KR20050065680A - Organic and inorganic light active devices - Google Patents

Abstract

A light active device includes a semiconductor particulate (10) dispersed within a carrier material (12). A first contact (14) layer is provided so on application of field charge carriers having a polarity are injected into the semiconductor particulate through the carrier material. A second contact layer (14) is provided so on application of the electric field to the second contact layer charge carriers having an opposite polarity are injected into the semiconductor particulate through the carrier material. The semiconductor particulate comprises at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. The semiconductor particulate (10) may comprise an organic light active particulate.

Description

Organic and inorganic light active devices {ORGANIC AND INORGANIC LIGHT ACTIVE DEVICES}

The present invention relates to organic and inorganic photoactive devices and hybrids thereof and methods of making the same. In particular, the present invention generally relates to lighting, display backlighting, video displays, Internet appliances, e-books, digital newspapers and maps, steroscopic vision aides, head mounted displays, advanced BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to photoactive devices that can be used in applications such as automotive windshields, solar cells, cameras, and photodetectors and methods of making the same. Multicolor monolayer photoactive devices are described. Also described is a sequential burst drive scheme for multicolor monolayer displays. Methods of making organic photoactive fibers as well as photoactive material particles are also described. Methods of making injection and other plastic molded organic photoactive devices are also described. Compositions of the photoactive material are also described.

A polymer consists of organic molecules bonded together. In order for the polymer to be electrically conductive, it is not limited to the atoms that make up the organic molecules, but must act like a metal with electrons in bonds mobiles. The conductive polymer should have alternative single and double bonds called conjugated double bonds. Polyacetylene is a simple conjugated polymer. It is prepared by polymerizing acetylene. In the early 1970s, researchers Shirakawa studied the polymerization of acetylene. When too much catalyst was added, the mixture was observed to be metallic. However, unlike metals, the resulting polyacetylene membrane did not become an electrical conductor. In the mid-1970s, the material reacted with iodine vapor. As a result, the conductivity of polymer films has increased significantly, and the researchers who have found them have won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Polyacetylene can be made as conductive like any metal, but its conductivity drops sharply in contact with air. This has led to the development of more stable conjugated polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene.

Currently, development is focused on the action of conjugated polymers in the undoped semiconductive state. It has been found that some conjugated polymers exhibit electroluminescence when voltage is applied. In addition, light absorption of the semiconductor polymer generates positive and negative charges that generate a current. Thus, conjugated polymers can be used to make solar cells and photodetectors.

Organic photoactive materials ("OLAM ^™ ") use a relatively recent discovery that polymers can be made of conductors. Organic light emitting diodes (“OLEDs”) convert electrical energy into light, acting as forward biased pn junctions. OLAMs can be light emitters or light detectors, depending on the material composition and device structure. For this description, the terms OLAM and OLED may be compatible. In its basic form, the OLED comprises a layer of hole transport material in which a layer of electron transport material is formed. The interface between these layers forms a heterojunction. These layers are disposed between two electrodes, the hole transport layer is adjacent to the anode electrode, and the electron transport layer is adjacent to the cathode electrode. Upon applying a voltage to the electrodes, electrons and holes are injected from the cathode electrode and from the anode electrode. These electrode and hole carriers recombine at the heterojunction to form excitons to emit light.

The basic structure of an OLED display is similar to a conventional LCD, where reactive materials (in the case of LCDs, liquid crystals, conjugated polymers in the case of OLEDs) are sandwiched between the electrodes. When an electric field is applied by the electrodes, the OLED material enters an excited energy state, which is lowered by the emission of photons, ie packets of light. Thus, each pixel of the OLED display can be controlled to emit light as required to produce the displayed image.

OLEDs used as pixels in flat panel displays have significant advantages over backlight active-matrix LCD displays. OLED displays have a larger viewing angle, lighter weight, and faster response. OELDs use less power because only the display portion actually turned on consumes power. Based on these advantages, OLEDs can be used in computer monitors, televisions, enlarged microdisplays, wearable head-mounted computers, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, smart pagers, virtual reality games, and mobile phones. It has been proposed to be used in a wide range of display applications such as, for example, medical, automotive and other industries. Uninterrupted advances in technology often change the world we live in. Today, the world we live in is being transformed by new display technologies. The discovery of organic light emitting polymer technology (OLED) is creating a new class of flat panel displays that allow us to change not only the properties of all display products around us, but also their manufacturing methods. Organically integrated technologies have developed an improved method for manufacturing pure color OLED displays. One of the weighted big problems facing the OLED display industry is pollution by water and oxygen. Materials included in small molecule and polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which led to early failures. This problem is exacerbated when non-glass substrates are used. Since OLEDs can bend the display, attempts have been made to use plastic substrates instead of glass. Sophisticated barrier mechanisms have proposed to encapsulate an OLED device to protect the organic stack from the penetration of water and oxygen. In addition, desiccants have been used to reduce contamination. None of these solutions is appropriate in that it adds the cost and complexity of forming an OLED device. As a result, the problems caused by the penetration of water and oxygen into the organic stack continue to be a significant technical problem. 111 shows an OLED device of the prior art. In essence, an OLED consists of very thin layers of organic material to form an organic stack. These layers are sandwiched between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, holes and electrons are injected into the organic stack. Holes and electrons combine to form labile excitons. When the excitons are attenuated, light is emitted.

Currently all available OLED manufacturing technology states require the formation of very thin films of organic luminescent materials. These thin films are formed by the reuse of a variety of known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing and spin coating or existing techniques such as ink jet printing. In any case, the current state of the art is focused on forming very thin films of organic materials. These thin films must be deposited uniformly and precisely. Such thin layers of organic material are susceptible to significant problems, such as loss of film strength, especially when applied to flexible substrates. FIG. 112 shows a prior art OLED device in which dust space electrically shorts between the electrodes. The extreme thinness of the layers of organic material between conductors easily creates electrical shorts, even due to very small stains of dust or other contaminants. These constraints have resulted in the construction of expensive clean room facilities to use conventional OLED thin film fabrication techniques. At present, inkjet printing is considered as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. However, there are some significant drawbacks in adapting inkjet printing to OLED display manufacturing. Inkjet printing does not adequately overcome the problem of material degradation by oxygen and water vapor. Figure 113 illustrates a prior art OLED device wherein the thin organic film stack is degraded by the penetration of oxygen and / or water. Sophisticated and expensive materials and manufacturing processes are still needed to provide adequate encapsulation to protect and maintain thin organic films. It is difficult to align the display pixel-sized electrodes and the inkjet printed OLED material with the accuracy required to perform a high resolution display.

In addition to attractive picture quality, OLED display devices consume less power than liquid crystal display technologies, because they emit their own light and do not require backlighting. OLED displays are thin, lightweight, and can be made of flexible materials such as plastic.

Unlike liquid crystal displays, OLEDs emit light that can be observed from any angle, similar to a television screen. Compared to LCDs, OLEDs are much less expensive to manufacture, use less power to operate, emit brighter and sharper images, and produce images at higher speeds, which means smoothing videos or animations. It is expected to "switch".

In recent years, attempts have been made to manufacture equipment and provide services for manufacturing OLED screens. This potential OLED display market includes mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, camcorders, microdisplays, It includes a wide range of electronic products such as personal computers, Internet appliances, and other consumer and military products.

For example, there is still a need for a thin, lightweight, flexible bright wireless display. Such devices are self-powered, contain reliable and built-in user input mechanisms and ideally serve as versatile display devices for the Internet, entertainment, computers and communications. The discovery of this OLED phenomenon has made this goal visible.

However, there are still some technical hurdles to address before OLED displays are commercially realized. The light emitting materials of OLEDs do not have a long service life. Recently, even small screens of about 3.5 square inches or smaller have been able to achieve optimal performance in commercial mass production. Typically, the shelf life required by most consumer and business products is a shelf life of at least five years and the operating life associated with most applications should exceed 20,000 hours.

Organic light emitting diode technology proposes flexible displays and roll-to-roll manufacturing processes of plastic substrates. One of the biggest problems facing the OLED display industry is pollution by water and oxygen. Materials included in small molecule and polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which led to early failures. As an example of an OLED device, US Patent WP5,247,190 to Friend et al. Describes a thin dense polymer film comprising one or more conjugated polymers sandwiched between two contact layers injecting holes and electrons into a thin polymer film. An electroluminescent device comprising a semiconductor layer in the form is disclosed. These injected holes and electrons emit light from the thin polymer film.

Currently, activities are underway to develop thin flexible displays using pixels of electroluminescent materials such as OLEDs. Such displays do not require any backlighting since each pixel element generates its own light. Typically, organic materials are deposited by solutions that treat such spin coatings by vacuum deposition or evaporation. As examples, US Pat. No. 6,395,328 to May discloses an organic light emitting color display, where a multicolor device is formed by depositing and patterning thin layers of luminescent material. U. S. Patent 5,965, 979 to Friend et al. Discloses a method of manufacturing a light emitting device by laminating two self-supporting components, at least one of which has a thin light emitting layer. U. S. Patent No. 6,087, 196 to Strum et al. Discloses a manufacturing method for forming organic semiconductor devices using inkjet printing to form thin layers of organic light emitting material. US Pat. No. 6,416,885 to Towns et al. Discloses an electroluminescent device, wherein a thin layer of conductive polymer is disposed between a thin layer of organic light emitting and a thin layer of charge injection, which prevents lateral diffusion of telephone carriers to display Improve properties. US Pat. No. 6,48,200 B1 to Yamazaki et al. Discloses a method of manufacturing an electro-optical device using a relief print or screen print method that prints thin layers of electro-optic material. US Pat. No. 6,402,579 B1 to Pichler et al. Discloses an organic light emitting device in which a multicolor structure is formed by DC magnetron sputtering to form a plurality of thin layers of organic light emitting material.

Electrophoretic displays are another type of display that is the subject of recent research. US Pat. No. 6,50,687B1 to Jacobson discloses an electrically processable microencapsulated link and display. According to the disclosure of this reference, the microcapsules are formed with a reflection side and a light absorption side. Microcapsules act as pixels that can flip between two states and then maintain this state without any additional power. According to the disclosure of this reference, a reflective display is produced in which pixels reflect or absorb ambient light along the direction of the microcapsules.

Other examples of OLED type displays include US Pat. No. 5,858,561 to Epstein et al. This reference discloses a light emitting bipolar device consisting of a thin layer of organic light emitting material sandwiched between two layers of insulating material. The device can be operated with either AC voltage or DC voltage. U. S. Patent No. 6,433, 355B1 to Riess et al. Discloses an organic light emitting device wherein a thin organic film region is disposed between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, at least one of the electrodes comprising an undegraded broadband gap semiconductor. Thereby improving the operating characteristics of the light emitting device. U. S. Patent No. 6,455, 126B1 to Arai et al. Discloses an organic light emitting device wherein an organic yam is disposed between layers of electrodes. An inorganic electrode or a hole injection thin film is provided to improve the efficiency of the light emitting device, to extend the useful life and to lower the cost.

It is known to form thin OLED layers by various methods including vacuum deposition, evaporation or spin coating. Thin layers of hole transport material and electron transport material are formed on the grid of anode electrodes by these known methods. Anode electrodes are formed on the glass plate. Thereafter, the grid of cathode electrodes is disposed adjacent to the electron transporting material supported by the second glass plate. Thus, the basic OLED organic stack is sandwiched between the electrodes and the glass plate substrates. In general, it is very difficult to accurately align the electrodes needed to form a pixylated display. This task is even more difficult in multicolor displays, where OLED pixels emitting red, green and blue, for example, are formed in turn to produce a pure color display. Since the OLED material and the electrodes can be made transparent, the color OLED pixels can be stacked on top of each other to make the pixel packing density higher so that the resolution of the display is higher. However, electrode alignment is still a problem. Typically, well-known shadow masks have been used to fabricate pixel devices. Aligning shadow masks is difficult and requires very high precision.

At present, inkjet printing is considered as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. The core of this technology is very mature and can be found in millions of computer printers around the world. However, there are some significant disadvantages in adapting ink jet printing to OLED display manufacturing. It is difficult to accurately place layers of material using the spray heads of inkjet printers. Inkjet printing does not adequately overcome the problem of material degradation by oxygen and water vapor. Sophisticated and expensive materials and manufacturing processes are required to properly encapsulate display elements to prevent initial degradation of OLED materials due to water and oxygen penetration. In an attempt to address this contamination problem, Vitex Systems of Sunnyvale, Canada, developed a barrier material that deposits monomer vapor onto a polymer substrate and then polymerizes that monomer. A thin layer of aluminum coral is deposited on the polymerized surface several hundred millimeters thick. This process is repeated many times to form an encapsulation barrier across the OLED display. This sophisticated encapsulation barrier is one example of an effort taken to prevent water and oxygen from contaminating the initially degraded OLED films that form conventional OLED display devices. Even with this sophisticated encapsulation process, the edges of the OLED display still need to be sealed.

It is difficult to align the display pixel-sized electrodes and inkjet printed OLEDs with the accuracy required to perform high resolution displays. All known manufacturing methods for manufacturing OLED devices require the formation and maintenance of very thin layers of reactive organic materials. These ultrathin layers are disposed between oppositely charged electrodes. In forming the organic thin film layers, electrical shorts and breakdown of the pixels cause very small foreign particles to be included. In order to limit this significant disadvantage, conventional manufacturing processes required the use of expensive clean rooms or vacuum manufacturing facilities. Even with gh-clean or vacuum chambers, typical OLED display devices must overcome the problems of water and oxygen penetration using glass substrates or sophisticated encapsulation systems.

There is also a need for a multicolor OLED structure that can generate two or more colors of light from a single pixel or OLED device. U. S. Patent No. 6,117, 567 to Andersson et al. Discloses a light emitting polymer device that obtains voltage controlled colors based on a thin polymer film comprising one or more electroluminescent conjugated polymers. The polymer thin film is sandwiched between two electrodes. Upon applying different voltages to the electrodes, different colors of light are emitted from the conjugated polymers included in the thin film. Multicolor OLED films are expected to facilitate the formation of pure color emitting display screens anyway.

Typically, a pure color display is obtained by forming pixels comprising three separately controllable subpixels. Each subpixel can control the emission of three primary colors of light, one of red, green and blue wavelengths.

Edwin Land introduces the theory of color vision based on retinax (An alternative Technique for the Computation of the Designator in the Retinex Theory of Color Vision, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Volume 83"). , pp. 3078-3080, 1986.) Land described Retinex theory in "Color Vison and The Natural Image," published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Volume 45, pp. 115-129, 1959. These Retinex concepts are models of human color perception Other Retinex concepts show that digital images can be improved using the phenomenon of Retinex (US Pat. No. 5,991 to Rahman et al., Referenced herein). , 456.) The inventors of the patent 5,991,456 devised a method of improving digital images using Land's Retinex theory, in which the images represent positions on the display. Are initially displayed as indexed digital data, according to the inventors of the 5,991,456 patent, an improved digital image can be displayed based on adjusted intensity values for the i-th spectral band that are also filtered for each position. For color images, a new color reconstruction step is added to provide near-real image color that closely matches what a person sees.

Nanoparticles are used in irrelevant devices such as drug delivery devices. It has been shown that very small polymer-based particles can be produced in a variety of ways. These drug delivery nanoparticles vary in size from 10 to 1000 nm. The drug may be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the nanoparticle matrix. Depending on the formulation method, nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained. (See Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Devices, published by K.S., Soppimath et al. In Journal of Controlled Release, 70 (2001) 1-20.)

Recently, researchers have demonstrated a process for producing composite materials comprising polymers interspersed with liquid droplets. The optical response of this material can be controlled by applying a voltage and used to produce photonic crystals that modulate the light transmission (Liquid Crystal-Crystal, published by Scientific P. Collins, Scientific American, July, 2003). Holograms Form Photonic Crystals). A mixture of monomer molecules and liquid crystal molecules is disposed between two sheets of substrate. The substrate can be, for example, glass plated with a thin layer of conductive material. This mixture is irradiated with two or more laser beams. The laser beams are aligned and polarized to produce a specific holographic interference pattern with alternating dark and light areas. In the bright areas of this pattern, the monomers undergo a polymerization reaction. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, the monomer shifts the dark regions to the bright regions, causing the liquid crystal to concentrate in the dark regions. This final result is a solid polymer with droplets of liquid crystal embedded in the pattern corresponding to the dark areas of the holographic interference pattern.

The current state of OLED fabrication technology is needed to form very thin films of organic light emitting materials. These thin films are formed by known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing and spin coating or by conventional techniques such as ink jet techniques. In any case, the current state of the art is to form very thin films of organic material. These thin films must also be deposited very uniformly and precisely, which proved to be very difficult to do. The organic materials of these thin layers suffer from problems such as shortening device life due to the penetration of water and oxygen, and especially delamination when applied to flexible substrates. Very large thinning of layers of organic material between conductors can easily cause electrical shorts due to even very small stains of dust or other contaminants. Because of these constraints, expensive clean room facilities have been made to use conventional OLED thin film fabrication techniques. Organic light emitting devices offer great advantages due to the inherent properties of organic materials, but current manufacturing methods are limited in providing this benefit to the consumer.

Figure 1 shows the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, videophone streams and broadcast TV streams, while a thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless display having elements that can be produced by the display manufacturing method of the present invention. Figure showing an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates particles of an OLED material dispersed in a carrier fluid in accordance with the display manufacturing method of the present invention. FIG.

3 illustrates a microcapsule of the present invention consisting of an inner phase of an OLED material encapsulated within a polymer shell.

4 illustrates the bipolar microcapsules of the present invention consisting of an inner phase of an OLED material encapsulated within a polymer shell.

FIG. 5 shows a microcapsule of the present invention consisting of a first microcapsule comprising an internal phase of an OLED material and a magnetic material together with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomer, all encapsulated in a polymer shell.

FIG. 6 shows a microcapsule of the present invention consisting of an interior phase of an OLED material encapsulated within a double wall shell each having a composition selected to impart the desired electrical, optical, magnetic and / or mechanical properties of the microcapsules.

FIG. 7 shows a microcapsule of the present invention consisting of an inner phase comprising a mixture of OLED materials with other components to adapt to the electrical, optical, magnetic and / or mechanical properties of the microcapsules.

FIG. 8 shows a microcapsule of the invention consisting of a first microcapsule comprising an inner phase consisting of an OLED material and a corrosion barrier material all encapsulated within a polymer shell.

FIG. 9 illustrates a microcapsule of the present invention in a multi-walled microcapsule structure, in which the layers of corrosion barrier material are encapsulated in polymer shells onto the interior of the OLED material.

FIG. 10 illustrates an inkjet type or other nozzle manufacturing method for forming a layer of OLED microcapsules dispersed within a photocurable monomer carrier.

FIG. 11 shows a layer of OLED microcapsules immobilized in a cured monomer barrier disposed between an upper electrode and a lower electrode. FIG.

12 shows hermetically prepared stations to form a barrier protected OLED microcapsule display layer.

Figure 13 illustrates a display fabrication line of the present invention using modular stations to form various layers of a thin, lightweight, flexible wireless display.

FIG. 14 illustrates a very highly organized OLED microcapsule structure formed in accordance with the OLED device fabrication method of the present invention. FIG.

Figure 15 illustrates a chain structure of OLED microcapsules formed according to the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 16 illustrates a pure color OLED display formed in accordance with an OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention.

Figure 17 illustrates a layer of conductive microcapsules forming an electrode layer in accordance with the device fabrication method of the present invention.

18 illustrates formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed on an electrode layer.

FIG. 19 illustrates forming OLED microcapsule chains formed between upper and lower electrode layers. FIG.

FIG. 20 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains in a cured carrier to form a corrosion barrier.

Fig. 21 shows a pure color display formed according to the OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention.

Figure 22 shows step 1 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 23 shows Step 2 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 24 shows step 3 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 25 shows step 4 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 26 illustrates step 5 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

Figure 27 shows step 6 of the embodiment of the method of manufacturing an OLED device of the present invention.

FIG. 28 illustrates self-reactive OLED microcapsules for forming capacitor OLED microcapsules with turned off alignment field. FIG.

FIG. 29 shows self-reactive OLED microcapsules for forming capacitor OLED microcapsules with turned on self-aligned field and uncured electrolyte mixture.

30 illustrates magnetically reactive OLED microcapsules for forming capacitor OLED microcapsules with turned on self-aligned field and cured electrolyte mixture.

Figure 31 shows a pixel consisting of a chain of capacitor OLEDs charged by a charging voltage.

32 shows a pixel consisting of a chain of capacitor OLEDs triggered to emit light by the trigger voltage.

FIG. 33 illustrates OLED microcapsules randomly dispersed in a fluid but curable carrier fluid. FIG.

34 illustrates OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied alignment field formed in uncured carrier fluid.

FIG. 35 illustrates OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied alignment field where alignment is maintained in a cured carrier. FIG.

FIG. 36 shows the OLED microcapsule structure shown in FIG. 35 with light emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains and an applied drive voltage. FIG.

37 illustrates a method of forming an OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.

FIG. 38 illustrates a method of forming encapsulated OLED particles. FIG.

FIG. 39 illustrates a first step of forming a multi-layered OLED particle. FIG.

40 illustrates a second step of forming a multi-layered OLED particle.

FIG. 41 shows a third step of forming a multilayered OLED particle;

FIG. 42 schematically illustrates a pure color OLED display constructed in accordance with the present invention and having a dichroic display layer for providing a display that improves display contrast, power efficiency and observes bright sunlight.

FIG. 43 is a schematic illustration of the pure color OLED display shown in FIG. 42, with dichroic pixels oriented to reflect emitted OLED light.

FIG. 44 is a schematic illustration of the pure color OLED display shown in FIG. 42 showing the relative intensity of reflected light according to dichroic pixel orientations. FIG.

FIG. 45 illustrates magnetically active OLED microcapsules randomly dispersed in a fluid but curable carrier fluid with desiccant particles. FIG.

FIG. 46 illustrates magnetically active OLED microcapsule chains aligned in a magnetic alignment field applied in an uncured carrier fluid.

FIG. 47 illustrates magnetically active OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied magnetic alignment field maintained at a location in the cured carrier. FIG.

FIG. 48 illustrates a magnetically active OLED microcapsule structure with light emitted from OLED microcapsule chains. FIG.

FIG. 49 is a schematic illustration of a pure color OLED display having high intensity visible light display layers and an infrared display layer. FIG.

50 illustrates an OLED display layer and a liquid crystal display layer.

Figure 51 illustrates an OLED display of the present invention made of thin films of organic material with photodetecting elements and photodetecting pixel elements.

FIG. 52 illustrates OLED microcapsules that are somewhat less conductive than OLED materials in which the shell is encapsulated. FIG.

Figure 53 illustrates an OLED microcapsule in which the OLED material is encapsulated with magnetic internal microcapsules having an electrolyte and an electrically insulating shell.

FIG. 54 shows OLED microcapsules in which OLED material and hole transport material are included in a solution in a conductive shell; FIG.

FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsules shown in FIG. 54 comprising a heat meltable material in the shell and a color dye and magnetically active material in the inner phase.

FIG. 56 shows the OLED microcapsules shown in FIG. 54 used to create a general lighting or display backlight OLED device. FIG.

Figure 57 illustrates a transmissive flexible OLED display made for use as part of a vehicle windshield.

58 is a block diagram showing the basic components of an active windshield display system using an OLED display.

Fig. 59 is a view showing an OLED light emitting element.

60 illustrates an OLED light emitting device having a conventional bulb form factor.

Fig. 61 shows an OLED device fabricated using light emitting layers and light detecting layers.

FIG. 62 shows stereoscopic goggles with OLED device elements. FIG.

FIG. 63 illustrates a flexible OLED display with curvature that compensates for the human eye's range of motion. FIG.

64 illustrates a flexible OLED display with optical lens elements for focusing light emitted at an appropriate physical location in the human eye.

Figure 65 illustrates a wraparound visor with curved flexible OLED display and speakers.

Figure 66 (a) shows a wall of a house having an OLED display window of the present invention, the window being driven to be transparent with the trees outside the house visible through the window.

Figure 66 (b) shows a wall of a house with an OLED display window of the present invention, in which the window is driven to display a number of simultaneous video streams including video phone communications, Internet web pages and television programs. .

Fig. 66 (c) shows a wall of a house having an OLED display window of the present invention, which is driven to be a mirror.

Figure 67 (a) illustrates the use of the flexible large format display of the present invention as part of a camouflage system for a vehicle such as a military tank.

Figure 67 (b) shows the camouflage system shown in Figure 67 (a) in which the display area has a curved viewing area.

Figure 67 (c) illustrates the use of the flexible garment display of the present invention as part of a gastrointestinal system for a person.

67 (d) shows the medical gastrointestinal system of the present invention shown in FIG. 67 (b) in use.

FIG. 68 (a) shows the use of flexible, lightweight solar panels, such as solar-to-energy systems, for powering a fish such as a military obserbation drone.

FIG. 68 (b) is a block diagram showing some system elements of the military reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle shown in FIG. 68 (a).

Figure 69 illustrates an embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier.

Figure 70 illustrates an embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles aligned between electrodes.

Figure 71 illustrates an embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles and other performance enhancing particles randomly dispersed within a conductive carrier material.

FIG. 72 illustrates an embodiment of a photoactive device of the present invention showing various types of organic photoactive particles dispersed in a carrier material. FIG.

FIG. 73 depicts organic photoactive particles formed from polymer blends.

FIG. 74 illustrates polymer blended organic photoactive particles dispersed in a conductive carrier.

FIG. 75 illustrates a polymer blendorganic photoactive particle showing photoactive sites. FIG.

FIG. 76 illustrates a polymer blend organic photoactive particle having a field attraction component for aligning particles in an alignment field. FIG.

FIG. 77 shows composite microcapsules including multi-layered organic photoactive particles, each having a different light wavelength emission and turn-on voltage. FIG.

FIG. 78 depicts another composite microcapsule comprising multi-layered organic photoactive particles having at least one field attraction component.

FIG. 79 shows three luminescent microcapsule species each having a turn-on voltage controlled by an inner phase composition and an encapsulated shell composition. FIG.

Figure 80 illustrates an embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles randomly dispersed within a carrier.

FIG. 81 shows an embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles aligned between electrodes. FIG.

FIG. 82 shows the retinal response of the human eye to light wavelengths in the visible spectrum.

FIG. 83 is a diagram showing a primary color burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by high speed and sequential bursts of primary color emission; FIG.

FIG. 84 is a view showing a retinex burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by high speed and sequential bursts of colored light emission; FIG.

FIG. 85 illustrates the adjusted color burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by high speed and sequential bursts of adjusted colored light emission. FIG.

86 is a flow chart showing steps of a method of the present invention for forming multi-layered organic photoactive material particles.

87 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of an emission layer material and particles of a hole transport material.

Figure 88 illustrates a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport component and an emission layer component.

Figure 89 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of the hole transporting / emitting layer material with the particles of the electron transporting material.

90 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from a hole transport / emitting layer component and an electron transport component.

FIG. 91 illustrates stratified organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a blocking material with particles of an electron transporting material. FIG.

Figure 92 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from a blocking component and an electron transporting component.

Figure 93 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of an emissive layer material with particles of a hole transport material.

Figure 94 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from an emissive layer component and a hole transport component.

FIG. 95 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of barrier / electron transport material with the layered particles of emissive layer / hole transport material.

FIG. 96 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from blocking / electron transporting components and hole transporting / emitting layer components. FIG.

FIG. 97 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a field attraction material with particles of an electron transporting material. FIG.

FIG. 98 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from a field attraction component and an electron transport component.

Figure 99 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of an emissive layer material with particles of a hole transport material.

100 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from an emissive layer component and a hole transport component.

FIG. 101 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of field attraction / electron transport material with the layered particles of emission layer / hole transport material.

FIG. 102 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from field attraction / electron transport components and hole transport / emitting layer components. FIG.

Figure 103 shows a cross section of a coated cathode fiber having a barrier layer formed on the cathode fiber and an electron transport layer formed on the barrier layer.

FIG. 104 shows a cross section of a coated anode fiber having a hole transport layer formed on the anode fiber and an emissive layer formed on the hole transport layer.

105 shows coated cathode fibers and coated anode fibers all twisted to form an emissive fiber.

106 illustrates a method of coating an electrode wire with an organic photoactive device material.

Figure 107 is a schematic diagram of a production line using the OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention.

108 illustrates printing an electrode pattern on a polymer sheet substrate.

Figure 109 illustrates an extended gap distance between the electrodes in accordance with the present invention.

110 illustrates a single layered multicolor pixel in accordance with the present invention.

111 illustrates an OLED device of the prior art;

FIG. 112 shows a prior art OLED device showing dust particles that electrically short between electrodes. FIG.

FIG. 113 is a diagram showing a prior art OLED device showing the degradation of an organic thin film stack due to penetration of oxygen and water through a substrate. FIG.

FIG. 114 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating extrusion of a photoactive fiber with aligned OLED particles. FIG.

115 is a schematic perspective view showing extrusion of a photoactive fiber.

FIG. 116 is a sectional view of a segment of the extruded photoactive fiber. FIG.

FIG. 117 is a schematic diagram showing a segment of extruded photoactive fibers driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes. FIG.

FIG. 118 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating.

FIG. 119 is a perspective view schematically illustrating extrusion of a photoactive fiber with a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG.

120 illustrates an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating connected to a voltage source.

121 is a schematic cross-sectional view of extrusion of a photoactive ribbon with aligned OLED particles.

FIG. 122 is a perspective view schematically illustrating extrusion of a photoactive ribbon. FIG.

123 depicts a segment of an extruded photoactive ribbon.

Figure 124 is a cross sectional view of a segment of an extruded photoactive ribbon with wire electrodes contained within the ribbon and driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes.

FIG. 125 illustrates a photoactive fiber extrusion and chopping mechanism for forming an OLED photoactive fiber of uniform length.

FIG. 126 shows an OLED photoactive fiber randomly dispersed between two electrodes; FIG.

FIG. 127 shows OLED photoactive fibers aligned between two electrodes. FIG.

FIG. 128 shows OLED photoactive fibers randomly distributed between two electrodes having a gap distance adjacent to fibers of uniform length.

FIG. 129 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers aligned between two electrodes having a gap distance adjacent to fibers of uniform length. FIG.

FIG. 130 shows photoactive fibers woven into a carpet.

131 is a view showing a light active cloth weave.

Figure 132 illustrates a curved large format surround display formed in accordance with the present invention by tiling the lengths of the display cross sections.

FIG. 133 illustrates a method of forming an ultra-thin multi-layered OLED fiber of two layers by drawing and thinning; FIG.

FIG. 134 illustrates a method of forming a four layer very thin multi-layered OLED fiber by drawing and thinning.

135 is a sectional view of a wire with an electron transport coating layer.

136 is a cross-sectional view of a wire having a hole transport coating layer.

FIG. 137 shows a coated wire intersecting electrodes forming light emitting pixels at intersections. FIG.

FIG. 138 illustrates a formulated OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention that may be formed into useful articles through plastic molding techniques.

Figure 139 illustrates OLED solid state light of the present invention with a conventional bulb form factor.

140 shows a spraying step of painting a reflective conductive layer of an OLED device;

Figure 141 illustrates a spraying step of painting the emissive layer of an OLED device.

FIG. 142 illustrates a spraying step of painting a transparent electrode of an OLED device; FIG.

Figure 143 illustrates steps of the method of the present invention for producing a photoactive device showing a photoactive mixture disposed between an x and y electrode grid.

Figure 144 illustrates yet another step of the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, illustrating the polymerization / migration step.

Figure 145 illustrates yet another step of the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the step of aligning.

FIG. 146 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing controlled pixylated light emission.

Figure 147 illustrates the steps of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the lower substrate having the lower electrode pattern on the lower substrate.

Figure 148 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the photoactive mixture disposed on the photoactive layer substrate over the lower electrode pattern.

Figure 149 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the patterning of the photoactive layer by irradiation through a mask.

Figure 150 illustrates another step in the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the movement of the photoactive material into the photoactive regions.

FIG. 151 shows the composition of the components in the multicolor photoactive mixture.

Figure 152 illustrates steps of a method of manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device of the present invention, showing the multicolor photoactive mixture disposed over the patterned lower electrode grid.

Figure 153 illustrates steps of a method of manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device of the present invention, showing selective patterning of one of the color photoactive areas.

Figure 154 illustrates steps of a method of manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device of the present invention, showing the patterned color photoactive regions.

FIG. 155 shows a pure color light active device having color light active regions patterned in red, green and blue in turn; FIG.

Figure 156 illustrates the steps of a method of making a pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing a mixture of photoactive materials disposed over the patterned lower electrode grid.

FIG. 157 illustrates yet another step in a method of manufacturing the pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing selective patterning through a pixel grid mask. FIG.

Figure 158 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing a pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing the movement of the photoactive material into the pixel region.

Figure 159 illustrates the composition of components in a photoactive device having conductive paths and pixels formed by a self assembly process.

Figure 160 illustrates a step in a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention with conductive paths and pixels formed by a self assembly process.

FIG. 161 shows yet another step in a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self-assembly, showing selective patterning of conductive paths by irradiation through a mask.

Figure 162 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self assembly, showing patterned conductive paths.

Figure 163 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self-assembly, showing selective patterning of pixel regions by irradiating through a mask.

Figure 164 illustrates another step in a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self assembly, showing the patterned pixel regions and conductive paths.

FIG. 165 is a schematic illustration of a photoactive device fabricated by self assembly, showing emissive / more conductive zones, non-emissive / more conductive zones, and non-emissive / less conductive zones.

Figure 166 shows the cubic volume of the photoactive material randomly dispersed in the photopolymerizable monomer carrier.

Figure 167 illustrates the cubic volume shown in Figure 166, showing the photoactive material and polymerized carrier after holographic patterning using the interference pattern generated by the laser beams.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a photoactive device by three-dimensionally dispersing semiconductor particles in a carrier material. The resulting structure has individual light emitting point sources dispersed within the protective barrier material. The barrier material provides strength to the device and provides adhesion to the electrodes and / or other films to prevent contamination of the semiconductor particles. The manufacturing method of the present invention also allows multiple colors to be emitted between a single pair of electrodes from the mixture of the present invention to form a pixel or device. In the display driving method of the present invention, such an array of pixels is driven such that bursts of color emission are continuously generated at high speed so that the human eye is aware of the range of colors in the visible spectrum. Thus, according to this aspect of the invention, a single emitting layer and a pair of electrodes are used to produce a pure color video display. The organic photoactive material (OLAM ^™ ) structure of the present invention can also be used to detect a spectrum of colors when the device is configured as a photodetector.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an active optical fiber having the advantages of OLED development. The active optical fiber of the present invention comprises elongated cured conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles are dispersed in the conductive carrier material. The first contact area is provided such that upon application of the electric field, charge carriers of the first type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The second contact layer is provided such that upon application of the electric field, charge carriers of the second type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles may comprise at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors.

The conductive carrier material may comprise a binder material having one or more specific control additives. Property control additives are particles and / or fluids; Conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, and emission reinforcement materials.

The first and second contacts comprise a first conductive member disposed longitudinally in the stretched cured conductive carrier material. The other contact of the first and second contacts includes a second conductive member disposed adjacent the first conductive member such that at least a portion of the semiconductor particles are disposed between the first conductive member and the second conductive member.

The first conductive member comprises a conductive material comprised of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed inside the elongated cured conductive carrier material, and the second conductive member is disposed as a coating on the outside of the elongated cured conductive carrier material. Conductive material consisting of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer.

According to another aspect of the invention, an injection moldable photoactive material is provided comprising semiconductor photoactive particles dispersed in a curable carrier material. The semiconductor photoactive particles may comprise at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising a polymer blend. The polymer blend may comprise an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Additional organic emitters may be included in the polymer blend. The organic photoactive particles may comprise microcapsules comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an internal phase made of a polymer blend.

The carrier material may be a curable binder material having one or more property control additives. Property control additives may include at least one of a fluid and a particle. Property control additives include desiccants, scavengers, conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, and emission reinforcement. Material may be included. The particles can include at least one of organic emitters, inorganic emitters, hole transport materials, blocker materials, electron transport materials, and performance enhancing materials. The carrier may comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transporting material, a blocker material, an electron transporting material, and water repellency enhancing materials (eg, property control additives).

In accordance with the present invention, an injection moldable photoactive material may be provided wherein the semiconductor photoactive particles emit a plurality of photons of a first color in response to a first turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes and produce a different turn-on voltage. In response to the light emission, the first emission particles emitting different numbers of photons of the first color. The semiconductor photoactive particles may further comprise second emitting particles. The second emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the second color in response to the second turn-on voltage and emit different numbers of photons of the second color in response to other turn-on voltages. By this composition and configuration, a multicolor photoactive material is obtained.

The particles can be configured to have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposite electrical polarity. The particles can be aligned in the conductive carriers to allow easier injection of first type of charge carriers into the first end and easier injection of second type of charge carriers into the second end.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a photon receiving photoactive device is provided. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed adjacent to define a gap between them. The photoactive mixture consists of a carrier material and photon accepting particles to receive photons of light and convert the photons of the light into electrical energy. The photoactive mixture is disposed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode to generate electrical energy that can be derived from an electrical connection with the first electrode and the second electrode when the light energy is received by the photon receiving particles. To do that. This composition and configuration results in a light-to-energy device from which a solar cell, photodetector or camera element can be manufactured.

The photon receiving particle may comprise at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material. The carrier may comprise at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material. In addition, additional layers may be formed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers help to form the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the device of the present invention. The additional layers can include at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and performance enhancing materials (eg, property control additives).

Applicants have found that the ultrathin properties of conventional organic photoactive devices cause many disadvantages. These shortcomings include, but are not limited to, electrical shorts caused by the inclusion of small foreign matter particles, crosstalk between pixels in the display, delamination of the thin film, degradation of the thin film due to penetration of oxygen and water, and other significant obstacles. According to an aspect of the invention, the disadvantages caused by having an extremely small gap distance between the electrodes are overcome by extending this gap distance. Therefore, according to the present invention, the organic photoactive device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode. The first and second electrodes define a gap between them. The organic emission layer is disposed in the gap. To overcome these thin film problems and to improve the performance of the device of the present invention, a gap extension composition is placed in the gap. This gap expansion composition is effective to increase the gap distance between the top and bottom electrodes.

The gap expansion composition may include at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor. The gap expanding composition may include one or more additional layers that may be formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The additional layers can include at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material and a performance enhancing material. Gap expansion compositions include desiccants; At least one of a scavenger, a conductive material, a semiconductive material, an insulating material, a mechanical strength reinforcing material, a superposition reinforcing material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, a low work metal, a blocking material, and an emission enhancing material. .

The emissive layer may comprise emissive particles dispersed in a carrier.

The emitting particles have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposite electrical polarity. Particles can be aligned in the conductive carriers to allow easier injection of first type of charge carriers into the first end and easier injection of second type of charge carriers into the second end.

The emission layer may be an organic thin film layer. Gap extension compositions may include conductive, insulating and / or semiconductive material compositions that reduce the emission efficiency of the emissive layer while increasing the photoactive device efficiency by extending the gap distance between the electrodes. By careful selection of the components, this efficiency reduction is limited, so that the benefit of extending the gap distance between the electrodes can be obtained without sacrificing too much device efficiency.

According to another aspect of the invention, the photoactive device may comprise semiconductor particles dispersed in a carrier material. The first contact layer is provided such that upon application of an electric field, charge carriers having polarity are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The second contact layer is provided such that when an electric field is applied to the second contact layer, charge carriers having opposite polarities are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles include at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The semiconductor particles may comprise organic photoactive particles comprising one or more conjugated polymers. When an electric field is applied to the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material to the electric field between the first and second contact layers, the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer and charge carriers of opposite polarities are introduced into the semiconductor particles. Is injected. Opposite polar charge carriers combine to form charge carrier pairs in the conjugated polymer that are radially attenuated such that radiation is emitted from the conjugated polymer. In this case, the photoactive device of the present invention acts as a light emitting diode.

It is important that the present invention can be used for small molecular OLE materials as well as large molecular OLED materials. Since it is difficult or impossible to dissolve small molecule OLED materials in liquid, current state-of-the-art technology is to vacuum-deposit such materials as very thin films, for example to process OLED devices using processes similar to the manufacture of computer microprocessor chips. It needs to be formed. However, because displays are usually much larger than chips, this manufacturing process is enormously expensive to form large displays. However, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, particles of small molecular OLED material may be mixed with a carrier material disposed within the gap between the electrodes. These particles can control other electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the photoactive device, including other materials such as organic and inorganic property enhancing materials.

The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles of a polymer blend. The polymer blend comprising at least one organic emitter is mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, a blocking material and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles may comprise microcapsules having a polymer shell encapsulating the inner phase. The inner phase and / or shell may consist of a polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transporting material, a blocking material and an electron transporting material and a blocking material.

To form the display device, the first contact layer and the second contact layer can be arranged to form an array of pixel electrodes. Each pixel contains a portion of semiconductor particles dispersed in a conductive carrier material. Each pixel can be selectively addressed by applying a drive voltage to the appropriate first and second contact layers.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a voltage controlled photoactive device which emits light of two or more colors. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed adjacent to each other to define a gap between them. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is disposed in the gap. Because of the particle / carrier mixture, the gap between the electrodes (or sandwich the organic emitting layer in any of the layers) can be much wider than the thickness of the emitting particles. The particles are dispersed three-dimensionally throughout the conductive carrier. This configuration overcomes many of the shortcomings, such as electrical shorts, delamination, and the like, which suffer from very thin polymer film manufacturing methods.

In a voltage controlled multicolored embodiment, the organic photoactive particles comprise first emitting particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The first emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the first color in response to the first turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes. The first emitting particles emit many different numbers of photons of zero or more of the first color in response to different turn-on voltages. The organic photoactive particles further comprise second emitting particles comprising a second conjugated polymer. The second emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the second color in response to the second turn-on voltage and a different number of photons of the second color in response to the other turn-on voltages. Thus, in the case of multicolor diodes or displays, different colors can be perceived by the human eye depending on the applied turn-on voltage.

The organic photoactive layer may comprise third emitting particles comprising a third electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The third emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the third color and / or intensity in response to the third turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes and different numbers of photons of the third color and / or intensity in response to the other turn-on voltages. Release. The pure color display can be obtained by including an array of pixels, where each pixel can emit different colors, such as first index red, second index green and third index blue. Color emitters can be a mixture of organic and inorganic materials. For example, organic conjugated polymer emitters can be used as red emitters and inorganic rare earth metals or metal alloys or doped inorganic semiconductors can be used as green emitters. The combination of organic and inorganic emitters can expand the potential candidates for emitting materials that allow the device of the present invention to be suitable for specific applications.

The voltage controlled organic photoactive device can be configured as a display. In this case, the first electrode is part of the x-grid of the electrodes and the second electrode is part of the y-grid of the electrodes. The mixture of conductive carrier material and organic photoactive particles in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode constitutes the emission component of the pixel of the display device. According to this device structure, it can be driven as a passive matrix or an active matrix device.

According to the present invention, an organic photoactive display device includes a substrate having a first grid for driving electrodes formed on the substrate. A second grid of electrodes is disposed adjacent to the first grid of electrodes and defines a gap between them. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is disposed in the gap. The organic photoactive particles comprise first particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first turn on voltage and a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a second turn on voltage different from the first turn on voltage. And second particles. When a first turn-on voltage is applied, the first color is emitted by the first electroluminescent conjugated polymer and light having a second color is in response to the second turn-on voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. Released by the second electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Additional color emitters may include emitters that mainly emit photons in the visible and / or invisible range of the photon emission spectrum. In addition, the color emitters may include other organic or inorganic materials.

According to the present invention, there is provided a method of driving a multicolor light emitting device, wherein the multicolor light emitting device can emit two or more colors in sequence. Each color is emitted in response to each of the different applied turn-on voltages. During the emission cycle, a first turn-on front is applied to the light emitting device for a certain duration to emit a first burst of the dominant number of photons of the first color. Thereafter, during the emission cycle, a second turn-on voltage having a constant duration and at least one of a magnitude and a polarity different from the magnitude and the polarity of the first turn-on voltage is applied. For example, a 5 volt turn-on voltage can mainly emit red photons and a 10 volt turn-on voltage can mainly emit green photons. In response to the second turn-on voltage duration, a second burst of the dominant number of photons of the second color is emitted. In this way, during the release cycle, the first burst and the second burst (and possibly the third or more bursts) are generated continuously at high speed. The eye and vision system of the person receiving the first burst and the second burst, etc., is stimulated to perceive a different color than the first and second colors (emitted burst colors).

According to an aspect of the invention, a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles is provided. These layered organic photoactive material particles are mixed with the conductive carrier material and disposed between the electrodes to form the light emitting devices of the present invention. To form the particles, the first mixture is formed of the first organic photoactive ingredient material and the first carrier fluid. The second mixture is formed of a second organic photoactive ingredient material and a second carrier fluid. The first mist of the first mixture is generated in the environment such that the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment. The second mist of the second mixture is generated in the environment such that the second particles of the second organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment. Both the first particle and the second particle are mixed in the environment to attract the environment to form a first layered organic photoactive material particle. Charges of opposite polarity are applied to the components in each mist to promote electrical attraction. When all of the charged particles are bonded, electrically neutral organic photoactive particles are obtained. The layered organic photoactive particles have a first layer composed of a first organic photoactive component material and a second layer composed of a second organic photoactive component material. Additional layers can be added to the multi-layered structure by forming another mixture of another organic photoactive component material and another carrier fluid and also another mixture of preformed layered organic photoactive material particles and also another carrier fluid. have. The resulting particles are suspended in the environment and mixed together and attracted to form a multi-layered particle structure as described above. This method can be repeated to construct multi-layered organic photoactive material particles having selectable electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties. In addition, depending on the desired particle properties, the components of the multilayered structure may be organic and / or inorganic materials. Using organic and inorganic materials expands potential candidates for materials that can be combined to form multi-layered particles. In addition, the method of the present invention can be applied to make multi-layered particles for other applications such as drug delivery vehicles, electrical circuit elements, bipolar electrophoretic microdevices, nanomachines, and the like.

The environment in which the particles are formed can be an inert gas, a reactive gas, a vacuum, a liquid or other suitable medium. For example, it may be useful to have the environment include elements that perform catalytic functions to promote chemical reactions in or between components in the mists. The property enhancing treatment may be performed on the layered organic photoactive material particles formed. This treatment may be a temperature treatment, a chemical treatment, for example an optical energy treatment to generate photoactivated crosslinking, a shell forming treatment or other property enhancing treatment to impart desired properties to the formed particles. In addition, it may be useful to form the particles under controlled conditions such as weightlessness. These treatments can be performed on the component materials and / or multi-layered particles to impart specific properties or improved qualities. For example, heat treatment is performed to remove moisture or oxygen or other contaminants to increase the lifetime and release efficiency of the particles. For example, hot isostatic heat treatment can be performed to improve the interface between the component particle layers. The particles can be moved up to about 80% of the melting temperature and placed under pressure in an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, the interface between the multilayers can be diffused to improve particle properties.

According to an aspect of the present invention, an OLED device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode. The second electrode is disposed adjacent to the first electrode to define a gap between them. Unlike the prior art, the present invention does not require the formation and maintenance of thin films of OLED material with little material between electrodes having a very large surface area (relative to film thickness). Instead, the present invention uses OLED particles dispersed in a conductive carrier. OLED particles are dispersed in a carrier material disposed in the gap between the electrodes. When a potential is applied to the electrodes, electrical energy passes through the carrier material to raise the energy state of the OLED particles to emit light.

In simple form, the OLED particles may comprise layered organic particles, each particle comprising a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. Heterojunctions are formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer. Each layered organic particle also includes a barrier layer adjacent to the electron transport layer and an emission layer (or other stacking order and component layers) adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a stacked organic layered structure. This blocking layer is provided to facilitate the injection and bonding of electrons and holes and the emitting layer is provided to facilitate the emission of photons when the energy state of the OLED particles is raised.

According to an aspect of the invention, the OLED particles comprise microcapsules. Each microcapsule contains an inner phase and a shell. The inner phase and / or shell comprises an OLED material. The inner phase and / or shell may also comprise field reactive material. Depending on the OLED manufacturing method and the desired OLED characteristics, the field reactive material can be an electrostatic material and / or a self reacting material.

As described herein, microcapsules or particle compositions may be effective for implementing the "self healing" performance of the OLED device fabricated. In this case, the microcapsule contains a composition that destroys the microcapsule or otherwise changes its shape when electrical energy exceeding a threshold is applied to the microcapsule. For example, certain microcapsules may be finally placed to short between the electrodes during use of the OLED device. In this case, the electrical energy above the predetermined threshold passes through the microcapsules, breaking the capsules so that the short circuit is separated. By this configuration, the microcapsules are automatically removed from the conductive path of electrical energy at the time of short circuit. In addition, the particle mixture may comprise emitters of constituent species. Each of the various species may have a specific turn-on voltage. Two or more species may emit light of the same color, but may have different turn-on voltages. Typically, different color emitters have different service lives. For example, a blue emitter can have a shorter service life than a red emitter, and a green emitter can have a service life between two other emitters. When emitters of one color lose their performance, the display loses color vibration and display efficiency. However, according to aspects of the present invention, one or more species of specific color OLED particles may be included in the particle mixture. Each species has a different turn on voltage that most efficiently emits colored light. Loss of intensity of the blue emitter can be detected and other blue emitter species can be driven by changing the pixel drive voltage.

According to another aspect of the invention, the microcapsule shell and / or internal phase may comprise a composition effective to provide a barrier against degradation of the OLED material. OLED microcapsules are dispersed in the carrier fluid. This carrier fluid also provides a barrier against the entry of materials that degrade the OLED material.

OLED microcapsules contain component parts comprising at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a color material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a dry material, a scavenger material and a heat meltable material. Can have. The component parts form at least one inner phase and at least one shell. The component parts are selected to have electrical properties that create the desired conduction path through the hole transport material and the electron transport material. With this configuration, the microcapsules act as pn junctions, for example, when a potential is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.

The OLED device may be appropriately selected and configured such that the carrier material is relatively less conductive than the OLED particles, which allows the OLED particles to provide a path with less electrical resistance than the carrier material. Thus, the potential applied to the electrodes will pass through the carrier material with some electrical conductivity and through the OLED particles with the relatively high conductivity. In this way, the preferred electrical conduction path passes through the OLED particles. Likewise, the shell of OLED microcapsules becomes relatively less electrically conductive than the OLED material itself, allowing the OLED material to provide a smaller electrical resistance path than the shell.

Typical OLEDs include an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. According to the formation of the microcapsules of the present invention, the shell comprises an OLED component material which is either a hole transport material or an electron transport material, and the inner phase of the microcapsule comprises an OLED component material which is the other hole transport material and the electron transport material. do. Depending on the desired optical properties of the manufactured OLED device, the carrier material may be selected such that during use of the OLED device, the carrier material has optical properties that transmit, diffuse, absorb and reflect light energy. During the curing process of the carrier, it is selectively cured to transmit more light through the volume between the upper and lower electrodes and to transmit less light or absorb more light through the volume that is not present between the electrodes. By this configuration, the contrast of the display is improved and the ambient light is absorbed rather than reflected from the display to reduce the glare. In addition, depending on the composition of the carrier material and the property enhancing material contained within the carrier material, selective curing of the carrier fluid may control the conduction of electrical energy through it. In this way, the volume between the pixels is controlled to be less conductive than the volume between the upper and lower electrodes of each pixel. This mechanism further reduces crosstalk between pixels. In addition, the OLED particles can be more conductive than the carrier material. The composition of the OLED particles is selected such that the electrical properties of the OLED particles include electro or magneto rheological properties. This rheological property is efficient for causing the OLED particles to move and orient in the carrier in response to an applied electric or magnetic field. By incorporating OLED particles into regions of pixels during the particle alignment step, the carrier material volume between the pixels will have a lower conductivity than the volume between the upper and lower electrodes. This also reduces crosstalk between pixels.

According to another composition of OLED microcapsules, the inner phase comprises an OLED material and a magnetically reactive material disposed within the first shell. The electrolyte and the curable fluid material are disposed surrounding the shell. The second shell encapsulates the first shell, electrolyte and curable material. In response to the applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell can be changed relative to the second shell. Upon curing the curable material, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is properly locked. As described in detail herein, this microcapsule structure can be used to form capacitor / OLED microcapsules that can be particularly efficient for use in passive matrix displays. This configuration is used to form other electrically active microcapsules to form electronic circuit elements. For example, semiconductor properties of OLED-type polymers and / or organic materials may allow transistors, capacitors, and other electronic circuit elements to form memory, processors, transceivers, power supplies, and other electronic circuit devices, for example. have.

According to the present invention, a method of forming an OLED light emitting device is provided. Top and bottom electrodes are provided to define a gap between them. Field reactive OLED particles randomly dispersed in the fluid carrier are placed in the gap. An alignment field is applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier. The fluid carrier comprises a curable material. While the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles is maintained, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure, which locks in place of the OLED particles within the structure. In some cases, it may not be necessary to move and align the particles through the carrier fluid. They are randomly dispersed or only rotated so that the bipolar particles are suitably oriented between the electrodes, for example, to improve the electrical to light or light to electrical conversion.

OLED particles may comprise bipolar OLED microcapsules. The OLED particles are formed by providing a first particle made of a hole transport material. The hole transport material has a first net charge. The second particle made of the electron transporting material is provided with a second net charge. The first charge is of opposite polarity to the second charge. Both the first and second particles are moved to form an integrated OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer to form a heterojunction therebetween. This first particle may further comprise a photon-active layer. This photon-active layer may be a light emitting layer, in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device or forms a light receiving layer, in which case the OLED forms a photodetecting device.

OLED particles can be formed by microencapsulating the internal phase in a shell. The inner phase or shell comprises an OLED material and either the inner phase or shell comprises a field reactive material. Field reactive materials include either or both of electrostatic and magnetically reactive materials. According to another composition of the microcapsules of the invention, the internal phase comprises an OLED emitter material and other materials (eg, OLED hole transport material) dispersed in a solution and / or suspension, or a polymer blend. Color dyes may also be included in the inner phase or in the shell. The fluid in the inner phase can be a carrier fluid or a solvent. To provide the alignment capabilities of the microcapsules, either the inner phase or the shell can include a field reactive component.

According to another aspect of the invention, a stacked OLED device is provided. The OLED device of the present invention comprises a first OLED pixel layer consisting of a first layer electrode. The second layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode. The first layer gap is formed between the electrodes. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier and contained within the first layer gap. One or more subsequent OLED pixel layers are formed over the first OLED pixel layer. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer comprises a first subsequent layer electrode. The second subsequent layer electrode is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode to define a second layer gap between them. OLED particles in the carrier material are disposed between the electrodes.

To achieve a pure color OLED display, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the first wavelength range in response to the driving voltage applied to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer emits light of a different wavelength range in response to the driving voltage applied to each electrode pair, allowing an RGB color display to be formed.

In addition, a dichromatic pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the final subsequent OLED pixel layer. The dichroic pixel layer can be formed from an LCD display type layer or an electrophoretic microcapsule display layer along the lines described in the 6,50,687B1 patent to Jacobson. Dichroic pixel layers, as described in more detail herein, result in a display that can be observed with improved contrast in direct ambient sunlight as well as real ambient lighting conditions. In addition, additional subsequent OLED pixel layers can be provided that emit light in an additional color range having a color and / or light intensity different from the color and / or light intensity of other OLED pixel layers. In this configuration, the display can be driven, for example, as an infrared display for stealth night-vision.

In addition, the OLED device of the present invention can be configured to detect light impinging on the pixel grid formed according to the present invention. In this case, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit electrical energy in response to the reception of photons and apply this electrical energy to the first and second layer electrodes as a detectable signal. In addition, a pure color CCD-type camera can be formed by tuning the wavelength range in which subsequent layers of OLED layers are photoreactive.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing a photoactive device is provided. A mixture is provided comprising a monomer and a photoactive material. The photoactive material comprises at least one of an energy-to-light material that emits light in response to applied electrical energy and a radiation-to-energy material that generates electrical energy in response to radiation. The monomer is optionally in a crosslinked pattern to form a polymer. As the crosslinking reaction proceeds, the monomer moves in response to an optional crosslinking pattern, causing the crosslinked monomer (polymer) and the photoactive material to concentrate in separate regions. This final result is a solid polymer with photoactive regions embedded in the pattern corresponding to the selective crosslinking pattern.

According to another aspect of the invention, a photoactive device is provided. The photoactive material is provided in the first area. The polymer is provided in the second region. The polymer is formed by selectively crosslinking monomers from a mixture comprising monomers and photoactive materials. Selective crosslinking results in a concentration of photoactive material in the first region and a polymer in the second region.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. The steps of the present invention include providing a bottom substrate, with a bottom electrode on the bottom substrate. The emission layer is disposed over the lower electrode. The emissive layer comprises a mixture of OLED particles dispersed in the monomer fluid carrier. The monomers are selectively polymerized to cause the OLED particles to concentrate in the emission regions and the polymerized monomers to concentrate in the polymerization regions.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. A lower substrate is provided, and a lower electrode is provided over the lower substrate. An emissive layer comprising an emissive / more-conductive material and a non-emissive / less-conductive material is disposed over the underlying substrate. The mixture is optionally patterned to concentrate the releasing / the-conductive material in the releasing regions and the non-releasing / less-conductive material in the non-releasing regions.

In order to promote an understanding of the principles of the present invention, the embodiments shown in the entire drawings will now be described and specific language will be used to describe it. Nevertheless, the scope of the present invention is not limited, and such changes and modifications of the illustrated apparatus are to be considered, and additional applications of the additional principles of the present invention as described herein are usually made by those skilled in the art. It should be understood that this is done.

Figure 1 shows the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, videophone streams and broadcast TV streams, while a thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless display having elements that can be produced by the display manufacturing method of the present invention. An example is shown. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a thin, light weight, flexible bright wireless display of the present invention showing simultaneous display of three received display signals. The wireless display uses a simple DSP and transceiver. It has a specific printed battery power source and a printed user input mechanism.

The thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless display of the present invention includes a flexible substrate to provide a support structure on which elements can be manufactured by a manufacturing method. As described in US Patent Application No. 10 / 234,302, referred to herein and co-owned with the name "A Thin, Lightweight, Flexible, Bright, Wireless Display," for transmitting display information to a single or multiple displays. Certain and efficient methods do not require such displays to have substantial onboard storage or processing power. According to this aspect of the invention, the energy drain, bulk, weight and cost normally associated with such devices are avoided, and the durability and convenience of this display is increased. In addition, as outlined in FIG. 1, multiple streams of display information may be received and displayed simultaneously. For example, broadcast video content, such as a television program, may be shown in a first portion of a display, and personal video content, such as a videophone, may be shown in a second portion, and may include a web containing mapped hyperlink content. The page may be shown in the third part. Most of the processing, networking, signal tuning, data storage, etc., to produce such a set of displayed content streams is not performed by the wireless display of the present invention. Other devices, such as a central computer, A / V or gateway device, perform these functions, allowing the display of the present invention to have very large mobility and simplicity.

1 shows the simultaneous display of mapped hyperlinked content, videophone streams and broadcast TV streams, while implementing a thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless display with elements that can be produced by the manufacturing method of the present invention. An example is shown. According to the present invention, a thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless display has elements that can be manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention. The present invention can obtain a pure color video display of low cost, flexibility and reliability. This wireless display can receive multiple display information signals and display simultaneous screens in a reconfigurable format. For example, relatively simple signal receiving and processing circuits, available from Texas Instruments, Inc., or Oxford Microdevices, Connet, Inc., may display multiple video and still image screens. The manufacturing method described herein and co-owned with the invention "Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronics Circuits and Displays" (see herein) allows the wireless display of the invention to be manufactured with low cost and with the advantages described herein. do. As will be explained in more detail, a flexible substrate provides a support structure on which elements are fabricated by fabrication methods. The display layer includes light emitting pixels that display information. The luminescent pixels are formed by printing or otherwise forming the pixel layer (s) of the luminescent conductive polymer. The electronic circuit layer controls the display information transmitted from the display signal generator, including signal transmission elements that transmit user input signals to the display signal generator. The signal receiving elements receive display information transmitted from the display signal generator. Display drive elements drive the display layer in accordance with the received display information. The user input layer receives user input and generates user input signals. The battery layer provides electrical energy to the electronic circuit layer, user input layer and display layer elements. The signal receiving elements are first radio frequency receiving elements for receiving a first display signal carried on a first radio frequency and a second display signal for receiving a second display signal having second display information carried on a second radio frequency. Radio frequency receiving elements. In this way, two or more simultaneously transmitted video displays can be displayed simultaneously. The display drive elements include signal processor elements, including signal processor elements that receive a first display signal and a second display signal to generate a display drive signal, the first display information at a first location on the display layer and the first on the display layer. The second display information of the two positions is displayed simultaneously. At least some of the elements in the battery, display, user input and electronic circuit layers are formed by printing an electroactive material to form circuit elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors, antennas, conductors and semiconductor devices. .

The thin, lightweight and flexible bright wireless displays of the present invention include OLAM fabrication as described herein. According to the present invention, the microcapsules 10 or particles are randomly dispersed in the monomer carrier fluid 12 which is injected or otherwise disposed between the two electrodes 14. In general, the term particle is referred to herein as particles of material or microcapsules 10 and vice versa. The microcapsules 10 may include additives that confer rheological and / or phoretic properties. The microcapsules 100 form chains between the electrodes 14 when a voltage is applied, while maintaining the voltage in the formed chains, the carrier fluid 12 polymerizes and the OLAM microcapsule chains between the electrodes 14. The OLAM pixels thus formed emit light (or detect and convert light into electricity) The problem of contamination of OLAM materials is a major factor limiting the display lifespan, which is a lever for commercial success. The inventive manufacturing method produces a moisture sensitive OLAM material protected by a microcapsule shell and a cured carrier 12. Pixel alignment is automated because the microcapsules are formed only between the electrodes 14. The pixel array structure also greatly limits crosstalk between the pixels and the optical properties of the cured monomers are controlled so that contrast, display This improves the brightness, transparency and the like.

Solar cell elements or layers can be used to "regenerate" the energy emitted by OLED emitters. Some emitted ambient light energy strikes solar cells to generate electricity. Along with a patent application entitled "Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronics Circuits and Displays", the inventions described herein and the above-referenced co-owned inventions, they are charged with sunlight (or even room ambient light) to produce pure color emission. It is possible to implement light weight, relatively inexpensive, dichroic newspapers (as described herein in Figure 1) that implement a video display.

2 illustrates particles of an OLED material dispersed in a carrier fluid 12 in accordance with the display manufacturing method of the present invention. Typical OLED organic stacks include a hole transport material layer and an electron transport material layer. In the prior art, these layers are formed by spin coating, vacuum deposition or ink jet printing. According to the present invention, the OELD material is provided as particles dispersed in the carrier 12 material. Carrier 12 material with dispersed particles is disposed between the electrodes 14. The potential applied to the electrodes 14 causes light emission to occur in the OLED particles. According to the present invention, the OLED phenomenon can be used to make general or special lighting devices, monochrome or color displays, stereoscopic vision aides, digital maps and newspapers, luxury vehicle windshields, etc. have. In addition, the particles may be organic photoactive materials (“OLAM ^™ ”) capable of generating a flow of electrons in response to light energy collisions. This phenomenon can be used to make photodetectors, cameras, solar cells, and the like. In this application, where appropriate, the term OLED may refer to a luminescent or photodetecting material construction.

Figure 3 illustrates a microcapsule 10 of the present invention consisting of an inner phase of OLAM material encapsulated within a polymer shell. In order to make the path of least resistance through the OLED material, the shell composition is chosen to be less conductive than the OLED material.

Figure 4 illustrates the electro-stable active microcapsules 10 of the present invention consisting of an inner phase of an OLED material encapsulated in a polymer shell. This shell consists of a material that can be oriented upon application of an electric field. The electrical properties of the shell allow the microcapsules 10 to be aligned in the desired shape in the fluid carrier 12 in response to an applied electric field.

FIG. 5 shows a microcapsule 10 of the invention consisting of a first microcapsule 10 comprising an OLED material and a magnetic material with a mixture of electrolyte and uncured monomers all encapsulated in a polymer shell. Magnetic properties of the magnetic material align the microcapsules 10 in the desired shape in the fluid carrier 12 in response to an applied magnetic field.

Figure 6 shows a microcapsule 10 of the present invention consisting of an interior image of an O LED material encapsulated within a double wall shell, each wall to impart desired electrical, optical, magnetic and / or mechanical properties to the microcapsule. Have a selected composition. According to the invention, the OLED particles comprise microcapsules 10. For example, microcapsules 10 comprise a shell and an inner phase made of a material selected according to the desired combination of electrical, mechanical, optical and magnetic properties. The inner phase and / or shell may comprise an OLED material. The inner phase and / or shell may also comprise field reactive material. According to the OLED manufacturing method and the desired OLED properties, the field reactive material may be an electrostatic material and / or a self reactive material. The microcapsules 10 may be effective in implementing the “self healing” performance of the fabricated OLED device. In this case, the microcapsules 10 include a composition that destroys the microcapsules 10 when electrical energy exceeding a threshold is applied to the microcapsules. A thermally meltable material that is heated when electrical energy above a threshold is applied can be included as a microcapsule shell. For example, if a particular microcapsule 10 is finally positioned to short between the electrodes 14 during use of the OLED device or if the microcapsule 10 is adjacent to dust particles or other inclusions, the low If such a short circuit occurs when applied between (14), energy exceeding a predetermined threshold is passed through the microcapsules 10 to destroy the capsule so that the short circuit is separated. By this arrangement, the microcapsules 10 are automatically removed from the conductive path of electrical energy in the case of a short circuit.

FIG. 7 shows a microcapsule 10 of the present invention consisting of an interior phase comprising a mixture of OLED materials with other components to tailor the electrical, optical, magnetic and / or mechanical properties of the microcapsules. Other components may be field reactive, such as magnetic or electro-stable reactive materials to impart orientation and alignment properties. Thermally expandable materials are included to provide microcapsules 10 with the ability to separate microcapsules 10 and burst or otherwise change shape or electrical properties in response to electrical shorts to overcome electrical shorts. Colorants such as dyes and colored particles are included to tune the light emitted from the microcapsules. Desiccant and / or scavenger materials are included to prevent contamination of the OLED material.

Figure 8 shows a microcapsule 10 of the present invention consisting of a first microcapsule 10 comprising an inner phase consisting of a corrosion barrier material and an OLED material, all encapsulated within a polymer shell. According to this aspect of the invention, the microcapsule shell and / or the inner phase may comprise a composition effective to provide a barrier to degradation of the OLED material. OLED microcapsules 10 are dispersed in carrier fluid 12. This carrier fluid 12 also provides a barrier to prevent penetration of materials that degrade the OLED material.

9 shows a microcapsule 10 of the present invention in a multi-walled microcapsule 10 structure, wherein the layers of barrier material are encapsulated in polymer shells onto the interior of the OLED material. As with the microcapsules 10 shown in FIG. 7, other components that are field reactive, such as magnetic or electro-stable reactive materials, are included within the shell of the microcapsules 10 to impart orientation alignment properties. Thermal expansion materials are included to provide microcapsules 10 with the ability to burst microcapsules 10 and burst in response to electrical shorts to overcome electrical shorts. Colorants such as dyes and colored particles are included to tune the light emitted from the microcapsules. Desiccant and / or scavenger materials are included to prevent contamination of the OLED material.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method of making an inkjet or other nozzle 36 that forms a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed within a photocurable monomer carrier 12. The OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in the uncured monomer carrier fluid 12 produce a film of OLED microcapsules 10 contained in the flexible cured monomer using inkjet printing techniques. Other nozzle fabrication techniques, such as inkjet type or slot-die, are used to form controlled OLED deposition, which includes a curable carrier 12. As described elsewhere herein, desiccant particles may be included in the carrier 12 to enhance protection of the OLED material.

FIG. 11 shows a layer of OLED microcapsules 10 fixed in a cured monomer barrier disposed between top electrode 14 and bottom electrode 14. The cured monomer and shell of the microcapsules 10 provide a barrier to prevent contamination from water and oxygen. The OLED device is constructed of suitably selected materials such that the carrier material 12 is relatively less conductive than the OLED particles, allowing the OLED particles to provide a path with less carrier material 12 electrical resistance. Thus, the potential applied to the electrodes 14 will pass through the carrier material 12 with some electrical conductivity and the OLED particles with relatively high electrical conductivity. In this way, the preferred path of conductivity is to pass through the OLED particles. Likewise, the shell of the OLED microcapsules 10 is relatively less conductive than the OLED material itself, allowing the OLED material to provide a path with less electrical resistance than the shell. Field-tension microcapsules 10 comprising an OLED material randomly dispersed within the monomer carrier fluid 12 are injected or otherwise disposed between the two electrodes 14. Microcapsules 10 may include additives that confer electrical or magnetic strain properties. When used for a pixilated display layer, the microcapsules 10 form chains between the electrodes 14 when an alignment field is applied. Keeping the alignment field in the formed chains, the carrier fluid 12 is polymerized and the OLED microcapsule chains are locked in the alignment between the electrodes 14.

The problem of contamination of OLED materials is a key factor in limiting the display lifetime, which is a lever for commercial success. The manufacturing method of the present invention produces a moisture and oxygen sensitive OLED material protected by a microcapsule shell and cured carrier 12 and the pixel alignment is automated because the microcapsules are only between the electrodes 14 or This is because the alignment field is formed where it is applied. The pixel array structure also greatly limits crosstalk between pixels and the optical properties of the cured carrier 12 are controlled to improve contrast, display brightness, transparency, and the like. OLED particles in carrier 12 disposed between two or more electrodes 14 are used to produce rolls-to-roll sheets of displays or lights, used as “filaments” in bulbs, solar cells, solar It can be used to form cell housing shingles, light detectors, cameras, vision aids, head-up display windshields, and the like. This OLAM configuration can even be formed as fibers for light emitting floors, wall coverings, special lighting, clothes, shoes, building materials, furniture, and the like. The OLAM material may be injection molded or otherwise formed using known polymer manufacturing methods.

FIG. 12 illustrates sealed manufacturing stations 22 forming a barrier protected OLED microcapsule display layer. Microcapsules 10 are dispersed in carrier fluid 12. The upper and lower plates 16 control the strength of the attraction towards and / or between the flexible substrate 24 and the sheet electrode 14. The seal 18 uses a vacuum airlock to block water and air. Curing station 20 cures carrier fluid 12 with a flexible water and oxygen barrier. The microcapsules 10 may be for forming emitters, detectors, and various electronic circuit elements (as described in the referenced co-owned application). The microcapsules 10 may also be used in other machines (structure, expansion, meltability, drying, etc.), optics (reflection, diffusion, opacity, coloring, etc.), electricity (conductivity, resistance, semiconductivity, insulation, etc.) It may be to add. The upper and lower plates 16s are controlled to vary the attraction and / or alignment field and to create controlled accumulations and alignments of the microcapsules 10. The viscosity of the fluid is also controlled to control the accumulations of the microcapsules 10 (for three-dimensional configuration, controlling the diffusion of pixels, etc.). As an example, it may be desirable to lower the viscosity of the carrier fluid 12 with a low stirrer. For example, there may be two simultaneously applied alignment fields, magnetic and static. Mixing of the microcapsules 10 (eg, magnetically conductive OLED microcapsules 10 and electrically-stable conductive insulators to create a more controllable minimum resistance path) can be dispersed.

Figure 13 illustrates a display manufacturing line of the present invention using modular printers to form various layers of a thin, lightweight and flexible wireless display. The display manufacturing line uses a mix of different manufacturing stations 22. Examples of manufacturing stations 22 are US patents in which the name of the co-owned invention is entitled “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronics Circuits and Displays”. It may be found in Application 10/234, 301. The various layers of the display include battery, electronic circuitry, user input and display layers, and are formed at different manufacturing stations 22. According to the present invention, manufacturing stations 22 are provided which form an OLED light emitting device. The upper electrode 14 and the lower electrode 14 define a gap between them. Field reactive OLED particles disposed within the gap are randomly dispersed within the fluid carrier 12. Depending on the device being manufactured, an alignment field is applied between the upper electrode 14 and the lower electrode 14 to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier 12 between the upper electrode 14 and the lower electrode 14. do. Carrier 12 comprises a curable material, such as a photocurable liquid monomer. The carrier 12 is cured to form a cured carrier 12 to maintain the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier 12. OLED particles include bipolar OLED microcapsules 10 or include other OLED-based structures capable of forming chains between electrodes 14.

Depending on the quality of the barrier produced by the manufacturing method of the present invention, additional barrier layers other than the substrates 24 may be provided since the cured carrier 12 and microcapsule shells allow the OLED material to be protected from water vapor and oxygen. 30) may not be necessary. Alternatively, additional barrier layers 30, including monomer, polymer, ceramic, or thin metal layers, may be included in this structure as required to protect the OLED material from contamination. Each color layer can be preconfigured by a manufacturing method. The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 may also be used to fabricate the OLED microcapsule 10 structure. In this case, the substrate 24 and the grid of pixel electrodes 14 become integral parts of the finished OLED device. In addition, the electric field generated by applying a voltage to the electrodes 14 can be used to align the OLED microcapsules 10 in chains as shown elsewhere herein. The mechanism for this alignment is similar to the phenomenon that allows electro-fluidic fluids to form chains in the carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED microcapsules 10 or the OLED particles themselves comprise suitable material components to effect the electro-rheological effect. In addition or alternatively, the magnetic material may be used in a magnetic field applied as an alignment field. Light emitted from the OLED material when activated by an applied voltage can be used to cure the monomer surrounding the microcapsules 10. Thus, a voltage applied to the electrodes 14 during device fabrication is used to orient the pixel and simultaneously cure the barrier material.

Fig. 14 shows the structure of a very large OLED microcapsule 10 formed in accordance with the OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention. The pixels are controlled to be spaced apart as needed to size microcapsules 10. Conductive shells have semi-insulating or semi-conductive electrical properties. Insulators or semiconductor shells create a preferred path for electron transfer. By controlling the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the path may be more preferably passed through the OLED material.

Fig. 15 shows a chain structure of OLED microcapsules 10 formed according to the OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention. The chains of microcapsules 10 are cased in a somewhat opaque cured carrier 12 to produce more concentrated columns of light and confined pixels, or the carrier 12 is an optical diffusing layer (OLED device of the invention Creating a mixture of light from adjacent pixels) due to electrical crosstalk between pixels reduced or eliminated by the structure. Depending on the desired optical qualities of the fabricated OLED device, the carrier material is chosen to have optical properties that are transmission, diffusion, absorption and / or reflection for light energy during use of the OLED device. During the curing process of the carrier, it is selectively cured to transmit more light through the volume between the upper and lower electrodes and to transmit less or absorb more light through the volume that is not present between the electrodes. By this arrangement, the contrast of the display is improved and ambient light is absorbed rather than reflected from the display to reduce glare. In addition, depending on the composition of the carrier material and the property enhancing material included in the material, selective curing of the carrier fluid may control the conduction of electrical energy passing therethrough. In this way, the volume between the pixels is controlled to be less conductive than the volume between the upper and lower electrodes of each pixel. This mechanism further reduces crosstalk between pixels. According to the invention, the OLED device comprises a first electrode 14 and a second electrode 14. The second electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first electrode 14 to define a gap between them. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier material 12, which material is disposed in the gap. When a potential is applied to the electrodes 14, electrical energy passes through the carrier material 12 to raise the energy state of the OLED particles to emit light. Typical OLEDs include an OLED component that is a hole transport material and an OLED component that is an electron transport material. According to the formation of the microcapsules 10 of the present invention, the shell comprises an OLED component material which is either a hole transporting material or an electron transporting material and the inner phase of the microcapsules 10 is another hole transporting material or an electron transporting material. OLED component materials. Depending on the desired optical qualities of the fabricated OLED device, the carrier 12 material is selected to have optical properties that are transmission, diffusion, absorption and reflection for light energy during use of the OLED device and / or specific light wavelengths. It has such optical properties that are tuned to.

Figure 16 illustrates a pure color OLED display formed according to the OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention. Microcapsule / particle preparation of the present invention is used to produce a pure color emitting display. The pixels are controlled to be spaced microcapsules / particle size as needed. The conductive shell can be semiconductive, conductive or insulative throughout the shell. This composition creates the desired path for electron transfer. By controlling the conductivity of the cured carrier fluid 12, the path can be made more desirable. The OLED device of the present invention comprises a first OLED pixel layer consisting of a first layer electrode 14. The second layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first layer electrode 14. The first layer gap is defined between the electrodes 14. OLED particles are dispersed in the carrier 12 and included in the first layer gap. One or more subsequent OLED pixel layers are formed over the first OLED pixel layer. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer comprises a first subsequent layer electrode 14. The second subsequent layer electrode 14 is disposed adjacent to the first subsequent layer electrode 14 to define a second layer gap between them. OLED particles in the carrier material 12 are disposed between the electrodes 14. To achieve a pure color OLED display, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the first wavelength range in response to the driving voltage applied to the first layer electrode 14 and the second layer electrode 14. Each subsequent OLED pixel layer may emit light of a different wavelength range in response to a drive voltage applied to each electrode pair to form an RGB color display.

Figure 17 illustrates a layer of conductive microcapsules 10 forming an electrode layer in accordance with the device fabrication method of the present invention. The configuration of the microcapsule layers can occur in successive manufacturing steps. Conductor 26 may be microencapsulated or may be just a field attraction material. For example, the ferrous metal powder is magnetically attracted to form one or more conductors. OLED microcapsules 10 may be electrostatic or magnetic attraction. The carrier substrate 24 must pass through the applied field, and a second, more rigid substrate can be added later, or barrier layers can be formed as needed. The carrier fluid 12 becomes heat or light curable by the energy emitted from the curing source 28 to properly lock the microcapsules 10. Alternatively, the carrier fluid 12 may be a plastic material that may be injection molded, or may be a multi-part mixture, such as an epoxy, conductive powder or hardener.

18 illustrates formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed on an electrode layer. Conductive pixels are etched with a magneto-optical or photoelectric coating to improve resolution. If not, the position of the pixel to be activated can be controlled by light or laser pulses or other mechanism. The photocurable polymer captures microcapsules 10 that are cured and attracted to a desired depth and are locked, for example in a microcapsule chain having a desired length.

Figure 19 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains formed between the upper and lower electrode layers. The electrodes 14 may be formed in prefabrication steps and attracted by a mechanism other than the mechanism for orienting the OLED particles.

20 illustrates the formation of OLED microcapsule chains in a cured carrier 912 to form a corrosion and / or contamination barrier. The substrate 24 onto which the microcapsules 10 are printed is a multi-layered composition of polymers, cured monomers, ceramics, and fibers, which, like glass, resists the corrosion of OLEDs (microcapsule shells and cured carrier fluids 12). Create a durable flexible substrate 24 that is a barrier to the conductors 26. The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 can also be used to apply an alignment field used to fabricate an OLED microcapsule structure.

Fig. 21 shows a pure color display formed according to the OLED device manufacturing method of the present invention. According to the quality of the barrier produced by the manufacturing method of the present invention, the substrates 24 and other additional barrier layers 30 because the cured carrier 12 and microcapsule shells protect the OLED material from water vapor and oxygen. May not be required. Alternatively, additional barrier layers 30, including monomers, polymers, ceramics, fibers, desiccants, getters, scavengers and / or thin metal layers, are included in this structure as needed to protect the OLED material from contamination. . Each color layer can be made in advance by a manufacturing station. The conductors 26 that make up the pixel electrodes 14 can also be used to fabricate an OLED microcapsule structure. In this case, the substrate 24 and the pixel electrode grid become integral parts of the finished OLED device. The electric field generated by applying a voltage to the electrodes 14 can be used to align the OLED microcapsules 10 in the chains as shown elsewhere herein. The mechanism for this alignment is similar to the phenomenon that allows electro- rheological particles to form chains in the carrier fluid 12. In this case, the OLED microcapsules 10 or the OLED particles themselves comprise suitable material components that effect the rheological or electrophoretic effect (ie the movement of the OLED particles within the carrier). In addition or alternatively, the magnetic material may be used in a magnetic field applied as an alignment field. Light emitted from the OLED material when activated by an applied drive voltage can be used to cure the monomer surrounding the microcapsules 10. Thus, a voltage applied to the electrodes 14 during device fabrication is used to orient the pixel and simultaneously cure the barrier material.

22-27 illustrate steps for forming an OLED device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 22 shows step 1 of an embodiment of an OLED device manufacturing method. Step 1: Providing Upper and Lower Flexible Substrates. Step 2: providing barrier layers 30 to the upper and lower fusible substrates 24 (FIG. 23). Step 3: Forming the top and bottom electrodes 14 on the barrier layer 30 (FIG. 24). Step 4: Filling the voids between the upper and lower electrodes 14 with OLED microcapsules 10 dispersed in the uncured carrier fluid 12 (FIG. 25). Step 5: Applying potential to the electrodes 14 to organize the OLED microcapsules and / or particles 10 in chains (FIG. 26). Step 6: Curing carrier 12 to lock OLED microcapsule chains between electrodes 14 to form pixels (FIG. 27). The composition of the OLED particles is selected such that the properties of the OLED particles include electrical or magnetic rheology or phoretic properties. This rheological or electrophoretic property is efficient for orienting and / or moving the OLED particles in an applied alignment field.

FIG. 28 shows self-reactive OLED microcapsules 10 forming capacitor OLED microcapsules 10 with alignment fields from turned off alignment field 32. OLED microcapsules 10 are formed to have capacitor performance. The OLED material internal phase is encapsulated in the first shell. The electrolyte surrounds the first shell and the second shell surrounds the first shell and the electrolyte. The OLED material internal phase comprises a field reactive material. The first reactive material includes at least one of a magnetically reactive material and an electrically reactive material that is effective to orient the OLED microcapsules 10 in an alignment field applied from the alignment field source 32. By this construction, OLED materials such as magnetic materials and field attraction materials are microencapsulated within the electrically conductive shell to form an OLED / Mag inner core. The OLED / Mag inner core is an electrolyte and photocurable monomer in a second electrically conductive shell. Microencapsulated with a mixture of liquids. The microcapsule shell material is chosen to have an appropriate breakdown voltage that conducts charge. The microcapsules 10 act as capacitor elements, for example charged with a charging voltage. Thereafter, a trigger voltage is applied when causing the OLED pixel to emit light.

28-30 illustrate the formation of OLED / capacitor microcapsules. OLED materials, such as magnetic materials, and field attraction materials are microencapsulated in an electrically conductive shell, forming an OLED / Mag core. The OLED / Mag core is microencapsulated in a second electrically conductive shell with a mixture of electrolyte and photocurable monomer liquid phase. The microcapsule shell material is chosen to have an appropriate breakdown voltage that conducts charge. FIG. 29 shows a magnetically reactive OLED microcapsule 10 forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 with a self-aligned field tuned on an uncured electrolyte mixture. 30 shows a self reactive OLED microcapsule 10 forming a capacitor OLED microcapsule 10 with a self-aligned field tuned on a cured electrolyte mixture. According to this composition of the OLED microcapsules, the inner phase comprises an OLED material and a magnetically reactive material disposed in the first shell. The electrolyte and the curable fluid material surround the first shell. The second shell encapsulates the first shell, the electrolyte and the curable material. In response to the applied magnetic field, the position of the first shell can be changed relative to the second shell. Upon curing the curable material, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is appropriately locked. This microcapsule 10 structure can be used to form capacitors / OLED microcapsules 10 that can be particularly efficient for use in passive matrix displays. Typically, passive matrix displays are driven with relatively high drive energy, concentrating the emission of light by the drive pixels. This intensity overcomes the short drive time of the pixel (as compared to the more controllable active matrix backside). This passive matrix drive method shortens the display lifespan, increases power consumption and lowers display quality. When a charging voltage is applied (eg during a charge scan of a passive matrix OLED display grid), the capacitor elements of the microcapsules 10 store the applied electrical energy. The charge voltage is controllably applied at selected pixels and multiple scans to vary the charge stored in the microcapsules 10 associated with each pixel. When a trigger voltage is applied (during display write scan), the OLED material emits light in response to the trigger voltage and in accordance with the stored charge. Due to the proper selection of the microcapsule 10 materials, an RC circuit is formed to provide increased and more controlled luminous time and intensity to the OLED pixel.

Figure 31 shows a pixel consisting of a chain of capacitor OLED microcapsules charged by a charging voltage. Figure 32 shows a pixel consisting of a chain of capacitor OLED microcapsules triggered to emit light by the trigger voltage. The trigger voltage is then applied when the OLED pixel emits light. Alternatively, the charging voltage only emits light, but the RC circuit characteristics of the OLED microcapsules produce longer emission pulses than the voltage charging pulses, further increasing the quality of the passive matrix displayed image.

33 shows OLED microcapsules 10 that are fluid but randomly dispersed within a curable carrier fluid 12. First electrode 14 and second electrode 14 are provided to define a gap between them. Field reactive OLED particles in this gap are randomly dispersed in the fluid carrier 12. The electrodes 14 may be performed on a substrate such as glass. Alternatively, one or two grids of electrodes 14 are performed on soluble carrier 12 to effect roll-to-roll manufacturing. The manufacturing technique of the present invention overcomes the last obstacles and spreads the commercialization of OLED devices. In the first step of the manufacturing method of the present invention, a mixture of OLED particles randomly dispersed in the fluid conductive carrier is disposed between the grid of x and the y electrodes. These electrodes are pre-patterned on the upper and lower substrates (e.g., shown in Figures 13, 107 and 108). This substrate is a flexible polymer. Because of the barrier qualities of the carrier, elaborate encapsulation layers are not needed.

34 illustrates OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied alignment field formed in uncured carrier fluid 12. Upon application of the alignment field, the OLED field-reactive material is oriented along the field lines and forms chains in the stop-fluid carrier 12 (similar to the electrical rheological fluid mechanism). The subsequent step is to selectively apply an alignment field to the volume between the x- and y-electrodes. The randomly dispersed particles are oriented and moved under the influence of the alignment field to form pixels of the aligned OLED particles. It is desirable that there are no particles in the spaces between the pixels. The composition of the carrier and the particles is selected such that the path of the desired electrical conductivity passes through the aligned particles. This structure makes the use of OLED materials most efficient and eliminates crosstalk between display pixels.

35 shows OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied alignment field where alignment is maintained in the cured carrier 12. When the alignment field is still applied, the carrier 12 is cured (using light or heat, for example) to form a solid phase to lock the chains of OLED field-reactive material into position. By appropriate selection of the carrier 12 material, the OLEDs are activated to generate cured light, simplifying the manufacturing process. Alternatively, a light source 28, such as a laser or other light emitter, can be used to controllably apply cured light. The alignment field maintains the position of the particles while the carrier cures. The carrier is changed from the fluid monomer to the cured crosslinked polymer by applying ultraviolet light. Formation and maintenance of ultrathin layers of organic material is not required. The gap between the x- and y-electrodes is much wider, avoiding many problems with current state-of-the-art OLED fabrication methods. The resulting display structure is flexible, solid and very robust.

FIG. 36 shows the structure of the OLED microcapsules 10 shown in FIG. 35 along with the light emitted from the OLED microcapsule chains and the driving voltage applied. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes 14, the OLED chain performs hole and electron transfer, raising the energy state of the OLED material to generate light. The finished display includes point sources of light emission (aligned particles) in the solid state protection matrix (cured carrier). The resulting device structure is impermeable to water and oxygen. A much wider gap between the electrodes greatly reduces the problem of dust and particle contamination. If a short circuit occurs between the electrodes, the diatom is self-healed by automatically separating the short without losing pixels. During fabrication, pixel electrode alignment occurs automatically and precisely. Very high resolution, pure color, large-sized video displays can be obtained. Crosstalk between pixels is eliminated and does not require any sophisticated device encapsulation. The manufacturing process of the present invention can be easily adapted to roll-to-roll processing on flexible plastic substrates using well established polymer film manufacturing methods.

37 shows a method of forming an OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. The hole transport material and the electron transport material combine to form stable particles. Figure 37 illustrates the formation of OLED particles. The hole transport material with positive net charge and the electron transport material with negative net charge are both mixed in the liquid such that the opposite polarities of the particles create attractive forces, resulting in electrically stable particles. OLED particles are formed by providing a first particle made of a hole transport material having a negative net charge. The second particle is provided comprising an electron transport material having a negative net charge. The hole transporting particles and the electron transporting particles are both moved and combined in the liquid to form integrated OLED particles having a hole transporting layer and an electron transporting layer to form a heterojunction therebetween.

38 illustrates a method of forming encapsulated OLED particles. The hole transport material and the electron transport material can be combined with the single particles by ejecting the component particles towards each other. Positive and negative charges are attracted to form electrically neutral bipolar particles. These particles are coated or left uncoated with an encapsulation shell.

39-41 illustrate steps for forming a multilayered OLED particle. In this case, as shown in FIG. 39, individual particles of the electron transporting material are given negative net charge by the charging source 34 and ejected from the nozzle 36. The particles of blocking material are imparted with a negative electrostatic charge and are ejected from the second nozzle 36 towards the stream of electron transport material particles. Field applying electrodes 38 are provided to orient each charged particle so that they are all joined to form an electrically neutral bilayer particle. Field application electrodes 38 may also be useful to attract and remove charged particles that do not bind bilayer particles from the bonded particle stream. In a similar manner, bilayer hole transport and photoactive layer particles are ejected and oriented with induced charges to bind to bilayer particles comprising a hole transport material and a photoactive material. As shown in FIG. 41, two bilayer particles are imparted with opposite charges and are evident toward each other from the nozzle 36 where they are combined to form a finished multi-layered OLED particle. The amount of charge generated in the particles is controlled to adjust the alignment of the attracted components. The number of layers and their order can also be controlled as needed.

OELD particles include layered organic particles, which include a hole transport layer and an electron emitter layer. Heterojunctions are formed at the interface between the hole transport layer and the electron emitter layer. Each layered organic particle also includes an emissive blocking layer, which is an electron emitter layer, and an emitting layer adjacent to the hole transport layer, thereby forming a written organic layered structure. A blocking layer is provided to facilitate the proper flow of electrons and holes, and an emitting layer is provided to facilitate the emission of photons when the energy state of the OLED particles is raised.

40 shows a second step of forming multi-layered OLED particles. The amount of charge generated in the particles is controlled to adjust the alignment of the drawn traces. Figure 41 shows a third step of forming a multilayered OLED particle. The relatively weak attraction field maintains proper alignment of the layered particles without attaching the particles to the electrodes 14. ETL sides that are relatively more negatively attracted are positively attracted. More positive charges are directed at one end, the total positive net charge is on the HTL / EML layered particles, and more negative charges are directed at the other end, and the overall negative net charge is on the HTL / EML layered particles do. Due to the proper selection of the component materials, the electrical properties of the HTL and ETL materials must be efficient to allow a greater degree of induced charge to be generated at the ends of the layered particles.

 OLED particles may comprise bipolar OLED microcapsules. The OLED particles are formed in steps of providing a first particle made of a hole transport material. The hole transport material has a first net charge. The second particles made of the electron transporting material are provided with a second net charge. The first charge is opposite in polarity to the second charge. Both the first and second particles are moved to form integrated OLED particles having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer to form a heterojunction therebetween. The first particle may further comprise a photon active layer. This photon active layer may be a light emitting layer or a light receiving layer, in which case the OLED forms a light emitting device or a photodetecting layer.

Figure 42 schematically illustrates a pure color OLED display having a dichroic display layer constructed in accordance with the present invention that improves display contrast, power efficiency and provides display viewing in bright sunlight. The dichroic display layer can be formed using, for example, a conventional LCD pixylated light modulator layer. In addition, the dichroic display layer can be made of dichroic microcapsules that can be oriented to reflect or absorb colliding light using an alignment field. Microcapsules 40 may be electrophoretic and may be oriented using an applied electric field. In this case, the electrophoretic microcapsules 40 react electrically. Alternatively, according to the present invention, dichroic microcapsules can react magnetically. In this case, the microcapsules are configured to have a north stimulus and a south stimulus, with each pole associated with each color of the bicolor microcapsules (eg reflection / absorption). A configuration similar to the capacitor / OLED microcapsules shown in FIGS. 28-32 is used to produce microcapsules that can be controllably oriented in the applied magnetic field. The dichroic display layer provides other display enhancement effects as well as light reflecting displays for use in bright sunlight and other suitable ambient light conditions. The dichroic pixel layer can be formed adjacent to the final subsequent OLED pixel layer. The dichroic pixel layer becomes a display that can be viewed with improved contrast in direct ambient sunlight as well as indoor ambient lighting conditions. In addition, additional subsequent OLED pixel layers are provided to emit light in an additional column range having a color and / or light intensity that is different from the color and / or light intensity of the other OLED pixel layers.

In order to control the reflection of the light emitted from the OLED RGB pixels in the automatic mode, the OLED brightness and reflection / absorption dichroic microcapsules 40 are automatically controlled to optimize power consumption and display quality. Photodetectors are used to determine the level of ambient light to adjust the reflection / absorption / image display capabilities of the present invention. In addition, the OLED device of the present invention can be configured to detect light impinging on the pixel grid formed according to the present invention. In this case, the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit electrical energy in response to the reception of photons and apply electrical energy to the first and second layer electrodes 14 as detectable signals. In addition, black and white and / or pure color CCD-type cameras can be formed by tuning the wavelength range in which subsequent layers of OLED pixels become photoreactive. Photodetectors are used to determine when to use dichroic display elements. If the dichroic pixels (eg, dichroic microcapsules 40) are tuned to the reflective side, the OLED emission will be reflected and more light will be emitted from the display. Tuned to the absorption side, a better display contrast can be obtained. When the OLED layers are turned off, the dichroic pixels become reflective (or two color) displays for use in bright light or energy saving conditions. This driving method only requires very low power to change the orientation by applying power to the pixels, and this state is maintained until power is applied again. For applications such as shell phones, the performance of viewing the display in bright light is an important consideration. When the phone is in bright sunlight, dichroic display elements are used and the OLEDs are off to become transparent (this display can be reflected and monochromatic (eg, black and white displays) or pure color). When the phone is in room or in low ambient light, emitting pixels are used (color display). As an example of how a dichroic display layer improves the display of the invention, typically under ambient light (indoor, office lighting), the dichroic microcapsules 40 are oriented to absorb the reflection of the ambient light to reduce the contrast of the display. Can be improved.

In low ambient light (airplane, vehicle, dusk), the dichroic display elements are tuned and oriented to reflect the OLED emission, allowing the OLED display elements to be driven with low energy consumption. Dichroic display elements are automatically oriented and controlled to save power and improve contrast. Light filters and side / side pixels are mixed with the display stack to produce various display options. In addition, IR and other emitters and detectors may also be included to generate "invisible" maps that can only be read with night vision aids. Other display possibilities include windshields that automatically block high light sources such as the sun and incoming high beams, goggles that enhance vision, provide night vision, and include telescopic and stereoscopic capabilities.

Figure 43 schematically illustrates the pure color OLED display shown in Figure 42 with dichroic pixels oriented to reflect the emitted OLED light. When the dichroic image elements are reflectors (the reflective side of the sphere is oriented to face towards the emitting side of the display), the light emitted from the OLED elements is reflected for use in forming the display image. The orientation of the dichroic image elements can be automatically controlled in accordance with the ambient light detected by the photodetector.

FIG. 44 schematically illustrates the pure color OLED display shown in FIG. 42 showing the relative intensity of reflected light according to dichroic pixel orientations. The orientation of the dichroic pixel elements of each pixel stack determines the contrast, ambient and emitted light reflectance.

FIG. 45 illustrates self-active OLED microcapsules 10 that are randomly dispersed in a fluid but curable carrier fluid 12 with desiccant particles. Carrier fluid 12 may include, for example, conductive elements, carbon or powdered iron. The carrier fluid 12 is selected to have appropriate electrical properties, such that the path of least electrical resistance in the finished display device passes through the OLED material rather than through the carrier 12. Thus, the carrier fluid 12 may have a semiconductive composition. Desiccant and / or scavenger particles 42 are included in the carrier fluid 12 to improve protection against contamination. Desiccants may be, for example, particles based on fine powdered silica and certain oxygen scavenger materials may also be included to further enhance the protection of OLAM and other components. Examples of oxygen scavenger materials include dimethylpropanolamine, diethylaminoethanol, cyclohexylamine, nn-diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, other amines Or other suitable material composition. The specific scavenger material is chosen according to other components in the device to optimize efficiency while taking into consideration factors such as device optical, electrical and mechanical properties. This desiccant / scavenger may be included on the inside of the shell and / or OLAM microcapsules depending on the microcapsule composition.

Figure 46 illustrates magnetically active OLED microcapsule chains aligned in a magnetic alignment field applied in an uncured carrier fluid. The applied magnetic field can be obtained by permanent magnets moved to position relative to the display electrodes or by electromagnets controlled to apply the magnetic field required to generate the desired microcapsule alignment and orientation.

FIG. 47 illustrates self-active OLED microcapsule chains aligned in an applied magnetic alignment field held in position in the cured carrier 12. Carrier fluid 12 may comprise a conductive element, for example carbon. Desiccant (water and / or oxygen scavenger) particles 42 are included in the carrier fluid 12 to improve protection against contamination.

Figure 48 illustrates a self-active OLED microcapsule structure with light emitted from OLED microcapsule chains in response to a drive voltage applied to the electrodes. Figure 49 schematically shows a pure color OLED display with high intensity visible light display layers and an infrared display layer.

50 shows an OLED display layer and a liquid crystal light modulation layer 44. The liquid crystal light modulation layer 44 can be used as the dichroic display layer described above. The liquid crystal light modulation layer 44 may also provide a selectively reflective performance for the display of the present invention. Due to this performance, the light shielding windshield described in connection with Figs. 57 and 58 is obtained. In addition, the transparently formed window, when needed, can be switched to be an emitting display, optionally blocking light and becoming a bicolor or reflective display.

Fig. 51 shows the OLED display of the present invention made of a thin film of organic material with photodetecting elements. Photodetector elements can be included in each pixel stack or placed in different resolution charts. Ambient light received by the photodetectors, whether sunlight, lamp light or light, is used to control the optical properties of the OLED pixels associated with each photodetector. This configuration can be used for microcapsule-based manufacturing or any other display configurations. This implements features such as windshields that block high light sources, such as the bright sun, overhead street lamps, or headlights from another vehicle (eg using LCD-type shutters). OLED solar cell elements or pixel layers can be used to "regenerate" the energy emitted by OLED emitters. Some of the emitted light energy impinges on the solar cells to generate light. Along with the sheet batteries described in the inventions described herein and in the patents referred to above as the co-owned inventions referred to as “Printer and Method for Manufacturing Electronics Circuits and Displays”, it is referred to as sunlight (or even room ambient light). Lightweight, relatively inexpensive dichroic newspapers (such as those described herein in FIG. 1) can be recharged to run pure color emitting video displays or still images.

FIG. 52 illustrates OLED microcapsules 10 that are somewhat less conductive than OLED materials in which the shell is encapsulated. This shell has a somewhat higher resistance than the OLED material, preventing current from flowing around the shell. The particles may be organic or inorganic, wherein chips of LED material are oriented in combination with other materials as described herein with respect to the OLAM materials as needed.

53 shows an OLED microcapsule 10 in which an OLED material is encapsulated with an electrolyte. The hole transport material comprises a shell, and the shell around the MAG is insulated so that the magnetic material is undesiredly affected by the electrical action of the microcapsules. The OLED material is included in the electrolyte solution, and the electron carriers in the electrolyte can be controlled according to the required specification of the microcapsules 10. For example, the microcapsules 10 charge transport conditions of the electrolyte can be tailored to match the electrical flow for a particular OLED component material. Thus, the microcapsules 10 are formulated empirically or otherwise based on the determined properties of a particular equation or even a specific batch of OLAM. Other additional materials may be included in the interior or shell of the microcapsules or added to the carrier material, or may be included as other microcapsules 10 in the carrier 12. For example, phosphorescent OLED microcapsules 10 may require different applied electrical energy generating light. Light of a particular wavelength, for example infrared light, can trigger OLED emission at other wavelengths. In this case, other materials such as OLAM or inorganic semiconductors are included to generate electricity in response to IR light. The electricity generated is used to emit light of different wavelengths by the OLED pixel layers. Alternatively, light of other wavelengths may be generated by particles having a fluorescence or phosphorescence phenomenon. This capability can be implemented on a map, which can be read, for example, with infrared glare (keeping the stealth advantage while avoiding the need for map readers to have night vision, as if the map emits IR). have.

54 shows an OLED microcapsule 10 in which an OLED material and a hole transporting material are included in a solution in a conductive shell. This configuration can be driven with either AC or DC current. OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating the internal phase in a shell. The inner phase or shell comprises an OLED material and either the inner phase or shell comprises a field reactive material. Field reactive materials include one or both of electrostatic or magnetically reactive materials. According to another composition of the microcapsules of the invention, the inner phase comprises an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material dispersed in a solution. Color dyes may also be included in the inner phase. The solvent may be a fluid or an organic solvent. In order to provide the alignment capabilities of the microcapsules 10, either the inner phase or the shell may comprise a field reactive component.

FIG. 55 shows the OLED microcapsules 10 shown in FIG. 54 including a magnetically active material. The magnetic material is included as discrete microcapsules 10 having an electrically insulating shell contained within the inner phase of the second conductive shell encapsulating a solution of the OLED material (electron transport material and hole transport material). The electrically insulated magnetic material performs microcapsule alignment in the magnetic field without causing electrical shorts in the microcapsules. OLED microcapsules 10 may be formed of a major transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a color material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a desiccant material, a scavenger material, a colorant material, a photocurable, thermally expandable heat It may have component portions that include at least one of shrinkage, thermoset and heat meltable materials. The component parts of the microcapsules 10 form at least one inner phase and one or more shells. The component parts are chosen to have electrical properties that produce the desired conduction path (or electron and hole mobility) through the hole transport material and the hypoallergenic material. By this configuration, the microcapsules 10 act as pn junctions when an electric potential is applied to the first electrode 14 and the first electrode 14.

FIG. 56 shows the OLED microcapsules 10 shown in FIG. 54 used to make an OLED device that is a general illumination or display backlighting. For general lighting purposes, the OLED and hole transport material can be microencapsulated in solvent form. These microcapsules 10 are randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier 12 material, for example a conductive epoxy mixture. Microcapsules 10 may be disposed between two planar electrodes 14. The "self-healing" capabilities described herein are used to correct electrical shorts between the planar electrodes 14.

Fig. 57 illustrates a transparent flexible OLED display manufactured for use as part of a vehicle windshield. Liquid crystal (or other) light modulation grids may also be included. The light modulation grid is used to provide a shutter to block high intensity light sources 28, such as headlights entering the sun or above. Photodetector elements, which may be included in the windshield in grid form and / or in another arrangement, such as an array, detect when the light source 28 is at a higher intensity than ambient light. At the position of the detected high intensity light source 28, the light is shuttered (e.g., the liquid crystal in a particular pixel is oriented to block incoming light). IR cameras of radar systems, other object detection systems, can be used to determine when an object is on the road, such as a deer, a pedestrian or a person. When such an object is detected, an image or some indication of the object is generated in an OLED display at a location on the windshield corresponding to where the object is observed by the driver. Information such as speed, radio channel, incoming cell phone call number, etc. can be displayed by the OLED display as a head-up display message. Generates a potential. This potential (amplified if necessary) is efficient to orient the structures to selectively block light. This mechanism can also be used to create Fresnel-type lens systems (creating curvature (focus performance)) of received optical images using essentially flat optical elements.

58 is a block diagram illustrating basic elements of a driver display system using an OLED display. The controller controls the display grid to receive input from the photodetector grid. The display driver drives the display grid in response to a photodetector grid, IR cameras and / or other detection systems such as radar, sonar, ultrasound, and the like under the control of a controller.

59 shows an OLED light emitting element. The OLED device may be constructed from sheets of OLED organic material stacks 46 and formed on glass or plastic substrates 24 and cut to size. The electrode leads can be fixed and fixed to the cut OLED stack 46 and placed in a vacuum or inert gas filled bulb. These bulbs may be solid and transparent or may diffuse light, and form a light bulb that is robust and solid and different from the applications in which conventional LEDs may be used.

Fig. 60 shows an OLED light emitting device having a conventional light bulb form factor. OLED light is manufactured in the same form factor as conventional bulbs, allowing for easy installation in existing light sockets. The orientation of the organic stack 46, reflective electrode and transparent electrode allows light to be projected out of the bulb. The array of devices can be configured such that light is emitted in an omnidirectional or oriented manner. The OLED device may be constructed from sheets of OLED light stacks 46 and formed on glass or plastic substrates 24 and cut to size. The electrode leads can be secured to the cut light stack and placed in a vacuum or inert gas filled bulb. The threaded portion of the bulb includes ac to dc conversion circuitry so that conventional sockets, lampshadeds, etc., already present in the home or office can still be used. Alternatively, another form factor may be used, such as holiday lighting, rope lighting, and the like. The cut OLED light stack can be shaped as square, long thin, etc. as desired. In addition, the same basic structure can be used to make OLED light in conventional LED packages.

Fig. 61 shows an OLED device manufactured using light emitting layers and photodetecting layers. The OLED display device can comprise layers of light emitting pixels and layers of light detection pixels. Photodetecting pixels can be used to detect ambient light and control the intensity of the light emitting pixels. Like some of the other device configurations described herein, the formation of OLED pixel layers may be used to form the microcapsules of the present invention and / or inkjet, spin coating, vacuum deposition, evaporation, etc. to form the OLED organic stack 46. It can be done using a combination with other manufacturing methods.

62 shows stereoscopic goggles with OLED display device elements 48. Photodetecting pixels may be formed to execute a camera included in OLED display device elements 48. Camera optics may include lenses that form and / or change focus depending on whether an image is focused on the human eye or camera pixel elements. Alternatively or additionally, CCD-type cameras 50 may be provided adjacent OLED display device elements 48.

Figure 63 illustrates a flexible OLED display with curvature that compensates for the motion range of the human eye. The image displayed on the curved wraparound OLED display is refreshed to allow for user's eye movement as well as head movement. Due to this stereoscopic vision aid, the user's head movement can be determined by accelerometer and gyroscopic circuits. Eye movement is determined by exiting the retina and reflecting IR (or any wavelength along ambient light) and detecting this reflection by photodetectors that may be included in or adjacent to the OLED display.

64 shows a flexible OLED display with microlens elements 52 for focusing the light emitted at the appropriate physical location in the human eye. An optical lens is used to focus the light onto CCE-type devices to create microlens systems 52 that focus the pixel light source 54 at the focus spot of the human eye. Optical properties of the microlens element 52 may compensate for vision problems.

65 shows a wraparound visor 56 with a curved flexible OLED display and speakers 58. The stereoscopic vision aid of the present invention has a high resolution OLED display. OLED displays are shaped so that vision fills are fully practical.

Figure 66 (a) shows a wall 60 of a house having an OLED display window 62 of the present invention, which window 62 is transparent with the outdoor trees 64 visible through it. To be driven. The window 62 of the present invention can be configured along the lines of the OLED displays described herein. In accordance with all applications of the OLED technology of the present invention, various devices including the various versions of the present invention described herein may be mixed and matched according to the intended use for a particular OLED display or device. Thus, in this case, the window 62 of the present invention is driven to be transparent if necessary, and can be switched to be an emission display (viewable from two or one side), selectively blocking light, pure color It can be a multicolor, monochromatic or reflective display.

Figure 66 (b) shows a wall 60 of a house with an OLED display window 62 of the present invention, which window 62 shows a number of simultaneous videos including videophone communications, Internet web pages and television programs. It is driven to display the streams 66. Multiple streams of display information 66 may be received and displayed simultaneously. For example, broadcast video content, such as a television program, may be shown in the first portion of the display, and personal video content, such as a videophone conversation. It may be shown in the second part, and the web page including the mapped hyperlink content may be shown in the third part. Due to the LCD light modulation layer, the content displayed on the OLED display window 62 of the present invention can be observed from outside the house (e.g., the edge of the pool), or the LCD light modulation layer is controlled and emitted display light. You can block what is seen from outside the house.

Figure 66 (c) shows a wall 60 of a house having an OLED display window 62 of the present invention, which window is driven to be a mirror. In this case, the LCD light modulation layer can be controlled to block light from being transmitted through this window. In addition, as shown in FIG. 57, relatively high intensity light (e.g. light shining onto the window from the sun) is selectively blocked to prevent glare in the load and keep the house cooler in summer.

Figure 67 (a) illustrates the use of the flexible large format display of the present invention as part of a vehicular camouflage system such as a military tank. According to this aspect of the invention, a camouflage system is provided that includes a video camera system that captures a field of view out of direction from an object to be camouflaged, such as a military tank. On the opposite side of the tank with respect to the field of view, a flexible large format display can be used to display images captured in the field of view to an external observer. Figure 67 (b) shows the gastrointestinal system shown in Figure 67 (a), where the display area has a curved viewing area. As shown in Fig. 67 (b), the effect of displaying the field of view captured on the flexible display is to create a virtual image for an external observer so that the military tank is effectively disappeared into the background screen.

Figure 67 (c) illustrates the use of the flexible garment display of the present invention as part of a gastrointestinal system for a person. As mentioned above, the camera system captures the field of view. This captured image is displayed on the wearer's clothing to create a virtual image so that the wearer disappears into the background stage. Figure 67 (d) shows the garment phase system of the present invention shown in Figure 67 (b) in use. This garment may be manufactured in the manner described herein.

Figure 68 (a) illustrates the use of a flexible lightweight solar panel as a solar-to-energy system for providing power to aircraft such as military reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles. FIG. 68 (b) is a block diagram showing some system elements of the military reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle shown in FIG. 68 (a). Flexible lightweight solar panels made in accordance with the present invention allow aircraft, such as reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles, to continuously fly while being propelled, for example, by propellers driven by electric motors. Electric motors and other mounted electrical systems receive power directly from solar panels or from a battery recharged by solar panels.

Figure 69 illustrates an embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier. The photoactive device includes semiconductor particles dispersed in a carrier material. The carrier material may be conductive, insulative or semiconductive, transferring charges through the semiconductor particles. Charges of opposite polarity that migrate into the semiconductive material combine to form charge carrier pairs. Charge carrier pairs are attenuated by the emission of photons, allowing light radiation to be emitted from the semiconductor material. Alternatively, the semiconductor material and other components of the photoactive device of the present invention are selected such that the light received on the semiconductor particles generates a flow of electrons. In this case, the photoactive device acts as a light sensor.

A first contact layer or first electrode is provided to allow charge carriers having polarity upon application of the electric field into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. A second contact layer or second electrode is provided to allow charge carriers having opposite polarities to be injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material upon application of the electric field to the second contact layer. To form a display device, a first contact layer and a second contact layer are arranged to form an array of pixel electrodes. Each pixel contains a portion of semiconductor particles dispersed in a conductive carrier material. Each pixel can be selectively processed by applying a drive voltage to the appropriate first and second contact electrodes.

The semiconductor particles include at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The semiconductor particles can be, for example, doped inorganic particles, such as emitting components of conventional LEDs. As another example, the semiconductor particles may be organic light emitting diode particles. The semiconductor particles may also be a combination of organic and inorganic materials to impart properties such as voltage controlled emission, alignment field attraction, emission color, emission efficiency, contour, and the like.

The electrodes can be made from any suitable conductive material, including electrode materials, which can be metal, degenerate semiconductors and conductive polymers. Examples of such materials are indium-tin-oxide ("ITO"), gold, aluminum, calcium, silver, copper, indium and magnesium, alloys such as magnesium-silver, conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and very high conductivity Very high conductivity organic polymers such as doped polyaniline, polypyrrole doped with very high conductivity, or other pyridyl nitrogen-containing polymers such as polyaniline salts (eg PAN-CSA) or polypyridylvinylene A wide variety of different conductive materials are not limited thereto. Other examples may include materials that make up these devices into hybrid devices through the use of semiconductor materials such as n-doped silicon, n-doped polyacetylene or n-doped polyparafenylene.

In another aspect of the present invention, a photon-receiving photoactive device is provided. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed adjacent to define a gap between them. The photoactive mixture consists of a carrier material and photon accepting particles to receive photons of light and convert the photons of the light into electrical energy. The photoactive mixture is disposed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode to generate electrical energy that can be derived from an electrical connection with the first electrode and the second electrode when the light energy is received by the photon receiving particles. To do that. This composition and configuration results in a light-to-energy device from which a solar cell, photodetector or camera element can be manufactured.

The photon receiving particle may comprise at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material. The carrier may comprise at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material. In addition, additional layers may be formed in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode. These additional layers help to form the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the device of the present invention. The additional layers can include at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and performance enhancing materials (eg, property control additives).

As shown in Figure 70, an embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention may have semiconductor particles aligned between the electrodes. The emitting particle acts as point light sources in the carrier material when holes and electrons are injected and recombined to form excitons. These excitons are attenuated by the emission of radiation, such as light energy. In accordance with the present invention, the emitting particles are automatically aligned such that a number of point light sources are properly oriented and placed between the electrodes (or an array of electrodes in the display). This maximizes the light output from the device and greatly reduces crosstalk between the pixels and creates an emission structure that is protected within the water, oxygen and contamination boundaries provided by the cured carrier material.

In this case, the mixture disposed in the gap between the upper and lower electrodes comprises field reactive OLED particles randomly dispersed in the fluid carrier. An alignment field is applied between the upper electrode and the lower electrode. Field reactive OLED particles are transported within the carrier material in the field of alignment field. Depending on the particle composition, the carrier material and the alignment field, the OLED particles form chains between the electrodes (similar to particles in an electric or magnetic rheological fluid in an electric or magnetic field), or are otherwise oriented in the alignment field. Is applied to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within. The fluid carrier comprises a curable material. It may be organic or inorganic. While the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles is maintained by the alignment field, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure, which is locked at the position of the aligned OLED particles within this structure.

Figure 71 shows an embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing semiconductor particles and other performance enhancing particles randomly dispersed in a conductive carrier material. Semiconductor particles include organic photoactive particles comprising one or more conjugated polymers. These conjugated polymers have exogenous charge carriers of sufficiently low concentration. An electric field applied between the first and second contact layers injects holes and electrons into the semiconductor particle through the conductive carrier material. For example, the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer and charge carriers of opposite polarities are injected into the semiconductor particles. Opposite polar charge carriers combine to form charge carrier pairs or excitons in the conjugated polymer that emit radiation upon formation of light energy.

According to the desired mechanical, chemical, electrical and optical properties of the photoactive device, the conductive carrier material may be a binder material with one or more specific control additives. For example, the binder material may be a crosslinkable monomer or other material on which epoxy or semiconductor particles may be dispersed. The property control additives may be in particle and / or fluid state in the binder. Property control additives include, for example, desiccants; Scavengers, conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, and emission reinforcement materials. Particles such as ITO particles or conductive metals, semiconductors, doped inorganics, doped organics, conjugated polymers and the like are added to adjust the conductivity or other electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Color absorbing dyes are included to adjust the output color from the device. Fluorescent and phosphorescent components can be included. Reflective or diffusing materials are included to enhance the absorption of received light (in this case, for example, of a display or photodetector) or to improve the emitted light qualities. In the case of solar collectors, the random dispersion orientation of the particles can be desirable because the solar cell has light-receiving particles that are oriented in a random manner and the light from the sun when the sun passes over the head. This can be efficiently received. The orientation of the particles is also controlled in the solar cell to provide a bias for the preferred direction of the capture light.

Property control additives may also include materials that act as heat sinks to improve the thermal stability of OLED materials. Low processing metal additives are used, allowing less efficient materials to be used as electrodes. Property control additives can also be used to improve the mobility of the carriers of organic materials to improve the light efficiency of the light emitting device.

Figure 72 illustrates an embodiment of the photoactive device of the present invention showing organic photoactive particles dispersed in various species of carrier material. The turn on voltages for each species may differ in polarity and / or magnitude. Emissions of different wavelengths or colors can be obtained from a single layer of a mixture of organic photoactive particles and carrier material. Thus, the color, duration and intensity of the emission depend on the control of the electric field applied to the electrodes. This structure has significant advantages over other pure or multicolor optical devices, and can also be configured as a broad spectrum photodetector for applications such as cameras. The organic photoactive particles may comprise organic and inorganic particle components including at least one of hole transport material, organic emitters, electron transport material, magnetic and electrostatic material, insulators, semiconductors, conductors, and the like. As described herein, multi-layered organic photoactive particles are formed, allowing optical, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties to be controlled by various particle components.

FIG. 73 shows organic photoactive particles formed from a polymer blend, and FIG. 74 shows polymer blend organic photoactive particles dispersed in a conductive carrier. Milk-based photoactive particles may comprise particles made from a polymer blend comprising one or more organic emitters mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. The polymer blend can consist of emitters that respond to different turn-on voltages to implement a multicolor device. The polymer blend particles may be dispersed in a carrier comprising at least one of hole transport, electron transport, hole blocker, or other OLED components. The carrier also includes other performance enhancing materials such as lithium, calcium, low work metals, charge injection promoters, light-to-light emitters (similar to the coating on the fluorescent tube) to obtain the desired light emission. As described elsewhere herein, other particle and carrier additives may be included to enhance the properties of the OLED device. 75 illustrates a polymer blend organic photoactive particle showing photoactive sites. Upon application of the electric field to the electrodes, the sites in the polymer blend particle will act as point sources of luminescence. These photoactive sites are located where appropriate components of the polymer blend are matched such that electrons and holes injected into the semiconductor material are combined with excitons and attenuated by the emission of photons. The organic photoactive particles may comprise microcapsules having a polymer shell encapsulating the inner phase. The inner phase and / or shell may consist of a polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Due to the different configurations of the OLAM devices and material compositions of the present invention, depending on the material compositions and device structure, this polymer blend can be used to emit radiation of various wavelengths and also to light such as solar cells and photodetectors. Can be used in large-energy devices. These structures and compositions can also be used in biosensors and other organic photoactive devices.

One way to make polymer blend particles is to precipitate the particles in a conventional solvent from a solution consisting of OLED components. Applicants have found, through experiments, that the components Poly [2-Methoxy-5- (2'-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylenevinylene]; N, N-Di- (napthalen-a-yl) -N, N-diphenyl-benzidine; And polymer blend particles from 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,1-phenanthroline. These OLED materials were purchased from H.W., Sands Corp., Jupiter, Florida. These three OLED components are first dissolved in a conventional solvent, chloroform, and then a non-solvent is added to form a precipitant of the blended polymers.

Nanoparticles are used in applications such as drug delivery devices. It has been shown that very small polymer-based particles can be produced in a variety of ways. These drug delivery nanoparticles vary in size from 10 to 1000 nm. The drug may be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the nanoparticle matrix. Depending on the formulation method, nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained. (See Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Devices, published by K.S., Soppimath et al. In Journal of Controlled Release, 70 (2001) 1-20.) According to the present invention, the OLED particles can be formed to have a very small particle size. Small particle size offers several advantages. For example, the final resolution available for display may depend on the size limit of the OLED particles. Thus, OLED nanoparticles used in accordance with the fabrication methods of the present invention will result in extremely high resolution display devices. In addition, very small OLED particle sizes will result in more light point sources within a given volume, such as the volume constituting the display pixel. A large number of light point sources will generate more uniform pixel characteristics, longer device lifespan, and more efficient power consumption. According to the present invention, various methods can be used to form OLED nanoparticles. Various methods described in this document for the formation of drug delivery nanoparticles can be applied to the formation of OLED nanoparticles. These methods include solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, solvent diffusion, salt release / emulsion-diffusion, and the production of OLED nanoparticles using supercritical fluid technology, polymerization of monomers, and hydrophilic polymers It includes nanoparticles prepared.

FIG. 76 illustrates a polymer blend organic photoactive particle having a field attraction component for aligning particles in an alignment field. In this case, the particle comprises a field reactive material such as a magnetic reactivity speck. Magnetic reactivity specifications can be incorporated into the particles through appropriate encapsulation, mixing, blending or coating techniques.

77 includes composite microcapsules including multi-layered organic photoactive particles, each having a different light wavelength emission and turn-on voltage. Composite microcapsules or particles of various species are used to form a single layer voltage controlled photoactive device to emit light of two or more colors. Instead of requiring separate sets of electrodes and separate semiconductor layer and carrier material mixtures, the present invention allows a single layered device with a single pair of electrodes to controllably emit light of two or more colors.

FIG. 78 illustrates another composite microcapsule comprising multi-layered organic photoactive particles having at least one field attraction component. When an alignment field is applied, the field reactive OLED particles move within the carrier material under the influence of the alignment field. An alignment field is applied to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier.

FIG. 79 shows three luminescent microcapsule species each having a turn-on voltage controlled by an inner phase composition and an encapsulated shell composition. The shell is formed of a polymer having conductivity based on thickness and / or composition, such that the specific turn-on voltage of the encapsulated conjugated polymer particles is of a desired size. By this additional turn-on voltage control implemented by the shell / internal phase electrical properties, the photons emitted by the respective species of conjugated polymer in response to the applied voltage can be tailored as desired. The carrier fluid is formulated to be mostly insulators before curing and after curing to have an appropriate degree of conductivity. In this case, the carrier fluid may act somewhat oily in the oil / particle electric rheological fluid. The high voltage needed to align the particles between the electrodes can be applied without causing too much current to pass through the particles and exhausting them. Once aligned, the electric field can be reduced or eliminated when the carrier fluid cures. The carrier fluid also has additives that affect the turn on voltages of the various emitter species so that an appropriate number of photons are emitted from each point light source for each applied turn on voltage.

Figure 80 illustrates an embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles randomly dispersed within a carrier. The inner phase may be a polymer blend comprising two or more conjugated polymers, each of which has a specific turn-on voltage for emission of controlled color light. In an embodiment of the voltage controlled multicolor light emitting device, the first electrode is provided with a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode and defines a gap therebetween. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is disposed in the gap. The organic photoactive particles consist of first emitting particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The first emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the first color in response to the first turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes. The first emitting particles also emit many different numbers of photons of zero or more of the first color in response to other turn-on voltages. The organic photoactive particles further comprise second emitting particles comprising a second conjugated polymer. The second emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the second color in response to the second turn-on voltage and a different number of photons of the second color in response to the other turn-on voltages. Thus, in the case of multicolor diodes or displays, different colors can be perceived by the human eye depending on the applied turn-on voltage. The organic photoactive layer may comprise third emitting particles comprising a third electroluminescent conjugated polymer. The third emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the third color and / or intensity in response to the third turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes and different numbers of photons of the third color and / or intensity in response to the other turn-on voltages. Release. The pure color display can be obtained by having a first index red, a second index green and a third index blue.

The composite microcapsules may include three OLED particles or microcapsules or may be made from other materials such as conjugated and nonconjugated polymers, organic photoactive materials, field attractive materials, inorganic photoactive materials, and the like. Can be. Each emitter emits light in a specific color range R, G or B. Each color particle is formulated to emit light when a voltage in a particular voltage range is applied between the electrodes. Many complex microcapsules are dispersed in a carrier fluid. The carrier fluid may be a curable material such as an epoxy, resin, curable organic or inorganic material, thermal or photocurable monomers, and the like.

Figure 81 illustrates an embodiment of the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention showing composite microcapsule particles aligned between electrodes. The alignment field applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode moves the field reactive OLED particles under the influence of the alignment field. Depending on the particle composition, the carrier material and the alignment field, the OLED particles form chains between the electrodes (similar to particles in an electrical or magnetic rheological fluid when an electric or magnetic field is applied), or are otherwise oriented in the alignment field. Is applied to form the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier. The fluid carrier may comprise a curable material. While the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles is maintained by the alignment field, the carrier is cured to form a cured support structure, which is locked at the position of the aligned OLED particles within this structure.

82 shows the retinal response of the human eye to light wavelengths in the visible spectrum. When light enters the eye, it first passes through the cornea in front of the eye and eventually reaches the retina behind the eye. This retina is the light-sensing structure of the eye. The retina includes two types of shells called rods and cones. The rods are responsible for low light vision, and the cones are responsible for color vision and detail. There are three types of cones, each of which primarily responds to a particular segment of the visible spectrum. Light received by these rod and cone cells initiates complex chemical reactions. The chemistry formed (activated rhodopsin) produces electrical impulses in the optic nerve. The brain interprets these electrical impulses as visual cortex. The color response chemistries in these cones are called cone pigments and are very similar to the chemistries in rods. There are three kinds of color sensitive pigments: red-sensitive pigments, green-sensitive pigments and blue-sensitive pigments.

Each cone cell has one of these pigments to allow it to respond to this color. The human eye detects almost all color jokes when red, green and blue are mixed. People can perceive color over the visible spectrum because of the responsiveness of the three types of cones. Red absorbing cones absorb the peak optimally at relatively long wavelengths of 565 nm. The green absorbing cones absorb the peak at 355 nm and the red absorbing cones absorb the peak at 440 nm. Each of the three types of cones are different portions (R, G, B) of the visible spectrum but optimally respond to segments of responsive overlap. Light of a certain wavelength (color), for example 500 nm (green), stimulates all three types of cones but green absorbing cones will be most strongly stimulated.

Typically, a pure color display takes RGB pixels in sequence to generate three simultaneous emissions of RGB colored light, resulting in a mixture of wavelengths of light. Color is perceived by the eye through the simultaneous stimulation of three types of cones by the color light mixture. According to the invention, color is obtained by driving a multicolor generating photoactive device in an emission cycle, during which an appropriate number of photons of different colors are generated in successive bursts of light emission. The dominant colored photons are generated during the emission burst in response to the application of the turn on voltage. Another burst of predominantly colored photons is generated in response to the application of different turn-on voltages. The fraction of the emission cycle is determined during which each turn-on voltage is applied so that an appropriate number of photons for each color are generated for each burst. The eye perceives the desired color by successive predominant stimulation of each type of cone cell. The color is obtained by the combination of Xd # of red photons + Yd # of photons of green Zd # of blue photons. It can be experimentally demonstrated that other light wavelengths can be used to stimulate the vision system to recognize variable colors from the burst emission of photons, in which case the spim wavelength of different colors along the emission spectrum can be used.

The shell of each particle can control the effect on the turn-on voltage of the encapsulated OLED. The composition of the encapsulated OLED controls the color of the emitted light. Shell thickness and composition are controlled so that the turn on voltage of each primary color particle is distinguished from the turn on voltage of the other particles. For example, each RGB particle has a particular shell structure that is selected such that when a high turn-on voltage is applied, electrons move too slowly through the lower voltage shell and / or the inner phase, making the complete or part of the encapsulated emitter To perform a typical turn on (ie, a reduced number of emitted photons).

Each color emitter is formulated to have different threshold turn on voltages and / or different threshold turn on false widths and / or different threshold turn on polarities. As one example, as more electrons and holes are moved at higher potentials, higher voltage emitters made to have lower pulse widths emit the same number of photons as lower voltage, longer pulse width emitters. . However, even if the voltage threshold for lower voltage emitters is exceeded when the higher voltage emitter is driven, the pulse width of the higher voltage is too short to turn on the lower voltage emitter. As an example, the hole and / or electron transport material is formulated to slow the progression of electrons and holes in the lower voltage material so that even if more electrons and holes are injected at a higher voltage, they traverse through the material. Cannot be recombined at lower voltage emitters (recombination of holes and electrons generates photons)

A variable DC / AC voltage / current source applies electrical energy to the electrodes. In response to the applied energy, light is emitted from the particles through the top electrode. In AC voltage applications, each cycle has a predetermined voltage. Due to each cycle, the dominant color of the light (e.g., R, G, B) is emitted in response to a predetermined voltage (the color is not emitted). The color emitted depends on the turn-on voltage of the R, G or B particles. Dual Color Particles Triple color particles (or four colors, including for example IR), can be obtained by various known particle construction techniques and by the techniques described herein. Burst emission cycles are fast enough for the eye to perceive the desired color of the visible spectrum. For example, the rods and cones of the eye are each of three primary colors but are stimulated in rapid succession, for example, so that each frame of video is perceived in pure color. Due to the very fast turn-on times and burst emission drive of the emitting particles, a passive matrix can be used while still obtaining good video images. Each individual scan cycle of an electrode pair can have a large number of burst cycles. Due to each burst cycle, a certain dominant color is emitted. Thus, in each scanning cycle, the eye can see separate light bursts, but the cones and rods are stimulated in rapid succession so that a mixture of primary colors (or when two or more other colors are desired) from the optic nerve to the brain. To be recognized.

By selecting the appropriate formula of the conductive carrier, it can be a hole transport medium and an electron transport medium. The organic emitters need not be multi-layered particles, but rather can only be particles of pure organic emitters.

Depending on the configuration and composition of the various components, the voltage controlled photoactive device of the present invention is AC driven with the first turn on voltage having a polarity and the second turn on voltage having an opposite polarity. Different turn-on voltages can be a mixture of voltages of different polarities and magnitudes.

The organic photoactive layer may also include one or more additional emitting particles that include another electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Additional emitting particles emit a large number of photons in response to the turn on voltage and a different number of photons in response to other turn on voltages. Photons emitted by the additional emitting particles can have a color that is within the visible spectrum. In this case, additional emitting particles can improve visible display performances. For example, the intensity of light emitted by one of the primary color emitters may be reduced because of the emitter service life. Other emitters of the same color but with different turn-on voltages are serviced to maintain the efficiency of the overall display. Photons emitted by the emitting particles may also be outside the visible spectral range. For example, infrared photons can be controllably emitted to be implemented for stealth military use of the display of the present invention.

The voltage controlled organic photoactive device can be configured as a display. In this case, the first electrode is part of the x-grid of the electrodes and the second electrode is part of the y-grid of the electrodes. The mixture of conductive carrier material and organic photoactive particles in the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode constitutes the emission component of the pixel of the display device.

As an example of a voltage controlled emitter, the first and second electroluminescent conjugated polymers are polythiophenes, poly (paraphenylenes), and poly (paraphenylene vinylene). And a plurality of members selected from the group consisting of: at least some of the members are alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, fluoroalkyl ), Alkylphenylene, and alkoxyphenylene vinylene.

The organic photoactive display device includes a substrate having a first grid for driving electrodes formed on the substrate. A second grid of electrodes is disposed adjacent to the first grid of electrodes and defines a gap between them. The mixture of organic photoactive particles and conductive carrier material is disposed in the gap. The organic photoactive particles comprise first particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first turn on voltage and a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a second turn on voltage different from the first turn on voltage. And second particles. When a first turn-on voltage is applied, the first color is emitted by the first electroluminescent conjugated polymer. Light having a second color is emitted by the second electroluminescent conjugated polymer in response to the first turn-on voltage and the second turn-on voltage applied to the second electrode.

Fig. 83 shows the primary color burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by the high speed and sequential bursts of primary color emission. According to the present invention, this method is provided for driving a multicolor light emitting device, which can emit two or more colors in sequence. Each color is emitted in response to a different applied turn-on voltage. During the emission cycle, the first turn-on voltage is applied to the light emitting device for a constant duration to emit a first burst of the dominant number of photons of the first color. Thereafter, during the emission cycle, a second turn-on voltage having a constant duration and at least one of a magnitude and a polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the first turn-on voltage to emit a second burst of the predominant number of photons of the second color. Is approved. During the second turn-on voltage duration, a second burst of the dominant number of photons of the second color is emitted. In this way, during the discharge cycle, the first burst and the second burst are generated continuously at high speed. The eyes of the person receiving the first burst and the second burst are irritated to recognize colors different from the first color and the second color.

During the emission cycle, a third turn-on voltage is applied with at least one of a magnitude and a polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the other turn-on voltage and with a duration. A third burst of the dominant number of photons of the third color is emitted. During an emission cycle, the first burst, the second burst, and the third burst are generated in rapid succession and the eyes of the person receiving these bursts are stimulated to recognize colors different from the first, second and third colors. do.

According to the invention, the first color is the red portion of the visible spectrum, the second color is the green portion of the visible spectrum and the third color is the blue portion of the visible spectrum. The light emitting device is controlled to generate a predetermined color within the visible spectrum where the number of photons of each color emitted during each burst of the emission cycle can be perceived by the human eye. Even in the absence of three simultaneous emissions of R, G, and B emitted by a typical pure color display, in accordance with the present invention, continuous burst emission makes it possible to perceive a certain color in the visible spectrum.

84 shows the Retinex burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by high speed and sequential bursts of colored light emission. According to an aspect of the invention, the intensity, duration and color emitted by the multicolor light emitting device are adjusted in accordance with the Retinex display operation. Edwin Land introduced an alternative technique for the Computation of the Designator in the Retinex Theory of Color Vision, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Volume 83, pp." 3078-3080, 1986.) Land described Retinex theory in "Color Vison and The Natural Image," published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Volume 45, pp. 115-129, 1959. Retinex concepts are models of human color perception, early Retinex concepts included calculations based on when color boundaries intersect in the light emitted from an image. Spatial calculations, where the center is an inverse square function with 2-4 arc-minutes in diameter and the surroundings are about 200-250 times the diameter. The image can be improved using the phenomenon of Retinex (see US Pat. Nos. 5,991, 456 to Rahman et al., Referenced herein.) The inventors of the 5,991,456 patent use Land's Retinex theory to An improved method was devised, in which an image is initially displayed as indexed digital data to indicate the positions on the display, the digital value being the intensity value for each position (x, y) in each i-th spectral band. I. sub.i (x, y) The intensity value for each position in each i-th spectral band is adjusted so that each position in the i-th spectral band is adjusted according to an expression based on the total number of specific spectral bands. Generates an adjusted intensity value for the Ambient function to improve some aspects of the digital image, such as dynamic range compression, color matching, and light rendition. Keys are used to. The adjusted intensity values for each position in each i-th spectral band are filtered by a common function. According to the inventors of the 5,991,456 patent, an improved digital image can be displayed based on the adjusted intensity value for each i-th spectral band that is also filtered for each position.

Fig. 85 illustrates the adjusted color burst driving method of the present invention for generating a pure color image perceived by the fast and sequential bursts of the adjusted colored light emission. The Retinex display operation can include providing indexed digital data to indicate locations on the display. The digital data indicates the intensity for each position in each spectral band. The intensity of each position in each spectrum band is adjusted to generate an adjusted intensity value in accordance with a predetermined equation. The adjusted intensity values are filtered for each position with a common function. Turn-on voltages are controlled to emit photons of each color based on the adjusted intensity value for each filtered spectrum for each position.

Figure 86 illustrates steps of the method of the present invention for forming multi-layered organic photoactive material particles. Figure 87 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of the emissive layer material and particles of the hole transporting material. In this example, the first mist comprises a hole transporting material (HT) and a carrier and The two mists comprise the emissive layer material (EL) and the carrier. Figure 88 illustrates a method of the present invention for forming layered organic photoactive material particles from a hole transport component and an emissive layer component. 86-88, a first mixing fire (HT) and a carrier are formed of a first organic photoactive ingredient material and a first carrier fluid (step 1). The second mixed matter (EL) and the carrier are formed of the second organic photoactive ingredient material and the second carrier fluid (step 2). The first mist or very fine droplets generate a first mixture in the environment such that the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment (step 3). The second mist of the second mixture is generated in the environment such that the second particles of the second organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment (step 4). Both the first and second particles are mixed in the environment and attracted to form a first layered organic photoactive material particle (HT) (EL) (step 6). The layered organic photoactive particles have a first layer of a first organic photoactive component material and a second layer of a second organic photoactive component material.

89 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of the hole transporting / emitting layer material with the particles of the electron transporting material. Figure 90 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from a hole transporting / emitting layer component and an electron transporting component. The organic photoactive material particles are formed with multiple layers. The third mixture is formed of a third organic photoactive ingredient material (ET) and a third carrier fluid. The fourth mixture is formed of first layered organic photoactive material particles (HT) (EL) and a fourth carrier fluid. Mist of the third mixture is generated in the environment such that the third particles of the third organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment. Mist of the fourth mixture is generated such that the first layered organic photoactive material particles are temporarily suspended in the environment. The third particle and the first layered organic photoactive material particle are both mixed and attracted in the environment to form the second layered organic photoactive material particle. This second layered organic photoactive material particle comprises a first organic photoactive material particle and a third organic photoactive material material. Thus, the organic photoactive material previewer thereby has a multi-layered structure comprising all three organic photoactive component materials (HT) (EL) (ET) arranged in the desired order.

According to the present invention, electroluminescent OLED particles are obtained by obtaining a multi-layered particle structure. 91 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a blocking material with particles of an electron transporting material. Figure 92 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from a blocking component and an electron transporting component. Figure 93 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the particles of the emissive layer material with the particles of the hole transport material. 94 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from an emissive layer component and a hole transport component. FIG. 95 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of the barrier / electron transport material with the layered particles of the emissive layer / hole transport material. Figure 96 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from the blocking / electron transporting component and the hole transporting / emitting layer component. As shown in Figures 89-96, the multi-layered particles are configured to have the component parts ordered in a preferred manner such that the multi-layered particles become effective point source light emitters.

Additional layers are added to the multi-layered structure by forming another mixture of another organic photoactive component material and another carrier fluid and forming another formed mixture of preformed layered organic photoactive material particles and also another carrier fluid. Can be. The resulting particles are suspended in the environment and all mixed and attracted as described above to form a multi-layered particle structure.

At least one of the first, second and subsequent organic active ingredient materials may comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an emissive layer material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. The other organic active ingredient material may include at least one of a magnetic material, an electrostatic material, a desiccant, a hole injection material, and an electron injection material. Thus, the selection of the components is done so that the multi-layered particle structure can be formed with the desired electrical, optical, mechanical, field attractive and chemical properties. The number of layers and their order and composition can be controlled according to the desired particle properties.

FIG. 97 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of a field attraction material with particles of an electron transporting material. Figure 98 illustrates a method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from field attraction components and electron transport components. Figure 99 illustrates layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing particles of the emissive layer material with particles of the hole transport material. Figure 100 illustrates the layered organic photoactive material of the present invention from the emissive layer component and the hole transport component. A method of forming particles is shown. FIG. 101 illustrates multi-layered organic photoactive material particles formed by mixing the layered particles of the field attraction / electron transport material with the layered particles of the emissive layer / hole transport material. FIG. 102 illustrates a method of forming the multi-layered organic photoactive material particles of the present invention from field attraction / electron transport components and hole transport / emitting layer components. As shown in Figures 97-102, the point source luminescent particles can be field attracted by including a material such as a magnetically reactive material as one of the components of the particles.

At least one of the first and second and subsequent carrier fluids is a solvent of the organic photoactive component material and this solvent is removed by evaporation or otherwise leaving particles suspended in the environment. Alternatively, precipitates may be obtained by appropriate chemical reactions depending on the component materials and solvents. Chemical reactions can occur by adding the material to the solution before or after forming the mist. The chemical reaction may be generated by the carrier material of the opposite mist, or the precipitation material may be applied differently when the solution is in the form of a mist. This environment can be gaseous, liquid or vacuum. This environment may have a flow, such as a flow of inert gas, to carry evaporated solvents and / or more very fine droplets and mixed particles.

The first, second and subsequent organic photoactive component materials can be insoluble fine particles in each of the first, second and subsequent carrier fluids.

The third and subsequent organic photoactive particles may be multi-layered organic photoactive material particles, which are methods of the present invention, microencapsulation, chemical reaction of two or more components, electrical or magnetic attraction or multi-layering of two or more components. It can be formed by other means for forming the organic photoactive material particles. The organic photoactive material particles formed according to the method of the present invention can also be encapsulated in a shell to impart chemical, magnetic, electrical or optical properties to the particle. For example, in the case of a voltage controlled emitter, the microcapsule shell is chosen to prevent unwanted photon emission from the emitter on the inside and / or to enhance the desired photon emission from the emitter, depending on the applied turn-on voltage. It may be made of a material.

The environment in which the particles are formed may be an inert gas, a reactive gas, a vacuum, a liquid or other suitable medium. For example, in order to enhance chemical reactions in or between components in mists, it may be useful for the environment to include elements that perform catalytic functions. The property enhancing treatment may be performed on the layered organic photoactive material particles formed. This treatment may be a temperature treatment, a chemical treatment, for example an optical energy treatment to generate photoactivated crosslinking, or other characteristic enhancement treatment to impart desired properties to the formed particles.

The components that are attracted to form the particles may be provided with a charge to facilitate mixing with the particles. For example, the first mist may be provided with charge having polarity, and the second mist may be provided with charge with opposite polarity. Thus, the attractive force is improved between the first organic photoactive particles and the second organic photoactive particles.

Figure 103 shows a cross section of a coated cathode fiber having a barrier layer formed on the cathode fiber and an electron transport layer formed on the barrier layer. FIG. 104 shows a cross section of a coated anode fiber having a hole transport layer formed on the anode fiber and an emissive layer formed on the hole transport layer.

105 shows coated cathode fibers and coated anode fibers all twisted to form emissive fibers. According to this aspect of the invention, the conductive fiber is coated with an organic light emitting material. The single conductive fiber may be coated with all or any number of organic stack layers, including barrier layers, electron transport layers, emissive layers, hole transport layers, and the like. The second conductor is then formed over an organic stack, such as ITO, so that light generated in the organic stack is emitted through the transparent ITO layer. Alternatively, the conductive wire is coiled around the organic stack to act as the second conductor. As shown in Figures 35 and 36, as yet another alternative, the cathode and anode fibers are coated with the respective layers of the organic stack and then all twisted to form releasing fibers as shown in Figure 105.

106 illustrates a method of coating an electrode wire with an organic photoactive device material. This electrode fiber may be plated with appropriate layers of spray coating, spin coating, dip coating and / or organic stack. Alternatively, the electrode fibers can be vacuum coating, evaporation coating, or the like. These emissive fibers can be used to make articles such as lights, clothing, wall ornaments and carpeting that emit light.

Figure 107 schematically illustrates a production line using the OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture of the present invention. In accordance with the present invention, conventional polymer film fabrication techniques can be applied to form high resolution displays with solid phase flexibility. These fabrication techniques can also be used to form other solid state light active devices such as lighting elements and solar panels.

An example of the manufacturing method of the present invention in a roll-to-roll process begins with a supply roll of a lower substrate and a supply roll of an upper substrate. Substrates are performed on transparent electrode patterns. The slot-die coating stage introduces a film of fluid carrier comprising randomly dispersed OLED particles onto the underlying substrate. The upper substrate is placed over this film. Pressing rollers allow the particle / carrier mixture to have a suitable uniform thickness between the substrates. At the alignment stage, the alignment field is applied to the OLED particles. This applied field allows the particles to be oriented and aligned in the stationary fluid carrier. Due to the applied field that maintains the position of the aligned particles, the carrier cures at the curing stage. The aligned particles are locked at a position between the upper and lower electrode grids in the new solid carrier. Processing stages are provided as needed to perform heat or pressure treatments or to perform other processes on the finished display before winding up by the take-up reel.

The manufacturing method of the present invention has the advantage of using existing polymer film substrates and the familiar roll-to-roll processing technique. In addition, the OLED particle / carrier fluid composition of the present invention can be used in other manufacturing processes including screen and lithographic printing, injection molding and vertical casting.

Using the OLED material composition and manufacturing method of the present invention, the problems of OLED display encapsulation are used in other applications such as pharmaceuticals and combinations of barrier properties of the cured carrier, desiccant and scavenger protective particles (if necessary) of the present invention. Which is overcome by well known water / oxygen polymer membrane barriers. Sophisticated organic thin films are replaced with reliable OLED particles or microcapsules that are protected within a solid matrix. Display contrast is enhanced by selecting the appropriate optical qualities of the cured carrier to avoid the need for antireflective layers and costly replacements. The manufacturing method of the present invention can produce an extremely high speed, material efficient, inexpensive, thin, and lightweight bright flexible display that will be put to practical use in the near future.

108 illustrates printing an electrode pattern on a polymer sheet substrate. Pre-patterned electrodes can be formed on a substrate using drum printing methods, screen printing, spraying, offset, inkjet or other suitable printing techniques. The electrode may for example consist of a conductive printable ink comprising a conductive polymer in solution. After printing the electrode pattern, the solvent is evaporated to leave the patterned conductive electrode. Electrochemically formulated polythieno [3,4-b] thiophenine is very transparent and conductive. This material or other suitable conductive polymers, metals, or other materials can be used as the conductive prepatterned electrode.

One of the biggest problems in the OLED display industry is the contamination by water and oxygen. Materials included in small molecule and polymer OLEDs are susceptible to contamination by oxygen and water vapor, which led to early failures. This problem is exacerbated when non-glass substrates are used. Since OLEDs can bend the display, attempts have been made to use plastic substrates instead of glass. Sophisticated barrier mechanisms have proposed to encapsulate an OLED device to protect the organic stack from the penetration of water and oxygen. In addition, externally applied desiccants have been used to reduce contamination. None of these solutions are appropriate in that it adds the cost and complexity of forming an OLED device. As a result, the problems caused by the penetration of water and oxygen into the organic stack continue to be a significant technical problem. 111 shows an OLED device of the prior art. In essence, OLEDs consist of extremely thin layers of organic material to form an organic stack. These layers are sandwiched between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, holes and electrons are injected into the organic stack. Holes and electrons combine to form labile excitons. When the excitons are attenuated, light is emitted.

Currently all available OLED manufacturing technology states require the formation of very thin films of organic luminescent materials. These thin films are formed by the reuse of a variety of known techniques such as vacuum deposition, screen printing, transfer printing and spin coating or existing techniques such as ink jet printing. In any case, the current state of the art is focused on forming very thin films of organic materials. These thin films must be deposited uniformly and precisely. Such thin layers of organic material are susceptible to significant problems, such as loss of film strength, especially when applied to flexible substrates. FIG. 112 shows a prior art OLED device in which dust space electrically shorts between electrodes. The ultra-thinness of the layers of organic material between the conductors, easily causing electrical shorts, even due to very small stains of dust or other contaminants. These constraints have resulted in the construction of expensive clean room facilities to use conventional OLED thin film fabrication techniques. At present, inkjet printing is considered as a promising manufacturing method for manufacturing OLED displays. However, there are some significant drawbacks in adapting inkjet printing to OLED display manufacturing. Inkjet printing does not adequately overcome the problem of material degradation by oxygen and water vapor. Figure 113 illustrates a prior art OLED device wherein the thin organic film stack is degraded by the penetration of oxygen and / or water. Sophisticated and expensive materials and manufacturing processes are still needed to provide adequate encapsulation to protect and maintain thin organic films. It is difficult to align the display pixel-sized electrodes and the inkjet printed OLED material with the accuracy required to perform a high resolution display.

Figure 109 illustrates the extended gap distance between the electrodes in accordance with the present invention. For the sake of explanation, the difference between the gap distances of the electrodes in the thin film organic stack, as compared to the much larger gap distance between the electrodes according to the invention as shown in FIG. 109, is shown in FIG. In practice, the gap distance difference can be much larger than that shown, depending on the composition of the particle / carrier matrix and the applied voltage. Thin film OLED devices typically have organic stack layers deposited to a thickness of about 100 nm. Some layers are less dependent on the material, the desired structure and the thin film formation method and some layers are more dependent on them. However, any conventional method of forming thin film OLED devices anyway, makes the material disposed between the electrodes spaced very close together and extremely thin. One of the salient features is that the greatly extended gap distance between the electrodes implemented by the OLED structure of the present invention has many advantages over thin film OLED device structures. Among these advantages, many of the machines described elsewhere herein, as well as reducing or eliminating crosstalk between pixels, significantly increasing the tolerances of including foreign particles, and adding performance enhancing materials into the matrix structure, It adds electrical and optical advantages and other advantages not listed. In addition, the composition of the particles and the carrier can be tailored according to the desired OLED properties. The particles can include a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blocker, electron transport, and performance enhancing materials. In addition, the carrier may comprise a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blocker, electron transport, and performance enhancing materials. Additional layers may be formed between the electrodes and the particle / carrier layer. These additional layers may comprise a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blockers, electron transport and performance enhancing materials.

Applicants have found that the ultrathin properties of conventional organic photoactive devices cause many disadvantages. These shortcomings include, but are not limited to, electrical shorts caused by the inclusion of small foreign matter particles, crosstalk between pixels in the display, delamination of the thin film, degradation of the thin film due to penetration of oxygen and water, and other significant obstacles. According to the invention, the disadvantages caused by having an extremely small gap distance between the electrodes are overcome by extending this gap distance. Thus, according to the present invention, the organic photoactive device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode. The first and second electrodes define a gap between them. The organic emission layer is disposed in the gap. To overcome these thin film problems and to improve the performance of the device of the present invention, a gap extension composition is placed in the gap. This gap expansion composition is effective to increase the gap distance between the top and bottom electrodes.

The gap expansion composition may include at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor. The gap expanding composition may include one or more additional layers that may be formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The additional layers can include at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material and a performance enhancing material. Gap expansion compositions include desiccants; At least one of a scavenger, a conductive material, a semiconductive material, an insulating material, a mechanical strength reinforcing material, a superposition reinforcing material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, a low work metal, a blocking material, and an emission enhancing material. .

The emissive layer may comprise emissive particles dispersed in a carrier.

The emitting particles have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposite electrical polarity. Particles can be aligned in the conductive carriers to allow easier injection of first type of charge carriers into the first end and easier injection of second type of charge carriers into the second end.

The emission layer may be an organic thin film layer. Gap extension compositions may include conductive, insulating and / or semiconductive material compositions that reduce the emission efficiency of the emissive layer while increasing the photoactive device efficiency by extending the gap distance between the electrodes. By careful selection of the components, this efficiency reduction is limited, so that the benefit of extending the gap distance between the electrodes can be obtained without sacrificing too much device efficiency.

Figure 110 illustrates a single layered multicolor pixel in accordance with the present invention. According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a multicolor OLED device comprising particles capable of emitting photons corresponding to the visible (or invisible) spectrum of radiation in accordance with an applied voltage or other emission triggering mechanism. do.

114 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating extrusion of photoactive fibers with aligned OLED particles. 115 is a perspective view schematically illustrating extrusion of a photoactive fiber. 116 is a cross sectional view showing a segment of an extruded photoactive fiber. Figure 117 schematically illustrates a segment of extruded photoactive fibers driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes. The photoactive fibers of the present invention comprise elongated cured conductive carrier material. The semiconductor particles are dispersed in the conductive carrier material. As shown in FIG. 117, a first contact layer is provided such that upon application of an electric field, charge carriers of the first type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. Upon application of an electric field to the second contact layer, a second contact layer is provided such that charge carriers of the second type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. As shown in Figures 114 and 115, particles randomly dispersed in a carrier can be included in a container and extruded to form release fibers. This fiber is formed in a manner similar to, for example, forming a monofilament fishing line. The particle / carrier mixture exits the container through the discharge port and then undergoes an alignment field to align the particles before the carrier cures. This semiconductor particle may comprise at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. The particles can include organic photoactive particles, including one or more conjugated polymers. The conjugated polymer has exogenous charge carriers of sufficiently low concentration such that when the electric field between the first and second contact layers is applied to the semiconductor particles (via the conductive carrier material), the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer. And first and second types of charge carriers are injected into the semiconductor particle. The injected charge carriers are combined to form pairs of charge carriers in the conjugated polymer that are radially attenuated such that radiation is emitted from the conjugated polymer. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, organic emitters, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising a polymer blend. The polymer blend comprises a mixed organic emitter of at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Depending on the expression, the emitter can be considered an electron transport material and / or a blocking material, and the like. What is remarkable is that they form particles that can emit photons in response to an applied voltage. The organic photoactive particles may comprise microcapsules comprising a polymer shell encapsulating the inner phase. The inner phase may comprise a polymer blend comprising, for example, an organic emitter blended with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. The conductive carrier material may comprise a binder material having one or more property control additives. Particular control additives are particles and / or fluids, desiccants; Conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, and emission reinforcement materials. For example, the low workability metal particles may be included as property control materials in the carrier material and / or as components of release particles.

Photoactive fibers can be used, for example, in light-to-energy devices, displays (as described below), or other uses in illumination. For example, the fiber may be an active ingredient in an optical fiber data transmission line. A section of optically active fibers that convert light into energy is provided for receiving an optical signal and converting it into electrical energy. This electrical energy is amplified and used as a signal to drive another section of photoactive fiber that is emitted. In this way, along the path of the optical fiber data transmission line, the optically active fibers of the present invention can be used to amplify signals and improve transmission quality and distance.

FIG. 118 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 119 is a perspective view schematically illustrating extrusion of a photoactive fiber with a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating. FIG. 120 illustrates an extruded photoactive fiber having a conductive electrode core and a transparent electrode coating connected to a voltage source. The first and second contacts comprise a first conductive member disposed longitudinally in the stretched cured conductive carrier material. The other contact of the first and second contacts includes a second conductive member disposed adjacent the first conductive member such that at least a portion of the semiconductor particles are disposed between the first conductive member and the second conductive member. The member includes a conductive material consisting of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed inside the elongated cured conductive carrier material, the second conductive member includes a metal disposed as a coating on the outside of the elongated cured conductive carrier material and A conductive material made of at least one of the conductive polymers. In addition, the composition of the particles and the carrier can be tailored according to the desired OLED properties. The particles may comprise a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blockers, electron transport and performance enhancing materials. In addition, the carrier may comprise a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blocker, electron transport and performance enhancing materials. Additional layers may be formed between the electrodes and the particle / carrier layer. These additional layers may include a single component or a mixture of organic and inorganic emitter (s), hole transport, blockers, electron transport and performance enhancing materials.

121 is a schematic cross-sectional view of extrusion of a photoactive ribbon with aligned OLED particles. 122 is a perspective view schematically illustrating extrusion of a photoactive ribbon. 123 illustrates a segment of an extruded photoactive ribbon. Figure 124 is a cross sectional view showing a segment of an extruded photoactive ribbon with wire electrodes contained within the ribbon and driven by a voltage applied between the electrodes. The extruded shape and orientation of the aligned particles can be controlled according to the desired properties of the photoactive fiber.

FIG. 125 illustrates a photoactive fiber extrusion and chopping mechanism for forming an OLED photoactive fiber of uniform length. In this case, the extruded fibers are formed and chopped to uniform lengths.

126 illustrates an OLED photoactive fiber randomly dispersed between two electrodes. 127 shows OLED photoactive fibers aligned between two electrodes. 128 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers randomly dispersed between two electrodes having a gap distance adjacent to fibers of uniform length. FIG. 129 illustrates OLED photoactive fibers aligned between two electrodes having a gap distance adjacent to fibers of uniform length. As shown elsewhere herein, in accordance with the present invention, emitting particles dispersed in a carrier can be used to form an organic photoactive device. According to the invention, the releasing particles can be elongated fibers having the composition described herein. The advantages of the stretched particles are that they can form light channels in the carrier. These optical channels may be effective to increase efficiency and / or display device qualities.

130 illustrates photoactive fibers woven into a carpet. Figure 131 illustrates a light active fabric weave. The optically active fibers described herein are spun into threads and then woven into yarns. These light active yarns and yarns may be formed from a variety of articles, including carpeting, wall hangings, clothing, and other similar articles.

Figure 132 illustrates a curved large format surround display formed in accordance with the present invention by tiling the lengths of the display cross sections. One of the many advantages of a flexible display is its ability to create a wraparound display to be more immersed in the display content. According to the invention, the length that can be produced is very long due to the roll-to-roll manufacturing process. By tiling all the strips of roll-to-roll manufactured displays, surround displays can be obtained.

FIG. 133 illustrates a method of forming an ultra-thin multilayered OLED fiber of two layers by drawing and thinning. FIG. 134 illustrates a method of forming a four layer very thin multi-layered OLED fiber by drawing and thinning. By pulling the component OLED materials through the die (if necessary) into the fibers and adjacent to each other, multiple thin fibers can be formed. The electrode layers may be formed simultaneously and then coated or otherwise applied, or the multi-layered fibers may be granulated to form particles of the particle / carrier mixture of the present invention. Granulation can include low temperatures to improve the process. In addition, another method of making particles forms layers of component OLED materials on a slippery surface, such as a Teflon surface, or on a smooth surface, such as glass, and then scrapes the layers and scrapes into particles or fibers as needed. Chopping

135 is a sectional view of a wire having an electron transport coating layer. 136 is a cross-sectional view of a wire with a hole transport coating layer. Figure 137 illustrates a coated wire intersecting the electrodes that form light emitting pixels at the intersections. By coating the appropriate electrode wires and then intersecting the coated wires, the OLED layered stack can be obtained at the wire intersection. These wires can then be driven to form a display or light.

Figure 138 illustrates a formulated OLED particle / conductive carrier mixture that can be formed into useful products through plastic molding techniques. The carrier material may be made to be molded into articles using conventional plastic molding techniques such as injection or vacuum molding. Depending on the desired properties of the molding device while the carrier is a fluid, the particles may be aligned or kept random. According to this aspect of the invention, an injection moldable photoactive material is provided comprising semiconductor photoactive particles dispersed in a curable carrier material. The semiconductor photoactive particles may comprise at least one of organic and inorganic semiconductors. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. The organic photoactive particles may comprise particles comprising a polymer blend. The polymer blend may comprise an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Additional organic emitters may be included in the polymer blend. The organic photoactive particles may comprise microcapsules comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase of the polymer blend.

The carrier material may comprise a curable binder material having one or more specific control additives. Property control additives include at least one of a particle and a fluid. These property control additives include desiccants, scavengers, conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, and emission reinforcement materials. It may include. The particles may comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and a performance enhancing material. The carrier may comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material and performance enhancing materials (eg, property control additives).

According to the present invention, an injection moldable photoactive material is provided in which semiconductor photoactive particles emit a plurality of photons of a first color in response to a first turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes and in response to other turn-on voltages. And first emitting particles that emit different numbers of photons of the first color. The semiconductor photoactive particles may further comprise second emitting particles. The second emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the second color in response to the second turn-on voltage and emit different numbers of photons of the second color in response to other turn-on voltages. By this composition and configuration, a multicolor photoactive material is obtained.

The particles can be configured to have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposite electrical polarity. The particles can be aligned in the conductive carriers to allow easier injection of first type of charge carriers into the first end and easier injection of second type of charge carriers into the second end.

Figure 139 illustrates the OLED solid state light of the present invention with a conventional bulb form factor. Global lighting is now a $ 40 billion industry around the world, with sales growing more than $ 12 billion annually. The US Department of Energy predicts that LEDs will account for 20% of all lighting by 2010 and that slash energy will be used 10% worldwide by 2025. The OLED solid state light of the present invention includes a self-contained voltage converter, allowing the use of conventional electrode form factors and the OLED solid state light makes it easier to replace conventional inefficient light bulbs.

140 illustrates a spraying step of painting a reflective conductive layer of an OLED device. Figure 141 illustrates the spraying step of painting the emissive layer of the OLED device. FIG. 142 illustrates a spraying step of painting a transparent electrode of an OLED device. A reflective electrode is applied or sprayed onto the surface to form the first electrode. The particle / carrier mixture is then sprayed or rolled over on the first electrode. The carrier consists of a solvent and a material with adhesive quality, allowing the mixture to act like a conventional spray paint. The second electrode can be formed over the particle / carrier mixture. Suitable contact lands and insulating components are also applied to drive the electrodes to cause the photoactive particles to emit radiation and / or to convert light into energy.

Figure 143 illustrates the steps of the method of the present invention for producing a photoactive device showing a photoactive mixture disposed between an x and y electrode grid. According to another aspect of the invention, a method of manufacturing a photoactive device is provided. The mixture is provided comprising a monomer and a photoactive material. The photoactive material comprises at least one of an energy-to-light material that emits light in response to applied electrical energy and a radiation-to-energy material that generates electrical energy in response to radiation.

According to the invention, the photoactive device is manufactured using a self-assembly technique. The photoactive device is provided in the first area. The polymer is provided in the second region. This polymer is formed by selectively crosslinking monomers from a mixture comprising a monomer and a photoactive material. Selective crosslinking results in a concentration of photoactive material in the first region and a concentration of polymer in the second region. The first electrode and the second electrode may be provided to have a polymer and a photoactive material disposed therebetween.

The photoactive material may be an organic light emitting diode that emits light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may comprise an inorganic light emitting diode material that emits light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material generates a current in response to radiation in accordance with its intended use, including radiation-to-energy furnace, which radiation may be in the visible and / or invisible spectrum.

The photoactive material may comprise an organic photoactive material comprising one or more conjugated polymers. These conjugated polymers have exogenous charge carriers that are sufficiently low in concentration to conjugate charge carrier pairs that, when applying an electric field to the photoactive material, cause charge carriers to be injected into the photoactive material and radiation is attenuated such that radiation is emitted from the conjugated polymer. Bonded to form within the polymer. Photoactive materials can include organic and / or inorganic semiconductors. The photoactive material may comprise organic particles comprising a polymer blend. The polymer blend may be an organic emitter blended with one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a blocking material and a liquid crystal. The photoactive material can be provided as nanostructures and can include molecules synthesized with component parts that provide different functionality from the nanostructures. For example, liquid crystal molecules can provide alignment and transfer properties, chromophore molecules can provide luminescent properties and crosslinkable monomers can provide selective curing and transfer properties.

The photoactive material may comprise microcapsules having a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase comprising an organic emitter. The mixture may also include property control additives. Specific control additives include, for example, desiccants, conductive phases, semiconductive phases, insulating phases, mechanical strength reinforcement phases, adhesion reinforcement phases, hole injection materials, electron injection materials, low work metals, barrier materials, emission enhancing materials and liquid crystals. It may include.

Figure 144 illustrates yet another step of the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the polymerization / migration step. The monomer is optionally in a crosslinked pattern to form a polymer. As the crosslinking reaction proceeds, the monomer moves in response to an optional crosslinking pattern, causing the crosslinked monomer (polymer) and the photoactive material to concentrate in separate regions. Figure 145 illustrates yet another step of the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the alignment step. This final result is a solid polymer with photoactive regions embedded in the pattern corresponding to the selective crosslinking pattern.

Figure 146 illustrates yet another step in a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing controlled pixylated light emission. The mixture may be disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, which may form the electrode grid of the pixylated display or light sensor. The photoactive material may comprise an organic light emitting diode material that emits light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may comprise an inorganic light emitting diode material that emits light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive material may comprise a radiation-to-energy material that generates a current in response to radiation in the visible spectrum and / or may respond to radiation in an invisible spectrum such as x-ray, ultraviolet or infrared radiation. have.

Figure 147 illustrates steps of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the lower substrate having the lower electrode pattern on the lower substrate. According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a light emitting device is provided. The steps of the present invention include providing a lower substrate, on which there is a lower electrode.

Figure 148 illustrates yet another step of the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the photoactive mixture disposed on the photoactive layer substrate over the lower electrode pattern. The emission layer is disposed over the lower electrode. The emissive layer comprises a mixture of OLED particles dispersed in a monomer fluid carrier. Figure 149 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the patterning of the photoactive layer by irradiation through a mask. The monomers are selectively polymerized to concentrate the OLED particles in the emission regions and to concentrate the polymerized monomers in the polymerization regions.

FIG. 150 shows another step in the method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention, showing the movement of the photoactive material into the photoactive regions. The photoactive material may include at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. Particles of the photoactive material may have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposite electrical polarity. The particles can be aligned in the carrier to allow the first type of charge carriers to be more easily injected into the first end and the second type of charge carriers to be more easily injected into the second end.

151 shows the composition of the components in the multicolor photoactive mixture. According to the invention, the energy-to-light or light-to-energy material may be a component of the crosslinkable monomer material or may be formulated as this material. As shown in FIG. 151, red, green and blue emitting components can be associated with the respective monomers and the curable material, each having a specific polymerization parameter such as wavelength or emission, catalyst, temperature, and the like.

The photoactive material may include first emitting particles that emit a plurality of photons of the first color in response to a first turn-on voltage and emit different numbers of photons of the first color in response to other turn-on voltages. have. The photoactive material may further comprise second emitting particles. The second emitting particles emit dot-down photons of the second color in response to the second turn-on voltage and different numbers of photons of the second color in response to other turn-on voltages. The photoactive material may further comprise third emitting particles. The third emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of the third color in response to the third turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes and a different number of photons of the third color in response to the other turn-on voltages.

As shown in Figures 152 to 155, the method of the present invention can be used to form a pure color photoactive device. As shown in FIG. 152, the method of the present invention for manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device includes disposing a multicolor photoactive mixture disposed over a patterned electrode grid. Red, green and blue emitting components can be associated with the respective monomers or curable materials, each with specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or emission, catalyst, temperature and the like. The emission components may also be associated with a movement support material, such as a liquid crystal.

Figure 153 illustrates the steps of a method of manufacturing a multicolor photoactive device of the present invention, showing selective patterning of one of the color photoactive regions. In this case, the red emission components are moved into rows (or into pixels) by selective patterning and polymerization of monomer 1 associated with the red emission component.

Figure 154 illustrates the steps of the method of manufacturing the multicolor photoactive device of the present invention, showing the patterned colored photoactive regions. As shown, when the mixture is radiated through the patterned mask, in bright areas in the pattern, monomer 1 undergoes a polymerization reaction. As the polymerization reaction proceeds, the monomer 1 and red components move from the dark regions to the bright regions so that other components, ie green and blue, are concentrated in the dark regions. This end result is a solid polymer comprising a red emitting component formed in an optional pattern.

FIG. 155 shows a pure color light active device having color light active regions patterned in red, green and blue in turn. By patterning and spinning the mixture in a manner similar to the patterning of the red component, the green and blue components are formed into rows. Also included is a fourth monomer (not shown) with other polymerization reaction parameters, which polymerizes between the release rows.

Figure 156 illustrates the steps of a method of manufacturing the pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing the mixture of photoactive materials disposed over the patterned lower electrode grid. The mixture comprises a photoactive material such as emitting particles (ep) dispersed in a monomer carrier. The monomers are selectively polymerized using a radiation source transmitted through the patterned mask to form bright and dark regions corresponding to the polymerization and emission regions. Figure 157 illustrates yet another step in a method of manufacturing the pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing selective patterning through a pixel grid mask. Emission regions can be formed into individual pixels surrounded by polymerization regions. Figure 158 illustrates yet another step in a method of manufacturing the pixylated photoactive device of the present invention, showing the movement of the photoactive material to the pixel region. The patterned mask includes at least one of a lower electrode and an upper electrode provided over the emissive layer.

Figure 159 shows the composition of components in a photoactive device having conductive paths and pixels formed by a self assembly process. Photoactive materials such as emissive components (ep) may be associated with monomers or curable materials, each having specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or emission, catalyst, temperature, and the like. Alternatively, the photoactive material may be associated with a mobility promoting material such as a liquid crystal, magnetic, paramagnetic or electrostatic material. Conductive material C may also be provided. The conductive material may be associated with another or curable material, each having specific polymerization parameters such as wavelength or radiation, catalyst, temperature, and the like. Alternatively, the photoactive material may be associated with a mobility promoting material such as a liquid crystal, magnetic, paramagnetic or electrostatic material.

FIG. 160 illustrates steps of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention with conductive paths and pixels formed by a self assembly process. The photoactive matrix is disposed over the bottom electrode formed on the substrate. Figure 161 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self-assembly, showing selective patterning of conductive paths by irradiating through a mask. Non-conductive monomers (not shown) are selectively patterned into the emission regions to form conductive pathways between the polymerization regions. The conductive paths may form the electrode grid of the display device. The mixture may further include a conductive material that can be patterned into conductive paths. Figure 162 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self assembly, showing patterned conductive paths. Conductive components (ep) and (C) are patterned into conductive paths.

Figure 163 illustrates yet another step in a method of fabricating the photoactive device of the present invention by self-assembly, showing selective patterning of pixel regions by irradiating through a mask. The monomer may be polymerized under first polymerization conditions such as first polymerization wavelength, temperature or other polymerization resulting in parameters. The conductive material may be polymerized under second polymerization conditions such as second polymerization wavelength, temperature or other polymerization resulting in parameters. Figure 164 illustrates yet another step of a method of manufacturing the photoactive device of the present invention by self assembly, showing the patterned pixel regions and conductive paths. Emitted particles and conductive material are patterned in conductive paths by selectively polymerizing the conductive material to concentrate the emitted particles on the emitting pixels and to concentrate the conductive material on the non-emitting regions between the emitting pixels. An alignment field can be applied during the polymerization step or when the emitting or photoactive particles can migrate. The alignment field can be magnetic or electrical and the patterned electrodes can be used to define the alignment fields.

Figure 165 schematically illustrates a photoactive device fabricated by self assembly, showing emissive / more conductive zones, non-emissive / more conductive zones, and non-emissive / less conductive zones. The photoactive particles may comprise a liquid crystal component and a chromophor component. The upper electrode over the emissive layer is patterned into the electrode grid, allowing the device to act as a pixylated display or light sensor. At least one performance enhancing layer (not shown) may be provided between the lower substrate and the emissive layer. This performance enhancing layer may comprise, for example, a light absorbing or reflecting layer, a charge injection inhibiting or facilitating layer and / or a barrier layer that prevents penetration of moisture or oxygen, for example. According to the present invention, the light emitting device can be manufactured using self-assembly techniques. A lower substrate is provided and a lower electrode is provided over this lower substrate. An emissive layer comprising a mixture comprising emissive / more-conductive material and non-emissive / less-conductive zones is disposed above the underlying substrate. This mixture is optionally patterned to allow the releasing / the-conductive material to concentrate in the emitting regions and for the releasing / less = conductive material to concentrate in the non-emitting regions.

Figure 166 shows the cubic volume of the photoactive material randomly dispersed in the photopolymerizable monomer carrier. A mixture of the photoactive material and the photopolymerizable monomer fills the volume. This mixture is irradiated with two or more laser beams. The laser beams are aligned and polarized to produce a specific holographic interference pattern with alternating dark and bright areas. FIG. 167 illustrates the cubic volume shown in FIG. 1165, showing the photoactive material and polymerized carrier after holographic patterning using the interference pattern generated by the laser beams. In the bright areas of the pattern, the monomers undergo a polymerization reaction. As the polymerization proceeds, the monomer migrates from the dark regions to the bright regions, causing the photoactive material to concentrate in the dark regions. This final result is a solid polymer with droplets of liquid crystal embedded in the pattern that correspond to the dark areas of the holographic interference pattern.

Thus, in accordance with the present invention, a laser interference pattern is used to selectively pattern the mixture to form a three dimensional array of bright and dark regions corresponding to the non-emission regions and the emission regions. The three-dimensional pattern is used to selectively pattern the mixture to form a three-dimensional structure comprising the photoactive material (ep) and also to emit within the maximum volume, including other components such as conductor material (C), not shown. Make the desired pattern of material and conductive paths. The emission regions are formed into individual pixels surrounded by non-emission regions. The mixture may further comprise a non-emissive / more-conductive material. This emissive / more-conductive material and non-emissive / more-conductive material can be patterned into conductive paths between non-emissive regions. The emissive / the-conductive material and / or the non-emissive / the-conductive material may comprise a liquid crystal component.

In connection with the above description, optimal dimensional relationships for parts of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, including variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use. All of the equivalents shown in the figures and equivalent to those described herein are included in the present invention.

Therefore, the foregoing is only regarded as illustrative of the principles of the present invention. In addition, since those skilled in the art can make numerous modifications and changes, the present invention is not limited to the configurations and operations shown and described. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents will be considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (151)

In the method of forming an OLED light emitting device, Providing an upper electrode and a lower electrode, wherein a gap is defined between the upper electrode and the lower electrode; Placing field reactive OLED particles randomly dispersed within the fluid carrier within the gap; And Applying an alignment field between the top and bottom electrodes to form a desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier between the top and bottom electrodes. OLED light emitting device formation method. The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises a hardenable material and curing the carrier to form a cured carrier to maintain a desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier. Further comprising, an OLED light emitting device forming method. The method of claim 1, wherein the OLED particles comprise dielectric OLED microcapsules. OLED microcapsules, An internal phase of the OLED material in the first shell; Electrolyte; And An OLED microcapsule comprising the first shell and a second shell encapsulating the electrolyte. The OLED microcapsule of claim 4, wherein the OLED material inner phase further comprises a field reactive material. The OLED microcapsule of claim 5, wherein the field reactive material comprises at least one of a magnetically reactive material and an electrically reactive material that is effective to orient the OLED microcapsules in an alignment field. As an OLED device, A first electrode; A second electrode disposed adjacent the first electrode and defining a gap between the first electrode and the first electrode; And OLED particles; And And a carrier material disposed within the gap and comprising the OLED particles. The device of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise organic-layered particles, each organic-layered particle comprising a hole transport layer and a hole emitting layer having a hetero-junction therebetween. The OLED device of claim 8, wherein each organic-layered particle further comprises at least one of a blocking layer and an emitting layer. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising an inner phase and a shell, wherein at least one of the inner phase and the shell comprises an OLED material and at least one of the inner phase and the shell. And a field reactive material comprising at least one of an electrostatic material and a magnetically reactive material. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising an inner phase and a shell, wherein at least one of the inner phase and the shell comprises an OLED material and at least one of the inner phase and the shell. And a composition that destroys the microcapsules when electrical energy above a threshold is applied to the microcapsules. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising an inner phase and a shell, wherein at least one of the inner phase and the shell comprises an OLED material and at least one of the inner phase and the shell. The OLED device comprises a composition that is effective to prevent the barrier from degrading the OLED material. 8. The component part of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a field reactive material, a solvent material, a color material, a shell forming material, a barrier material, a dry material and a heat meltable material. Containing microcapsules, wherein the component portions form at least one inner phase and at least one shell, the component portions creating a desired conduction path through the hole transport material and the electron transport material such that the microcapsules OLED device having an electrical property such that an electric potential acts as a pn junction when applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. 8. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the carrier material is relatively less conductive than the OLED particles, such that the OLED particles provide a path with less electrical resistance than the carrier material. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising an inner phase and a shell, the inner phase comprising an OLED material, and the shell being relatively less conductive than the OLED material. , Wherein the OLED particles provide a path with less electrical resistance than the shell. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising an inner phase and a shell, wherein the shell comprises an OLED component material which is one of a hole transporting material and an electron transporting material and the inner phase An OLED device comprising an OLED component material that is another hole transport material and an electron transport material. 8. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the carrier material has optical properties such that during use of the OLED device, the carrier material is one of transmitting, diffusing, absorbing and reflecting light energy. 8. The OLED device of claim 7, wherein the material properties of the OLED particles include at least one of self-rheological and electro- rheological properties to orient the OLED particle with an applied electric field. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the OLED particles comprise microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising: an inner phase comprising an OLED material and a self-reactive material disposed within the first shell; Electrolytes and curable materials; And a second shell encapsulating the first shell, the electrolyte and the curable material, wherein, in response to an applied electric field, the position of the first shell may be changed relative to the second shell, Upon curing, the position of the first shell relative to the second shell is properly locked. In the method of forming an OLED device, Providing a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein a gap is defined between the first electrode and the second electrode; And Disposing field reactive OLED particles randomly dispersed in a fluid carrier within the gap. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising applying an alignment field between the first and second electrodes to form a desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles in the fluid carrier between the first and second electrodes. A method of forming an OLED device, characterized in that. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the carrier comprises a curable material, further comprising curing the carrier to form a cured carrier to adjust the desired orientation of the field reactive OLED particles within the cured carrier. OLED device formation method. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the OLED particles comprise providing a first particle comprising a hole transport material having a first net charge and providing a second particle comprising an electron transport material having a second net charge. A first charge opposite to the second charge; Moving both the first particle and the second particle to form an integrated OLED particle having a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer to form a heterojunction therebetween. The method of claim 23, wherein the first particle comprises at least one of an emitting or receiving photon-active layer. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating an inner phase in a shell, wherein at least one of the inner phase and the shell comprises an OLED material and at least one of the inner phase and the shell is electrostatic material and magnetic. And a field reactive material comprising at least one of the reactive materials. The method of claim 20, wherein the OLED particles are formed by microencapsulating an inner phase in a shell, the inner phase comprising at least one of an OLED emitter material and an OLED hole transport material in solution. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of the inner phase and the shell comprises a field reactive component. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises an electrode grid to form an OLED pixel between the first electrode and the second electrode. The method of claim 20, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a sheet electrode to form a general light emitting OLED device. As an OLED device, A first layer electrode, a second layer electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode and defining a first layer gap between the first electrode, an OLED particle, and disposed within the first layer gap and A first OLED pixel layer comprising a carrier material comprising; And a first subsequent layer electrode, a second subsequent layer electrode disposed adjacent to the first electrode and defining a second layer gap between the first electrode, the OLED particles, and the second And at least one subsequent OLED pixel layer disposed within the layer gap and comprising a carrier material comprising the OLED particles. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in a first wavelength range in response to a driving voltage applied to the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode, wherein each of the subsequent OLED pixels Wherein each said OLED particle of a layer emits light in a different wavelength range in response to a driving voltage applied to each first subsequent layer electrode and each second subsequent layer electrode. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit light in the blue range, the OLED particles of the first subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light in the green range, and the second subsequent OLED pixel layer. Wherein said OLED particles emit light in the blue range. 32. The device of claim 31, further comprising a dichromatic pixel layer disposed adjacent to the final OLED pixel layer, wherein the dichroic pixel layer comprises a first dichroic electrode, the first dichroic electrode on the first dichroic electrode. And a second dichroic electrode disposed adjacently and defining a dichroic pixel gap between and said first dichroic electrode and a dichroic element disposed within said dichroic pixel gap. 31. The OLED device of claim 30, wherein the second layer electrode comprises the same electrode as the first subsequent layer electrode. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit red light; The OLED particles of the first subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light in the green range; The OLED particles of the second subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light in the blue range; Wherein the OLED particles of at least one additional subsequent OLED pixel layer emit light having a color and / or light intensity that is different from the color and / or light intensity of one or more additional color ranges or other OLED particles. The first layer electrode and the second layer of claim 30, wherein the OLED particles of the first OLED pixel layer emit electrical energy in response to photon reception in a first wavelength range and detect the electrical energy as a detectable signal. Applied to the electrode; Each said OLED particle of each said subsequent OLED pixel layer emits electrical energy in response to photon reception in a different first wavelength range and transmits said electrical energy as a detectable signal to each first subsequent layer electrode and each second subsequent layer electrode. Approved, OLED device. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the OLED particles of one or more of the subsequent OLED pixel layers emit electrical energy in response to reception of photons and detect the electrical energy as a detectable signal. Applying to a layer electrode and said second subsequent layer electrode. As a photoactive device, Semiconductor particles dispersed in the conductive carrier material; A first contact layer selected such that upon application of an electric field to the first contact layer, charge carriers of a first type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material; And a second contact layer, wherein upon application of an electric field to the second contact layer, a second type of charge carriers are selected to be injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. The photoactive device of claim 38, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. 39. The conductive carrier material of claim 38, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise one or more conjugated polymers, wherein the one or more conjugated polymers sufficiently reduce the concentration of exogenous charge carriers, thereby transferring an electric field between the first and second contact layers to the conductive carrier material. Upon application to the semiconductor particles through the second contact layer, the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer and the first and second types of charge carriers are injected into the semiconductor particle to bond the conjugated polymer. And form, in the conjugated polymer, charge carrier pairs that are attenuated radially to emit radiation from the conjugated polymer. 41. The photoactive device of claim 40, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, organic emitters, and an electron transport material. 41. The photoactive device of claim 40, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise a polymer blend, the polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. 43. The microcapsule of claim 42, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase of a polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material and a blocking material. Comprising a light active device. 43. The photoactive device of claim 42, wherein the conductive carrier material comprises a binder material having one or more specific control additives. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the property control additives are at least one of a fluid and a particle; A photoactive device comprising a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength reinforcing phase, an adhesion reinforcing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, a low work metal, a blocking material, and an emission reinforcement material. 39. The device of claim 38, wherein the first contact layer and the second contact layer are arranged to form an array of pixels, each pixel comprising a portion of the semiconductor particles dispersed in a conductive carrier material, each pixel being driven And can be selectively addressed by applying a voltage to the first contact layer and the second contact layer. A voltage controlled photoactive device that emits light of two or more colors, A first electrode; A second electrode disposed adjacent the first electrode and defining a gap between the first electrode and the first electrode; A photoactive device comprising a mixture of photoactive particles and a conductive carrier material, The mixture is disposed in the gap, the photoactive particles comprise first emitting particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer, the first emitting particles being applied to the electrodes. Emit a plurality of photons of a first color in response to a first turn-on voltage and emit a different number of photons of the first color in response to other turn-on voltages, the photoactive particles further comprising second emitting particles; Wherein the second emitting particles emit a plurality of photons of a second color in response to a second turn-on voltage and a different number of photons of the second color in response to other turn-on voltages. Photoactive device. 48. The voltage controlled photoactive device of claim 47, wherein the second emitting particles comprise at least one of a second conjugated polymer and an inorganic emitting material. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the photoactive layer further comprises third emitting particles, wherein the third emitting particles are a plurality of photons of a third color and other turn on in response to a third turn on voltage applied to the electrodes. And emit different numbers of photons of the third color in response to voltages. 50. The voltage controlled photoactive device of claim 49, wherein the first color is red, the second color is green and the third color is blue. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the photoactive layer further comprises one or more additional emitting particles comprising another electroluminescent conjugated polymer or inorganic emitter, wherein the one or more additional emitting particles are in response to a turn on voltage. And emit different numbers of photons in response to different turn-on voltages. 53. The voltage controlled photoactive device of claim 51, wherein the color is in the visible spectrum. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the color is not in the visible spectrum. 53. The voltage controlled photoactive device of claim 51, wherein said color is infrared. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the first electrode is part of an x-grid of electrodes and the second electrode is part of a y-grid of electrodes, wherein the conductive carrier material and the at the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode The mixture of organic photoactive particles constitutes the emitting component of the pixels of the display device. 48. The at least one electroluminescent conjugated polymer of claim 47 comprises polythiophenes, poly (paraphenylenes), and poly (paraphenylene vinylene). A plurality of members selected from the group, at least some of which are alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, fluoroalkyl, alkylphenyl A voltage controlled photoactive device having a substituent selected from the group consisting of alkylphenylenes and alkoxyphenylene vinylenes. An organic light active display device, Board; A first grid for driving electrodes formed on the substrate; A second grid of electrodes disposed adjacent the first grid of electrodes and defining a gap between the grid and the grid; And A mixture of organic photoactive particles and a conductive carrier material, The mixture is disposed in the gap, and the organic photoactive particles have first particles comprising a first electroluminescent conjugated polymer having a first turn on voltage and a second turn on voltage different from the first turn on voltage. And second particles comprising a second electroluminescent conjugated polymer, wherein the light having a first color is in response to the first turn-on voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. Light emitted by the shunt conjugate polymer and having a second color is emitted by the second electroluminescent conjugated polymer in response to the second turn-on voltage applied to the first electrode and the second electrode Display device. A method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles, Forming a first organic photoactive component material and a first carrier fluid; Forming a second mixture of the second organic photoactive ingredient material and the second carrier fluid; Generating a first mist of the first mixture in the environment such that the first particles of the first organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment; Generating a second mist of said second mixture in said environment such that second particles of said second organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in said environment; And A first layered organic light comprising both the first particle and the second particle mixed in the environment to attract and include a first layer of a first organic photoactive component material and a second layer of the second organic photoactive component material Forming a layer of active material, the method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles. 59. The method of claim 58, further comprising: forming a third mixture of the third organic photoactive ingredient material and the third carrier fluid; Forming a fourth mixture of the first layered organic photoactive material particles and a fourth carrier fluid; Generating a third mist of the third mixture in the environment such that the third particles of the third organic photoactive ingredient material are temporarily suspended in the environment; Generating a fourth mist of said fourth mixture in said environment such that said first layered organic photoactive material particles are temporarily suspended in said environment; And A second comprising a layer of first layered organic photoactive material particles and a layer of third layer of organic photoactive component material, wherein both the third and first layered organic photoactive material particles are mixed and attracted in the environment; The method of forming layered organic photoactive material particles, further comprising forming the layered organic photoactive material particles. The method of claim 59, Forming another mixture of another organic photoactive ingredient material and another carrier fluid; Forming another mixture of preformed layered organic photoactive material particles and also other carrier fluids; Generating another mist of said further mixture in said environment such that another particle of said another organic photoactive ingredient material is temporarily suspended in said environment; Generating yet another mist of said further mixture in said environment such that said first layered organic photoactive material particles are temporarily suspended in said environment; And The other particles and the preformed layered organic photoactive material particles are all mixed and attracted in the environment to include a layer of the first layered organic photoactive material particles and a layer of the third organic photoactive component material. And forming second layered organic photoactive material particles. 61. The layered organic photoactive material according to claim 60, wherein at least one of the first, second and subsequent organic active ingredient materials comprises at least one of a hole transport material, an emission layer material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Particle Formation Method. 62. The layered method of claim 61, wherein at least another one of the first, second and subsequent organic active ingredient materials comprises at least one of a magnetic material, an electrostatic material, a desiccant, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. Organic photoactive material particle formation method. 61. The layering of claim 60, wherein at least one of the first and second and subsequent carrier fluids is a first solvent and each of the first, second and subsequent organic photoactive component materials can be dissolved in the solvent. Organic photoactive material particles formation method. 64. The layered organic photoactive material particle formation of claim 63, wherein at least one of the first, second and subsequent organic photoactive component materials is fine particles insoluble in each of the first, second and subsequent carrier fluids. Way. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the third organic photoactive particles comprise multi-layered organic photoactive material particles. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the environment comprises one of a gas mixture, an inert gas, a liquid, or a vacuum. 67. The method of claim 66, further comprising performing a property enhancing treatment with the formed layered organic photoactive material particles. 60. The method of claim 59, further comprising microencapsulating the organic photoactive material particles. 60. The method of claim 59, further comprising: forming the first mist with a polarized charge; And forming the second mist with a charge having an opposite polarity, such that the electrical attraction is enhanced between the first organic photoactive particles and the second organic photoactive particles. Material particle formation method. A method of driving a multicolor light emitting device that emits two or more colors in sequence in response to each different applied turn-on voltage, During an emission cycle, applying a first turn-on voltage having a constant duration to the light emitting device to emit a first burst of a predominant number of photons of a first color; And During an emission cycle, applying a second turn-on voltage having a duration and at least one of a magnitude and a polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the first turn-on voltage to emit a second burst of the predominant number of photons of a second color; By including the steps During the emission cycle, the first burst and the second burst occur in rapid succession and the eye of the person receiving the first burst and the second burst is stimulated to a different color from the first and second colors. To recognize the multi-color light emitting device driving method. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein during the emission cycle, at least one of a magnitude and a polarity different from the magnitude and polarity of the other turn-on voltage and a constant duration to emit a third burst of the predominant number of photons of a third color. And further comprising applying a turn-on voltage such that during the emission cycle, the first burst, the second burst and the third burst are continuously generated at high speed and the eye of the person receiving the bursts is stimulated to generate the first burst. A method for driving a multicolor light-emitting device, characterized by recognizing a color different from one color, the second color and the third color. 72. The light emitting device of claim 71, wherein the first color is a red portion of the visible spectrum, the second color is a green portion of the visible spectrum, the third color is a blue portion of the visible spectrum, and the light emitting device is further configured to emit the emission cycle. Wherein the number of photons of each color emitted during each burst of is controlled to generate a predetermined color within the visible spectrum that does not necessarily need to be red, blue or green. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the intensity, duration, and color emitted by the multicolor light emitting device are adjusted in accordance with a retinex display operation. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the retinex display operation comprises providing indexed digital data to indicate locations on a display, wherein the digital data indicates an intensity for each location within each spectral band. ; Adjusting the intensity of each position in each spectrum band to generate an adjusted intensity value according to a predetermined equation; Filtering the adjusted intensity value for each location with a common function; And controlling turn-on voltages to emit photons of each color based on the adjusted intensity value for each filtered spectrum for each location. As a photoactive fiber, Elongated cured conductive carrier material; Semiconductor particles dispersed in the conductive carrier material; A first contact area provided upon application of an electric field to the first contact layer such that charge carriers of a first type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material; And And a second contact area provided upon application of an electric field to the second contact layer such that charge carriers of a second type are injected into the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material. 77. The photoactive fiber of claim 75, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. 76. The semiconductor device of claim 75, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise organic active light particles comprising one or more conjugated polymers, wherein the one or more conjugated polymers lower the concentration of exogenous charge carriers, thereby reducing the concentration of the first and second contact layers. When an electric field of liver is applied to the semiconductor particles through the conductive carrier material, the second contact layer is positive with respect to the first contact layer and the first and second types of charge carriers are injected into the semiconductor particles to bond Thereby forming charge carrier pairs in the conjugated polymer that are radiation attenuated such that radiation is emitted from the conjugated polymer. 78. The photoactive fiber of claim 77, wherein the organic photoactive particle comprises particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, organic emitters, and an electron transport material. 78. The light of claim 77, wherein said organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising a polymer blend, said polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a blocking material. Active fiber. 78. The microcapsule of claim 77, wherein said organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase of a polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material and a blocking material. Comprising, optically active fibers. The photoactive fiber of claim 77, wherein the conductive carrier material comprises a binder material having one or more specific conditioning additives. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the property control additives are at least one of a fluid and a particle; A photoactive fiber comprising a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength reinforcing phase, an adhesion reinforcing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, a low work metal, a barrier material, and an emission reinforcement material. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein one of the first and second contacts comprises a first conductive member disposed longitudinally within the elongated cured conductive carrier material pixels, the other of the first and second contacts. Contact includes a second conductive member disposed adjacent the first conductive member such that at least a portion of the semiconductor particles are disposed between the first conductive member and the second conductive member. 84. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the first conductive member comprises a conductive material comprised of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed within the elongated cured conductive carrier material, and the second conductive member is the elongated cured member. A photoactive fiber comprising a conductive material consisting of at least one of a metal and a conductive polymer disposed as a coating on the outer surface of the conductive carrier material. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the particle comprises at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material, wherein the carrier is an organic emitter At least one of an inorganic emitter, a hole transporting material, a blocker material, an electron transporting material and a water reinforcing material, wherein the photoactive fiber further comprises additional layers formed between the electrodes and the particle / carrier layer. Wherein the additional layers comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. 76. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein the particles have a first end having electrical polarity and a second end having opposing electrical polarity, wherein the particles are aligned in the conductive carrier such that the first types of charge carriers And more easily inject the second type of charge carriers into the second end. As an injection moldable photoactive material, Injection moldable photoactive material, characterized in that it comprises semiconductor active particles dispersed within the curable carrier material. 88. The injection moldable photoactive material according to claim 87, wherein said semiconductor photoactive particles comprise at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. 88. The injection moldable photoactive material of claim 87, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising at least one of a hole transport material, an organic emitter, and an electron transport material. 88. The injection of claim 87 wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise particles comprising a polymer blend, the polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a blocking material. Moldable Photoactive Material. 88. The microcapsule of claim 87, wherein the organic photoactive particles comprise a microcapsule comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase of a polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material and a blocking material. Injection moldable photoactive material, comprising a. 88. The injection moldable photoactive material as recited in claim 87, wherein said carrier material comprises a curable binder material having one or more property control additives. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the property control additives are at least one of a fluid and a particle; An injection moldable photoactive material comprising a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength reinforcing phase, an adhesion reinforcing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, a low work metal, a barrier material, and an emission reinforcement material. 88. The apparatus of claim 87, wherein the particles comprise at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material, wherein the carrier is an organic emitter. , An injection moldable photoactive material comprising at least one of an inorganic emitter, a hole transporting material, a blocker material, an electron transporting material, and a water repellency enhancing material. 88. The semiconductor device of claim 87, wherein the semiconductor photoactive particles are comprised of first emitting particles comprising first emitting particles, wherein the first emitting particles are formed in response to a first turn-on voltage applied to the electrodes. Emitting a plurality of photons of one color and emitting a different number of photons of the first color in response to different turn-on voltages, the semiconductor photoactive particles further comprising second emitting particles, the second emitting particles Injection-molding photoactive material emitting a plurality of photons of a second color in response to a second turn-on voltage and emitting a different number of photons of the second color in response to other turn-on voltages. 95. The apparatus of claim 95, wherein the particles have a first end with electrical polarity and a second end with opposing electrical polarity, wherein the particles are aligned in the conductive carrier such that the first types of charge carriers An injection moldable photoactive material that allows for easier injection into an end and allows the second type of charge carriers to be more easily injected into the second end. Photon-receiving photoactive device, A first electrode; A second electrode disposed adjacent the first electrode and defining a gap between the first electrode and the first electrode; And A photoactive mixture consisting of a carrier material and photon accepting particles to receive photons of light and convert them into electrical energy, The photoactive mixture is disposed in a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode so that when light energy is received by the photon receiving particles, it can be derived from an electrical connection with the first electrode and the second electrode. A photon-receiving photoactive device for generating electrical energy that is present. 99. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the photon receiving particle comprises at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transporting material, a blocker material, an electron transporting material, and a performance enhancing material, wherein the carrier particles comprise an organic photon receiver, And at least one of an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. 99. The apparatus of claim 98, further comprising additional layers formed in a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the additional layers are organic photon receiver, inorganic photon receiver, hole transport material, blocker material, electron transport. And at least one of the material and the performance enhancing materials. As a photoactive device, A first electrode; A second electrode disposed adjacent the first electrode and defining a gap between the first electrode and the first electrode; An organic emission layer disposed in the gap; And And an effective gap extension composition disposed in the gap and increasing a gap distance between the upper and lower electrodes. 101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein the gap expansion composition comprises at least one of an insulator, a conductor, and a semiconductor. 101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein the gap expansion composition comprises one or more additional layers formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. 107. The photoactive device of claim 102, wherein the additional layers comprise at least one of an organic photon receiver, an inorganic photon receiver, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, a radiation emitting material, and a performance enhancing material. 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the gap expansion composition comprises a desiccant; Photoactive, comprising at least one of a scavenger, a conductive material, a semiconductor material, an insulator material, a mechanical strength reinforcing material, an adhesion reinforcing material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, a low work metal, a blocking material, and an emission enhancing material Device. 101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein said emissive layer comprises emissive particles dispersed within a carrier. 107. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the emitting particle has a first end having an electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity, wherein the particles are aligned in the conductive carrier such that the first types of charge carriers And more easily inject the second type of charge carriers into the second end. 101. The photoactive device of claim 100, wherein said emissive layer comprises an organic thin film layer. 107. The composition of claim 107, wherein the gap expansion composition comprises a conductor, insulator, and / or semiconductor material composition that reduces the emission efficiency of the emissive layer while increasing the photoactive device efficiency by expanding the gap distance between the electrodes. Photoactive device. In the method of manufacturing a photoactive device, Providing a mixture comprising a monomer and a photoactive material, the photoactive material comprising at least one of an energy-to-photo material and a radiation-to-energy material that emit light in response to an applied electrical energy And providing electrical energy in response to the irradiation; And selectively crosslinking the monomer to form a polymer and generating a concentration of the polymer in a second region of the concentration of the photoactive material in a first region. 109. The method of claim 109, further comprising disposing a mixture between the first electrode and the second electrode. 117. The method of claim 110, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic light emitting diode material to emit light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. 117. The method of claim 110, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic light emitting diode material to emit light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the photoactive material comprises a radiation-to-energy material to generate a current in response to radiation. 116. The method of claim 113, wherein said radiation is in the visible spectrum. 116. The method of claim 113, wherein the radiation is in the non-visible spectrum. As a photoactive device, A photoactive material provided in the first region; And A polymer provided in the second region, The polymer is formed by selectively cross-linking a monomer from a mixture comprising a monomer and the photoactive material to produce a concentration of the polymer in a second region of the concentration of the photoactive material in the first region. Characterized in that the photoactive device. 118. The photoactive device of claim 116, further comprising a first electrode and a second electrode having the polymer between the photoactive material therebetween. 118. The method of claim 117, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic light emitting diode to emit light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. 118. The method of claim 117, wherein the photoactive material comprises an inorganic light emitting diode to emit light when a voltage is applied to the first electrode and the second electrode. 118. The method of claim 117, wherein the photoactive material comprises a radiation-to-energy material to generate a current in response to radiation. 121. The method of claim 120, wherein said radiation is in the visible spectrum. 121. The method of claim 120, wherein said radiation is in the invisible spectrum. 118. The photoactive material of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises an organic photoactive material comprising one or more conjugated polymers, wherein the one or more conjugated polymers provide electrical energy to the photoactive material by sufficiently lowering the concentration of exogenous charge carriers. Upon application, the first and second types of charge carriers are injected and combined into the semiconductor particles to form decay radiatively charge carrier pairs in the conjugated polymer such that radiation is emitted from the conjugated polymer. , Photoactive device manufacturing method. 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises at least one of an organic and an inorganic semiconductor. 118. The photoactive material of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises organic particles comprising a polymer blend, the polymer blend comprising an organic emitter mixed with at least one of a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a blocking material, and a liquid crystal. , Photoactive device manufacturing method. 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises microcapsules comprising a polymer shell encapsulating an inner phase comprising an organic emitter. 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the mixture further comprises property control additives, the property control additives comprising a desiccant; A method of manufacturing a photoactive device comprising a conductive phase, a semiconductive phase, an insulating phase, a mechanical strength reinforcing phase, an adhesion reinforcing phase, a hole injection material, an electron injection material, a low work metal, a blocking material, an emission reinforcing material and a liquid crystal. 119. The first emission of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material emits a plurality of photons of a first color in response to a first turn on voltage and emits a different number of photons of the first color in response to other turn on voltages. Particles, wherein the photoactive material further comprises second emitting particles, wherein the second emitting particles comprise a plurality of photons of a second color in response to a second turn on voltage and the first in response to other turn on voltages. A method of manufacturing a photoactive device, which emits two different numbers of photons. 129. The photoactive material of claim 128, wherein the photoactive material further comprises third emitting particles, wherein the third emitting particles are in turn in response to a third turn on voltage applied to the electrodes. And emitting a different number of photons of the third color in response to voltages. 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the photoactive material comprises at least one of an organic emitter, an inorganic emitter, a hole transport material, a blocker material, an electron transport material, and a performance enhancing material. 117. The particle of claim 116, wherein the particles of photoactive material have a first end having an electrical polarity and a second end having an opposite electrical polarity, wherein the particles are aligned in the conductive carrier to form a charge carrier of the first type. And to more easily inject the second type of charge carriers into the second end. In the light emitting device manufacturing method, Providing a lower substrate; Providing a lower electrode on the lower substrate; Disposing an emissive layer comprising a mixture comprising OLED particles dispersed in a monomer fluid carrier over the lower substrate; And concentrating the OLED particles in emission regions and concentrating the polymerized monomer in polymerization regions to selectively polymerize the monomers. 134. The method of claim 132, wherein selectively polymerizing the monomer comprises forming bright and dark regions corresponding to the polymerization regions and the emission regions using a laser interference pattern. 134. The method of claim 132, wherein selectively polymerizing the monomers comprises forming bright and dark regions corresponding to the polymerization regions and the emission regions using a radiation source delivered through a patterned mask. Device manufacturing method. 134. A method according to claim 134, wherein the patterned mask comprises at least one of the lower electrode and upper electrode provided over the emission area. 137. A method according to claim 135, wherein the emission regions are formed into individual pixels surrounded by the polymerization regions. 134. The method of claim 132, wherein selectively polymerizing the monomers comprises patterning the emission regions to form conductive pathways between the polymerization regions. 137. The method of claim 137, wherein the conductive paths form an electrode grid of a display device. 138. The method of claim 137, wherein the mixture further comprises a conductive material that can be patterned into the conductive paths and further comprising patterning the conductive material into the conductive paths. 140. The method of claim 139, wherein the monomers are polymerized under first polymerization conditions; The conductive material comprises a second monomer capable of polymerizing under a second polymerization condition; Selectively polymerizing the conductive material to pattern the OLED particle and the conductive material in the conductive paths so that the OLED particles are concentrated in the emitting pixels and the conductive material is not emitted between the emitting pixels. Focused in the areas. 134. The method of claim 132, wherein the alignment field may be applied during the polymerization step or other time when the OLED particles are moved, the alignment field may be magnetic or electrical, and the patterned electrodes may be used to define the field. , Light emitting device manufacturing method. 134. A method according to claim 132, wherein a performance enhancing layer is provided between the bottom substrate and the emission layer. 134. A method according to claim 132, wherein the OLED particles comprise a liquid crystal component and a chromophoe component. 134. A method according to claim 132, further comprising providing an upper electrode over the emission layer. In the manufacturing method of the light emitting device, Providing a lower substrate; Providing a lower electrode on the lower substrate; Disposing an emission layer comprising a mixture comprising an emissive / more-conductive material and a non-emissive / less-conductive material over the lower substrate; Selectively patterning the mixture by concentrating the emissive / more-conductive material in the emissive regions and concentrating the non-emissive / less-conductive material in the non-emissive regions. Way. 145. The method of claim 145, wherein the selectively patterning comprises forming bright and dark regions corresponding to the non-emitting regions and emitting regions using a laser interference pattern. 145. The method of claim 145, wherein the selectively patterning comprises forming bright and dark regions corresponding to the non-emitting regions and the emitting regions using a radiation source delivered through the patterned mask. . 147. The method of claim 147, wherein the patterned mask comprises at least one of the lower electrode upper electrodes provided over the emission layer. 148. A method according to claim 148, wherein the emission regions are formed into individual pixels surrounded by the non-emission regions. 145. The method of claim 145, wherein the mixture further comprises a non-emissive / the-conductive material, and wherein the selectively patterning comprises discharging the emissive / the-conductive material and the non-emissive / the-conductive material into the non-emissive region. And patterning into conductive paths between them. 145. The method of claim 145, wherein the emissive / the-conductive material comprises an OLED particle comprising a liquid crystal component and a component in a chromafo.