KR20040012611A - Conductive polishing article for electrochemical mechanical polishing - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A conductive polishing article for electrochemical mechanical polishing is provided to planarize a layer on a substrate by using electrochemical deposition techniques, electrochemical dissolution techniques, polishing techniques, and/or combinations thereof. CONSTITUTION: A ball assembly includes a housing, an annular seat, a ball, a conductive adapter, and a contact member. The housing has an interior passage. The annular-seat is extended into the interior passage at the first end of the housing. The ball is disposed in the housing and is prevented by the annular seat from exiting the housing. The conductive adapter is coupled to the second end of the housing. The contact element is electrically coupled to the adapter and the ball.

Description

Conductive abrasive parts for electrochemical mechanical polishing {CONDUCTIVE POLISHING ARTICLE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING}

The present invention relates to manufacturing components and apparatus for planarizing a substrate surface.

Sub-quarter micro multi-level metallization is one of the key technologies for the next generation of ultra-large scale integrated circuits (LSL). Multistage interconnects, which form the core of this technology, include contacts, vias, lines, and other features to planarize interconnect features formed in high aspect ratio small pores. in need. Reliable formation of these interconnect features is critical to the success of ultra-large scale integrated circuits and critical to ongoing efforts to increase circuit density and quality for individual substrates and dies.

In the manufacture of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, a number of layers of conductive material, semiconducting material and dielectric material are deposited or removed on the surface of the substrate. Thin layers of conductive material, semiconducting material and dielectric material can be deposited by many deposition techniques. Conventional deposition techniques used in modern processing include physical vapor deposition (PWD), chemical vapor deposition (CHD), plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECD), and electrolytic plating (ECP), also known as sputtering.

As layers of various materials are sequentially deposited and removed, the top surface of the substrate may become uneven across its surface and needs planarization. Planarizing or "polishing" the surface is a process by which material is removed from the surface of the substrate to form an overall uniform and flat surface. This planarization is useful for removing undesirable surface morphologies and surface defects such as, for example, rough surfaces, agglomerated materials, crystal lattice damage, scartch, and contaminated layers or materials. Planarization is also useful for forming features in substrates by removing excess deposition material used to fill features and to provide a uniform surface for subsequent multi-step coating and processing.

Chemical mechanical planarization, or chemical mechanical polishing (CPM), is a common technique used to planarize a substrate. The CMP uses a chemical composition, typically a slurry or other fluid medium, to selectively remove material from the substrate. In conventional CPM techniques, the substrate carrier or polishing head is mounted to a carrier assembly and then the polishing pad of the CPM device. It is positioned in contact with. This carrier assembly provides controllable pressure to the substrate to press the substrate toward the polishing pad. This pad is moved relative to the substrate by an external driving force. The CMP apparatus performs polishing or rubbing motion between the surface of the substrate and the polishing pad while dispersing the polishing composition to perform at least one of chemical and mechanical treatment, and final removal of material from the surface of the substrate. do.

One material that is increasingly used in the manufacture of integrated circuits is copper, because of the desirable electrical properties of copper. However, copper has its own special manufacturing problems. For example, it is difficult to pattern and etch copper, so new processes and techniques, such as a damascene or dual damascene process, are being used to form copper substrate features.

In the damascene process, the features are formed in the dielectric material and then filled with copper. Dielectric materials with low dielectric constants, ie, dielectric constants of about 3 or less, are used in the production of copper damascene. Barrier layer materials are deposited uniformly on the surfaces of the features formed in the dielectric layer prior to depositing the copper material. Next, a copper material is deposited on the barrier layer and the surrounding area. However, filling the feature with copper usually results in the formation of a copper filled feature in the dielectric material and then overloading or overloading the copper material on the substrate surface that must be removed to prepare the substrate surface for subsequent processing.

One of the challenges emerging when polishing copper material is that the interface between the conductive material and the barrier layer is generally uneven and the residual copper material remains in irregular portions formed by the non-flat interface. In addition, conductive materials and barrier materials are often removed at different rates from the substrate surface, and both of these conductive materials and barrier materials may lead to excess conductive material that remains as a surplus on the substrate surface. In addition, the substrate surface may have a different surface shape depending on the density or size of the features formed therein. Copper material is removed at different removal rates along different surface shapes of the substrate surface, which makes it difficult to achieve effective removal of copper relative to the substrate surface and final flatness of the substrate surface.

One solution to remove all of the desired copper material from the substrate surface is to overpolize the substrate surface. However, overpolishing some materials leads to surface morphological defects such as the formation of recesses or depressions in features called dishing, or excessive removal of dielectric material called erosion. Surface morphological defects due to dishing and erosion may lead to non-uniform removal of additional materials, such as a barrier layer disposed below them, and may create a substrate surface with less desirable polishing quality.

Another problem with polishing copper surfaces arises from the use of low dielectric constant (low k) dielectric materials to form copper damascene in the substrate surface. Low k dielectric materials, such as carbon doped silicon oxides, can deform or break down under conventional polishing pressures (ie, about 6 psi) called downforce, which adversely affects the polishing quality of the substrate. And adversely affect device formation. For example, the relative rotational motion between the substrate and the polishing pad can induce shear forces along the substrate surface and deform the low k material to form surface morphological defects, which adversely affects subsequent polishing. Can have

One solution for polishing copper in low dielectric materials is to polish copper by electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECPM) techniques. The ECMP technique removes conductive material from the substrate surface by electrochemical dissolution, while simultaneously polishing the substrate with reduced mechanical wear compared to conventional CPM processes. This electrochemical dissolution is performed by applying a bias between the cathode and the substrate surface to remove conductive material from the substrate surface into the surrounding electrolyte.

In one embodiment for the ECMP system, the bias is applied by the conductive contact ring to be in electrical conduction with the substrate surface in a substrate support element such as a substrate carrier head. However, this contact ring has been observed to show a non-uniform distribution of current across the substrate surface, which leads to non-uniform dissolution, particularly during overpolishing where the conductive contact ring does not effectively remove excess. Mechanical wear occurs by contacting the substrate with a conventional polishing pad and by providing relative movement between the substrate and the polishing pad. However, conventional polishing pads often restrict electrolyte flow to the surface of the substrate. In addition, the polishing pad may be comprised of an insulating material that may interfere with the application of a bias to the substrate surface resulting in non-uniform or variable dissolution of the material from the substrate surface.

As a result, there is a need for improved abrasive components for the removal of conductive materials on the substrate surface.

In general, embodiments of the present invention provide fabrication components and devices for planarizing a layer on a substrate using electrochemical deposition techniques, electrochemical dissolution techniques, polishing techniques, and / or combinations thereof.

According to one embodiment of the invention, an abrasive component for polishing a substrate comprises a body having a surface suitable for polishing the substrate and at least one conductive member at least partially embedded in the body. The conductive member may comprise fibers coated with a conductive material, a conductive filler and combinations thereof, and may be disposed in a binder material. The conductive member may comprise a fabric of teaching fibers coated with a conductive material at least partially embedded in a body, a blend of fibers coated with a conductive material, a conductive filler and a combination thereof, a binder at least partially embedded in the body, or Combinations thereof. The conductive member may have a contact surface extending beyond the plane formed by the polishing surface and may include a coil, one or more loops, one or more strands, a teaching fabric of material, or a combination thereof. A plurality of perforations and a plurality of grooves may be formed in the abrasive component to facilitate the flow of material through and across the abrasive component.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an abrasive component is provided for treating a conductive layer deposited on a substrate surface, such as the substrate surface. The abrasive component comprises a body comprising at least some fibers coated with a conductive material, a conductive filler, or a combination thereof, and is adapted to polish the substrate. The plurality of perforations and the plurality of grooves may be formed in the abrasive component to facilitate the flow of material through and around the abrasive component.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the abrasive component can be arranged in an apparatus for polishing a substrate, the apparatus comprising a basin, a transparent disk disposed in the vessel, an abrasive component disposed on the transparent disk Or a manufacturing part, an electrode disposed between the permeable disk and the bottom of the container in the container, and a polishing head adapted to hold the substrate during processing.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the abrasive component can be used as a conductive abrasive component in a method for processing a substrate, the method comprising providing an apparatus for receiving an enclosure, and conducting abrasive polishing in the enclosure. Placing the component, supplying the enclosure with a flow rate of up to about 20 gallons per minute (GPM) per minute of electrically conductive solution, and positioning a substrate adjacent to the conductive abrasive component in the electrically conductive solution. And contacting the surface of the substrate with the conductive abrasive component in the electrically conductive solution, applying a bias between the electrically conductive component and the electrode, and removing at least a portion of the substrate surface.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an abrasive component for treating a substrate includes a fabric layer having a conductive layer disposed thereon. This conductive layer includes an exposed surface adapted to polish the substrate. The fabric layer may or may not be woven. The conductive layer may be composed of a soft conductive material, and in one embodiment the exposed surface may be flat or embossed.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an abrasive component for processing a substrate includes a conductive fabric layer having a conductive layer disposed thereon. This conductive layer includes an exposed surface adapted to polish the substrate. This conductive fabric layer may or may not be woven. The conductive layer may be composed of a soft conductive material, and in one embodiment the exposed surface may be flat or embossed.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the abrasive component treating the substrate comprises a conductive fabric layer having a non-conductive layer disposed thereon. This non-conductive layer comprises an exposed surface adapted to polish the substrate with at least partially exposed conductive fabric to ensure biasing the polishing substrate. This conductive fabric layer may or may not be woven. The nonconductive layer may be composed of an abrasive material, and in one embodiment the exposed surface may be flat or embossed.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the abrasive component for processing the substrate includes a conductive portion to which the abrasive member extends. In another embodiment of the present invention, the abrasive component treating the substrate includes a conductive portion extending from the conductive roller. In one embodiment, the conductive roller comprises a polymer core at least partially covered by a conductive coating composed of a soft conductive material.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a ball assembly is provided. In one embodiment, the ball assembly includes a housing, a ball, a conductive adapter and a contact member. The housing includes an annular seat extending into the first end of the inner passageway. This conductive adapter is coupled to the second end of the housing. This contact member electrically couples the adapter and the ball, which is held in a housing between the seat and the adapter.

1 is a plan view of one embodiment of a processing apparatus of the present invention,

2 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an ECM station,

3 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an abrasive component,

4 is a plan view of one embodiment of an abrasive part having a groove,

5 and 6 are plan views of an embodiment of a grooved abrasive part,

7A is a top view of the conductive landfill or fabric described herein,

7B and 7C are partial cross sectional views of an abrasive component having an abrasive surface including a conductive skin or fabric,

7D is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an abrasive component including a metal foil,

7E is another embodiment of an abrasive component including a fabric material,

7F is another embodiment of an abrasive component having a window formed therein,

8A and 8B are schematic plan and cross-sectional views of one embodiment of an abrasive component with a conductive member,

8C and 8D are schematic plan and cross-sectional views of one embodiment of an abrasive component with a conductive member,

9A and 9B are perspective views of another embodiment of an abrasive component with a conductive member,

10A is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

10B is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

10C is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

10D is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

10E is a partial perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

11A-11C are schematic side views of one embodiment of a substrate contact type embodiment for an abrasive component described herein,

12A-12D are schematic plan and side views of embodiments of an abrasive component with extensions connected to a power source,

12E and 12F are schematic side and exploded perspective views of another embodiment for powering an abrasive component,

14A and 14B are plan and cross-sectional views of another embodiment of an abrasive component,

15A-15D are plan and cross-sectional views of another embodiment of a conductive component,

16-18 are cross-sectional views of another embodiment of a conductive component,

19 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductive component with one embodiment of a ball assembly,

20A and 20B are side and exploded views of the ball assembly of FIG. 19,

FIG. 21 is an embodiment of a contact member of the ball assembly of FIGS. 19 and 20A and 20B,

22-24 are perspective and side views of another embodiment of a conductive component with another embodiment of the ball assembly.

To facilitate understanding, the same reference numerals are used to refer to the same member as common to the drawings as possible.

For the words and phrases used herein, one of ordinary skill in the art provides common and idiomatic meanings in the art, otherwise it is further defined. Chemical mechanical polishing should be interpreted broadly and includes, but is not limited to, wear of the substrate surface by chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, or a combination of both chemical and mechanical treatment. Electro-polishing should also be broadly interpreted and includes, but is not limited to, planarization of the substrate by application of electrochemical treatment, such as anode dissolution.

Electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECPM) should be interpreted broadly and includes planarizing the substrate by removing material from the substrate surface by applying electrochemical treatment, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment or a combination of electrochemical, chemical and mechanical treatments, It is not limited to this.

The electrochemical mechanical plating process (ECPMP) should be interpreted broadly, and by electrochemically depositing a material onto a substrate, generally by the application of an electrochemical treatment, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment or a combination of electrochemical, chemical and mechanical treatments. Planarizing the deposited material includes, but is not limited to.

Anode dissolution should be interpreted broadly, including but not limited to applying an anode bias directly or indirectly to a substrate to remove conductive material from the substrate surface and into the surrounding electrolyte solution. The polishing surface is broadly defined as part of a fabrication component that at least partially contacts the substrate surface during processing, or electrically couples the fabrication component to the substrate surface directly through contact or indirectly through an electrically conductive medium.

Polishing device

1 shows a processing apparatus 100, which is disposed on at least one station suitable for electrochemical deposition and chemical mechanical polishing, such as an electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECPM) station 102, and a single platform or tool. At least one conventional polishing or buffing station 106. One abrasive tool that may be employed to benefit from the present invention is the trade name MIRRa, available from Applied Materials, Inc. based in Santa clara, California. Mesa It is called chemical mechanical polishing machine.

For example, in the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 100 includes two ECM stations 102 and one polishing station 106. These stations can be used to treat substrate surfaces.

For example, in a substrate having a shape design inside and filled with a barrier layer and a conductive material disposed on the barrier layer, the conductive material is removed in two steps at two ECM stations 102 and the barrier layer is removed from the polishing station. Polishing at 106 may form a planarized surface.

Exemplary apparatus 100 generally includes one or more ECM stations 102, one or more polishing stations 106, a transfer station 110, and a base 108 that supports a carousel 112. The transfer station 110 generally facilitates transfer of the substrate to the apparatus 100 via the loading robot 116. The loading robot 116 typically transfers the substrate 114 between the transfer station 11 and the fabrication interface 120, which is the cleaning module 122, the metering device 104 and one or more substrate storage cassettes. 118 may be included. One example of a metering device 104 is the trade name NovaScan available from Nova Measuring Instruments, Inc., based in Phoenix, Arizona. It is an integrated thickness monitoring system.

Optionally, loading robot 116 (or fabrication interface 120) may transfer substrates to one or more processing tools (not shown), such as chemical vapor deposition tools, physical vapor deposition tools, etching tools, and the like.

In one embodiment, the transfer station 110 includes at least an input buffer station 124, an output buffer station 126, a transfer robot 132 and a load cup assembly 128. The loading robot 116 places the substrate 114 on the input buffer station 124. The transfer robot 132 includes two gripper assemblies, each gripper assembly including a pneumatic gripper finger that holds the substrate 114 at its edge. The transfer robot 132 lifts the substrate from the input buffer station 124, rotates the gripper and the substrate 114 to position the substrate 114 above the rod cup assembly 128, and then moves the substrate 114. Lower to position the rod cup assembly 128.

The carousel 112 generally supports a plurality of polishing heads 130, with each polishing head holding one substrate 114 during processing. This carousel 112 transfers the polishing head 130 between the transfer station 110, the one or more ECM stations 102 and the one or more polishing stations 106. One carousel 112, which may be employed to benefit from the present invention, is outlined in US Pat. No. 5,804,507 to Tolles et al., Issued Sep. 8, 1998, which is incorporated in its entirety. Incorporated herein by reference.

In general, the carousel 112 is disposed at the center of the base 108. This carousel 112 typically includes a plurality of arms 138. Each arm 138 generally supports one of the polishing heads 130. One of the arms 138 shown in FIG. 1 is not shown, with the result that the transport station 110 can be seen. This carousel 112 may be indexed such that the polishing head 130 may be moved between the stations 102 and 106 and the transfer station 110 in the order defined by the user.

Generally, polishing head 130 holds substrate 114, during which substrate 114 is disposed within ECM station 102 or polishing station 106. Once the ECM station 102 and the polishing station 106 are disposed in the apparatus 100, the substrate 114 can be sequentially plated or polished by being moved between these stations while held in the same polishing head 130. . The polishing head that can be employed in the present invention is a trade name TITaN Head manufactured by Applied Materials, Inc., based in Santa Clara, California. Is a substrate carrier.

Examples of embodiments of a polishing head 130 that can be used with the polishing apparatus 100 described herein are described in US Pat. No. 6,183,354, issued February 6, 2001 to Zuniga et al. This document is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

To help control the polishing apparatus 100 and the processes performed thereon, a controller 140 comprising a central processing unit (cPU) 142, a memory 144, and a support circuit 146 is provided to the polishing apparatus 100. Connected. The cPU 142 can be any type of computer processor that can be used in various driving devices and industrial settings for controlling pressure. This memory 144 is connected to the cPU 142. This memory 144 or computer readable medium may be one or more readily available memory, such as a memory device (RaM), a device for reading (ROM), a floppy disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. . The support circuits 146 are connected to the cPU 142 to support the processor in a conventional manner. These circuits include caches, power supplies, clock circuits, input / output circuits, subsystems, and the like.

Power to operate the polishing apparatus 100 and / or the controller 140 is provided by the power supply 150. By way of example, the power supply 150 is shown connected to a number of components of the polishing apparatus 100, which components include the transfer station 110, the mill interface 120, the loading robot 116, and the like. Includes a controller 140. In other embodiments, separate power supplies are provided for two or more component members of the polishing apparatus 100.

2 is a cross-sectional view of the polishing head 130 supported above the ECM station 102. This ECP station 102 comprehensively includes a container 202, an electrode 204, an abrasive component 205, a disk 206, and a lid 208. In one embodiment, the container 202 is coupled to the base 108 of the polishing apparatus 100. This container 202 generally forms a container or electrolyte cell in which a conductive fluid, such as electrolyte 220, can be housed. The electrolyte 220 used to process the substrate 114 may be used to process metals such as copper, aluminum, tungsten, gold, silver, or any other material, which may be used to process the substrate 114. It may be electrochemically deposited or may be electrochemically removed from the substrate 114.

The vessel 202 is a fluoropolymer, TeFLON, compatible with electroplating and electropolishing chemicals. It may be a bowl-shaped member made of plastic such as, PFa, Pe, PeS or other materials. The container 202 has a bottom 210 that includes a small hole 216 and a drain 214. This small hole 216 is generally placed in the center of the bottom 210 and allows the shaft 212 to penetrate. A seal 218 is disposed between the small hole 216 and the shaft 212, which rotates the shaft 212 while preventing the fluid disposed in the container 202 from passing through the small hole 216. It allows you to.

Typically, the container 202 includes an electrode 204, a disk 206 and an abrasive component 205 disposed therein. This abrasive component 205, such as a polishing pad, is disposed and supported on the disk 206 inside the container 202.

The electrode 204 is an opposite electrode to the substrate 114 and / or the abrasive component 205 in contact with the substrate surface. The abrasive component 205 is at least partially conductive and can serve as an electrode in combination with the substrate during electrochemical processes such as electrochemical mechanical plating processes (ECPMP), which electrochemical deposition Chemical mechanical polishing or electrochemical dissolution. The electrode 204 may be an anode or a cathode depending on the positive bias (anode) or negative bias (cathode) applied between itself 204 and the abrasive component 205.

For example, when increasing the material from the electrolyte to the substrate surface, the electrode 204 serves as an anode while the substrate surface and / or abrasive component 205 serves as a cathode. When removing material from the substrate surface, such as by dissolution from an applied bias, the electrode 204 serves as a cathode while the substrate surface and / or abrasive component 205 may serve as an anode.

In general, the electrode 204 is positioned between the disk 206 and the bottom 210 of the vessel 202. Herein, the electrode may be immersed in the electrolyte 220. The electrode 204 may be a plate-shaped member, a plate formed by passing a plurality of small holes therein, or a plurality of electrode pieces disposed in a permeable membrane or a container. A permeable membrane (not shown) is disposed between the disk 206 and the electrode 204 or between the electrode 204 and the abrasive component 205 to filter out bubbles such as hydrogen bubbles from the wafer surface, reduce defect formation and The current or power between them is stabilized or applied more uniformly.

For electrolytic deposition processes, the electrode 204 is made of a material to be deposited or removed, such as copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tungsten and other materials that can be electrochemically deposited on the substrate 114. For electrochemical removal processes, such as anode dissolution, the electrode 204 may include non-consumable electrodes made of materials other than deposited materials, such as, for example, platinum, carbon or aluminum, for copper dissolution.

The abrasive component 205 may be a pad, web or belt of material compatible with fluid environment and processing details. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the abrasive component 205 includes a portion of a conductive surface of a conductive material, such as one or more conductive members, for at least contact with the substrate surface during processing. The abrasive component 205 may be some or all of the conductive abrasive material, or a hybrid, embedded in or deposited on conventional abrasive material. For example, this conductive material may be placed on a "backing" material disposed between the disk 206 and the abrasive component 205 to ensure compliance and / or durometer of the abrasive component 205 during processing. ) Can be adjusted.

The container 202, the lid 208 and the disk 206 may be arranged to move to the base 108. The vessel 202, the lid 208 and the disk 206 are moved axially toward the base 108 such that the carousel 112 is positioned between the ECM station 102 and the polishing station 106. Indexing 114 may facilitate clearance of the polishing head 130. The disk 206 is disposed in the container 202 and coupled to the shaft 212. This shaft 212 is generally coupled to a motor 224 disposed below the base 108. The motor 224 rotates the disk 206 at a predetermined speed in response to a signal from the controller 140.

This disk 206 may be a perforated part support made of a material compatible with the electrolyte 220 that does not adversely affect polishing. This disk 206 is a polymer such as a fluoropolymer, Pe, TeFLON , PFa, PeS, HdPe, UHMW or the like. The disk 206 may be secured to the container 202 using a fastener such as a screw or other means such as a snap fit or interference fit with the enclosure and may be suspended in the container and the like. The disk 206 is preferably spaced apart from the electrode 204 to provide a wider process window, thereby reducing the sensitivity of depositing and removing material from the substrate surface to the electrode 204 structure.

This disk 206 is generally permeable to the electrolyte solution 220. In one embodiment, the disk 206 includes a plurality of perforations or channels 222 formed therein. Perforations include small holes, holes, openings or passageways formed by partially or completely passing an object such as an abrasive component. This perforation size and density are selected to evenly distribute the electrolyte 220 through the disk 206 and up to the substrate 114.

In one embodiment of the disk 206, the disk 206 includes perforations having a diameter between about 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) and about 0.4 inches (10 mm). These perforations may have a perforation density between about 20% and about 80% of the abrasive component. A puncture density of about 50% was observed to provide electrolyte flow with minimal adverse impact on the polishing process. Generally, the perforations of the disk 206 and the abrasive component 205 are aligned with each other to provide sufficient material flow of electrolyte through the disk 206 and the abrasive component 205 to the substrate surface. This abrasive component 205 may be disposed on the disk 206 surface by a mechanical clamp or conductive adhesive.

Although abrasive components have been described herein in connection with electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECPM), the present invention also contemplates the use of conductive abrasive components in other manufacturing processes, including electrochemical treatment. Examples of such processes using electrochemical treatment include electrochemical deposition, which does not use conventional biasing devices such as edge contacts, but also includes a combination of electrochemical deposition and chemical mechanical polishing. Without using an electrochemical mechanical plating process (ECPMP), an abrasive component 205 used to apply a uniform bias to a substrate surface for depositing a conductive material is required.

In operation, the abrasive component 205 is disposed on the disk 206 in the electrolyte contained in the vessel 202. The substrate 114 of the polishing head is disposed in the electrolyte and is in contact with the polishing component 205. This electrolyte passes through the perforations of the disk 206 and the abrasive component 205 and is distributed to the substrate surface by grooves formed therein. Next, power from the power source is applied to the conductive abrasive component 205 and the electrode 204, and then conductive material such as copper contained in the electrolyte is removed by the anode dissolving method.

The electrolyte 220 flows from the reservoir 233 into the volume 232 via the nozzle 270. The electrolyte 220 is prevented from overflowing in the volume portion 232 by the plurality of holes 234 disposed in the skirt 254. These holes 234 generally provide a path through the lid 208 to allow the electrolyte 220 to exit the volume 232 and flow into the bottom of the vessel 202. In general, at least some of these holes 234 are located between the bottom surface 236 and the central portion 252 of the depression 258. Since these holes 234 are typically higher than the bottom surface 236 of the depressions 258, the electrolyte 220 fills the volume 232, thereby forming a substrate 114 and a polishing medium 205. Contact. Thus, the substrate 114 maintains contact with the electrolyte 220 over the full range of relative space between the lid 208 and the disk 206.

The electrolyte 220 collected in the vessel 202 generally flows into the fluid supply system 272 through the drain 214 disposed on the bottom 210. This fluid supply system 272 typically includes a reservoir 233 and a pump 242. The electrolyte 220 flowing into this fluid supply system 272 is collected in the reservoir 233. Pump 242 transfers electrolyte 220 from reservoir 233 through supply line 244 to nozzle 270, where electrolyte 220 is recycled through ECM station 102. Generally, a filter 240 is disposed between the reservoir 233 and the nozzle 270 to remove particulates and aggregates that may be present in the electrolyte 220.

The electrolyte solution may comprise a commercially available electrolyte. For example, when removing the copper-containing material, the electrolyte solution may include a sulfuric acid electrolyte, a phosphate electrolyte such as potassium phosphate (K ₃ PO ₄ ), or a combination thereof. In addition, this electrolyte solution may contain a derivative of a sulfuric acid electrolyte such as copper sulfate and a derivative of a phosphoric acid electrolyte such as copper phosphate. In addition, an electrolytic solution having a perchloric acid-acetic acid solution and derivatives thereof may also be used.

In addition, the present invention contemplates using an electrolyte composition that has been used in a conventional electroplating or electropolishing process, including electroplating or electropolishing additives that have been used conventionally, such as brighteners. One feeder for electrolyte solutions used in electrochemical processes, such as copper plating, copper anode melting, or a combination thereof, is easily prepared by department Rohm and Haas, headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania under the brand name Ultrafill 2000. She is Playley Leonel. One example of a suitable electrolyte composition is described in US Patent Application No. 10 / 038,066, filed Jan. 3, 2002, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

The electrolyte solution is fed to an electrochemical cell and flows dynamically at a flow rate of up to about 20 gallons per minute between the substrate surface, or between the substrate surface and the electrode, such as between about 0.5 MPM and about 20 MPM, such as 2 MPM. To provide. Such flow rates of the electrolyte are believed to allow removal of abrasive material and chemical by-products from the substrate surface and to allow regeneration of the electrolyte material for improved polishing rates.

When mechanical wear is used in the polishing process, the substrate 114 and the abrasive component 205 rotate relative to each other to remove material from the substrate surface. Such mechanical wear can be accomplished by physical contact of a conductive abrasive material with a conventional abrasive material, as described herein. Substrate 114 and abrasive component 205 each rotate at least about 5 rpm, such as between about 10 rpm and about 50 rpm.

In one embodiment, a high rotational speed polishing process can be used. This high rotation speed polishing process involves rotating the abrasive component 205 at a platen speed of at least about 150 rpm, such as between about 150 rpm and about 750 rpm, wherein the substrate 114 is at about 150 rpm and about It can be rotated at rotational speeds between 500 rpm, such as between about 300 rpm and about 500 rpm. A further description of a high rotational speed polishing process that can be used with the abrasive components, processes, and apparatus described herein is filed on July 25, 2001, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Semiconductor Substrates. and apparatus for chemical Mechanical Polishing of Semiconductor Substrates, "US Patent Application Serial No. 60 / 308,030. Other movements can also be performed during the process, including orbital movements or sweeping movements across the substrate surface.

When in contact with the substrate surface, a pressure of about 6 psi or less, such as about 2 psi or less, is applied between the abrasive component 205 and the substrate surface. When the substrate containing the low dielectric constant material is polished, a pressure of about 2 psi or less, such as about 0.5 psi or less, is used to press the substrate 114 toward the abrasive component 205 while polishing the substrate. In one embodiment of the invention, pressures between about 0.1 psi and about 0.2 psi can be used to polish the substrate using conductive abrasive components as described herein.

In anode dissolution, a potential difference or bias is applied between the electrode 204 acting as the cathode and the polishing surface 310 (see FIG. 3) of the abrasive component 205 acting as the anode. The substrate in contact with the abrasive component is polarized by the conductive abrasive surface 310, while at the same time a bias is applied to the conductive component support member. By applying the bias, the conductive material formed on the substrate surface, such as the copper containing material, can be removed. Forming the bias may include applying a voltage of about 15 volts or less to the substrate surface. Voltages between about 0.1 volts and about 10 volts can be used to dissolve the copper containing material from the substrate surface into the electrolyte. The bias may also produce a current density between about 0.1 mA / cm 2 and about 50 mA / cm 2, or between about 0.1 amps and about 20 amps for a 200 mm substrate.

The signal provided by the power supply 150 to form the potential difference to perform the anode dissolution process may vary depending on the requirements for removing material from the substrate surface. For example, the time varying anode signal can be supplied to the conductive abrasive medium 205. This signal may also be applied by an electrical pulse modulation technique. This electrical pulse modulation technique involves applying a constant current density or voltage to a substrate during a first time interval, stopping applying voltage to the substrate during a second time interval, and repeating the first and second steps. Steps. For example, the electrical pulse modulation technique can use a potential that varies from about -0.1 volts and about -15 volts to between about 0.1 volts and about 15 volts.

With the correct perforation patterns and densities for the abrasive media, biasing the substrate from the abrasive component 205 results in electrolyte flow from the substrate surface compared to the higher edge removal rate and lower center removal rate due to conventional edge contact pin bias. It is believed to dissolve uniformly conductive materials such as metals.

Conductive material, such as a copper containing material, may be removed from at least a portion of the substrate surface at a rate of about 15,000 kPa / min, such as from about 100 kPa / min to about 15,000 kPa / min. In one embodiment of the invention, wherein the copper material to be removed has a thickness of 12,000 kPa, a voltage may be applied to the conductive abrasive component 205 to provide a removal rate from about 100 kPa / min to about 8000 kPa / min.

Following the electrolytic polishing process, the substrate can be further polished or buffed to remove the barrier layer material, remove surface defects from the dielectric material, or improve the flatness of the polishing process using conductive abrasive components. will be. Examples of suitable buffing processes and compositions are disclosed in co-pending US patent application Ser. No. 09 / 569,968, filed May 11, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The abrasive component described herein may comprise a conductive abrasive material and may be formed from a conductive material that may include a conductive member disposed in a dielectric or conductive abrasive material. In one embodiment, the abrasive material may comprise conductive fibers, conductive fillers or combinations thereof. These conductive fibers, conductive fillers or combinations thereof can be dispersed in the polymeric material.

These conductive fibers may comprise conductive or dielectric materials, such as dielectric or conductive polymers or carbon-based materials, at least partially coated or coated with a conductive material comprising a metal, carbon-based material, conductive ceramic material, conductive alloy, or combinations thereof. It may include. The conductive fibers may be in the form of fibers or filaments, conductive fabrics or fabrics, one or more loops, coils, or rings of conductive fibers. Multiple conductive materials, such as multiple conductive fabrics or fabrics, can be used to shape the conductive abrasive material.

These conductive fibers include dielectric or conductive fiber materials coated with a conductive material. Dielectric polymer materials can be used as the fiber material. Examples of suitable dielectric fiber materials include polyamides, polyimides, nylon polymers, polyurethanes, polyesters, polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, diene containing polymers such as aeS (polyacrylonitrile ethylene styrene), acrylic polymers Or polymeric materials such as combinations thereof. The present invention also contemplates the use of organic or inorganic materials that can be used as the fibers described herein.

Conductive textile material is polyacetylene, baytron Proprietary conductive polymer materials, including polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDT), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, carbon-based fibers, or combinations thereof, commercially available under the trademark. Another example for a conductive polymer is a polymer / noble metal hybrid material. Polymer / noble metal hybrid materials are generally chemically inert with the surrounding electrolyte, such as inert with noble metals resistant to oxidation. One example of this polymer / noble metal hybrid material is a platinum / polymer hybrid material. Examples of conductive abrasive materials, including conductive fibers, are filed December 27, 2001, and are co-pending US patent entitled "conductive Polishing article for electrochemical mechanical polishing". It is more fully described in application 10 / 033,732, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention also contemplates the use of organic or inorganic materials that can be used as the fibers described herein.

The fibrous material may itself be solid or hollow. The length of the fiber is in the range between about 1 μm and about 1000 mm, and the diameter is in the range between about 0.1 μm and about 1 mm. In one embodiment, for conductive polymer blends and foams, such as conductive fibers disposed in a polyurethane, the diameter of the fibers may range between about 0.1 μm and about 200 μm, and the aspect ratio of diameter to length is about 5 Or, for example, about 10 or more. The cross-sectional area of the fibers can be circular, elliptical, star-shaped "snow flaked" or any other form of dielectric or conductive fibers produced. Large aspect ratio fibers having a length between about 5 mm and about 1000 mm and a diameter between about 5 μm and about 1000 μm can be used to form meshes, loops, fabrics or fabrics of conductive fibers. In addition, these fibers have modulus of elasticity between about 10 ⁴ psi and about 10 ⁸ psi. However, the present invention also contemplates the modulus of elasticity required to provide flexible and resilient fibers in the abrasive components and processes described herein.

Conductive materials disposed on conductive or dielectric fiber materials generally include conductive inorganic compounds such as metals, metal alloys, carbon-based materials, conductive ceramic materials, metal inorganic compounds, or combinations thereof. Examples of metals that can be used for conductive material coatings herein include precious metals, tin, lead, copper, nickel, cobalt and combinations thereof. Precious metals include gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and combinations thereof, of which gold and platinum are preferred. The present invention also contemplates the use of other metals for conductive material coatings, in addition to the materials illustrated herein. Carbon based materials include carbon black, graphite and carbon particles that can adhere to the fiber surface. Examples for ceramic materials include niobium carbide (Nbc), zirconium carbide (Zrc), tantalum carbide (Tac), titanium carbide (Tic), tungsten carbide (Wc) and combinations thereof. The present invention also contemplates the use of other metals, other carbon based materials and other ceramic materials for conductive material coatings, in addition to the materials illustrated herein. Metallic inorganic compounds include, for example, copper sulfide or monogenite (cu ₉ S ₅ ) disposed on polymer fibers such as acrylic or nylon fibers. Monogeneous coated fibers are made by Thunderon of Nihon Sanmo dyeing co. Ltd, Japan. It is commercially available under the trade name. This Thunderon The fibers included a coating of mono nitrite (cu ₉ S ₅ ) between about 0.03 μm and about 0.1 μm and were observed to have a conductivity of about 40 μs / cm. The conductive coating can be placed directly on the fiber surface by plating, coating, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, binding or bonding of the conductive material. In addition, a nucleation or seed layer of conductive material such as copper, cobalt or nickel can be used to improve the adhesion between the conductive material and the fibrous material. The conductive material may be disposed on individual dielectric or conductive fibers of various lengths, and on loops, foams, and fabrics or fabrics having a shape made of dielectric or conductive fiber material.

One example of a suitable conductive fiber is a polyurethane fiber coated with gold. Other examples for conductive fibers include acrylic fibers coated with gold and nylon fibers coated with rhodium. One example of a conductive fiber using a nucleation material is a nylon fiber coated with a copper seed layer and a gold layer disposed on the copper layer.

Conductive fillers can include simple base material or conductive particles and fibers. Examples for this conductive carbon based material include carbon powder, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofoams, carbon aerogels, graphite and combinations thereof. Examples of conductive particles or fibers include inherent conductive polymers, dielectric or conductive particles coated with a conductive material, and metals such as gold, platinum, tin, lead and other metals or metal alloy particles, conductive ceramic particles, and combinations thereof. Conductive inorganic particles including particles. The conductive filler may be coated, in part or in whole, with a metal, such as a noble metal, a carbon based material, a conductive ceramic material, a metal inorganic compound, or a combination thereof, as described herein. Examples for this filler material are carbon fibers or graphite coated with copper or nickel. The conductive filler may be spherical, elliptical, longitudinal shape with any aspect ratio of two or more, or any other shape of the fillers produced. Filler materials are broadly defined herein as materials that can be disposed in a second material to alter the physical, chemical or electrical properties of the second material. In addition, the filler material may itself include a dielectric or conductive fibrous material that is partially or fully coated in a conductive metal or conductive polymer, as described herein. Fillers of dielectric or conductive fibrous material partially or fully coated in a conductive metal or conductive polymer may be a complete fiber or piece of fiber.

These conductive materials are used to coat dielectric and conductive fibers and fillers to provide the desired level of conductivity for forming conductive abrasive materials. Generally, a coating of conductive material is deposited on the fiber and / or filler material at a thickness between about 0.01 μm and about 50 μm, such as between about 0.02 μm and about 10 μm. This coating is typically a fiber or filler having a resistance of about 100 kV-cm or less, such as between 0.001 kV-cm and 32 kV-cm. The present invention contemplates that the resistance depends on the material consisting of both the fiber or filler and the coating used, and can represent the resistance of the conductive material coating, such as platinum having a resistance of 9.81 μm-cm at 0 ° C. Examples of suitable conductive fibers include nylon fibers coated with copper, nickel or cobalt of about 0.1 μm, and nylon fibers coated with about 2 μm gold disposed on copper, nickel or cobalt, the total diameter of the fiber Is between about 30 μm and about 90 μm.

The conductive abrasive material can include a combination of conductive or dielectric fibers that are at least partially coated or coated with a conductive filler and additional conductive material to achieve desired electrical conductivity or other abrasive component properties. An example for a combination is the use of graphite and gold coated nylon fibers as a conductive material that includes at least a portion of the conductive abrasive material.

The conductive fiber material, the conductive filler material, or a combination thereof may be dispersed in the binder material or form a hybrid conductive abrasive material. One form of the provider material is a conventional abrasive material. Conventional abrasive materials are generally dielectric materials, such as dielectric polymer materials. Examples of dielectric polymer abrasive materials include urethane, polyurethane mixed with filler, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), Teflon Polymers, polystyrene, ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene (ePdM), or combinations thereof, and other abrasive materials used to polish the substrate surface. In addition, conventional abrasive materials may include felt fibers impregnated in urethane, or may be in a foamed state. The present invention may use any conventional abrasive material as a binder material (also known as a matrix) in addition to the conductive fibers and fillers described herein.

Additives may be added to the binder material to assist in dispersing the conductive fibers, conductive fillers or combinations thereof in the polymeric material. These additives can be used to improve the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of abrasive materials molded from fibers and / or fillers, and binder materials. These additives include crosslinkers to improve polymer cross-linking and dispersants to more evenly distribute the conductive fibers or conductive fillers in the provider material. Examples for crosslinking agents include amino compounds, silane crosslinkers, polyisocyanate compounds, and combinations thereof. Examples of dispersants include N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides, amine salts of high molecular weight organic acids, copolymers of methacrylic or acrylic acid, amines, amides, imines, imides, hydroxyls, ethers Derivatives containing polar groups such as ethylene and ethylene copolymers containing polar groups such as amines, amides, imines, imides, hydroxyls and ethers. In addition, sulfur containing compounds such as thioglycolic acid and related esters have been observed as effective dispersants for gold coated fibers and fillers in binder materials. The present invention also contemplates that the amount and type of additives vary with respect to the fiber or filler material, and the binder material used, and the examples are illustrative and should not be considered or interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention.

In addition, a mesh of conductive fibers and / or filler may be formed in the binder material, for which a sufficient amount of conductive fibers and / or conductive filler material may be provided to provide a physically continuous or electrically continuous medium or phase; Phase) is formed in the binder material. Conductive fibers and / or conductive fillers generally fall between about 2 wt% and about 85 wt% of the abrasive material, such as between about 5 wt% and about 60 wt% when combined with the polymeric binder material.

A teaching fabric or fabric of conductive material, optionally fibrous material coated with a conductive filler, may be disposed in the binder. Fiber materials coated with a conductive material may be interwoven to form yarns. These yarns can gather together to form a conductive mesh with the aid of an adhesive or coating. This yarn may be disposed as a conductive member in the polishing pad material or may be woven into a cloth or fabric.

Optionally, conductive fibers and / or fillers can be used to mold conductive abrasive materials or components having a bulk or surface resistance of about 50 kPa-cm or less, such as about 3 kPa-cm or less. In one embodiment of the abrasive component, the abrasive component or abrasive surface thereof has a resistance of about 1 dB-cm or less. Generally, a conductive abrasive material or a hybrid of a conductive abrasive material and a conventional abrasive material is provided to produce a conductive abrasive component having a bulk or surface resistance of about 50 kPa-cm or less. Examples of hybrids of conductive abrasive materials and conventional abrasive materials include gold or carbon coated fibers that exhibit a resistance of about 1 kW-cm or less, which coated fibers have a bulk resistance of about 10 kW-cm or less. It is disposed in a sufficient amount in a conventional abrasive material of urethane to provide the part.

Conductive abrasive materials formed from the conductive fibers and / or fillers described herein generally have mechanical properties without functional degradation under residual electric fields and are resistant to functional degradation in acidic or basic electrolytes. The conductive material and any binder material used, if applicable, are combined to have the same mechanical properties of conventional abrasive materials used in conventional abrasive parts. For example, the conductive abrasive material, whether alone or in combination with a binder material, may be up to about 100 on the Shore d hardness scale for polymer materials, as defined by the American Material Testing Association (aSTM), headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Has a hardness of. In one embodiment of the invention, the conductive material has a hardness of about 80 or less on the Shore d hardness scale for the polymeric material. Conductive abrasive portion 310 generally includes a surface roughness of about 500 microns or less. The properties of the polishing pad are generally intended to reduce or minimize scratches on the substrate surface during mechanical polishing and when applying a bias to the substrate surface.

Abrasive parts structure

According to one embodiment of the invention, the abrasive component comprises a single layer of the conductive abrasive material described herein, disposed on a support. In other embodiments, the abrasive component may include a plurality of layers of material that include at least one conductive material on the substrate surface or provide a conductive surface for contacting the substrate with the at least one component support portion or sub pad.

3 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an abrasive component 205. The abrasive component 205 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes a hybrid abrasive component having a conductive abrasive portion 310 for polishing the substrate surface and the component support or sub pad portion 320.

Conductive abrasive portion 310 may comprise a conductive abrasive material, including conductive fibers and / or conductive fillers, as described herein. For example, the conductive abrasive portion 310 may comprise a conductive material, including conductive fibers and / or conductive fillers dispersed in a polymeric material. The conductive filler may be disposed in the polymeric binder. This conductive filler may comprise a soft conductive material disposed in the polymer binder. Soft conductive materials generally have a hardness and modulus that is approximately equal to or less than the hardness and modulus of copper. Examples of soft conductive materials include alloys and ceramic composites that are softer than copper among gold, tin, palladium, palladium-tin alloys, platinum and lead, and other conductive metals. The present invention also contemplates the use of other conductive fillers that are harder than copper so long as they are small enough to not scratch the abrasive substrate. The conductive abrasive portion may also include one or more loops, coils, or rings of conductive fibers, or rings of conductive fibers interwoven to form a conductive fabric or cloth. Conductive abrasive portion 310 may also include multiple layers of conductive material, such as multiple layers of conductive cloth or fabric.

One example for the conductive abrasive portion 310 includes gold coated nylon fibers and graphite particles disposed in urethane. Other examples include graphite particles and / or carbon fibers disposed in polyurethane or silicon. Another example includes gold or tin particles dispersed in a urethane matrix.

In another embodiment, the conductive abrasive portion 310 may have abrasive particles 360 disposed therein. At least a portion of these abrasive particles 360 are exposed to the upper abrasive surface 370 of the conductive abrasive portion 310. This abrasive particle 360 is generally adapted to remove the passivation layer of the metal surface of the substrate being polished, thereby exposing the underlying metal to electrolyte and electrochemical treatment, thereby increasing the polishing rate during processing. Examples for abrasive particles 360 include ceramic particles, inorganic particles, organic particles or polymer particles that are strong enough to break down the passivation layer formed on the metal surface. The polymer particles may be hard or spongy to adjust the wear rate of the abrasive portion 310.

The component support portion 320 is generally equal to or smaller than the diameter or width of the conductive abrasive portion 310. However, the present invention also contemplates the component support portion 320 having a larger width or diameter than the conductive abrasive portion 310. While the drawings herein illustrate a circular conductive abrasive portion 310 and a component support portion 320, the present invention provides a conductive abrasive portion 310, a component support portion 320, or both of which have a rectangular surface or It is also contemplated that the elliptical surface may have a similar shape. The present invention also contemplates that the conductive abrasive portion 310, the component support portion 320, or both may form a linear web or belt of material.

The component support portion 320 may comprise an inert material in the polishing process and is resistant to being consumed or damaged during ECMP. For example, the component support portion may be, for example, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polylenylene sulfide (PPS), ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene (ePdM), Teflon mixed with polyurethane and fillers. Conventional abrasive materials, including polymeric materials such as polymers, or combinations thereof, and other abrasive materials used to polish the substrate surface. The component support portion 320 may be a conventional soft material such as compressed felt fibers impregnated with urethane to absorb some of the pressure applied between the abrasive component 205 and the carrier head 130 during processing. This soft material may have a Shore a hardness between about 20 and about 90.

Optionally, the component support portion 320 may be made from a conductive material compatible with the surrounding electrolyte that does not adversely affect after polishing, including conductive precious metals or conductive polymers to provide electrical conductivity across the abrasive component. Can be. Examples for precious metals include gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and combinations thereof, of which gold and platinum are preferred. Materials that are reactive with the peripheral electrolyte, such as copper, may also be used, in which case such materials are blocked from the peripheral electrolyte by conventional abrasive materials or inert materials such as precious metals.

If the component support portion 320 is conductive, the component support portion 320 may have greater conductivity, ie lower resistance, than the conductive abrasive portion 310. For example, the conductive abrasive portion 310 may have a resistance of about 1.0 kPa-cm or less when compared to the component support portion 320 including platinum having a resistance of 9.81 μΩ-cm at 0 ° C. Conductive part support portion 320 may supply a uniform bias or current to minimize conductive resistance along the surface of the part, such as the radius of the part, during polishing for uniform anode dissolution across the substrate surface. This conductive component support portion 320 can be coupled to a power supply for powering the conductive abrasive portion 310.

In general, conductive abrasive portion 310 is adhered to component support portion 320 by a conventional adhesive suitable for use with abrasive materials in a polishing process. The present invention also contemplates the use of other means for attaching conductive abrasive portion 310 onto component support portion 320, such as compression molding and lamination. The adhesive can be conductive or dielectric depending on the manufacturer's wishes or process requirements. Component support portion 320 may be attached to a support such as disk 206 by adhesive or mechanical clamp. Optionally, if the abrasive component 205 only includes a conductive abrasive portion 310, the conductive abrasive portion may be attached to a support such as disk 206 by adhesive or mechanical clamp.

The conductive abrasive portion 310 and the component support portion 320 of the abrasive component 205 are generally permeable to the electrolyte. A plurality of perforations may be formed in each of the conductive abrasive portion 310 and the component support portion 320 to facilitate fluid flow therethrough. The plurality of perforations allows the electrolyte to pass through and contact the surface during processing. These perforations may be actually formed during manufacture, such as between the conductive fabric or the interwoven portions of the fabric, or may be formed and patterned through the material by mechanical means. These perforations may be partially or fully formed through each layer of abrasive component 205. The perforations of the conductive abrasive portion 310 and the perforations of the component support portion 320 may be aligned to facilitate fluid flow through them.

Examples for perforations 350 formed in the abrasive component 205 may include small holes in the abrasive component having a diameter between about 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) and about 0.4 inches (10 mm). The thickness of the abrasive component 205 may fall between about 0.1 mm and about 5 mm. For example, the perforations can be spaced apart in a range between about 0.1 inch and about 1 inch relative to each other.

The abrasive component 205 may have a puncture density between about 20% and about 80% of abrasive particles to provide a sufficient mass flow of electrolyte across the abrasive component surface. However, the present invention also contemplates a puncture density below or above the puncture density, as described herein, that can be used to control fluid flow through the puncture. In one example, a puncture density of about 50% was observed to provide sufficient electrolyte flow to promote uniform anode dissolution from the substrate surface. Perforation is described broadly herein as the volume of the abrasive portion it comprises. The puncture density includes the aggregate number and diameter or size of the puncture, surface, or body of the abrasive component when the aperture is formed in the abrasive component 205.

Perforation size and density are selected to evenly distribute the electrolyte through the abrasive component 205 to the substrate surface. In general, a combination of punch sizes, punch densities, and punches in both the conductive abrasive portion 310 and the component support portion 320 ensures sufficient mass flow of electrolyte through the conductive abrasive portion 310 and the component support portion 320. They are aligned with each other to provide up to the substrate surface.

Grooves are disposed in the abrasive component 205, which improves electrolyte flow across the abrasive component 205 to provide an effective or uniform electrolyte flow to the substrate surface during the anode dissolution or electrolytic plating process. These grooves may be partially formed in a single layer or may be formed in a plurality of layers. The present invention also contemplates grooves formed in the top layer or polishing surface in contact with the substrate surface. In order to provide an improved or controlled electrolyte flow to the surface of the abrasive component, some or a plurality of perforations may be in communication with the grooves. Optionally, all of the perforations may be in communication with the grooves disposed in the abrasive component 205, or none of the perforations may be in communication with the grooves disposed in the abrasive component 205.

Examples of grooves used to promote electrolyte flow may include linear grooves, bow grooves, annular concentric grooves, radial grooves, spiral grooves, and the like. The grooves formed in the part 205 may have a cross section in the shape of a rectangle, a circle, a semicircle, or any other shape that can promote the fluid flow through the surface of the abrasive part. These grooves may cross each other. These grooves may be composed of patterns such as intersecting X-Y patterns disposed on the polishing surface, or intersecting triangular patterns formed on the polishing surface, or a combination thereof to enhance electrolyte flow across the surface of the substrate.

These grooves may be spaced apart in a range between about 30 mm and about 300 mm with respect to each other. Generally, the grooves formed in the abrasive part have a width between about 5 mm and about 30 mm. One example of a groove pattern includes grooves spaced about 60 mm from each other and about 10 mm wide. Any suitable groove configuration, size, diameter, cross sectional shape or spacing can be used to provide the desired flow of electrolyte. Additional cross-sectional and groove configurations are filed on October 11, 2001, and co-pending US patent provisional application 60 / 328,434 entitled "Method and apparatus for Polishing Substrates". It is described in more detail in the heading, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The electrolyte transfer to the surface of the substrate can be enhanced by intersecting a portion of the perforations with the grooves so that the electrolyte can enter through a set of perforations, which are uniformly distributed around the substrate surface by the grooves to process the substrate. The treatment electrolyte is then regenerated by additional electrolyte passing through the perforations. One example of pad perforation and groove formation is described in more detail in US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 026,854, filed December 20, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Examples of abrasive parts with perforations and grooves are as follows. 4 is a plan view of one embodiment of an abrasive part with grooves. The round pad 440 of the abrasive component 205 is shown to include a plurality of perforations 446 of sufficient size and configuration to allow the electrolyte to flow to the substrate surface. These perforations 446 may be spaced apart from about 0.1 inches to about 1 inch with respect to each other. These perforations may be circular perforations having a diameter between about 0.02 inch (0.5 mm) and about 0.4 inch (10 mm). In addition, the number and shape of these perforations may vary depending on the apparatus used, the processing parameters, and the ECM composition.

Grooves 442 are formed in the abrasive surface 448 of the abrasive component 205 to support the transfer of fresh electrolyte in bulk solution from the vessel 202 to the gap between the substrate and the abrasive component. These grooves 442 are substantially circular concentric groove patterns on the polishing surface 448 as shown in FIG. 4, an XY pattern as shown in FIG. 5, and a triangle as shown in FIG. 6. You can have several patterns, including patterns.

5 is a top view of another embodiment of a polishing pad including grooves 542 disposed in the X-Y pattern on the polishing surface 548 of the polishing pad 540. Perforations 546 may be disposed in the intersection region of the grooves disposed in the vertical and horizontal directions, and may be disposed in the vertical groove, the horizontal groove, or the abrasive portion 548 outside of the groove 542. Can be disposed within. Perforations 546 and grooves 542 are disposed in the inner diameter portion 544 of the abrasive component, but no perforations and grooves may be present in the outer diameter portion 550 of the polishing pad 540.

6 is another embodiment of an abrasive component 640 having a pattern. In this embodiment, the grooves may be arranged in the X-Y pattern with the grooves 645 arranged in the diagonal direction intersecting with the grooves 642 having the X-Y pattern. Diagonal grooves 645 may be disposed at an angle from any one of X-Y grooves 642, for example, from about 30 ° to about 60 ° from any of X-Y grooves 642. The perforations 646 may be disposed along the one of the grooves 642 and 645 at the intersection of the XY grooves 642 and at the intersection of the XY grooves 642 and the grooves 645 in the diagonal direction, or It may be disposed in the abrasive portion 648 outside of the grooves 642, 645. These perforations 646 and grooves 642 are disposed in the inner diameter portion 644 of the abrasive portion, but no perforations and grooves may be present in the outer diameter portion 650 of the polishing pad 640.

Other examples of groove patterns, such as spiral grooves, meandering grooves, turbine-shaped grooves, are filed on October 11, 2001, entitled "Method and apparatus for Polishing Substrates." Co-pending US Patent Provisional Application No. 60 / 328,434, entitled ", is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In addition to the perforations and grooves in the abrasive component 205, the conductive abrasive portion 310 may be embossed to accommodate the surface structure. This embossing can improve the transfer of the electrolytic solution and the removal of the substrate material by the product and the particles. In addition, the embossing can reduce scratches on the abrasive substrate and can alleviate the friction between the abrasive substrate and the abrasive component 205. The embossed surface structure is uniformly distributed across the conductive abrasive portion 310. Embossed surface structures may include structures such as pyramids, islands, crosses, as well as circular, rectangular and rectangular shapes, among other geometric shapes. The present invention also contemplates other structures that are embossed onto the conductive abrasive portion 310. The embossed surface may be in the range between 5 and 95% of the surface area of the conductive abrasive portion 310, for example, in the range between 15 and 90% of the surface area of the conductive abrasive portion 310.

Conductive polishing surface

7A is a top cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a conductive cloth or fabric 700 that may be used to form the conductive abrasive portion 310 of the abrasive component 205. The conductive cloth or fabric is comprised of teaching fibers 710 coated with a conductive material as described herein.

In one embodiment, the weave or basket-weave pattern of the teaching fibers 710 in the vertical direction 720 and the horizontal direction 730 (as viewed in the plane of FIG. 7A) is shown in FIG. 7A. Is illustrated in The present invention also contemplates other types of fabrics, such as yarns, or otherwise knitted fabrics or net patterns to form conductive fabrics or fabrics 700. In one embodiment, the fibers 710 are taught to provide a passageway 740 in the fabric 700. These passages 740 allow electrolyte or fluid flow through the fabric 700, including ions and electrolyte components. This conductive fabric 700 may be disposed in a polymeric binder such as polyurethane. In addition, a conductive filler may be disposed in such a polymer binder.

7B is a partial cross-sectional view of conductive cloth or fabric 700 disposed on part support portion 320 of part 205. This conductive cloth or fabric 700 may be disposed as one or more continuous layers over the component support portion 320, including any perforations 350 formed in the component support portion 320. This cloth or fabric 700 may be secured to the component support portion 320 by an adhesive. When the fabric 700 is submerged in an electrolyte solution, the fabric or fabric 700 is adapted to allow electrolyte flow through the fibers, fabrics, or passageways formed therein. Optionally, an intermediate layer may be included between the cloth or fabric 700 and the part support portion 320. This intermediate layer is permeable or includes perforations aligned with perforations 350 for electrolyte flow through part 205.

Optionally, when the passage 740 is determined to be insufficient for the electrolyte to effectively pass through the fabric 700, that is, when metal ions cannot diffuse, the fabric 700 may be perforated to increase electrolyte flow. have. Typically, fabric 700 is perforated or adapted to allow a flow rate of electrolyte solution up to about 20 gallons per minute.

7C is a partial cross-sectional view of a cloth or fabric 700 that may be patterned with the perforations 750 to match the pattern of the perforations 350 of the component support portion 320. Optionally, some or all of the perforations 750 of the conductive cloth or fiber 700 may not be aligned with the perforations 350 of the component support portion 320. By aligning or unaligning these perforations, the operator or manufacturer can control the flow rate or volume of electrolyte passing through the abrasive component to contact the substrate surface.

One example for the fabric 700 is a interwoven basket fabric having a fiber width of between about 8 and 10, wherein the fiber comprises nylon fibers coated with gold. One example of the fiber is nylon fiber, on which the surface of the nylon fiber is disposed a cobalt, copper or nickel material of about 0.1 mu m, and on the surface of the cobalt, copper or nickel material, about 2 mu m gold.

Optionally, conductive mesh may be used in place of conductive cloth or fabric 700. The conductive mesh may comprise at least a portion of conductive fibers, conductive fillers, or conductive cloth 700 disposed in or coated with a conductive binder. The conductive binder may comprise a hybrid of a non-metal conductive polymer or conductive material disposed in the polymer compound. A mixture of conductive fillers such as graphite powder, graphite flakes, graphite fibers, carbon fibers, carbon powders, carbon black, metal particles or fibers coated in a conductive material and a polymer material such as polyurethane forms a conductive binder. Can be used. Fillers coated with a conductive material as described herein can be used as conductive fillers for use in conductive binders. For example, carbon fibers or gold coated nylon fibers can be used to form the conductive binder.

In addition, the conductive binder improves the adhesion between the conductive foil and the conductive binder, if required to improve the adhesion between the polymer and the filler and / or the fiber, if required to support dispersion of the conductive filler and / or the fiber. Additives may be included when required to, and when required to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the conductive binder. Examples of additives that will improve adhesion include epoxy, silicone, urethane, polyimide, or combinations thereof for improved adhesion.

The conductive fillers and / or fibers and the composition of the polymeric material are adapted to provide inherent properties such as conductivity, wear properties, and durability factors. For example, conductive binders ranging from about 2 wt% to about 85 wt% of the conductive filler may be used together in the components and processes described herein. Examples of materials that can be used as conductive fillers and conductive binders are more fully described in co-pending US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 033,732, filed December 27, 2001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Incorporated herein.

The conductive binder may have a thickness from about 1 micron to 10 millimeters, such as from about 10 microns to about 1 millimeter. Multiple conductive binders may be applied to the conductive mesh. This conductive mesh can be used in the same manner as conductive cloth or fabric 700, as shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C. The conductive binder may be applied in multiple layers on the conductive mesh. In one embodiment, the conductive binder is applied to the conductive mesh after the mesh is perforated to protect a portion of the exposed mesh from the punching process.

In addition, the conductive binder may be disposed on the surface of the conductive net before applying the conductive binder to improve the adhesion of the conductive binder to the conductive net. Conductive primers can be made of a material similar to conductive binder fibers, including modified compositions to obtain properties with stronger intermediate adhesion than conductive binders. Suitable conductive primers may have a resistance of about 100 kPa-cm or less, such as from 0.001 kPa-cm to about 32 kPa-cm.

Optionally, conductive foil may be used in place of conductive cloth or fabric 700, as shown in FIG. 7D. This conductive foil generally includes a metal foil 780 disposed in or coated with a conductive binder 790 on the support layer 320. Examples of materials for forming metal foils include metal coated fabrics, conductive metals such as copper, nickel and cobalt, gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, tin, lead and combinations thereof. The same precious metals are included, of which gold and platinum are preferred. The conductive foil may also include a sheet of nonmetallic conductive foil, such as a copper sheet, a sheet foil woven from carbon fiber. The conductive foil may also comprise a metal coated cloth of dielectric or conductive material such as copper, nickel, tin or gold that coats the cloth of nylon fibers. This conductive foil may also comprise a fabric of conductive or dielectric material coated with a conductive binder material as described herein. The conductive foil may also include wire frames, screens, or meshes that interconnect conductive metal wires or strips, such as copper wires, which may be made of a conductive binder material as described herein. Can be coated. The present invention also contemplates the use of other materials in forming the metal foils described herein.

As described herein, the conductive binder 790 may surround the metal foil 780, whereby the metal foil 780 may be a conductive metal that is observed to react with the surrounding electrolyte, such as copper. . This conductive foil may be perforated with a plurality of perforations 750 as described herein. Although not shown, the conductive foil can be bonded to a conductive wire that powers to bias the polishing surface.

The conductive binder 790 may be as described for the conductive mesh or fabric 700, and may be applied in multiple layers on the metal foil 780. In one embodiment, the conductive binder 790 is applied to the metal foil 780 after the metal foil 890 is perforated to protect the exposed metal foil 780 from the drilling process.

The conductive binder described herein may be disposed onto the fabric 700, the foil 780 or the mesh by applying an adhesive or binder in a liquid state onto the fabric 700, the foil 780 or the mesh. This binder is then solidified on the fabric, foil or net after drying and curing. Other suitable processing methods, including injection molds, compression molds, laminations, autoclaves, extrusions, combinations thereof, can be used to surround the conductive fabrics, meshes or foils. Both thermoplastic and thermosetting binders can be used for this purpose.

The adhesion between the conductive binder and the metal foil component of the conductive foil may be achieved by drilling the metal foil with a plurality of perforations having a diameter or width from about 0.1 μm to about 1 mm, or between the metal foil and the low conductivity binder. It can be improved by applying a conductive primer to. This conductive primer may be composed of the same material as the conductive primer for the mesh described herein.

7E is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductive cloth or fabric 798 that may be used to form the underlayer 792 of the conductive abrasive portion 310 of the abrasive component 205. This conductive cloth or fabric may be composed of a teaching cloth or, optionally, a nonwoven fiber 710. This fiber 710 may be formed or coated with a conductive material as described above. Examples of such nonwoven fibers include spun-bond or melt blown polymers, among other nonwoven fabrics.

The conductive abrasive portion 310 includes an upper layer 794 made of a conductive material. This top layer 794 includes a polishing surface 796 disposed opposite the bottom layer 792. This top layer 794 may have a thickness sufficient to smooth out irregular portions of the underlying layer 792 disposed thereunder, thereby providing an overall flat and flat polishing surface 796 for adhering to the substrate during processing. . In one embodiment, the polishing surface 796 has a thickness variation of about ± 1 mm or less and about the same, and a surface roughness of about 500 μm or less or the same.

The top layer 794 may be composed of any conductive material. In one embodiment, the top layer 794 is formed from a soft material, such as gold, tin, palladium, palladium-tin alloys, platinum, or lead, among other conductive metals, and alloys and ceramic composites that are of lower quality than copper. Optionally, the top layer 794 may include an abrasive material disposed on itself as described above to help remove the passivation layer disposed on the metal surface of the substrate being polished.

Optionally, the top layer 794 substantially covers the conductive abrasive portion 310, but at least a portion of the exposed conductive abrasive portion so that the conductive abrasive portion 310 can be electrically coupled to the substrate being polished on the top layer 794. It may be composed of a non-conductive material, leaving it. In such a configuration, the top layer 794 helps to reduce scratch formation and prevents the conductive portion 310 from entering into any exposed feature during polishing. The nonconductive top layer 794 may include a plurality of perforations that may leave the conductive abrasive portion 310 exposed.

7F is another embodiment of an abrasive component 205 with a window 702 formed therein. This window 702 is configured such that a sensor 704 located below the abrasive component 205 can sense a metering indication of the abrasive performance. For example, the sensor 704 may be an eddy current sensor or an interferometer, among other sensors. In one embodiment, the sensor is an interferometer capable of generating a collimated beam that proceeds and enters the side of the substrate being polished during processing. One of the sensors that can be used advantageously is described in US Pat. No. 5,893,796 to Birang et al., Dated April 13, 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

This window 702 includes a fluid obstruction 706 that substantially prevents the processing fluid from reaching the area of the disk 206 containing the sensor 704. This fluid obstacle 706 is generally selected to have a propagation (eg, minimal or no effect or interference) to the signal passing through it. This fluid obstacle 706 may be a separate member, such as a block of polyurethane bonded to the abrasive component 205 in the window 702, and may include one or more layers, such as conductive portions, that make up the abrasive component 205. It may also be a mylar sheet located below 310 or component support or sub pad portion 320. Optionally, this fluid obstacle 706 may be disposed in layers or other layers disposed between the abrasive component 205 and the disk 206, such as the electrode 204. In another optional configuration, this fluid obstacle 706 may be disposed in the passage 708 aligned with the window 702 in which the sensor 704 is present. In embodiments where conductive portion 310 includes a plurality of layers, such as top layer 794 and bottom layer 792, at least one transparent material 706 makes up conductive portion 310 as shown in FIG. 7F. Can be placed in layers. It is also contemplated that other configurations of the conductive abrasive component, including the embodiments described herein, in addition to other configurations, can be configured to include a window.

Conductive Member in Polished Surface

In other embodiments, the conductive fibers and fillers described herein may be used to form individual conductive members disposed within the abrasive material to form the conductive abrasive component 205 of the present invention. This abrasive material can be a conventional abrasive material or a conductive abrasive material, such as conductive fillers or conductive hybrids of fibers disposed in a polymer as described herein. The surface of the conductive member may form one plane with the surface of the abrasive component, and may extend over the plane of the surface of the abrasive component. The conductive member may extend up to about 5 millimeters above the surface of the abrasive component.

In the following, the use of a conductive member having a unique structure and placement relationship in the abrasive material is illustrated, but the present invention also contemplates that individual conductive fibers and fillers and conductive materials, such as fabrics made therefrom, may also be considered conductive members. Considering. In addition, although not shown, the following description of the abrasive material, together with the configuration for the pattern to embody the conductive member described herein below, as well as the perforations and grooves described herein and shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 And an abrasive component having a forming pattern.

8A and 8B are schematic plan and cross-sectional views of one embodiment of an abrasive component 800 with a conductive member disposed therein. This abrasive component 800 generally includes a body 810 including an abrasive surface 820 configured to contact a substrate during processing. This body 810 typically includes a dielectric polymer material, such as a dielectric material or polymer material, such as polyurethane.

The polishing surface 820 has one or more openings, grooves, troughs or perforations 830 formed therein to at least partially receive the conductive member 840. This conductive member 840 may be disposed to have a contact surface 850 generally extending over the plane formed by the polishing surface 820 or coplanar with that plane. This contact surface 850 is typically configured to minimize electrical contact of the conductive member 840 while in contact with the substrate, such as by a flexible, elastic, flexible, and pressure formable surface. During polishing, the contact pressure can be used to press the contact surface 850 to a position coplanar with the polishing surface 820.

The body 810 is generally permeable to the electrolyte by a plurality of perforations 860 formed therein as described herein. The abrasive 800 may have a puncture density from about 20% to about 80% of the surface area of the abrasive part 810 to provide sufficient electrolyte flow over the surface to promote uniform anode dissolution from the substrate surface.

The body 810 generally includes a dielectric material, such as the conventional abrasive material described herein. The depressions 830 formed in this body 810 are generally configured to hold the conductive member 840 during processing, and thus can modify shape and orientation. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, the depression 830 has a rectangular cross-section disposed across the polishing surface and forms a “Ｘ” or cross pattern 870 that communicates to the center of the polishing component 800. Home. The present invention also contemplates additional cross-sections, such as inverted trapezoids and rounded bends, in which the grooves contact the substrate surface as described herein.

Optionally, the depression 830 (and the conductive member 840 disposed therein) may be arranged at irregular intervals, orientated in a radial or vertical direction, and additionally straight, curved, concentric , Vortex curves, or other cross-sectional areas.

8C is a schematic plan view of a series of individual conductive members 840 disposed radially within the body 810, each member 840 being physically or electrically separated by a spacer 875. This spacer 875 may be part of the dielectric abrasive material or dielectric interconnect for the member, such as a plastic interconnect. Optionally, the spacer 875 may be an area of the abrasive component that is free of abrasive material or conductive members 840 so that there is no physical connection between the conductive members 840. In such separate member configurations, each conductive member 840 may be individually connected to a power source by a conductive path 890 such as a wire.

Referring again to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the conductive members 840 disposed in the body 810 are generally installed to generate a bulk resistance or bulk surface resistance of about 20 μs-cm or less. In one embodiment of the abrasive component, the abrasive component has a resistance of about 2 dB-cm or less. The conductive members 840 generally have mechanical properties without deterioration under a residual electric field, and have resistance to deterioration in an acidic or basic electrolyte. These conductive members 840 are held in the depression 830 by interference fitting, clamping, adhesives, or other methods.

In one embodiment, these conductive members 840 are sufficiently flexible, resilient and flexible to maintain electrical contact between the substrate and contact surface 850 during processing. Sufficiently flexible, resilient, or flexible materials for these conductive members 840 may have a similar hardness of about 100 or less on the Shore d hardness scale compared to the abrasive material. Conductive member 840 with a hardness of about 80 or less on a Shore d hardness scale can be used for the polymeric material. In addition, a flexible material such as a flexible or bendable fibrous material may also be used as the conductive member 840. This conductive member 840 may be more flexible than the abrasive material to avoid the high local pressure generated by itself 840 during polishing.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the conductive member 840 is embedded in the polishing surface 810 disposed on the component support or sub pad 815. Perforations 860 are formed around conductive member 840 through both polishing surface 810 and part support 815.

Examples of these conductive members 840 include conductive fillers blended with a polymeric material, such as dielectric or conductive fibers or polymer-based adhesives coated with a conductive material to make conductive (and wear resistant) hybrids as described herein. Include. In addition, these conductive members 840 include conductive polymer materials or other conductive materials as described herein to improve electrical properties. For example, the conductive member includes a hybrid of conductive epoxy and conductive fiber and a carbon or graphite filler to enhance the conductivity of the hybrid deposited in the body of polyurethane, the conductive fiber disposed on the surface of the nylon fiber. Nylon fibers coated with gold, such as nylon fibers coated with about 0.1 μm cobalt, copper or nickel and coated with about 2 μm gold.

8D is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an abrasive component 800 with conductive members disposed therein. These conductive members 840 may generally be arranged to have a contact surface 850 extending over, or coplanar with, the plane formed by the polishing surface 820. These conductive members 840 may include a conductive fabric 700 disposed, enclosed, or enclosed around the conductive member 845, as described herein. Optionally, individual conductive fibers and / or fillers may be disposed, enclosed, or enclosed around the conductive member 845. The conductive member 845 may comprise a metal, such as a noble metal described herein, or other conductive material, such as copper, suitable for use in an electropolishing process. In addition, the conductive member 840 includes a blend of fabric and binder material, as described herein, wherein the fabric forms an outer contact portion of the conductive member 840, and the binder typically has an inner support structure. To form. In addition, the conductive member 840 constitutes a hollow tube having a rectangular cross-sectional area, wherein the walls of the tube are formed of a rigid conductive fabric 700 or a bonding agent as described herein.

A connector 890 is used to couple the conductive member 840 to a power source (not shown) to electrically bias the conductive member 840 during processing. Generally, this connector 890 is a wire, tape or other conductor having a coating or coating that is compatible with or protects itself 890 from the process fluid. The connector 890 is a conductive member 840 by molding, soldering, stacking, brazing, clamping, crimping, riveting, fastening, conductive adhesive, or other methods or devices. ) May be combined. Examples of materials that can be used for the connector 890 include HaSTeLOY, among others, insulated copper, graphite, titanium, platinum, gold, aluminum, stainless steel, and other materials. Conductive materials.

Coatings disposed around the connector 890 are polymers such as carbon fluoride, polyvinyl chloride (PVc), and polyimide. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, one connector 890 is coupled to each conductive member 840 at the outer periphery of the abrasive component 800. Optionally, these connectors 890 may be disposed through the body 810 of the abrasive component 800. In other embodiments, these connectors 890 may be coupled to a conductive grid (not shown) disposed in the pocket and / or through a body 810 that electrically couples the conductive member 840.

9A illustrates another embodiment of an abrasive material 900. This abrasive material 900 includes a body 902 comprising at least one conductive member 904 that is at least partially conductive disposed on the abrasive surface 906. These conductive members 904 are generally adapted to contact the substrate surface during processing and include a plurality of fibers, strands, and / or flexible fingers that are flexible and elastic. These fibers are composed of a conductive material that is at least partially conductive, such as a fiber composed of a dielectric material coated with a conductive material, as described herein. In addition, these fibers may be rigid or hollow in nature to reduce or increase the amount of flexibility or flexibility of the fibers.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9A, these conductive members 904 are a plurality of conductive sub members 913 coupled to the base 909. These conductive sub members 903 comprise at least partially electrically conductive fibers that are described herein. Examples of these sub-members 913 include nylon fibers or carbon fibers coated with gold as described herein. The base 909 also includes an electrically conductive material and is coupled to the connector 990. This base 909 may also be coated with a layer of conductive material, such as copper, that dissolves from the polishing pad component during polishing, which is believed to extend the processing duration of the conductive fiber.

The conductive member 904 is generally disposed in a depression 908 formed in the polishing surface 906. These conductive members 904 may be oriented in the range of 0 ° to 90 ° with respect to the polishing surface 906. In embodiments in which these conductive members 904 are oriented at right angles to the polishing surface 906, these conductive members 904 may be partially disposed on the polishing surface 906.

The depression 908 includes a lower mounting portion 910 and an upper tolerance portion 912. This mounting portion 910 is configured to receive the base 909 of the conductive member 904 and is configured to retain the conductive member 904 by interference fit, clamping, adhesive or other method. The tolerance portion 912 is disposed at the portion where the depression 908 intersects the polishing surface 906. This tolerance portion 912 generally has a larger cross section than the mounting portion 910, and thus may bend without being disposed between the substrate and the polishing surface 906 when the conductive member 904 contacts the substrate during polishing. .

9B illustrates another embodiment of an abrasive component 900 that includes a conductive surface 940 and a plurality of individual conductive members 920 formed thereon. These conductive members 920 comprise fibers of dielectric material coated by a conductive material, which fibers are displaced vertically from the conductive surface 940 of the abrasive component 205 and are displaced horizontally relative to each other. . The conductive member 920 of the abrasive component 900 is generally oriented in the range of 0 ° to 90 ° with respect to the conductive surface 940, and any polar orientation with respect to a line perpendicular to the conductive surface 940. Can be inclined to These conductive members 920 may be formed over the length of the polishing pad as shown in FIG. 9B, but may be disposed only within selected areas of the polishing pad. The contact height of the conductive member 920 on the polishing surface can be up to about 5 millimeters. The diameter of the material constituting the conductive member 920 is between about 1 mil (1/100 of an inch) and about 10 mil. The height of the conductive member 920 on the polishing surface and the diameter of the conductive member 920 may vary depending on the polishing process performed.

These conductive members 920 are flexible or resilient enough to deform under contact pressure, while maintaining electrical contact with the substrate surface while reducing or minimizing scratches on the substrate surface. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the substrate surface may only contact the conductive member 920 of the abrasive component 205. These conductive members 920 are arranged to provide a uniform current density on the surface of the abrasive component 205.

These conductive members 920 are adhered to the conductive surface by an adhesive or binder having non-conductive or dielectric properties. This nonconductive adhesive can provide a dielectric coating on the conductive surface 940 to provide an electrochemical barrier between the conductive surface 940 and any surrounding electrolyte. This conductive surface 940 may be in the form of a round polishing pad or linear knit fabric or belt of the abrasive component 205. A series of perforations (not shown) may be disposed within the conductive surface 940 to flow the electrolyte therethrough.

Although not shown, the conductive plate may be disposed on a support pad of conventional abrasive material to position and handle the abrasive component 900 on a rotating platen or linear polishing platen.

10A shows a schematic perspective view of one embodiment of an abrasive component 1000 composed of a conductive member 1004. Each conductive member 1004 generally comprises a loop or ring 1006 having a first end 1008 and a second end 1010 disposed in a depression 1012, which depressions have a polished surface 1024. It is formed in). Each conductive member 1004 may be coupled to an adjacent conductive member to form a plurality of loops 1006 extending over the polishing surface 1024.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10A, each loop 1006 is made of fibers coated with a conductive material and bonded by a binding wire base 1014 bonded to the depression 1012. One example for this loop 1006 is nylon fiber coated with gold.

The contact height of the loop 1006 on the polishing surface can be from about 0.5 millimeters to about 2 millimeters, and the diameter of the material constituting the loop is between about 1 mil (1/100 of an inch) and about 10 mils. . The tie wire base 1014 may be a conductive material such as titanium, copper, platinum, or platinum coated copper. In addition, the tie wire base 1014 may be coated by a layer of conductive material such as copper that dissolves from the polishing pad component during polishing. The use of a layer of conductive material on the surface of the binding wire base 1014 dissolves preferentially over the loop 1006 material or the binding wire base 1014 material located below it to extend the life of the conductive member 1004. It is believed to be. These conductive members 1004 may generally be oriented in the range of 0 ° to 90 ° with respect to the polishing surface 1024 and are inclined at some polar orientation with respect to a line perpendicular to the polishing surface 1024. Can lose. These conductive members 1004 are coupled to a power source by an electrical connector 1030.

FIG. 10B shows a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component 1000 composed of conductive member 1004. This conductive member 1004 includes a single coil 1005 made of wire composed of fibers coated with a conductive material, as described herein. This coil 1005 is coupled to a conductive member 1007 disposed on the base 1014. The coil 1005 may surround the conductive member 1007, may surround the base 1014, and may be adhered to the surface of the base 1014. The conductive rod member includes a conductive material such as gold, and generally includes a conductive material which is chemically inert such as gold or platinum even when some electrolyte is used in the polishing process. Optionally, a layer 1009 of sacrificial material such as copper is disposed on the base 1014. This layer of sacrificial material 1009 is generally an active material, such as copper, that is more chemically active than conductive member 1007, which is the conductive member 1007 and coil during the electrolytic polishing or anode dissolution state of the polishing process. In order to preferentially remove the chemically active material as compared to the material of 1005. This conductive member 1007 may be coupled to a power source by an electrical connector 1030.

A biasing member may be disposed between the conductive member and the body to provide a bias that brings the conductive member away from the body during polishing to bring it into contact with the substrate surface. An example of this biasing member 1018 is shown in FIG. 10B. However, the present invention also contemplates that the conductive member shown in FIGS. 8A-8D, 9A, 10A-10D may use a biasing member. The biasing member may be a compression spring, a leaf spring, a coil spring, a foamed polyurethane (eg PORON Elastic materials such as polymers), elastomers, bladder, or other members or devices capable of biasing conductive members. In addition, the biasing member may be a flexible or flexible material, such as a flexible foam or a pneumatic soft tube, which may bias the conductive member towards the substrate surface to be polished and improve contact with the substrate surface. The biased conductive member may form a plane with the surface of the abrasive component and may extend over the plane of the surface of the abrasive component.

10C shows a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of an abrasive component 1000 composed of a plurality of conductive members 1004 disposed in a radial pattern from the center to the edge of the substrate. The plurality of conductive members may be displaced at intervals of 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° and 90 ° with respect to each other or in any other desired combination. These conductive members 1004 are generally spaced apart to uniformly apply current or power for polishing the substrate. In addition, these conductive members may be spaced apart so as not to contact each other. The wedge portion 1004 of the dielectric abrasive material of the body 1026 may be configured to electrically insulate the conductive member 1004. Spacers or recesses 1060 are also formed in the abrasive to insulate the conductive members 1004 from each other. These conductive members 1004 may be in the form of loops as shown in FIG. 10A or may be fibers extending in the vertical direction as shown in FIG. 9B.

FIG. 10D shows a schematic perspective view of a variant embodiment of the conductive member 1004 of FIG. 10A. This conductive member 1004 comprises a mesh or fabric of interwoven conductive fibers 1006 having a first end 1008 and a second end 1010 disposed in the depression 1012 as described herein. Thereby forming one continuous conductive surface for contacting the substrate, the depression being formed in the polishing surface 1024. This mesh or fabric may consist of one or more layers of interwoven fibers. The mesh or fabric comprising the conductive member 1004 is illustrated as a single layer in FIG. 10D. This conductive member 1004 may be coupled to the conductive base 1014 and may extend over the polishing surface 1024 as shown in FIG. 10A. This conductive member 1004 may be coupled to a power source by an electrical connector 1030 connected to the conductive base 1014.

FIG. 10E is a schematic partial perspective view of another embodiment in which a conductive member is secured to a body 1026 of an abrasive component that forms a conductive member 1004 with a loop 1006 formed therein. A passage 1050 is formed in the body 1026 of the abrasive component and intersects the groove 1070 for the conductive member 1004. An insert 1055 is disposed in the passage 1050. This insert 1055 includes a conductive material such as gold or the same material as the conductive member 1006. Next, a connector 1030 may be disposed in the passage 1050, and the connector 1030 may be in contact with the insert 1055. This connector 1030 is coupled with a power source. Ends 1075 of conductive member 1004 may be in contact with insert 1055 for power flow. Next, ends 1075 and connectors 1030 of the conductive member 1004 are secured to the conductive insert 1055 by a dielectric insert 1060. The present invention also contemplates using passages for all loops 1006 of conductive member 1004, which passages are spaced at regular intervals along the length of conductive member 1004, or at the ends of conductive member 1004. Only used for

11A-11C are schematic series of side views illustrating the elastic capability of a loop or ring of conductive material described herein. The abrasive component 1100 includes a polishing surface 1110 disposed on a sub pad 1120 formed above the pad support 1130, and a groove or a recess 1140 is formed in the sub pad. Conductive member 1142 includes a loop or ring 1150 of dielectric material coated by a conductive material, which ring is disposed on base 1155 in depression 1170, and makes electrical contact 1145. Combined with. The substrate 1160 is in contact with the abrasive component 1100 and makes a movement relative to the surface of the abrasive component 1100. As the substrate contacts the conductive member 1142, the loop 1150 is pressed into the depression 1140 while maintaining electrical contact with the substrate 1160 as shown in FIG. 11B. When the substrate has traveled a sufficient distance and no longer contacts the conductive member 1142, the elastic loop 1150 returns to the uncompressed formation for further processing as shown in FIG. 11C.

Also, examples of conductive polishing pads are described in US Provisional Application No. 10 / 033,732, filed December 27, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Power

The power unit may be coupled to the aforementioned abrasive component 205 by using a connector or a power transfer device as described herein. Power transmission devices are more fully described in US Provisional Application No. 10 / 033,732, filed December 27, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Referring again to FIGS. 11A and 11C, the power unit may be coupled to the conductive member 1140 by use of an electrical contact 1145, which is disposed in a groove or recess 1170 formed in the polishing pad. A conductive plate or mount. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11A, the conductive member 1140 is mounted on a plate made of metal, such as gold, which is mounted on a support such as the disk 206 with the abrasive component 1100 as shown in FIG. 2. Is mounted on. Optionally, electrical contacts may be disposed on the polishing pad material between the conductive member and the polishing pad material, such as between the conductive member 840 and the body 810 as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. These electrical contacts are then coupled to the power source by leads (not shown) as described above in FIGS. 8A-8D.

12A-12D are schematic plan and side views of an embodiment of an abrasive component including an extension connected to a power source (not shown). This power supply provides current transfer capability to the substrate surface, or anode bias, for anode dissolution in the ECMP process. This power source may be connected to the abrasive component by one or more conductive contacts, which are disposed around the conductive abrasive portion and / or component support portion of the abrasive component. One or more power sources may be connected to the abrasive component by one or more contacts such that one or more power supplies may generate various biases or currents across a portion of the substrate surface. Optionally, one or more leads can be formed in the conductive abrasive portion and / or the component support portion, which portions are coupled to a power source.

12A is a top view of one embodiment of a conductive polishing pad coupled to a power source by a conductive connector. The conductive abrasive portion may comprise extensions, such as a shoulder or an individual plug, which extensions are formed in the conductive abrasive portion 1210 with a width or diameter larger than the component support portion 1220. These extensions are coupled to the power source by connector 1225 to supply current to the abrasive component 205. In FIG. 12B, extensions 1215 may be formed to extend parallel to or laterally from the plane of conductive abrasive portion 1210 and extend beyond the diameter of abrasive support portion 1220. The pattern for perforation and groove formation is as shown in FIG. 6.

12B is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a connector 1225 coupled to a power source (not shown) via a conductive passage 1232, such as a wire. The connector includes an electrical coupling 1234 connected to the conductive passage 1232, and is electrically coupled to the conductive abrasive portion 1210 of the extension 1215 by a conductive fastener 1230, such as a screw. Bolt 1238 may be coupled to conductive fastener 1230, which secures conductive abrasive portion 1210 therebetween. A spacer 1236, such as a washer, may be disposed between the conductive abrasive portion 1210, the fastener 1230, and the bolt 1238. This spacer 1236 may comprise a conductive material. The fastener 1230, electrical coupling 1234, spacer 1236 and bolt 1238 may be made of a conductive material, such as gold, platinum, titanium, aluminum or copper. If a material capable of reacting with the electrolyte, such as copper, is used, the material may be coated in a material that is inert to the reaction with the electrolyte, such as platinum. Although not shown, variations on conductive fasteners may include conductive clamps, conductive adhesive tapes, or conductive adhesives.

FIG. 12C is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a connector 1225 coupled to a power source (not shown) via a support 1260, such as the top surface of a platen or disk 206 as shown in FIG. 2. to be. The connector 1225 includes a fastener 1240, such as a screw or bolt, having a length sufficient to penetrate the conductive abrasive portion 1210 of the extension 1215 and engage with the support 1260. Spacer 1242 may be disposed on conductive abrasive portion 1210 and fastener 1240.

The support is generally adapted to receive the fastener 1240. Small holes 1246 are formed in the surface of the support 1260 to receive the fasteners as shown in FIG. 12C. Optionally, an electrical coupling can be disposed between the fastener 1240 and the conductive abrasive portion 1210, where the fastener 1240 is coupled with the support 1260. This support 1260 may be connected to a power source by a conductive passage 1232, such as a wire, or to a power source external to the polishing platen or chamber to electrically connect with the conductive abrasive portion 1210. It may be connected to a power source incorporated in a polishing platen or chamber. This conductive passage 1232 may be integral with the support 1260 or may extend from the support 1260 as shown in FIG. 12B.

In another embodiment, fastener 1240 may be an integral extension of support 1260 that is secured by bolt 1248 through conductive abrasive portion 1215 as shown in FIG. 12D.

12E and 12F are schematic side and exploded perspective views of another embodiment in which a power coupling 1285 powers an abrasive component 1270 disposed between the abrasive portion 1280 and the component support portion 1290. to be. This abrasive portion 1280 may be made of a conductive abrasive material as described herein, or may include a plurality of conductive members 1275 as described herein. These conductive members 1275 may be physically insulated from one another as shown in FIG. 12F. These conductive members 1275 formed in the polishing surface are adapted to electrically contact the power coupling 1285 as if by their conductive base.

The power coupling 1285 may include a wire interconnecting the conductive members 1275, a plurality of parallel wires interconnecting the conductive members 1275, a plurality of wires independently connecting the conductive members 1275, or a conductive member. A wire mesh interconnecting members connecting 1275 to one or more power sources. A standalone power source coupled to the standalone wire and member can change the applied power, while the interconnected wire and member can supply uniform power to the member. The power coupling may cover some or all of the diameter or width of the abrasive component. The power coupling 1285 of FIG. 12F is an example of a wire mesh for interconnecting components for connecting members 1275. This power coupling 1285 may be connected to a power source by a conductive passage 1287 such as a wire, or may be connected to a power source external to the polishing platen or chamber, or to a power source incorporated in the polishing platen or chamber. Can be.

Polishing members in the polishing surface

14A and 14B are plan and cross-sectional views of another embodiment of a conductive component 1400. This conductive component 1400 includes an abrasive feature that extends from the abrasive surface 1402 of the conductive portion 1404 of itself 1400. This abrasive feature may be the abrasive particles described with reference to FIG. 3 above, or may be a separate abrasive member 1406 as shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B.

In one embodiment, the polishing member 1406 is a rod housed in each slot 1408, which is formed in the polishing surface 1402 of the conductive component 1400. These polishing members 1406 generally are configured to extend from the polishing surface 1402 and to remove the passivation layer of the metal surface of the substrate being polished, thereby improving the polishing rate during processing. These abrasive members 1406 may be formed from ceramic, inorganic, organic or polymeric materials that are strong enough to break down the passivation layer formed on the metal surface. One example is a rod or strip made of conventional polishing pads, such as polyurethane pads disposed in conductive component 1400. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, the polishing member 1406 may have at least about 30 Shore d hardness or is hard enough to polish the passivation layer of the material being polished. In one embodiment, the polishing members 1406 are harder than copper. The polymer particles may be hard or spongy to adjust the wear rate of the polishing member 1406 relative to the peripheral conductive portion 1404.

These polishing members 1406 may be of various geometric or random configurations on the polishing surface 1402. In one embodiment, these polishing members 1406 are easily oriented to the polishing surface 1402. However, other orientations of these polishing members 1406, such as helical, lattice, parallel and concentric orientations, are also contemplated among other orientations.

In one embodiment, the elastic member 1410 may be disposed in an individual slot 1408 between the polishing members 1406 and the conductive portion 1404. Due to this elastic member 1410, these polishing members 1406 can move relative to the conductive portion 1404 so that the elastic member is highly compliant for more uniform removal of the passivation layer during polishing. To the substrate. In addition, the compliance of the elastic member 1410 may be selected to adjust the relative pressure applied to the substrate by the polishing surface 1402 of the polishing member 1406 and the conductive portion 1404, thus removing the passivation layer. Is balanced against the formation rate of the passivation layer, and the resultant metal layer is minimally exposed to the polishing member 1406 to minimize the occurrence of potential scratches.

Conductive balls extending from the polishing surface

15A-15D are plan and cross-sectional views of another embodiment of a conductive component 1500. This conductive component 1500 includes a conductive roller 1506, which extends from the polishing surface 1502 of the upper portion 1504 of the conductive component 1500. These rollers 1506 may be forced down the same plane as the polishing surface 1502 by the substrate during polishing. Conductive rollers embedded in conductive component 1500 are coupled to external power supply 1536 at high voltage for high removal rate of the bulk abrasive substrate during processing.

These conductive rollers 1506 can be fixed to the top 1504 or can be rolled freely. These conductive rollers 1506 may be balls, cylinders, pins, ellipsoids or other shapes configured to not scratch the substrate during processing.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15B, the conductive roller 1506 is a plurality of balls disposed in one or more conductive carriers 1520. Each conductive carrier 1520 is disposed in a slot 1508, which is formed in the polishing surface 1502 of the conductive component 1500. In general, these conductive rollers 1506 may be molded from any conductive material or may be molded from a core 1522 partially coated with a conductive coating 1524. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15B, the conductive roller 1506 includes a polymer core 1522 at least partially covered by a soft conductive material 1524, an example of which is TORON. Or another polymer core coated with a layer of copper or other conductive material. Other soft conductive materials 1524 include, but are not limited to, silver, copper, tin, and the like.

In one embodiment, the polymer core 1522 may be selected from an elastic or elastic material, such as polyurethane, which material deforms when the roller 1506 comes in contact with the substrate during polishing. Some examples of materials that can be used for the core 1522 are elastic organic polymers, ethylene-propylene-diene (EDPM), polyalkenes, polyalkynes, polyesters, polyaromatic alkenes / alkynes, polyimides, polycarbonates , Polyurethanes, and combinations thereof. Other examples of core materials include inorganic polymers such as siloxanes, or organic and inorganic combinational materials such as polysilicon and polysilanes. As the roller 1506 deforms, the area of contact between the roller 1506 and the substrate builds up, thereby improving the current flow between the roller 1506 and the conductive layer disposed on the substrate, thereby resulting in polishing results. Improve.

Optionally, the polymer core 1522 may be conductive to selectively make a coating of the core 1522 with the soft conductive material 1524. For example, the polymer core 1522 may be doped with other conductive elements such as metal, conductive carbon or graphite, among other conductive materials.

The conductive roller 1506 may be arranged in various geometric or random configurations on the polishing surface 1502. In one embodiment, these conductive rollers 1506 are radially oriented to the polishing surface 1502. However, other orientations of these conductive rollers 1506, such as helical, lattice, parallel and concentric orientations, are also contemplated among other orientations.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15B, the elastic member 1510 may be disposed in an individual slot 1508 between the conductive carriers 1520 and the conductive portion 1504. Due to this elastic member 1510, these conductive rollers 1506 (and carrier 1520) can be moved relative to the conductive portion 1504, so that the elastic members have more uniform electrical contact during polishing. Provide high compliance to the substrate.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15C, the conductive roller 1506 is disposed in a plurality of electrically insulating housings 1530, each coupled to a disk 206. Each housing 1530 may be coupled to the disc 206 by welding, adhesive, staking, or other method. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7C, these housings 1530 are screwed into the disk 206.

The housing 1530 is generally a hollow cylinder in which the conductive roller 1506 can move in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the disk 206 and the polishing surface 1502, ie, at a right angle. The upper end of the housing 1530 includes an inclined seating 1532, which prevents the conductive roller 1506 from exiting through the upper end of the housing 1530. This seat 1532 is configured to allow at least some of the outer periphery of the conductive roller 1506 to extend out of the housing 1530 and contact the substrate 114 during processing.

The contact means 1534 is configured to maintain electrical contact between the conductive roller 1506 and the power supply 1536. This contact means 1534 may be any form of conductive elastic member, such as a spring formed body, a compression spring, a conductive bearing, or the like, or another that may maintain electrical connection between different positions of the conductive roller 1506 within the housing 1530. It may be a device. This contact means 1534 is disposed in the lower end of each housing 1530. In one embodiment, this contact means 1534 is a leaf spring. This contact means 1534 can be used to bias the conductive roller 1506 away from the disk 206 and to bias the conductive roller 1506 relative to the seat 1532.

Optionally, electrolyte supplied from electrolyte supply 1544 passes through housing 1530 and exits housing 1530 between seat 1532 and roller 1506. The flow of electrolyte exiting the housing 1530 biases the conductive roller 1506 away from the disk 206.

In another embodiment, the conductive roller 1506 can be constructed with a specific gravity less than the electrolyte, so that the buoyancy of the conductive roller 1506 when the housing 1530 is at least partially filled with the electrolyte Silver biases conductive roller 1506 away from disk 206. Optionally, this conductive roller 1506 can be hollow to increase buoyancy of itself 1506 but reduce inertia. A housing comprising a roller coupled to a power source via a contact member that can be configured to benefit from the present invention is described in the aforementioned US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 211,626.

Pad assembly 1540 is disposed on disk 206. The pad assembly 1540 includes a plurality of first small pores 1542, which are configured such that the housing 1530 can at least partially extend therethrough. In general, the housing 1530 has a height configured such that a portion of the outer circumference of the conductive roller 1506 can extend above the pad assembly 1540, such that the conductive roller 1506 is moved by the substrate 114 during processing. The pad assembly 1540 may be displaced to a position substantially the same height as the polishing surface 1502.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15C, the pad assembly 1540 includes a dielectric layer 1550, a subpad 1552, and an electrode 1544. These dielectric layers 1550, subpads 1552, and electrodes 1544 may be joined together as alternative units, for example by press molding, staking, fastening, gluing, bonding, or other bonding methods.

This dielectric layer 1550 may be similar to the conductive portion 310 described above. The subpad 1552 may be similar to the component support portion 320 described above. The electrode 1554 may be similar to the electrode 204 described above.

A second set of small holes 1544 (one of which is shown in FIG. 15C) may be formed through at least the dielectric layer 1550 and the subpad 1552, thus disposed on the pad assembly 1540. The electrolyte may provide a current path between the electrode 1554 and the substrate 114. Optionally, the pore 1544 may extend into or through the electrode 1554. A window (not shown) may also be formed in the pad assembly 1540 to assist in process control, as described above with reference to FIG. 7F.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15D, the pad assembly 1560 includes at least a conductive layer 1562, a subpad 1564, and an electrode 1544. These conductive layers 1562, subpads 1564 and electrodes 1544 can be joined together as alternative units. The pad assembly 1560 may include a first small pore 1570 configured to receive a housing 1530 and a second small pore 1572, whereby the electrolyte disposed on the pad assembly 1560 may be an electrode 1554. And a current path between the substrate 114 and the substrate 114. A window (not shown) may also be formed in the pad assembly 1560, as described above.

In one embodiment, conductive layer 1562 and subpad 1564 may be configured similar to conductive layer 310 and component support portion 320 of abrasive component 205 described above. Optionally, the pad assembly 1560 may include an intermediate pad 1568 disposed between the conductive backing 1566 and the conductive layer 1562 and the subpad 1564. These conductive backings 1566 and intermediate pads 1568 may be constructed similarly to the conductive backings and intermediate pads described below under the heading “Conductive Component Including Intermediate Pads”.

This conductive backing 1566 is generally coupled to the power supply 1536 via a switch 1574. This conductive backing 1566 distributes the potential difference evenly across the back of the conductive layer 1562, so that a uniform current is the diameter of the substrate 114 between the conductive layer 1562 and the substrate 114 during processing. Fed across the wealth.

During processing, the switch 1574 is placed in a first state that electrically couples the roller 1506 to the power source 1536, which opens the circuit between the conductive backing 1566 and the power source 1536. . The rollers 1506 allow a relatively large current flow between the substrate 114 and the electrode 1554, thereby promoting bulk removal of the conductive layer from the substrate. Once the conductive layer is almost removed, the switch 1574 is placed in a second state that electrically couples the conductive backing 1566 to the power source 1536, wherein the switch is placed between the roller 1506 and the power source 1536. Open the circuit. This conductive backing 1566 provides a substantially uniform potential difference across the width of the conductive layer 1562 to facilitate removal of residual residual material from the substrate. Thus, removal of both the bulk and residual conductive material relative to the substrate can be performed on a single platen without raising the substrate from the pad assembly 1540. Examples of other pad assemblies that may be configured to benefit from the present invention are described below with reference to FIGS. 16-18. It is also contemplated that other pad assemblies may be used, including pad assemblies incorporating the pad assemblies described above and a window to assist in sensing polishing performance.

Conductive Part Including Intermediate Pads

16 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductive component 1600. The conductive component 1600 is generally sandwiched between a conductive portion 1602, a component support portion 1604, and a sandwich between the conductive portion 1602 and the component support portion 1604, which is intended to contact the substrate during polishing. An intermediate pad 1606. These conductive portions 1602 and component support portions 1604 may be constructed similarly to one of the embodiments described herein, or equivalents thereof. A layer of adhesive 1608 may be provided on all sides of the intermediate pad 1606 to couple the intermediate pad 1606 to the component support portion 1604 and the conductive portion 1602. These conductive portions 1602, component support portions 1604 and intermediate pads 1606 may be joined by other methods, thereby making it easy to replace the component parts of the conductive component 1600 as a single unit after their lifetime. And simplify the replacement, inventory, and order management of the conductive component 600.

Optionally, the support portion 1604 can be coupled to the electrode 204 and can be replaced with the conductive component 1600 as a single unit. This conductive component 1600 may optionally include a window, including an electrode 204, which is formed through the conductive component as shown and described with reference to FIG. 7F.

The intermediate pad 1606 is generally harder than the component support portion 1604 and much harder than the conductive portion 1602. The present invention also contemplates that the intermediate pad 1606 may optionally be softer than the conductive portion 1602. The hardness of the intermediate pad 1606 is selected to provide rigidity to the conductive component 1600, which improves the cushioning properties of the conductive component 1600 while extending the mechanical life of the conductive portion 1602 and the component support portion 1604. And the polished substrate becomes more extensively flattened. In one embodiment, the intermediate pad 1606 has a hardness of about 80 shore d or less, or the same, and the component support portion 1604 has a hardness of about 80 Shore a or less, or the same, but the conductive portion 1602. ) Has a hardness less than or equal to about 100 Shore d. In another embodiment, the intermediate pad 1606 has a thickness of about 35 mils or less, but the conductive portion 1602 has a thickness of about 100 mils or less or the same.

The intermediate pad 1606 may be made of a dielectric material, the dielectric material of the laminate (ie, the conductive portion 1602, the intermediate pad 1606 and the component support portion 1604 that make up the conductive component 1600). Permit the electrical passage to be formed through the stack. This electrical passage may be formed when the conductive component 1600 is immersed or covered by a conductive fluid such as an electrolyte. To facilitate the formation of an electrical passage through the conductive component 1600, the intermediate pad 1606 may be at least one of permeable and perforated, such that electrolyte may pass through the intermediate pad.

In one embodiment, the intermediate pad 1606 is made of a dielectric material compatible with the electrolyte and the electrochemical process. Suitable materials include polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, mylar sheets, epoxies, polycarbonates and the like.

Optionally, conductive backing 1610 may be disposed between intermediate pad 1606 and conductive portion 1602. This conductive backing 1610 generally makes the potential difference equal across the conductive portion 1602, thereby improving polishing uniformity. Having the same potential difference across the polishing surface of the conductive portion 1602, the conductive material is polished with the conductive portion 1602, especially when the conductive material is no longer a continuous film, i. E. A separate island-shaped film residue. Good electrical contact between the conductive materials is ensured. In addition, the conductive backing 1610 provides mechanical strength to the conductive portion 1602, thereby increasing the life of the conductive component 1600. The use of this conductive backing 1610 is advantageous in embodiments in which the resistance over the conductive portion is greater than about 500 m-kPa and improves the mechanical integrity of the conductive portion 1602. This conductive backing 1610 can also be used to improve conduction uniformity and lower the electrical resistance of the conductive portion 1602. This conductive backing 1610 may be made of metal foil, metal screens, metal coated woven or nonwoven fabrics, and the like, among other suitable conductive materials compatible with the polishing process. In one embodiment, the conductive backing 1610 is press molded into the conductive portion 1602. This conductive backing 1610 is configured to not interfere with the flow of electrolyte between the conductive portion 1602 and the intermediate pad 1606. This conductive portion 1602 may be mounted onto the conductive backing 1610 by pressure molding, lamination, injection molding and other suitable methods.

17 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductive component 1700. This conductive component 1700 generally includes a conductive portion 1602, a conductive backing 1610, a component support portion 1604, these conductive portions 1602 and a component support portion 1604 that are intended to contact the substrate during polishing. And a sandwich pad sandwiched between the pads 1706 and having a similar configuration to the conductive component 1600 described above.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the intermediate pad 1706 is made of a material having a plurality of cells 1708. These cells 1708 are generally filled with air or other fluids and provide elasticity and compliance that enhance processing. These cells can be open or closed in sizes ranging from 0.1 micron to several millimeters, such as in the range from 1 micron to 1 millimeter. The present invention also contemplates other sizes applicable to the intermediate pad 1706. The intermediate pad 1706 may be at least one of a permeable type and a perforated type so that the electrolyte may pass through the intermediate pad.

The intermediate pad 1706 is made of a dielectric material compatible with the electrolyte and the electrochemical process. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, foamed polymers such as foamed polyurethane and mylar chic. The intermediate pad 1706 generally has a weaker compressibility than the component support portion or subpad 1604 and has more local strain independence when under pressure.

18 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductive component 1800. This conductive component 1800 includes a conductive portion 1802 coupled to the component support portion 1804. Optionally, the conductive component 1800 includes an intermediate pad and a conductive backing disposed between the conductive portion 1802 and the component support portion 1804 (both intermediate pad and conductive backing are not shown).

The conductive component 1800 generally includes a plurality of small pores 1806 penetrating it through which the electrolyte or other processing fluid allows the upper abrasive surface 1808 and the component support portion 1804 of the conductive portion 1802. Pass between bottom mounting surfaces 1810. The contours 1818 formed at the portions where each small hole 1806 intersects the top polishing surface 1808 remove the sharp edges, burrs or surface irregularities that may scratch the substrate during processing. Has The shape of this edge 1812 may include a radius, chamfer, taper or other configuration that alleviates this edge 1812 to minimize scratches.

In embodiments where the conductive portion 1802 is at least partially made of a polymer, relaxation of the edge 1812 can be realized by forming the small pores 1806 before the polymer is fully cured. Thus, the edge 1812 will be rounded as the conductive portion 1802 shrinks during the remainder of the polymer curing cycle.

Additionally or in the alternative, the edge 1812 may be rounded by applying at least one of heat and pressure during or after curing. In one example, gloss, heat treatment or flame treatment may be performed on the edge 1812 to round the transition between the polishing surface 1808 with the edge 1812 and the pore 1806.

In another example, polymeric conductive portion 1802 may be comprised of a moldable material that repels a mold or die. The repulsive nature of the polymer conductive portion 1802 creates a surface tension, which creates a stress that causes the material to be molded into the polymer conductive portion 1802 while pulling the material away from the mold, thereby causing small pores 1806 when cured. Edge 1812 is rounded.

These small holes 1806 may be formed through the conductive component 1800 before and after assembly. In one embodiment, these small holes 1806 include a first hole 1814 formed in the conductive portion 1802 and a second hole 1816 formed in the component support portion 1804. In embodiments including an intermediate pad, a second hole 1816 is formed in the intermediate pad. Optionally, first hole 1814 and at least a portion of second hole 1816 can be formed in conductive portion 1802. The first hole 1814 has a diameter larger than the diameter of the second hole 1816. The small diameter of the second hole 1816 located below the first hole 1814 provides lateral support to the conductive portion 1802 surrounding the first hole 1814, thereby reducing the pad shear force and torque during polishing. Improves resistance to Thus, small holes 1806 including larger holes of surface 1808 concentrically disposed in the smaller holes located at the bottom cause less deformation of conductive portion 1802 while minimizing particle generation, thus reducing pad damage. Minimize substrate defects caused by

The small pores of the conductive component can be punched through mechanical methods such as male and female punching before and after all layers have been collected. In one embodiment, the conductive portion 1802 press-molded onto the conductive backing is first mounted on the intermediate layer, the conductive portion 1802 and the intermediate layer having the conductive backing are mechanically perforated together, and the component support portion or sub The pads are mechanically drilled separately, after which they are aligned together. In another embodiment, all layers are assembled and then drilled. The present invention contemplates any drilling technique and sequence.

19 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an ECM station 1990, and FIGS. 20A and 20B are side and exploded views of the ball assembly 1900 of the ECM station 1990 of FIG. The ECP station 1990 includes a platen 1950 that supports the polishing pad assembly 1960, on which the substrate 114 held in the polishing head 130 is processed. This platen 1950 includes at least one ball assembly 1900 protruding therefrom and is coupled to a power source 1972 that is adapted to bias the surface of the substrate 114 during processing. Although two ball assemblies 1900 are shown in FIG. 19, any number of ball assemblies may be used and may be distributed in any number of configurations relative to the centerline of the platen 1950.

The polishing pad assembly 1960 can be any pad assembly suitable for processing a substrate, including any of the embodiments described above. This polishing pad assembly 1960 can include an electrode 1962 and a polishing layer 1966. In one embodiment, the polishing layer 1966 of the polishing pad assembly 1960 may include a dielectric polishing surface 1964, such as a polyurethane pad. In another embodiment, the polishing layer 1966 of the polishing pad assembly 1960 can include a conductive polishing surface 1964, such as a polymer matrix, conductive coating fabric, or the like with conductive particles dispersed therein. In an embodiment where the polishing surface 1964 is conductive, the polishing surface 1964 and the electrode 1962 can be coupled to a power source 1972 (shown in dashed lines) via a switch 1974, which switch is shown. Allows power to selectively switch to ball assembly 1900 and conductive polishing surface 1964, thus removing bulk metal from substrate 114 without raising substrate 114 from polishing pad assembly 1960. And removal of residual metals are facilitated respectively.

The ball assembly 1900 is generally coupled to the platen 1950 and at least partially passes through each small hole 1968 formed in the polishing pad assembly 1960. Each ball assembly 1900 includes a hollow housing 1902, an adapter 1904, a ball 1906, a contact member 1914, and a clamp bushing 1916. The ball 1906 is movably disposed within the housing 1902, at least a portion of the ball 1906 extending above the polishing surface 1964, and the ball 1906 is identical to the polishing surface 1964. May be disposed in at least a second position at a height. This ball 1906 is generally suitable for electrically biasing the substrate 114 and may be configured as described above.

The housing 1902 is made of a dielectric material compatible with process chemicals. In one embodiment, this housing 1902 is made of PEEK. The housing 1902 includes a first end 1908 and a second end 1910. Drive features 1912 are formed in and / or on the first end 1908 to facilitate installing the ball assembly 1900 on the platen 1950. Drive feature 1912 is a hole, slot or slots for a spanner wrench, a drive feature having a groove (e.g., TORX Or a hex drive, etc.], a protruding drive feature (eg, a wrench flat, a hex head, etc.), and the like. The first end 1908 further includes a seating 1926 that prevents the ball 1906 from escaping from the first end 1908 of the housing 1902.

The contact member 1914 is coupled between the clamp bushing 1916 and the adapter 1906. This contact member 1914 is generally configured to electrically connect the adapter 1906 and the ball 1906 substantially or completely in the range of ball positions within the housing 1902. This contact member 1914 may be configured as described above.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 19, 20A and 20B and shown in detail in FIG. 21, the contact member 1914 comprises an annular base 1942 in which a plurality of bends 1944 extend in a polar arrangement. . This bend 1944 includes two support members 2102 extending from the base 1942 to the distal end 2108. These support members 2102 are joined by a plurality of rungs 2104 to form small pores 2110 that facilitate the flow through the contact member 1914 with a small pressure drop, as discussed further below. . Contact pads 2106 adapted to contact the balls 1906 engage the support members 2102 at the distal ends 2108 of each of the bends 1944. Generally, the bend 1944 is made of an elastic and conductive material suitable for use with process chemicals. In one embodiment, this bend 1944 is made of gold plated beryllium copper.

Returning to FIGS. 19-20B, the clamp bushing 1916 includes a flared head 1924 from which a threaded post 1922 extends. This clamp bushing 1916 may be made of a dielectric or conductive material, and in one embodiment is made of the same material as the housing 1902. The funnel head 1924 maintains the bend 1944 at an acute angle with respect to the centerline of the ball assembly 1900, such that the contact pad 2106 of the contact member 1914 develops around the surface of the ball 1906. Is positioned so as to prevent bending, engagement and / or damage to the bend 1944 during assembly of the ball assembly 1900 and in the range of movement of the ball 1906.

The pillar 1922 of the clamp bushing 1916 is disposed through the hole 1946 of the base 1942 and screwed into the threaded portion 1940 of the passage 1936 formed through the adapter 1906. . A passage 1918 through the clamp bushing 1916 includes a drive feature 1920 at an end located in the funnel head 1924. Similarly, the passageway 1936 includes a drive feature 1938 at an end opposite the bare portion 1940. These drive features 1920, 1938 may be similar to the drive features described above, and in one embodiment are hexagonal holes suitable for use with a hexagonal driver. The clamp bushing 1916 is tightened to a degree that ensures good electrical contact between the contact member 1914 and the adapter 1904 without damaging the contact member 1914 or other structural members.

Generally, the adapter 1904 is made of an electrically conductive material compatible with process chemicals, and in one embodiment is made of stainless steel. The adapter 1904 includes an annular flange 1932 with a threaded post 1930 extending from one side and a boss 1934 extending from the other side. The bare post 1930 is adapted to engage a contact plate 1980 disposed on a platen 1950 that couples each ball 1906 of the ball assembly 1900 to a power source 1972.

The boss 1934 is received in the second end 1910 of the housing 1902 and includes a surface for clamping the contact member 1914. At least one bare hole 2006 is disposed on the side of the boss 1934 and is further formed in the boss 1934, which passes through the hole 2004 formed in the housing 1902. Engages with the disposed fastener 2002, thereby securing the housing 1902 to the adapter 1904 and capturing the ball 1906 into the housing 1902. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20A, three fasteners are shown to couple the housing 1902 to the adapter 1904 through a counter-sunk hole 2004. These housings 1902 and adapters 1904 are fastened by other methods or devices such as staking, gluing, bonding, interference fittings, dowel pins, spring pins, rivets, retaining rings, and the like. Can be.

The ball 1906 generally operates towards the polishing surface 1964 by at least one of spring force, flotation force and flow force. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19, passages 1936, 1918 through adapter 1904 and clamp bushing 1916 are coupled to electrolyte supply 1970 through platen 1950. The electrolyte supplier 1970 supplies electrolyte into the hollow housing 1902 through the passages 1936 and 1918. This electrolyte exits the housing 1902 between the seat 1926 and the ball 1906, thus causing the ball 1906 to be biased towards the polishing surface 1964 and to contact the substrate 114 during processing. do.

The relief or groove 1928 receives the distal end 2108 (FIG. 21) of the bend 1944 so that the force applied to the ball 1906 is constant throughout the different heights of the ball 1906 within the housing 1902. And is formed on the inner wall of the housing 1902 to prevent constraining the flow of electrolyte through the ball 1906. The end of the groove 1928 disposed away from the seating 1926 is generally configured to be at or below the diameter position of the ball 1906 when the ball 1906 is in the lowered position.

22-24 are perspective views and cross-sectional views of another embodiment of a conductive component with another embodiment of the ball assembly.

22 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the ECM station 2290, and FIGS. 23 and 24 are a perspective view and a partial cross-sectional view of the ball assembly 2200 of the ECMP station 2290 of FIG. 22. This ECM station 2290 includes a platen 2250 that supports a polishing pad assembly 2260 (partially shown in FIG. 22). This platen 2250 includes at least one ball assembly 2200 protruding therefrom and is coupled to a power source 1972. This ball assembly 2200 is adapted to electrically bias the surface (shown in FIG. 24) of the substrate 114 during processing. Although one ball assembly 2200 is shown in FIG. 22 as being coupled to the center of the platen 2250, any number of ball assemblies may be used and any number of configurations relative to the centerline of the platen 2250. Can be distributed as

The polishing pad assembly 2260 can be any pad assembly suitable for processing a substrate, including any of the embodiments described above. This polishing pad assembly 2260 can include an electrode 2542 and a polishing layer 2466. In one embodiment, the polishing layer 2466 of the polishing pad assembly 2260 can include a dielectric polishing surface 2464, such as a polyurethane pad. In another embodiment, the polishing layer 2466 of the polishing pad assembly 2260 can include a conductive polishing surface 2464, such as a polymer matrix with conductive particles dispersed therein, conductive coating fabrics, and the like. In embodiments where the polishing surface 2464 is conductive, these polishing surfaces 2464 and electrodes 2442 may be coupled to a power source 1972 (shown in dashed lines) via a switch 1974, which switch is shown. Allows power to selectively switch to the ball assembly 2200 and the conductive polishing surface 2464, thus removing bulk metal from the substrate 114 without raising the substrate 114 from the polishing pad assembly 2260. And removal of residual metals are facilitated respectively.

Generally, the ball assembly 2200 is coupled to the platen 2250 and passes at least partially through each small hole 2468 formed in the polishing pad assembly 2260. This ball assembly 2200 includes a housing 2302 holding a plurality of balls 1906. This ball 1906 is movably disposed within the housing 2302, at least a portion of the ball 1906 extending above the polishing surface 2464, and the ball 1906 is identical to the polishing surface 2464. May be disposed in at least a second position at a height. In general, the ball 1906 is suitable for electrically biasing the substrate 114 and may be configured as described above.

The housing 2302 is removably coupled to the platen 2250 to facilitate replacement of the assembly 2200 after a number of abrasive cycles. In one embodiment, the housing 2302 is coupled to the platen 2250 by a plurality of screws 2308. The housing 2302 includes an upper housing 2304 coupled to a lower housing 2306 and holds a ball 1906 between these upper and lower housings. This upper housing 2304 is made of a dielectric material compatible with process chemicals. In one embodiment, this upper housing 2304 is made of PEEK. This lower housing 2306 is made of a conductive material that is compatible with process chemicals. In one embodiment, this lower housing 2306 is made of stainless steel. This lower housing 2306 is coupled to a power source 1972. These housings 2304 and 2306 can be joined in any number of ways, including but not limited to screwing, bolting, riveting, bonding, staking, clamping, and the like. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 22-24, these housings 2304, 2306 are joined by a plurality of screws 2408.

The ball 1906 is disposed in a plurality of small holes 2402 through these housings 2304 and 2306. The upper portion of each of these small holes 2402 includes a seating portion 2404 that connects from the upper housing 2304 into the small holes 2402. This seating portion 2404 is configured to prevent the ball 1906 from exiting the upper end of the small hole 2402.

The contact member 1914 is disposed in each small hole 2402 to electrically couple the ball 1906 to the lower plate 2306. Each contact member 1914 is coupled to the bottom plate 2306 by individual clamp bushings 1916. In one embodiment, the pillar 1922 of the clamp bushing 1916 is screwed into the threaded portion 2410 of the small hole 2402 through the housing 2302.

The upper portion of each of these small holes 2402 includes a relief or groove 2406 formed in the upper housing 2304. This groove 2406 is configured to receive the distal portion of the contact member 1914, thereby preventing confinement of the electrolyte that flows from the electrolyte supply 1970 between the ball 1906 and the housing 2302. This electrolyte supplier 1970 supplies electrolyte through small holes 2402 and makes contact with the substrate 114 during processing.

During processing, a ball 1906 disposed within the housing 2302 generally acts toward the polishing surface 2464 by at least one of spring force, flotation force, and flow force. These balls 1906 electrically couple the substrate 114 to the power supply 1972 through the contact member 1914 and the bottom plate 2306. The electrolyte passing through the housing 2302 provides a conductive path on the electrode 2242 and the biased substrate 114, thereby activating the electrochemical polishing process.

Accordingly, various embodiments have been provided for conductive components suitable for electrochemical polishing of substrates. These conductive parts provide good compliance with the surface of the substrate to enhance uniform electrical contact which increases polishing performance. In addition, these conductive parts are configured to minimize scratch formation during processing, preferably to reduce defect occurrence, thereby lowering the unit cost of processing.

While the foregoing is directed to various embodiments of the invention, other additional embodiments of the invention may be considered without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the appended claims. do.

Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention have the effect of providing fabrication parts and devices for planarizing layers on a substrate using electrochemical deposition techniques, electrochemical dissolution techniques, polishing techniques, and / or combinations thereof.

Claims (58)

A housing including an inner passage; An annular seating portion extending into the inner passage at the first end of the housing; A ball disposed in the housing, the ball being prevented from exiting the housing by the seating portion; A conductive adapter coupled to the second end of the housing; And And a contact member for electrically coupling the adapter and the ball. The method of claim 1, And wherein the ball comprises an outer surface made of a soft conductive material. The method of claim 2, And said ball is a soft elastic core. The method of claim 3, wherein The core is an elastic organic polymer, ethylene-propylene-diene (EDPM), polyalkene, polyalkyne, polyester, polyaromatic alkene / alkyne, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyurethane, organic polymer, siloxane, polysilicon and poly A ball assembly comprising at least partially at least one material selected from the group consisting of silanes. The method of claim 1, The ball assembly of claim 1, wherein the ball is composed of at least one of a conductive polymer and a polymer having a conductive material disposed therein. The method of claim 1, The ball is movable between a first position, at least a portion of which is exposed beyond the first end of the housing, and at least a second position, the same height as the first end of the housing, wherein the contact member is movable between the first and And maintain electrical contact with the ball between the second position. The method of claim 6, And the ball comprises at least one of a gold outer surface and a copper outer surface. The method of claim 1, And the housing further comprises a drive feature disposed at the first end. The method of claim 8, The drive feature further comprises a hexagonal protrusion. The method of claim 1, Ball housing, characterized in that the housing is made of PEEK. The method of claim 1, The contact member, Annular bases; And And a plurality of bends extending from the base to the distal end. The method of claim 11, And the housing further comprises an annular groove formed in the inner wall of the housing to receive the distal end of the bend. The method of claim 11, Each of the bends, Two members coupled to the base and having a first end extending from the first end to the distal end of the bend; A plurality of rungs for coupling the members; And And a contact pad engaging the member at the distal end of the flexure. The method of claim 11, And a clamp bushing for coupling the contact member to the adapter. The method of claim 14, The clamp bushing, head; And And a threaded pillar extending from the head through the base of the contact member and engaged with the threaded portion of the passageway at least partially passing through the adapter. The method of claim 15, And the head includes a drive feature. The method of claim 16, The drive feature of the clamp bushing is a hexagonal hole formed in at least a portion of a passageway disposed through the clamp bushing. The method of claim 11, And the contact member is gold coated beryllium copper. The method of claim 1, The adapter, A boss that engages with the second end of the housing, and And a threaded column extending from said boss to face said housing. The method of claim 19, And the adapter further comprises a passage formed through the head and the threaded pillar. The method of claim 20, The adapter further comprises a drive feature. The method of claim 21, And the drive feature further comprises a hexagonal hole formed in a portion of the passageway disposed in the threaded column. The method of claim 1, And said ball is hollow. The method of claim 1, An abrasive material with an upper surface adapted to treat the substrate thereon; A platen supporting the abrasive material; And And a conductive contact plate disposed in the platen having a hole for receiving a portion of the conductive adapter. A conductive adapter coupled to the boss, comprising a passage formed through the boss and the pillar; A hollow cylindrical dielectric housing comprising a first end extending radially inwardly and a second end engaging the boss of the adapter; A conductive contact member having a plurality of bends extending from the annular base; A threaded column extends from the funnel head, and the threaded column of the contact member extends through the base and engages the threaded portion of the passageway disposed through the adapter and connects the head to the adapter. A clamp bushing forcing toward and clamping the base between the head of the flange bushing and the boss of the adapter; and A conductive ball disposed in the housing, the conductive ball being movable between a first position where a portion of the ball extends through the seating portion and at least a second position that is the same height as the first end of the housing, And the bent portion maintains electrical contact with the ball at the first and second positions. The method of claim 25, And the funnel head orients the flexure at an acute angle with respect to the centerline of the ball assembly. The method of claim 25, And the housing further comprises a drive feature disposed at the first end. The method of claim 27, And the drive feature is a hexagonal head. The method of claim 25, And wherein the contact member is made of gold on the outside thereof and the ball is made of at least one of gold and copper on the outside thereof. The method of claim 29, And said adapter is stainless steel. The method of claim 25, And said ball is hollow. A conductive adapter coupled to the threaded boss and including a small hole formed through the boss and the pillar; A hollow cylindrical dielectric housing including a first end and a second end that engage the boss of the adapter; A first position disposed in the housing and having a diameter such that a fluid flow passage can be formed through the housing, around the ball and through the small hole, wherein a portion of the ball extends through the first end; A conductive ball movable between at least a second position, the height of which is equal to the first end of the housing; And Ball connection means for maintaining electrical contact between the ball and the adapter when the ball is in the first and second positions. The method of claim 32, The connecting means further comprises any one of a spring molded body, a compression spring, and a conductive bearing. The method of claim 32, The connecting means further comprises a conductive contact member adapted to contact the ball with a plurality of bends extending from the annular base. The method of claim 34, wherein A threaded column extends from the funnel head, and the threaded column of the contact member extends through the base and engages the threaded portion of the passageway disposed through the adapter and connects the head to the adapter. And a clamp bushing for forcing the clamp bushing to clamp the base between the head of the flange bushing and the boss of the adapter. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein The clamp bushing, Penetrating passageway; And And a hexagonal drive feature formed in a portion of the passageway opposite the threaded pillar of the clamp bushing. The method of claim 36, The small hole of the conductive adapter further comprises a hexagonal drive feature formed in a portion of the small hole opposite the bare portion of the small hole. The method of claim 34, wherein And the housing further comprises an annular groove formed in the inner wall of the housing to receive the distal end of the bend. The method of claim 34, wherein At least one of the bent portion further comprises at least one small hole therethrough. The method of claim 32, The housing further comprises a hexagonal drive feature formed at the first end. First edition; A second plate coupled to the first plate; A plurality of small holes having a portion formed through the first and second plates; A plurality of conductive balls, each of which is disposed in each of the small holes, the portion being movable between a first position through which a portion passes through an outer surface of the first plate and at least a second position that is flush with an outer surface of the first plate; And And a plurality of conductive members for electrically coupling the conductive balls to the second plate. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein And said first plate is made of a dielectric material. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein And the second plate is made of a conductive material. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein The first plate further comprises a plurality of annular seating portions each extending easily into each of the small pores. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein At least one of the conductive contact members, Annular bases; And And a plurality of bends extending from the annular base to contact one of the balls. The method of claim 45, And a clamp bushing for coupling the base to the second plate. The method of claim 46, The clamping bushing, Funnel head; And And a threaded column extending from the funnel head and passing through the base of the contact member and engaging the threaded portion of the small hole disposed in the second plate. The method of claim 46, The clamp bushing further comprises a passage extending in the axial direction. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein Wherein at least one of the balls comprises an outer surface comprised of a soft conductive material. The method of claim 41, At least one of said balls comprises a soft elastic core. 51. The method of claim 50 wherein The core is an elastic organic polymer, ethylene-propylene-diene (EDPM), polyalkene, polyalkyne, polyester, polyaromatic alkene / alkyne, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyurethane, organic polymer, siloxane, polysilicon and poly A ball assembly comprising at least partially at least one material selected from the group consisting of silanes. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein Wherein said ball is comprised of a conductive polymer. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein And said ball is hollow. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein The ball assembly, characterized in that the outside is composed of at least one of gold and copper. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein A platen to which the second plate is coupled; And And an abrasive material disposed on said platen and including a passageway through which at least said first plate is disposed. A system for electrochemically treating a substrate, platen; Abrasive materials; An electrode coupled to the abrasive material and disposed on the platen; A ball assembly coupled to the platen and passing through the abrasive material; And A power source coupled to the first terminal and coupled to the ball assembly. The method of claim 56, wherein A housing including an inner passage; An annular seat extending into the inner passageway at the first end of the housing, A ball disposed in the housing, the ball being prevented from exiting the housing by the seating portion; A conductive adapter including a first end coupled to the second end of the housing and a second end coupled to the power source through the platen; And And a contact member for electrically coupling the adapter and the ball. The method of claim 56, wherein First edition; A second plate coupled to the first plate, the power source and the platen; A plurality of small holes having a portion formed through the first and second plates; A plurality of conductive balls, each of which is disposed in each of the small holes, the portion being movable between a first position through which a portion passes through an outer surface of the first plate and at least a second position that is flush with an outer surface of the first plate; And And a plurality of conductive members for electrically coupling the conductive balls to the second plate.