wave up to the reflector 234, which gives an increase in pressure in the gas media located before the reflector 234. The rate of decomposition of water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen in zone 239, as is known, depends on the concentration of reacting substances and their temperature and increases with increasing temperature of the plasma jet exiting the nozzle 260 of the nozzle of FIG. 16. Following the first nozzle 238, nozzles 240 in the zone 241 and 242 in the zone 243 of the reactor 228 are connected sequentially one after another. 3a due to the increase in the pressure of the explosive gas in the reactors, as compared to the pressure of the water vapor, the valves 244 are closed by means of springs 251, stopping the steam access . The periodic operation of the installation allows for the expansion of the products of combustion of explosive gas in the pipes 233 and to reduce the temperature of the steam in front of the turbine 236 by 3-4 times.

In turn, the sequential process of thermochemical decomposition of water vapor with increasing pressure in each of the zones 239, 241 and 243 ensures the flow of electrical explosions of jets 183 in the medium of water vapor with increasing pressure, which increases the efficiency converting the electrical energy of the capacitor bank 181 into heat.

Explosive gas expands in pipes 230 with decreasing temperature.

A sharp decrease in the temperature of detonating gas, significantly lower than T <2500 ° C, occurs in the combustion chambers 231, due to which the reverse process of association and combustion of detonating gas containing a small amount of metallic vapor occurs. As is known, thermochemical decomposition of water occurs at a temperature exceeding 2500 ° C / cm. G. Muchnik "New methods of energy conversion", Technique, Knowledge, 1984. To intensify / accelerate / process the combustion of explosive gas in the combustion chambers, the same nozzles are installed in Fig. 16, in which instead of liquid metal a concentrated aqueous solution of a strong electrolyte based on salts, with the addition of metal particles with a size of 5-10 microns, to increase the conductivity of the solution. An electric explosion of jets 183 from an aqueous electrolyte solution leads to the formation of a powerful shock wave, which, upon exiting the nozzle 260 of the nozzle 263, compresses and ignites detonating gas / the installation of nozzles 263 is determined during the experimental work on the installation of FIG. 24 /.

At the last stages of the low-temperature turbine 236, the vapors of the liquid metal condense and, together with the low-pressure and temperature steam, exit to the condenser 249, where they are separated from the steam, which at P = 0.04 kg / cm ² and T = 60 ° C the condenser condenses into water, which, in turn, enters the heat exchanger 248 / steam generator /, where it is heated, vaporized, overheated from pipes through which the liquid metal / coolant / heated in the cooling jackets of the first - pos. 254-255 and second contour - pos. 256-257. From device 250, liquid metal separated from water vapor under pressure periodically enters nozzles 238, 240, and 242.

On Fig shows a node that shows the process of fluid flow around the walls of the reactors, combustion chambers and pipes of the installation. To intensify the heat transfer process, tubercles 265 / cm are made on the walls 264. V.M. Kudryavtsev "Fundamentals of the theory and calculation of liquid rocket engines", M .: Higher school, 1983, pp. 433-437 /.

The frequency of the operating cycles of the installation reaches 100 c / s and more / one working cycle is equal to the action of all nozzles 238, 240 and 242 in the reactor for a given period of time /, which directly determines the power of the UVS / cm. K. A. Gilzin "Air-Jet Engines", Moscow: Oborongiz, 1956, pp. 93-98, 99-106 /.

The efficiency of a steam-turbine internal combustion plant can be determined by the calculation given above for a piston engine running on aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with the addition of metal particles. In this power plant, the efficiency of the working process is higher than in the piston, due to the use of a deep vacuum in the capacitor 249, in which P ₂ = 0.04 kg / cm ² , which gives an increase in the efficiency of the UVS by 10% / cm. VV Sushkov "Technical Thermodynamics", Moscow: Energoizdat, 1960, pp. 309-310 /.

In other words, the efficiency exceeds 8% and can reach 20% in the manufacture of critical assemblies of PT UVS from the most refractory and heat-resistant steels with widespread use of ceramic materials.

As the liquid metals used in the form of plasma jets in reactors 228, most metals belonging to the category of "liquid" can be used, with the exception of alkali / sodium, potassium, lithium, which are used in the cooling circuits of the ATF and the heat exchanger 248 /. These include tin, lead, bismuth, gallium and their alloys / cm. VBKozlov "Liquid metals in technical physics". Physics, Knowledge, M., 4/1974, pp. 10-19 /. The responsible node in the ATF is an electric pulse generator, the efficiency of which must be raised to 0.94-0.97.

A gas turbine installation of high power on solid fuel - enriched hard coal and lignite - intermittent combustion / GTUPG is shown in Fig. 23. / The problem of creating gas turbine installations operating on solid fuel is one of the most important, since only a solution to this problem will make it possible to widely apply gas turbines in central power plants, railway, water and heavy vehicles / cm. I.I. Kirillov "Gas turbines and gas turbine units", Mashgiz, t.2, M., 1956, pp. 86-93 /.

Currently, coal is burned in the furnaces of boilers of powerful heat-power steam turbine plants with a maximum efficiency of up to 32-34%. Power plants of cogeneration type have an even lower efficiency - about 18-19%. A further increase in the efficiency of steam turbine plants is impossible due to the impossibility of increasing the parameters of the steam in front of the turbine, which is mainly prevented by the steam generator of the TPP. The gas turbine units considered in the new design in FIGS. 23 and 27 are built with high power, reaching 100-150 thousand kW, instead of 18-20 thousand kW on existing gas turbines, with an efficiency exceeding 60-70%, instead of 28-32% GTU, with a huge air heater.

The gas turbine unit / GTU PG / consists of: an axial compressor 266, combustion chambers 267 connected by conical or expanding nozzles 268 with long pipes of wave compressors 69 connected to nozzle guide apparatus 270 of phase turbine 271. Exhaust manifold 272, turbine shaft 273 and electric generator 274. The combustion chambers are equipped with combined nozzles of pos. 275 of Fig. 12 with the supply of coal dust to the hopper of the installation of Fig. 13.

The combustion chambers and pipes 269 have shirts 276 and 277 for cooling their walls (for example, water or air). Bearings pos. 278.

A new design of gas turbine gas turbines operating on solid fuel works as follows: long, relatively narrow pipes 269, as in the previous installation of Fig. 24, serve to significantly reduce the temperature of the combustion products in front of turbine 271 and to ensure high efficiency of gas turbine gas turbines and high plant power , since in this power plant all the air pumped by compressor 266 is used for fuel combustion, which makes it possible to increase the capacity of gas turbine engines from 3-4 to 5-7 times, compared with the capacity of existing gas turbines with continuous combustion, and only work about on liquid fuel.

In other words, in the new installation, the temperature of the combustion products when they flow into the pipes 269 from the combustion chambers 267 can reach 2500-3000 ° C, i.e. maximum, which significantly increases thermal efficiency, and on turbine blades 271 the temperature of the gases is at a level not exceeding the set temperature for existing heat-resistant and refractory alloys. The essence of the work lies in the fact that the remaining gases in the pipes 269 from previous cycles with a given pressure and temperature: P ₀ and T ₁ serve as a piston, which is compressed and accelerated under the pressure of expanding combustion products leaving the chambers 267. A compressed gas column has a pressure P ₂ and a temperature T ₂ , as well as a speed w, which are realized through a nozzle guide apparatus 270 on a turbine 271. When the combustion products expand in the pipes 269, the pressure and temperature of the gases decrease significantly, and the gas expansion work is spent on compression and acceleration of the gas column in pipes 269, which have a significantly lower temperature than the combustion products in the combustion chambers 267. The gas column under increased pressure and temperature, having also received an additional speed w, enters the multi-stage blades of the turbine 271, transferring the received energy from the gas expansion work in the pipes 269, but with a temperature 2-3 times lower than the temperature of the gases burnt in the combustion chambers 267. Now the gas turbine operates at permissible temperatures on the blades, while maintaining a high temperature at expansion of combustion products in long pipes 269, with high efficiency converting the energy of the burned gases into useful work on the turbine shaft.

The new workflow in the installation allows you to use all the air pumped by the compressor 266 to burn fuel, while in known gas turbines only a small fraction / cm is used. 22, p. 76 /. For example, the coefficient of excess air J in gas turbines with petroleum fuel reaches 4-7. Nowadays a little smaller, but still 4-5 times. At the same time, GTU GHG by its operating principle has a higher efficiency than GTU of continuous burning.

In addition, due to the low value of the k-ta, α = 1.15-1.25 at the same power of the gas turbine engine, the steam generator has a significantly smaller mass and dimensions of the entire power plant. This is an important advantage for the operation of new turbojet engines or 2-circuit forced and non-forced engines / turbojet engines or turbojet engines /. The low value of α makes it possible to build turbofan engines for huge aircraft with high efficiency and range.

Thus, the new gas turbine engine uses a periodic workflow with a piston engine cycle, which dramatically increases the efficiency of the installation. The frequency of duty cycles can reach 100 c / s or more.

The workflow of GTU GHG on solid fuel.

During the operation of the installation, compressed coal powder (preferably with the addition of a plasticizer - used oils, fuel oil, heating oil, etc.) is piped under pressure 114 to the opening 115 of the combined nozzle of FIG. 12, where it is extruded through the mouthpiece 112 through the nozzle 112 into the explosive chamber 110, in the form of a rod 113. Jets of an aqueous solution of salts 95 are injected (for example, NaCl with a concentration of 10-25% and metal particles 5-10 microns in size, in a concentration determined experimentally) through which from the generator The electrical current pulses 116-118 is skipped powerful discharge. P = J ² · P _equiv . Due to the electric explosion of jets 95, when they contact in zone 131, heating, destruction and thermochemical decomposition of coal rod 113 occurs with the formation of a mixture of gaseous solid fuel and decomposition products of an electrolyte-hydrogen solution, oxygen and electrolyte fragments. An excellent mixture of active combustible gases, which escape under high pressure through openings 132 in nozzle 275 of FIG. 12, is mixed with compressed air in combustion chamber 267, and using a second electric explosion, jets 95, the explosion products of which exit through the same openings in the bottom 211 / openings 132 /, the working mixture in the combustion chambers ignites and burns like gaseous fuel, ignited by powerful torches of the products of the explosion of jets 95 with T = 2500-3000 K, similar to the torch ignition in front-chamber ICEs. Thus, coal dust 1-1.5 mm in size is loaded into hopper 119 / Fig. 13/, and gaseous fuels are discharged into combustion chambers 267, which ensures the operation of a gas turbine engine similar to natural gas fuel - methane, with all the advantages of a gas turbine GHG / high completeness of fuel combustion, lower exhaust emissions. In the process of movement of burnt gases on the steps of turbine 271, a process of condensation of elements that are not involved in the combustion process is possible, however, the sizes of these particles do not exceed and even less than 1 μm - pairs of metals and inorganic particles condense, and their sizes do not exceed 1 μm.

The periodic nature of the operation of the gas turbine engine due to the "injection" of the gas mixture into the combustion chambers with a given frequency creates pulsations in the operation of the axial compressor 266, which can lead to surging. To avoid this undesirable phenomenon, the choice of the length of the supply channels 279 from the compressor to the combustion chambers 267 is of particular importance. The installation of channels 279 of a given length helps to eliminate the surge phenomenon, since compressed air is compressed during combustion of the fuel in the chambers 267, which sharply reduces the effect of a sharp increase in pressure in the combustion chambers on the blades of an axial compressor. The use of a 2-stage compressor, as well as intermediate heating of the compressed air by the exhaust gases from the pipe 272, further reduces the risk of surge, especially during transient operation of gas turbine engines.

Efficiency GTU PG.

1. Due to the low value of the coefficient of excess air α, not exceeding 1.15-1.2, the amount of exhaust gases from the pipe 272 is 4-5 times less than that of existing gas turbines, which provides the same amount of reduction in heat loss with flue gases.

2. A periodic working process with a piston engine cycle allows you to sharply increase the temperature of incoming burnt gases at the beginning of the pipes of 269 wave compressors and significantly increase the efficiency of gas turbine engines.

Efficiency = 1-T ₁ / T ₂ = 1- / 2500-2800 ° С / 350-400 ° С = 1-0.14 / ÷ 0.86,

. Разница существенная.whereas in the well-known gas turbines with a gas temperature on the turbine of 700-900 ° C

. The difference is significant.

3. In the new gas turbine gas turbine unit, depleted working mixtures are used in combustion chambers, which are ignited by powerful torches of products of thermochemical decomposition of jets 95 from aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes flowing from the openings 132 of nozzles 275 of FIG. 12. The flames are heated to T = 2500-3000 K and carry explosive gas - hydrogen, oxygen and electrolyte fragments with metal particles. A powerful ignition source provides the combustion of the most depleted working / fuel / mixtures and an increase in efficiency by 10-12%.

4. The prolonged expansion of burnt gases in pipes by 10-17% contributes to an increase in the efficiency of gas turbine engines and a decrease in gas temperature in front of the turbine by a factor of 3-4, depending on the degree of continuous expansion of gases in pipes 269. The degree of expansion of combustion products from chambers 267 in pipes 269 in the new installation, it is the most important indicator providing a sharp increase in the efficiency of gas turbine engines in comparison with the best known gas turbines. This is the main advantage of the new intermittent combustion gas turbine installation over existing ones.

In accordance with the above and taking into account the efficiency of the turbine η ₁ = 0.82, efficiency compressor η ₂ = 0.76-0.78, unit operation on lean working mixtures, plus 10-12%, continuous expansion of burnt gases in pipes 269, effective efficiency of gas turbine unit is:

= / 0.86 × 0.82 × 0.76 / + / 10-12% / + / 10-17% / = 0.53 + 0.1 + / 0.1-0.17 / = 0.73 -0.8. In other words, the efficiency of gas turbine engines exceeds the efficiency of the best modern gas turbines by 2-3 times.

5. The capacity of the new gas turbine unit, due to the use of the entire performance of the axial compressor in the process of fuel combustion, exceeds modern gas turbines by 4-7 times. In other words, little in this is inferior to the well-known steam turbines with a low efficiency-max η ₁ = 32-34% and exceeds 300-350 thousand kW.

6. Fuel for the new GTU PG. The main ones are enriched stone, brown coals and oil shale, which is the main advantage for modern time along with high efficiency. The ecological state of the planet in our time is on the verge of collapse. The atmosphere is polluted and continues to be further polluted by the incredible number of cars produced, with long-obsolete gasoline and diesel engines, unreasonably high power. Coal has been enough on Earth for more than 400 years, and it is more widespread than oil, which has not yet learned how to economically burn in gas turbine engines, internal combustion engines, and other power plants. Its deposits are located in 80 countries, and our country has 5 unique coal deposits / out of 8 on the whole Earth / cm. M. Shchadov "Coal: fuel or raw materials." Technique, Knowledge, M., 1985 /.

The detonation gas turbine installation of intermittent combustion / DGTU PG / shown in Fig.27. Its purpose is to economically burn and obtain high values of efficiency when using liquid and gaseous fuels.

DGTU PG consists of: a compressor 280, damping devices 281 with reflectors 282, adapter parts 283, a combustion chamber 284, long, relatively narrow pipes 285 with reflectors 286, a gas turbine 287 with an outlet pipe 288, an electric generator 289. A collector of burnt gases 290.

Each combustion chamber contains sequentially located one after another the combined nozzles of Figs. 9-11 with a bottom 93, pos. 291 and 292 in the combustion zones 293 and 294. Opposite to them are the detonator nozzles of Fig. 16 - pos. 295 and 296. Cooling shirts 297 and 298.

The power plant works as follows:

- from the compressor 280 / axial and so forth / compressed air enters the combustion chambers 284, pipes 285 and the turbine 287. Combined nozzles 291 and detonator nozzles 295 in the zones 293 of the combustion chambers, combined nozzles 292 and detonator nozzles are connected sequentially. 296 in zones 294 of combustion chambers 284, with detonation combustion of working gas mixtures leaving the combined nozzles 291, 292. Gas mixtures with air in zones 293, 294 are ignited by shock waves generated during electric explosions of jets 183 in explosive chambers 259 f detonators of FIG. 16. As the material of jets 183, concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes based on salts — NaCl and others — with a concentration of 10–25%, with the addition of metal particles of 5–10 μm / or others /, with their concentration in the solution selected experimentally, are used. The temperature at the front of the shock waves exceeds 1700 K / when the working mixture is compressed by the shock wave /, which ensures detonation combustion of any gas mixtures, and depleted ones. The first explosion in zones 293 leads to compression - additional compression of air in zones 294 of the combustion chambers, transitional, damping parts along 283, 281 and pipes 285, which helps to increase the pressure in them and compressed air and increase the thermal efficiency of the installation. The injection of gas jets of fuel from the openings of 94 nozzles into the zones 294 of the combustion chambers leads to the combustion of the working mixture at an increased combustion pressure, compared with zones 293. The shock waves generated by detonation explosions in zones 293-294 are reflected from the inner walls of the reflectors 282 damping devices 281 and the compressed air enclosed in them and transitional parts 283 is compressed and, due to its inertia, helps to reduce the back pressure of the combustion products in the chambers 284 on the blades of the axial compressor 280 and eliminate the surge phenomenon .

Shock waves are also reflected from the reflecting surfaces of the pipes - pos. 266, which ensures the flow of burnt gases from the pipes to the manifold 290 without shock waves and the normal operation of the blades of the gas turbine 287 / flows of burnt gases from the manifold 290 enter the turbine 287 /. The mechanism of the working process occurring in the pipes 285 is identical to the processes in the pipes 269 of the gas turbine engine of Fig. 23. The operation of the combined nozzles of Figs. 9-11 / pos. 291, 292 / and why in the explosive chambers of them from liquid fuel from the nozzle 92 a gaseous mixture with a high temperature is formed during thermal decomposition of the liquid is described above.

Thus, DGTU PG works on any liquid fuel: petroleum, methanol, ethanol, walnut liquid and sunflower - on all combustible liquids, and jets of hot products of thermal decomposition of liquid fuel mixed with thermal decomposition products of jets 89 enter the combustion chambers concentrated aqueous solutions of a strong soy-based electrolyte, as from the nozzles of FIG. 16. In this regard, the operation of DGTU GHGs is similar to the operation of gas turbines using natural gas methane, with all the advantages of gas power plants, but with an efficiency exceeding the known gas turbines using natural gas by three times, and significantly lower emissions of toxic combustion products into the atmosphere: СО, СН , C, BUT _X and 3 times less emissions of carbon dioxide CO ₂ and H ₂ O.

Thus, multi-fuel power plants, but FIGS. 23 and 27, are for today the ecological crisis on Earth indispensable in the energy and transport sectors and contribute to the salvation of civilization on the planet.

Let us return to the operation of the steam turbine internal combustion plant of FIG. 24, in which the fuel is water.

Start installation. It is carried out by injecting nozzles of technical water 259 into reactors 228 under high pressure with the formation of a cloud of the smallest particles of water and turning nozzles 238, 240, 242 into operation successively one after another. The plasma jets leaving the nozzles (Fig. 16/) of the metal vapor expand, mix with water droplets and instantly heat, vaporize and overheat above the temperature of the thermochemical decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, exceeding T> 2500 ° C. The resulting gaseous decomposition products of water, which are combustible gas, or, as it is commonly called, explosive gas, expand in pipes 236 and sharply in the combustion chambers 231, with a decrease in temperature significantly below 2500 ° C and the combustion of explosive gas. The operation of the nozzles 258 continues until the entire installation is warmed up, and the heat exchanger 248 begins to work in the mode of a steam generator, with the arrival of superheated water vapor in the reactors 228 and the unit enters the operating mode.

The operation of the installation using alkali metals: sodium, potassium, lithium, etc. The melting point of sodium Na is equal to T = 97.8 ° C, boiling point T = 883 ° C. In other words, sodium is in a liquid state in a wide temperature range, so it can be captured in the form of particles of molten metal by separation or execution of a multi-stage turbine with two casings between which a magnetic filter is arranged. In the first building 301, the vapor temperature drops to T = 600-700 ° C, at which the sodium vapor condenses and together with the water heat is diverted to the expansion chamber 302, where the vapor temperature decreases sharply, with complete condensation of the vapor of the liquid metal, sodium. When metal particles cross the magnetic lines of force of an external magnet 303, a potential difference / cm occurs at the ends of the particles. V.P. Milantiev "Plasma Physics", Moscow: Education, 1982, pp. 128-137 /.

Due to this, the metal particles come together, are attracted to each other and stick together into more circular particles, which, as they move in the chamber 302, become even larger and fall on the bottom 304, made with an inclination towards the drain pipe 305. As the liquid metal accumulates on the bottom it is periodically diverted through nozzle 305 to device 250, from which liquid metal again enters nozzles 238, 246, 242 of reactors 228. Purified water vapor with a temperature of T = 600-700 ° C passes through pipeline 306 to the second multi-stage turbine housing, located on the same shaft with the first housing / as this is done in practice when working on water vapor with high temperature parameters /.

In order to significantly reduce the length of the pipes 233 of the wave compressors of the installation of Fig. 24, the combustion chambers 231, as well as the gas turbine engine of Fig. 23, are equipped with expanding nozzles 299 and pipes / elongated cylinders / 300 with a larger cross section / diameter /, in comparison with the pipes 233 with conically-tapering nozzles 232 / conical transitional parts /. / item numbers are shown in Fig.23. In Fig.24 nozzles and pipes of a larger cross section are conventionally not shown /.

The second Magnetic filter, shown in Fig.28 in statics, contains the first turbine casing pos. 301, an expansion chamber 302, an external magnet 303, the bottom of the expansion chamber 304, made with an inclination towards the drain pipe 305. Steam outlet pipe 306.

The second embodiment of the installation of Fig.24. In this embodiment, the condensate from the condenser 249 is not used for reheating in the heat exchanger 248, but is discharged into the exhaust manifold and into the water source. Water continuously enters the heat exchanger after purification from a natural source / river, lake, etc. /

A variant of the operation of the nozzle of Fig.16. It is also carried out with a bottom 304, in which openings 308 are made. In this design, shock waves during electrical explosions of jets 183 are quenched in the confined space of the explosive chamber 259, and through openings 308, incandescent jets of products exit through the combustion chambers of the gas turbine installation of Fig. 23. electrothermal decomposition of concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes mixed with pairs of metal particles / additives in the solution to increase the electrical conductivity of jets 183, or granite particles /. Hot gas jets from openings 308 in the form of powerful torches ignite the working mixture in the combustion chambers. Thus, the gas turbine engine of Fig. 23 can be equipped with additional nozzles 309 made in Fig. 16, 29, i.e. with the bottom. This solution provides greater reliability of the gas turbine engine, and the design of the combined nozzle of FIG. 12 is simplified. In other words, it is performed without a second pair of channels 77 / cm. Fig.9 / and electrodes 79. Thus, the gas turbine engine of Fig.23 can be performed with one combined nozzle 275, which provides not only injection into the combustion chamber of gaseous jets of a mixture of solid fuel and products of electrothermal decomposition of jets 95 of electrically conductive liquid, but also with repeated electrical explosion of jets of electrically conductive liquid from another bunker of nozzles (not shown in the drawing), ignition of the working mixture in the combustion chambers, or with two - a combined nozzle 275 of a simplified design / cm. above / and the nozzle 309 made in FIG. 16, 29, i.e. with the bottom. 307.

Note that the nozzle made in FIG. 16 with jets 183 of liquid metal is used in the steam turbine installation in FIG. 24 — nozzles 238, 240, 242 and serve as generators of metal plasma jets injected into reactors 228 to perform thermochemical decomposition water vapor and water injected at the beginning of the installation from nozzles 258. At the same time, the same nozzle in FIG. 16, but with jets 183 of concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with the addition of metal particles or graphite, serves in the detonation gas Installation binnoy intermittent combustion of 27 - nozzles 295, 296, as detonator nozzles for igniting combustible mixture and its combustion detonation.

In addition, the nozzle of FIGS. 16, 29 with a bottom 307 and openings 308 is used in the gas turbine engine of FIG. 23 to ignite the working mixture without normal combustion at a speed of 20-40 m / s.

We also note that the balancing of the inertia forces of the reciprocating moving masses in the above internal combustion engines, using the crankshafts of the new design in Figs. 4, 7, 8, is carried out in the same way as in conventional ICEs using additional counterbalance systems rotating for example, in a 4-cylinder, 4-stroke engine with a double angular speed of the crankshaft. In single-row six- and eight-cylinder engines, due to the mirror arrangement of the shaft elbows, the inertia forces are balanced / cm. M.M.Vihert "Design and calculation of automotive engines", Mashgiz, M., 1957, pp. 54-73 /.

FINDINGS. Of particular note is the importance of the use of wave compressors in turbine engines made in the form of pipes 233, 269, 300, 285 / elongated cylinders /, which ensure the operation of turbines at high temperature and pressure in combustion chambers 231, 267, 284, exceeding 2700-2800 ° С, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of these power plants by several times and significantly increase the power by fully utilizing the performance of axial compressors for compressing air during the combustion process.

The high capacity of gas turbine engines, their high efficiency and their operation on solid fuel ensure their use in large power engineering, with the complete displacement of steam-turbine power plants in central power plants. Their capacity reaches 300-350 thousand kilowatts, with an axial compressor capacity of 10-12 thousand m ^{3 of} compressed air per minute. Moreover, 1/3 of the compressor capacity is used to cool the walls of the combustion chambers and pipes of wave compressors.

The efficiency of the DTTU PT in FIG. 27 is higher than that of the GTU of the PG in FIG. 23 due to the detonation method of combustion, in which the heat generation is 16-12% / cm higher than in conventional GTU. A.I. Zverev "Detonation coatings in shipbuilding", M .: Shipbuilding, 1979, pp. 7-24 /. In addition, in this installation, the combustion chambers 284 perform the additional function of wave compressors by sequentially compressing the air in them from the combustion zone 293 and compressing the air in the zones 294, which ensures an increase in the thermal efficiency of the DGTU SG. For example, if the pressure of compressed air in the combustion chambers by an axial compressor reaches 6-7 kg / cm ² , then due to its additional compression in zones 294 by the combustion products from zone 293, the average pressure of compressed air rises to about 9-10 kg / cm ² .

This method of compressing air in the combustion chambers is the most important technical solution that increases the efficiency of a gas turbine installation and especially the efficiency of an axial compressor in DGTU GHG, and the use of wave compressors in the form of pipes / elongated cylinders / 285 can significantly increase the efficiency and power of DGTU GHG.

Currently, in the energy and transport sectors, a disastrous situation has arisen with the use of hydrocarbon fuels, which, when burned, emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide - CO ₂ , which has led the planet to an environmental crisis. Rising temperatures, floods, climate change are the result of the use of hydrocarbon fuels.

The above-mentioned steam-turbine internal-combustion unit - ПТ УВС, which operates on water and uses two working fluids: explosive gas generated in reactors 228 from water vapor, and highly superheated steam during the combustion of explosive gas in combustion chambers 231 on the same multi-stage turbine 236, or as they say the installation works on a binary cycle, with the implementation of two circular processes: one with explosive gas, the other with water vapor.

циклу Карно/.In such an installation, explosive gas in reactors expands at a temperature of T ₁ = 2700 ÷ 3000 ° C in pipes 230 and combustion chambers 231 with a decrease in temperature in the combustion chambers / expansion chambers / to about 700-1300 ° C. As the gas expands, it compresses and accelerates the column of gas and steam remaining from previous cycles in pipes 230, chambers 231 and pipes 233. In this wave compressor, gas and steam are additionally compressed to pressure P ₁ and accelerated to speed w, while the expansion and speed work on the turbine 236, which is multi-case, due to the high parameters of detonating gas, about p = 180 × 1.218 = 219 kg / cm ² and superheated steam p ₂ = 35-120 kg / cm ² . Explosive gas cycle efficiency

Carnot cycle.

И, следовательно, КПД бинарного цикла η_Σ=0,67+0,43=1,1 /см.19, стр.315/. В действительности КПД значительно меньше, так как надо учитывать КПД η₂ генератора электрических импульсов /ГИ/, который является вторым важнейшим агрегатом в работе новей паротурбинной установки. Он выполняется в основном зависимым, так как разрядная цепь генератора включается при контакте струй 183 в зоне 184 форсунки по фиг.16. КПД ГИ в 70-х годах с искровым разрядником достигал 80% /см. 6, стр.57/. Кроме того, КПД зависит от температуры и давления перегретого водяного пара в реакторах 228, во время протекания электрических взрывов струй 183 в взрывных камерах 259 форсунок, сообщающихся с реакторами. Использование перегретого водяного пара с высокими параметрами температуры и давления позволяет создать на месте струй 183 при электрическом взрыве плазменный канал разряда с высокой плотностью и электропроводностью, что обеспечивает после падения тока разряда в первом полупериоде, протекание электрического разряда во втором полупериоде и повышение к.п.д. преобразования энергии конденсаторов 181 в два и более раз. В соответствии с этим к.п.д. электрического взрыва струй превышает η₃=88% и может достигать значений η₅=95-97%/, что определяется экспериментальным путем при различных температурах и давлениях перегретого пара в реакторах. Давление пара и его температура могут быть значительно ниже указанных выше/. Потери энергии в турбогенераторе невелики и составляют η₄=0,98. Потери тепла через охлаждаемые стенки установки примерно η₅=0,94. Учитывая изложенное, КПД-эффективный расширения гремучего газа на турбине равен:

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle with the temperature of superheated steam on the turbine T ₁ = 700-1300 ° C and in the condenser T ₂ = 60-80 ° C, at a pressure p = 0.04-0.1 kg / cm ² , and i _in = 932 , 7 = 1 kcal / kg, i _c = 552 kcal / kg and i ¹ ₂ = 45.4 kcal / kg is

And, therefore, the binary cycle efficiency is η _Σ = 0.67 + 0.43 = 1.1 / cm.19, p. 315 /. In fact, the efficiency is much less, since it is necessary to take into account the efficiency η _{2 of} the electric pulse generator / GI /, which is the second most important unit in the operation of the new steam turbine unit. It is performed mainly dependent, since the discharge circuit of the generator is turned on when the jets 183 are in contact in the nozzle zone 184 of FIG. 16. GI efficiency in the 70s with a spark gap reached 80% / cm. 6, p. 57 /. In addition, the efficiency depends on the temperature and pressure of superheated water vapor in the reactors 228, during the flow of electrical explosions of the jets 183 in the explosive chambers of 259 nozzles in communication with the reactors. The use of superheated water vapor with high temperature and pressure parameters makes it possible to create a plasma discharge channel with high density and electrical conductivity in place of jets 183 during an electric explosion, which ensures that, after the discharge current drops in the first half-cycle, the electric discharge flows in the second half-cycle and increases the efficiency d. energy conversion of capacitors 181 in two or more times. In accordance with this electrical explosion of jets exceeds η ₃ = 88% and can reach values η ₅ = 95-97% /, which is determined experimentally at different temperatures and pressures of superheated steam in the reactors. The vapor pressure and its temperature can be significantly lower than those indicated above. Energy losses in the turbogenerator are small and amount to η ₄ = 0.98. Heat loss through the cooled walls of the installation is approximately η ₅ = 0.94. Given the above, the efficiency-effective expansion of explosive gas on the turbine is equal to:

When determining the expansion efficiency of superheated steam on a turbine from T ₁ = 700 ° C to the condensate temperature in the condenser at p = 0.04-1.1 kg / cm ² and T ₂ = 60-80 ° C, heat loss is most significant and is estimated at 49.3%. Since these heat losses depend on the temperature of the water source, we take them equal to 54%, i.e. η ₆ = 0.46. The effective steam expansion efficiency is

Total

The energy of water dissociation is E = 285.8 kJ / mol / cm. NL Glinka "General Chemistry, L .: Chemistry, 1980, pp. 167-168 /, and the energy of formation of water vapor E = 241.8 kJ / mol. Energy equal to E = 285 is introduced into the working process of the installation , 8x ² = 571.6 kJ / mol. Useful energy on the turbine shaft, taking into account the total efficiency = 0.58, is equal to Е _П = / 2 ° 285.8 × 2 / × 20.58-241.8 = 331.5- 241.8 = 89.7 kJ / mol. Unit efficiency - Efficiency = 89.7: 285.8 = 0.31 or 31%.

, а суммарный КПД=0,483+9,18=8,66. Эффективный КПД силовой установки η_эф=0,48. Из уравнений определения КПД тепловых двигателей отчетливо видно, что повышение КПД в известных ДВС или паросиловых установках возможно только за счет повышения температуры рабочего тела.However, explosive gas occupies a volume 1.218 times larger than the volume of water vapor in reactors 228. And, therefore, the work of expansion of explosive gas and efficiency is greater by this value. therefore

and the total efficiency = 0.483 + 9.18 = 8.66. The effective efficiency of the power plant η _eff = 0.48. From the equations for determining the efficiency of heat engines it is clearly seen that an increase in efficiency in known ICEs or steam-powered plants is possible only by increasing the temperature of the working fluid.

In a steam-turbine internal combustion unit (ATF) / an increase in efficiency is also associated with an increase in the temperature of explosive gas, however, in the installation, the perfection of the electric pulse generator / GI / is of great importance, the efficiency of which can currently be increased to 90-97% by reducing the active inductive and capacitive resistances. For example, through the use of superconducting materials, the thinnest metal films of capacitor banks, and by shortening the length of the supply cables from the GU to the nozzles of FIG. 16. - Pos. 238, 240, 242.

With an efficiency of GI equal to 0.9-0.97, and an efficiency of electric explosion of jets 183 η ₃ = 0.9, the effective efficiency of the power plant will be η _eff = 0.36-0.44, without taking into account the increase in the volume of explosive gas compared with steam in its expansion work.

So, in a wave machine - PT UVS, gas compression and acceleration takes place twice in a turbine shaft in one working cycle: in pipes 230 and 233 and combustion chambers 231 due to expansion of explosive gas generated in reactors 228. The second process of gas compression and acceleration in pipes 233 of wave compressors by expanding the products of combustion of explosive gas in the combustion chambers 231 with lowering the temperature of superheated steam to 700-1300 ° C in front of the turbine.

The periodic process of generation of detonating gas with a frequency of f = 100 Hz or more allows you to implement in the installation a cycle of piston engines, with a decrease in the temperature of the remaining gases and water vapor in the wave compressors to the specified value on the turbine blades.

Technical and economic part.

The piston and turbine power plants of the new design discussed above are intended to replace all known existing heat engines in transport and in large and small energy, as they do not meet modern requirements for fuel consumption and environmental safety on the planet.

A special place in the energy sector belongs to a steam turbine internal combustion engine running on water energy and to an internal combustion engine, where concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes are used as fuel, with the addition of metal particles or graphite / base patent No. 2154738 dated December 12, 1997, author A.S. Artamonov /.

An electric explosive method for producing a new type of fuel — explosive gas from products of thermochemical decomposition of water vapor or from products of electrothermal decomposition of an aqueous electrolyte solution — is a fundamentally new method of using water as a fuel.

Its main advantage is the simplicity of the method and the power plant for generating energy from water, compared with the well-known idea of controlled thermonuclear fusion / UMC /, which is supposed to be implemented at the Tokamak plant, by about 2050. The second advantage is the possibility of implementing a new method of generating energy from water in 2010, and not in 2050, when the concentration of carbon dioxide - CO ₂ on the planet will be twice as much as in 1990, and life on Earth is impossible for most of its inhabitants. Thus, the advantage of a new way of generating energy and healing the planet’s atmosphere is the ability to protect it in the shortest possible time from an environmental crisis.

At the intermediate stage of a sharp decrease in atmospheric pollution, power plants based on traditional types of fuels - hydrocarbon fuels, but with fuel consumption many times less than in existing heat engines - were proposed.

The application materials examined four types of new piston engines and two types of gas turbine engines. In addition, descriptions of the designs of the new three types of wave compressors are given, as well as new designs of crankshafts, electric explosive nozzles / three new designs / and two new designs of transporting and injecting solid fuel in the form of coal dust for the operation of piston and turbine engines. All four types of piston engines are multi-fuel (MDVS) and are equipped with wave compressors, in one case only to reduce fuel consumption, and in the other to boost the engine, with increased power, depending on the requirements from 1.5-2 to 2- 5/10 / times. Such engines are necessary for use in military equipment, special-purpose equipment, and in small, but highly efficient aircraft.

The first type of engine is a multi-fuel / MDVS /. Described above. Here we present its features and differences from existing ICEs.

In the new MDV, the following are realized: the continued expansion of the combustion products in the engine cylinders through the use of a new design crankshaft: - the gas engine workflow through the use of a new fuel preparation system, in particular any oil, - from gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil to used oils . The compression ratio depends on the octane number of the light fuel used - ε = 9-10. These engines are built of lightweight construction / like gasoline ICE / and can work not only on each of the above fuel, but also on their mixtures.

As a result, the hydrocarbon market is expanding significantly and the cost of fuel is significantly reduced (1st version of MDA).

In addition, the engine introduced a system for changing the working volume due to the use and operation of additional compressed air valves and a receiver, which increases the operational efficiency by 5-10 times when driving vehicles with a new engine in urban traffic conditions.

The first two systems provide an increase in the effective efficiency of MDA by more than two times, in comparison with the well-known prechamber and diesel engines. Moreover, the use of the energy of compressed exhaust gases / exhaust gases are compressed in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine due to the use of inertia forces of the reciprocating moving masses at top dead center / in the wave compressor, contributes to a further increase in the effective efficiency of the internal combustion engine. The third system of changing the engine displacement during the operation of MDA in urban traffic conditions together with the first two allows reducing fuel consumption by 2 × / 5-10 / = 10-20 times and thereby drastically reduce carbon dioxide emissions - СО ₂ and other toxic substances combustion products - СО, СН, С, НО _х into the atmosphere.

Such a strong reduction in fuel consumption when driving with a new engine in urban and non-urban conditions allows you to abandon the use of exhaust gas aftertreatment and significantly reduce the cost of the car.

The second version of an engine of this type is built with a compression ratio of ε ₁ = 12-14 and up to 24-26, depending on the rotational speed of the crankshaft of a new design / by type of diesel /.

The engine is also multi-fuel, but with a significantly lower amount of used fuels and their mixtures. Fuels are: diesel fuel, fuel oil, oil, used oils and mixtures of these hydrocarbons.

This MDA is out of competition, because due to the high compression ratio it has a fuel consumption of 25-30% lower than the first MDA according to the first embodiment.

The second type of multi-fuel engine / MDVS-2 /.

The engine is the same in design as discussed above. Its differences are in the fuel used. The fuel in this MDA is solid in the form of dust.

As solid fuels, enriched coal and brown coals and oil shales that have passed the pyrolysis stage are used. In the 1st type of MDA, the combined nozzles of Figs. 9-11 are used, in the second, the combined nozzles of Fig. 12, with the coal dust fuel supply system of Fig. 14.

The transition to the use of coal, whose deposits on Earth are 10 times higher than oil reserves, is currently urgently needed. Only the use of coal will make it possible to greatly increase the pace of economic development in all countries. The low consumption of solid fuel in the new engine provides, as in MDA on liquid hydrocarbons, a significant reduction in emissions of CO ₂ and toxic substances of combustion products.

The third type of multi-fuel engine is a 4-stroke detonation / MDVS /. It is shown in FIGS. 20-22 and described above. Fuel is oil distillation products and oil itself without distillation / basic patents: No. 2154738 and No. 2298106 /. It is possible to use coal in the form of dust, especially with a high methane content, to produce a detonation combustion method.

The advantages of the detonation engine over those considered above are: 1. The compression ratio ε = 12-14 and up to 24-26 using all types of oil distillation products as fuels, including gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, used oils and the oil itself, as well as ethanol, methanol and liquid products of distillation of coal, brown coal and oil shale.

In other words, due to the high compression ratio in the detonation engine, compared with the first type of MDV, fuel consumption is reduced by 25-30%, regardless of the type of fuel and its octane rating.

2. Detonation combustion of fuel allows you to increase heat by 10-12% / discussed above /.

The combined use of these noted two positive effects in the detonation engine gives a reduction in fuel consumption by 55-60%. At the same time, gasoline becomes the most efficient fuel, and its consumption in the engine is three times lower than in the well-known prechamber engines. In my opinion, this precious fuel should be used only for special purposes. For example, for submarines and in aviation.

Forcing engines. It is carried out through the use of the wave compressor of Fig. 15, with one valve for air inlet into the cylinder (s) of the compressor / described above /. If it is necessary to perform a power plant with forcing it at certain times, the compressor operates in the mode of an internal combustion compressor / FAC /.

The fourth type of piston engine with a new design crankshaft and fuel preparation system. The fuel in this engine is concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes based on salts, bases and acids. The most environmentally friendly fuels are solutions of electrolytes based on salts, for example, sodium hydroxide - NaCl. To increase the conductivity of the solution, additives in the form of particles of metals or graphite with a size of 5-10 microns are introduced into it. Engine efficiency is small 6-8%. However, its use will allow in transport and other areas to take a new step, the most significant in improving the atmosphere and a sharp rise in the economy of all countries of the Earth.

The new steam-turbine internal combustion unit / ПТ УВС /, shown in Figs. 24-26, 28, working on the energy of water due to the electrical energy spent on the thermochemical decomposition of water vapor in reactors with high temperature parameters, contributes to this and forever provides the planet with energy and the pressure and chemical energy of the combustion of an explosive gas - hydrogen and oxygen.

Claims (14)

1. The method of operation of a multi-fuel heat engine and compressor, including conducting electrothermal dissociation of an electrically conductive liquid with the addition of metal or graphite particles, with the introduction of compressed powder of solid hydrocarbon or liquid fuel into the heating zone, heating, thermochemical decomposition and outflow of gaseous products, while in the heating zone jets of electrically conductive liquid are injected, and heating and thermochemical decomposition of solid or liquid fuel is carried out by an electric explosion of injection jets by periodically exciting electric discharges in them with the formation of a hot mixture of gaseous decomposition products of hydrocarbon fuel in an electrically conductive liquid, characterized in that the hot mixture of gaseous decomposition products of hydrocarbon fuel in an electrically conductive liquid is injected into the combustion chamber of a cylinder with compressed air, mixes with it and ignites heating from the source with the formation of combustion products, while the volume of compressed air in the cylinder and the amount of injection The gaseous mixture to be adjusted is regulated depending on the engine speed and load. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the injection of a hot mixture of gaseous products of decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel in an electrically conductive liquid is carried out sequentially one after another in the zone of compressed air in a cylinder or combustion chamber, while the mixture is mixed with air and ignited from the source by shock waves with heating with the formation of detonation combustion with increased parameters of temperature and pressure of the combustion products. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the incandescent mixture of gaseous products of decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel in an electrically conductive liquid is injected into the cylinder zone with air, mixed with it and ignited by heating from the source with the formation of combustion products, while the combustion products expand and compress the air enclosed in the rest of the wave compressor cylinder. 4. The method according to claims 1 and 3, characterized in that the combustion products during expansion compress and accelerate the gas remaining from the previous cycle in the pipes of the wave compressors, and the temperature of the combustion products during expansion is controlled by changing the mass of the compressible gas. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the electric explosions of the injected jets of the electrically conductive liquid with the formation of plasma are carried out sequentially one after another with the expiration of the plasma jets into the zones of the reactors, mixing them with water vapor with high temperature and pressure parameters and its thermochemical decomposition into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature of explosive gas in reactors exceeding 2500 ° C. 6. The device for implementing the method according to claim 1, containing at least one cylinder with a piston, a crank mechanism associated with the crankshaft, a cylinder cover with a divided combustion chamber, a system for transporting and forcing fuel and electric drive fluid, air supply and exhaust gas discharge, a system for exciting electric discharges, characterized in that it is equipped with inlet valves for atmospheric and compressed air and exhaust valves for exhaust gases and compressed air, the intake and exhaust compressed air valves are connected to the receiver, and the inlet and outlet valves with a wave compressor or the inlet and outlet valves of the exhaust gas communicate with the atmosphere, the rocker arms are connected to solenoids, switched on and off by the electronic engine system, a divided combustion chamber in the cylinder cover is equipped with a combined nozzle for injection of a gaseous mixture of thermochemical decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel and electrically conductive liquid with ignition of the working mixture by repeated electric explosive jets of electrically conductive liquid in the explosive chamber, while the combined nozzle is equipped with an explosive chamber, channels for circulating coolant, a fuel nozzle and nozzles, inside which screws are installed, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of insulating material communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other into an explosive chamber containing a bottom with holes for the release of hot gases into the combustion chamber, crankshaft cranks are made they are in the form of two elements with the possibility of sliding relative to each other, one of which is equipped with a spring placed at the end of the other, containing holes for fluid flow and a cylindrical blind channel, layer-by-layer filled with liquid and compressed gas, the other is made in the form of two halves fastened with studs, and the crank pin of the crankshaft is connected to the sliding part of the crank. 7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that in the blind channel with the fluid there is a piston with a rod pivotally connected to the sliding part of the crank, and a jumper with holes for separating the liquid under the piston from the compressed gas. 8. A device for implementing the method according to claims 1 and 2, comprising at least one cylinder with a piston, a crank mechanism associated with the crankshaft, a cylinder cover with a combustion chamber, air supply systems, transportation and injection of electrically conductive liquid and solid fuel, contained in the tank, air supply and exhaust gas, a system for exciting electric discharges, characterized in that it is equipped with a combustion chamber integrated in the cylinder cover, which communicates with the working channels, the cylinder cover measuredly arranged around the circumference of the cylinder cover, provided with profiled channels directed at an angle to the piston bottom and the combined nozzle, or the combustion chamber in the cylinder cover is made in the form of a cylinder with inlet and outlet valves and is equipped with sequentially arranged combined nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture thermochemical decomposition of coal dust with a size of 0.5-1.5 mm in an electrically conductive liquid, and the opposite placed detonator nozzles for water flammable mixture, the combined nozzle contains a cylinder located in the layer of electrical insulation, communicating with the pipeline for supplying compressed powder of solid fuel - coal dust, equipped on one side with a piston and drive mechanism, and on the other with a mouthpiece, cylindrical channels of electrical insulation material containing on the one hand, electrodes and nozzles with screws mounted in them, and on the other, nozzles directed at an angle to each other in an explosive chamber containing a bottom with holes for exit gaseous jets, the detonator nozzle is equipped with an explosive chamber, coolant circulation channels and nozzles, inside which screws are installed, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of electrical insulation material, communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in the explosive chamber, capacity for solid fuel contains a piston with a rod in the hydraulic cylinder and a fluid supply pump and is connected to a conical part in communication with a hopper containing a cutter associated with an electric motor eat hopper communicates with the cylinder, on the one hand comprising a piston connected to the rod in the hydraulic cylinder and a pump supplying fluid under pressure and on the other - a conical part, connected to the pressure conduit feeding compressed powder in the solid fuel injector. 9. A device for implementing the method according to claims 1 and 3, comprising a cylinder with caps and a combined nozzle, a system for supplying atmospheric air and exhaust gases and compressed air, transporting and pumping electrically conductive liquid and fuel, an electric discharge excitation system, characterized in that it is equipped with an inlet valve for atmospheric air with a drive-solenoid mechanism and exhaust valves for exhaust gases and compressed air containing solenoid drive mechanisms that turn on and off provided by the electronic system of the wave compressor, the combined nozzle for injecting into the combustion zone of the cylinder a gaseous mixture of thermochemical decomposition of hydrocarbon fuel and electrically conductive liquid and igniting the working mixture with a second electric explosion of jets of electrically conductive liquid is equipped with an explosion chamber, channels for circulation and cooling by liquid, a fuel nozzle and nozzles, inside which are installed with screws, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of electrical insulation lacquer material communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in an explosive chamber containing a bottom with openings for the exit of gaseous jets, or the ignition of the working mixture is carried out by injecting into the combustion zone of incandescent products of electrothermal decomposition of jets of electrically conductive liquid nozzles placed opposite the first containing explosive a chamber, channels for circulating the coolant and nozzles, inside which screws, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels are installed, made of electrical insulating material communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in the explosive chamber. 10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that it contains a receiving chamber for air inlet, equipped with a grill with nozzles and plate self-acting valves, a damping device with a concave reflector in communication with the cylinder, the cylinder on one side containing nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture of products electrothermal decomposition of the electrically conductive liquid, while the nozzle for injecting the mixture is equipped with an explosive chamber, channels for the circulation of the coolant and pipes, inside which These are screws, with electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of insulating material, communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in the explosive chamber, and on the other, a grill with nozzles and plate self-acting exhaust valves for releasing compressed air and exhaust vapors of an electrically conductive liquid . 11. A device for implementing the method according to claims 4 and 5, comprising reactors connected in series with each other, combustion chambers, wave compressors and a turbine, a condensation and condensate return system to a working process, a heating medium for a heat-transfer fluid, a heat exchanger, a system for transporting and forcing liquid metal and water, a system for exciting electric discharges, characterized in that the reactors are made in the form of elongated cylinders and are evenly spaced around the circumference, equipped with steam distribution mechanisms, nozzles for injecting electrothermal decomposition products of electrically conductive liquid connected to a steam collector connected to a heat exchanger, placed sequentially one after another in the zones of reactors and nozzles for injecting water, while nozzles for injecting electrothermal decomposition products are equipped with explosive chambers, channels for cooling fluid circulation and pipes, inside which screws are installed, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of electro material, communicating with nozzles angled to each other in an explosive chamber communicating with a reactor connected to a pipe and a combustion chamber, the combustion chambers are equipped with nozzles for generating shock waves and igniting detonating gas and tapering or expanding nozzles connected to long pipes wave compressors containing reflectors at the ends connected to the steam collector of a steam turbine with an electric generator. 12. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the casing of the steam turbine is connected to a magnetic filter containing an expansion chamber with a pipe for periodically removing the condensed liquid metal, equipped with an external magnet. 13. The device for implementing the method according to claim 4, comprising a compressor connected to combustion chambers evenly spaced around the circumference, communicating with a gas turbine, coal dust transportation and injection systems from the hopper and the electrically conductive liquid, a cooling system, an electric excitation system discharges, characterized in that the combustion chambers are equipped with combined nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture of thermochemical decomposition of coal and electrically conductive liquid with ignition the working mixture by repeated electric explosions of the jets of electrically conductive liquid in the explosive chambers of the combined nozzles, or the ignition of the working mixture is carried out by hot gaseous jets of electrically conductive liquid injected into the combustion chambers by nozzles placed opposite to the first containing the blast chamber, channels for circulating coolant and nozzles inside which are installed screws, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of insulating material, with communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in an explosive chamber provided with a bottom with openings, the combined nozzles contain a cylinder located in the layer of electrical insulation, in communication with the pipeline for supplying compressed powder of solid fuel, equipped with a piston and a drive mechanism on one side, and with on the other hand, with a mouthpiece, cylindrical channels made of insulating material contain electrodes and nozzles on one side with screws mounted in them, and nozzles directed along at an angle to each other in an explosive chamber containing a bottom with openings for the exit of gaseous jets, the combustion chambers are connected, on the one hand, by supply channels to the compressor, and on the other hand, with narrowing or expanding nozzles and long pipes of wave compressors connected to the guiding apparatus of the gas turbine, the hopper contains a vertical shaft with bills and communicates with a receiving device provided with a conical part, with a pipeline with a piston placed in it for displacing coal dust associated with the crank -shatunnym piston drive mechanism. 14. A device for implementing the method according to claims 2 and 4, comprising a compressor connected in series, damping devices, combustion chambers, wave compressors with a gas turbine, transportation systems and injection of liquid fuel and electrically conductive liquid, an electric discharge excitation system, a cooling system, characterized in that the combustion chambers are equipped with combined nozzles for injecting a gaseous mixture of thermochemical decomposition of liquid fuel and conductive liquid, size connected sequentially one after another in the zones of the combustion chambers, and opposite to them detonator nozzles, while the combined nozzles are equipped with explosive chambers, channels for circulating coolant, a fuel nozzle and nozzles, inside which screws are installed, electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made from an insulating material communicating with nozzles directed at an angle to each other in an explosive chamber containing a bottom with openings for the exit of gaseous jets , the detonator nozzle is equipped with an explosive chamber, channels for circulating coolant and nozzles, inside which screws are installed, with electrodes placed in cylindrical channels made of electrical insulation material, communicating with nozzles angled to each other in the explosive chamber communicating with the camera combustion, damping devices are made in the form of cylinders and equipped with concave reflectors, wave compressors are made in the form of long pipes, on the one hand containing expanding nozzles connected to the combustion chambers, and on the other, concave reflectors connected to the collector of a gas turbine connected to an electric generator.

Images