KR20010069753A - Feed additive accelerating growth of fishes - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: Provided is a feed additive of kinds of fishes cultivated that comprises water soluble chitosan, dropwort fermented mixture, activated carbon and illite, which can promote growth of the fishes and prevent various kinds of fish diseases with reducing pollution of water. CONSTITUTION: The additive includes 0.01-10wt of high molecular water soluble chitosan of which viscosity is 10-250cps, deacetylation degree is 85-98 and molecular weight is 1,000-1,000,000, 2-38wt% of dropwort mixture made by naturally fermenting dropwort at 10-18deg.C for 30days-36months, 10-84wt% of activated carbon and 5-45wt% of illite and vitamin complex.

Description

Feed additive accelerating growth of fishes

The present invention relates to a feed additive for aquaculture fish, and in particular, by mixing a water-soluble polymer chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture, activated carbon, and illite in a certain ratio to promote the growth of fish even in low temperature water, immune enhancement and physiological activity It relates to a feed additive exhibiting a function.

Feed additives for fish growth promotion are added to blended feeds to promote digestion, physiological activity, and immunity. They should be mixed orally administered with regular feeds, effective in small doses, and have a low economic burden. do. In addition, continuous and repeated administrations should not reduce immunity and physiological effects due to increased resistance.

Conventional feed additives used for the purpose of improving the growth of fish as described above are largely classified into vitamin mixtures and mineral mixtures, and other immunological enhancers described below, and have the following effects, but have limited effects.

First, a representative of fish feed additives is a vitamin mixture. Vitamin C is the most abundant amount and specific gravity of the multivitamins used in fish feed additives. Vitamin C affects fish disease degradation through several pathways:

That is, vitamin C acts as a biological reducing agent for hydrogen transport, and thus is involved in various enzymatic reactions, regulates steroid synthesis, and collagen synthesis, thereby maintaining the epidermal barrier that effectively blocks pathogens that enter the body surface. And plays a role in normal wound healing. In addition, vitamin C plays a role in preventing leukocyte damage by superoxide anion, which is released as a bactericidal substance when phagocytes are stimulated by invasion of bacteria. Many studies have reported increased survival for infectious diseases in fish species. Increased viability is recognized as a result of vitamin C affecting nonspecific immune systems such as phagocytosis, complement, iron metabolism, rather than affecting immune responses.

However, vitamin C is weak to light and heat, and it is easily decomposed and effective when used in large amounts.

Second, mineral mixtures are trace elements such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, calcium, iodine, and cobalt selenium, which are essential nutrients for healthy meat growth.

Third, immune enhancing substances used in fish include Freund complete supplement, lipopolysaccharide, formyl peptide, glucan, chitin, levamisol, FK565, vitamins, growth hormone, etc. The effect is minimal.

Easy-to-use oral adjuvant drugs include beta- (1,3) -di-glucan, Macrogard (Norway Tromso) and VitaStim (Taiti, Tokyo, Japan) but are expensive and not natural. There is a risk of metabolites and contamination. Beta-glucan is an extract of yeast cell walls and higher plants, and is known to enhance immunity by nonspecific mechanisms of fish such as phagocytic activity. The mechanism of action of activating phagocytes in fish has been found to have glucan and glucan binding receptors on the surface of phagocytes, whereby glucan is bound to activate phagocytes.

Adjuvants based on these mechanisms should be repeated at appropriate intervals. Continued administration results in damage and unresponsiveness due to hypersensitivity, a nonspecific defense mechanism of fish. In particular, excessive use of beta-glucan results in immunosuppression. In some cases, fish disease susceptibility may be increased by causing immunosuppression. It was found that glycyrrhizin and saponin have an immune enhancing effect, but the amount and method of use are not established and no side effects have been studied.

On the other hand, fish are sensitive to water temperature depending on the type of fish. For example, sweetfish, which is a hot-water fish, is suitable for growing at 13-17 ^o C. As the temperature increases, the feed efficiency increases and the meat grows well. There is a problem that the resistance to the fall, the quality of meat is lowered and the commercial value is lowered. On the other hand, when the water temperature is lower than the appropriate temperature there is a problem that stops the food intake behavior and enters the winter and the growth is also stopped. Therefore, there is a need for a feed having high feed efficiency even at low temperatures and promoting the growth of fish. In addition, in winter, the water temperature drops sharply in Korea and the activity and growth of fish are greatly reduced. Therefore, there is a difficulty in fish farming. In such winter, there is an urgent need for feed for active fish growth.

Several studies have been conducted on feed additives that enhance fish immunity and promote growth.

Patent application 1999-31802 discloses a feed additive for fish prepared by mixing chitosan, kelp, ocher and other excipients, but this method is based on the immune enhancing effect and growth promoting effect of each of the raw materials. It does not disclose any evidence or data on the optimum blending ratio of such raw materials, nor does it disclose any requirements for feed additives to increase fish activity at low temperatures.

In addition, Patent Application 1999-3156 discloses a feed composition for livestock and aquaculture fish containing ocher and chitosan, and a method of manufacturing the same, but this also simply provides the raw materials without accurate test data on the effect on the blending ratio. Only, it does not suggest any solution to increase the optimum compounding ratio and the activity of fish at low temperatures.

In order to solve the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a feed additive for fish that can promote the growth of cultured fish by promoting the immune enhancement and physiological activity of the fish.

Furthermore, the present invention shows an excellent effect on the prevention and growth of fish disease by improving the vitality and digestion at low temperatures for aquaculture fish, which is sensitive to water temperature, and also greatly reduces the pollution of water by naturally purifying fish farm wastes. It is an object of the present invention to provide a feed additive for fish.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention,

It provides a feed additive for fish, characterized in that it comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer water-soluble chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture, activated carbon, and illite. At this time, the feed additive preferably contains 0.01-10% by weight of the polymer water-soluble chitosan, 2-38% by weight of the buttercup fermentation mixture, 10-84% by weight of activated carbon, and 5-45% by weight of the illite. In addition, the fish feed additive preferably further comprises a vitamin complex.

In the fish feed additive of the present invention, the polymer water-soluble chitosan preferably has a viscosity of 10 cps to 250 cps, a deacetylation degree of 85 to 98, and a molecular weight of 1000 to 1,000,000. In addition, the buttercup fermentation mixture is preferably natural fermented stone parsley for 30 days to 36 months at a temperature of 10 to 18 ℃.

In addition, in the fish feed additive for fish of the present invention, the fish is preferably a farmed fish containing sweetfish, wild trout, and trout.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

The present invention is to provide a feed additive for fish that can be used in addition to commercial blends commercially available, the main component of the feed additive of the present invention is a water-soluble polymer chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture (enzyme), activated carbon, And illite and the like.

Chitosan included in the feed additive of the present invention is a polyglucosamine obtained by deacetylating chitin present in shellfish such as crab shells and cuttlefish bones, and its efficacy is very different depending on the molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and degree of water solubilization. Big. The water-soluble polymer chitosan used in the present invention preferably has a viscosity of 10 cps to 250 cps, a deacetylation degree of 85 to 98, and a molecular weight of 1000 to 1,000,000. Such chitosan has characteristics such as growth promotion, immunity enhancement, physiological activity, inhibition of pathogenic bacterial growth, reduction of mortality, enhancement of digestive function, enhancement of skin mucus secretion, and detoxification in fish. Less fallout, prevents decay and increases feed count. In addition, it is contained in the secretion in a small amount, and has excellent water purification ability by adsorbing contaminants such as heavy metals and suspended solids.

In addition, the buttercup fermentation mixture included in the feed additive of the present invention, cut 20-30 cm of the cultivated stone parsley grown using oak charcoal, ash and wood vinegar as a raw material to remove water and foreign matter on the leaves and stems, and then crushed properly It is a liquid form that is fermented in low temperature and fermented by low temperature natural fermentation for less than 30 days at less than 18 ^o C in 200kg of poison or dehydrated and dried to form powder. The fermented mixture is rich in organic minerals and vitamins. It plays a role of promoting the digestive power of fish and boosting its vitality, and improves the freshness of meat to improve taste.

In addition, the activated carbon included in the feed additive of the present invention is used to produce a charcoal after pulverizing the wood of 20 to 200 years of age, which is produced by crushing, excellent adsorptive power and deodorizing and decolorizing effect, feed to fish When you do not have the smell of the excreta, diarrheal disease is reduced, serves to eliminate the body toxicity, purify the turbid water clear.

In addition, the illite contained in the feed additive of the present invention is used to pulverized by drying for 3 hours at 105-110 ^o C that is free from foreign matters, when measuring the content of minerals by atomic spectroscopy (AA) Silicon 23-45%, Iron 1.00-4.34 ppm, Zinc 1.0-3.50 ppm, Manganese 1.1-0.76 ppm, Copper 0.01-0.5 ppm, Sodium 0.01-0.6 ppm, Potassium 0.01-0.15 ppm, Calcium 0.01-0.22 ppm, Acidity Used was pH 4.5-6.75. It has a deodorant action, which clears the water, enhances the fish's vitality, and keeps it fresh.

It is preferable that the composition ratio of the feed additive of this invention is 0.01-10 weight% of water-soluble chitosan, 2-37 weight% of buttercup fermentation mixtures, 10-84 weight% of activated carbon, and 5-45 weight% of illite.

If the water-soluble chitosan is 0.01% or less, it is difficult to detect the extent to which the cohesive force, the adsorption force effect of impurities and heavy metals, etc. are weak, and the physiological activity effects such as growth promotion and immune enhancement are exhibited. In addition, if it is 10% or more, it is impossible to dissolve in water, making it difficult to manufacture, and even if manufactured, there is a disadvantage in that it is impossible to use because of its high viscosity.

If the buttercup fermentation is less than 2%, the role of promoting digestion and improving the freshness of meat to improve meat taste is significantly reduced, and if more than 37%, the growth is rather slow.

When activated carbon is less than 10%, the taste of the feed is poor, and the meat does not eat the feed well, and the role of eliminating diarrheal disease and body toxicity is weak. In addition, the decolorizing deodorizing effect is reduced, so the smell of feces, fishy fish and the like is increased. On the other hand, more than 84% constipation occurs, and digestive power is reduced.

The illite is less deodorized at less than 5%. That is, illite has a deodorizing effect like activated carbon, but if the amount is small, the deodorization phenomenon disappears. In addition, it does not perform the role of clearing the fish farm water properly and the vitality of the farmed fish is not enhanced. On the other hand, more than 45% of the meat tastes lost, tasteless, watery and crumbly.

Therefore, it is most optimal to use the above materials in such a compounding ratio, which is a surprising effect not previously found. That is, the mixture is synergistic with each other, the effect of the feed additive having the above compounding ratio is more than the sum of the effects of each of the raw materials.

Therefore, by mixing the feed additives, such as water-soluble chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture, activated carbon, and illite into the existing feed in a feed ratio to feed aquaculture fish breeding, it promotes growth at low temperatures and improves the quality of meat It can reduce the effect and environmental pollution and lower the feed coefficient.

Furthermore, the feed additive of the present invention is mixed with a conventional feed compound and fed by the method of oral administration, so that the effect is obvious even in small doses, and the synergistic effect is given to the nutritional components of the feed additive, and continued or overdose It is characterized by little resistance and side effects such as immunocompromise.

There are no particular limitations on farmed fish species that can use the feed additive of the present invention, but can be preferably used for sweetfish, wild trout, and trout.

Hereinafter, it demonstrates further in detail as an Example. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the claims of the invention.

Example 1

2 g of a water-soluble polymer chitosan having a deacetylation degree of 92, a viscosity of 40 cps, and a molecular weight of 380,000 is placed in a 100 milliliter of a volumetric flask, half-filled with distilled water, maintained at room temperature for 40 minutes, dissolved in an ultrasonic reactor, filled with distilled water, and scaled with a chitosan solution. Was prepared.

Meanwhile, 10 parts by weight of buttercup, 2 parts by weight of charcoal and 1 part by weight of brown sugar were put in a jar, and the buttercup fermentation mixture was prepared by filtering what was naturally fermented for 90 days while maintaining the temperature at 12 to 18 ° C.

94 g of 100 mesh natural activated carbon and 28 g of illite were mixed at room temperature for 30 minutes, and 76 g of the buttercup fermentation mixture prepared above was sprayed with a small atomizer at room temperature and stirred for 40 minutes. The feed additive of the present invention was prepared by adsorbing and mixing the chitosan solution prepared above dropwise at room temperature for 20 minutes.

Example 2

1 g of chitosan as in Example 1 was placed in a 50 milliliter of a volumetric flask and half-filled with distilled water, and then maintained at room temperature for 40 minutes, dissolved in an ultrasonic reactor, and then filled with distilled water to prepare a chitosan solution.

50 grams of activated carbon and 25 g of illite were mixed at room temperature for 30 minutes, and 6 g of the buttercup fermentation mixture prepared in Example 1 was stirred for 20 minutes while spraying with a small atomizer at room temperature. The feed additive of the present invention was prepared by adsorbing and mixing the chitosan solution prepared above to the mixture dropwise at room temperature for 20 minutes.

Example 3

3 g of a water-soluble polymer chitosan having a deacetylation degree of 95, a viscosity of 30 cps, and a molecular weight of 250.000 is placed in a 500 milliliter of a volumetric flask, half-filled with distilled water, maintained at room temperature for 60 minutes, dissolved in an ultrasonic reactor, filled with distilled water, and scaled with chitosan solution. Was prepared.

1000 g of 100 mesh natural activated carbon and 370 g of illite were mixed at room temperature for 30 minutes, and 100 g of the buttercup fermentation mixture prepared in Example 1 was stirred for 30 minutes while spraying with a small atomizer at room temperature. To this mixture, a water-soluble chitosan solution was added dropwise at room temperature for 30 minutes and mixed in a V-type mixer for 3 hours to prepare a feed additive of the present invention.

Example 4

The feed additives prepared in Examples 1, 2, and 3 are mixed with the blended feed in an amount corresponding to 1% by weight of the blended feed, respectively, and prepared by adsorption of pellet feed having a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 3 mm in a pellet molding apparatus. Was used for breeding.

Test Example

1. Breeding management of fry

In order to test the efficacy of the feed additive, 1 year old larvae and larvae weighing 0.5 g and 0.7 cm in size were selected, and the experimental and control groups were divided into 500 ton and 1 ton / FRP round tanks, respectively. While raising sweetfish to an average size of 50g, tests were conducted to compare feed coefficient, growth rate according to water temperature, body weight and body growth rate, survival rate, mucus increase, and sensory test.

Once the larvae were large from the larvae to mid-growth, the survival rate was maintained as long as there was no special environmental change.

The feed used for the experiment was based on the commercially available compound feed (manufactured by Purina). The composition ratio of the blended feed was 47% or more crude protein, 7% or more crude fat, 4% or less crude fiber, 13% or less crude ash, 1.2% or more calcium, and 1.8% or less phosphorus.

In the control group, the above-mentioned 20 kg of the combined feed, vitamin complexes (vitamin C, A, E, D group, B group, K) 0.2 kg, mineral powder (calcium, potassium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine cobalt, selenium, phosphorus) , Sulphur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, etc.) was fed feed mixed with 0.2kg, the experimental group 20kg of the above-mentioned compound feed, vitamin complexes (vitamin C, A, E, D group, B group, K) 0.08 kg, feed additive of the present invention prepared in Example 1 (mixed chitosan 1%, parsley fermentation mixture 38%, activated carbon 47%, illite 14%) 0.2kg of feed mixed with the method of Example 4 It was.

Feeding was controlled by growth rate by 0.5-5% of fish weight 5-6 times a day by the automatic feeding machine, and the feeding rate was reduced to 80-90% of the fish.

Water was used to warm the groundwater to a temperature of 8-18 ^° C, and was added by replacing about 1/10 ton, and was raised by increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the air generator. In order to reduce the error of the experiment, keep the water temperature constant, and if water pH, feed dregs, moss, water, etc. occur, return 2/3 of the water, and thoroughly grind and clean and disinfect it every month when the growth is investigated. Was prepared. The state of the water was maintained as shown in Table 1 below, the water temperature was measured at 10cm above the water surface from the bottom of the water tank every day, and the pH and DO were measured and recorded every 20 days. The experimental group was tested at a low temperature of 12 ^o C, which is hard to live in, but the control group tested the growth by adjusting the water temperature higher than this because most of the farmed fish died at 12 ° C.

Measurement time Water temperature ( ^o C) PH Dissolved oxygen Experiment Control 0 (start date) end) 11.8 end) 11.8 6.9 10.5 I) 7.9 I) 8.1 Day 20 end) 12.3 end) 13.0 6.8 9.7 I) 8.2 I) 10.0 40 days end) 12.5 end) 13.9 6.9 9.9 I) 8.5 I) 12.5 60 days end) 12.4 end) 12.9 6.6 8.7 I) 10.0 I) 15.5 Day 80 end) 12.8 end) 17.5 6.8 8.9 I) 10.5 I) 16.5 Day 100 end) 12.4 end) 18.0 6.7 9.7 I) 12.0 I) 16.3 Day 110 end) 12.2 end) 17.5 6.5 9.5 I) 12.0 I) 16.1

(A) Measure the water temperature at 10 cm below the tank (B) Measure at the water surface

In order to ensure the accuracy of the breeding test, the maintenance of each tank was made as constant as possible and efforts were made to reduce the stress of the fish as much as possible.

2. Growth survey

For the growth test, 10 animals were randomly selected at 20 days intervals for the change of growth process.

(1) weight change

The weight change of the test word was as Table 2 below. In other words, only 40 days after the start of the test showed a slight change, but after 60 days, the population of the feed additives grew faster and the average body weight was more than 200%.

Day experiment start date 20 days 40 days 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Experimental zone (g) 1.00 2.06 ± 0.44 4.00 ± 0.81 9.20 ± 1.76 23.06 ± 2.74 38.46 ± 5.30 50.66 ± 7.20 Control (g) 1.00 2.04 ± 0.36 3.84 ± 0.73 6.57 ± 1.35 10.98 ± 2.00 20.25 ± 4.10 27.38 ± 5.89

(2) change in body length

The change in body length of the test fish is shown in Table 3 below. In other words, sweetfish showed similar growth until 20 days, but after 1 month, the growth rate of the experimental group was much higher.

Day experiment start date 20 days 40 days 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Experiment Zone (mm) 65 79 102 113 123 144 151 Control sphere (mm) 65 76 88 95 106 114 119

(3) changes in activation and external form

When the water temperature is high, the oxygen is absorbed well, so the meat goes down to the bottom of the tank, and when the oxygen is low or the oxygen is not absorbed, the meat comes to mind.

In the middle of the 1800 cm diameter FRP round water tank, a 90 cm round tube is placed in the middle of the tank so that the meat can run through the tank. I could do it. The experimental group had a wide range of activity even with a little stimulation and increased the number of jumps on the water even in the natural state. It was also observed that the experimental zone was very active in the range of up and down the water. When fed, the difference in activity was greater. The experiment was slender and the body was triangular and the control was elongated.

3. Fish disease occurrence and mortality survey

The FRP breeding tank was thoroughly cleaned before fry, followed by soaking in 0.7% salt solution for 24 hours, thoroughly disinfecting with formalin and iodine, and raising the fry.

Cumulative mortality and survival rate of the sweetfish is shown in Table 4 below.

Day experiment start date 20 days 40 days 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Waste shooter (mari) Experiment 0 12 (12) 9 (21) 11 (33) 6 (39) 7 (46) 4 (50) Control 0 28 (28) 44 (72) 68 (140) 34 (174) 28 (202) 31 (233) Survival rate (%) Experiment 0 97.6 95.8 93.6 92.4 91.0 90.0 Control 0 94.4 85.6 72.0 65.2 59.6 53.4

As a result of experiments conducted in March-April, viral diseases appeared temporarily in the juveniles, which were thoroughly managed until natural healing.

The final survival rate was 53.4% in the control and 90.0% in the experimental group, which was significantly different from 36.6%. In particular, the survival rate of the experimental group indicates that the immune enhancing effect is clear, and the group mortality did not occur.

4. Feed Factor

Feed factor refers to the amount of feed that fish must be administered in order to weigh 1kg. The lower the feed rate, the greater the profitability. As the water temperature rises, the feed coefficient decreases, and as the water temperature decreases, the feed coefficient also increases. Even though the water temperature is low, the feed coefficient is 10-20% lower than usual, indicating that the nutritional efficiency is high.

The results of comparing the feed coefficients of the experimental and control groups are shown in Table 5 below.

Day experiment 20 days 40 days 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Experiment 1.42 1.43 1.57 1.48 1.55 1.46 Control 1.52 1.64 1.78 1.81 1.67 1.85

As can be seen from the table, despite the lower water temperature of the experimental zone, it was found that the nutritional efficiency is very high because of the lower feed coefficient.

5. Mucus Measurement

Mucus is the primary disease barrier for farmed fish, a measure of slowing the susceptibility to changes in water temperature and preventing viruses and other diseases. Experiments for mucous secretions were measured after 2 months to reduce errors and increase accuracy. Collect the water by removing water from a piece of ice, add 300 mL of methanol to the peeled shell, and soak for 24 hours at room temperature for extraction. After drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and remove the solvent by evaporation under reduced pressure at the same temperature. Drying over time gave the residue a weight.

The results of comparing the amount of the mucus extract of the control and the experimental group are shown in Table 6 below.

Elapsed day experiment 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Experimental zone (g) 0.903 1.032 1.207 1.233 Control (g) 0.787 0.965 1.086 1.094

6. Sensory experiment

The comparison of meat taste and freshness was made of six fish breeding experts, seven males and seven females. The results are shown in Table 7 below.

Sensory experiment Experiment Control Shiny 10 7 It takes a long time to destroy meat 8 3 Sue 10 4 Grunt 8 5 Flesh is cold 8 5 Not fishy 10 6 Clean aftertaste 8 5 Very good (10), Excellent (8), Moderate (5), Bad (3), Very bad (1)

As can be seen from the results, the meat quality of the experimental group was much better.

7. Turbidity of water

According to the schedule, 5000 mL of water was collected at the same time and in the environment, filtered, dried at 105 ^° C. with filter paper for 3 hours, weighed, and the residue was calculated by the following formula.

(Sample + filter paper weight)-filter weight = residue (mg)

The results of comparing the amounts of residues of fish farm water in the experimental and control groups are shown in Table 8 below.

Day experiment start date 20 days 40 days 60 days 80 days 100 days 110 days Experimental zone (mg) 24 35 36 42 35 35 41 Control (mg) 22 276 174 198 216 156 213

As can be seen from the above results, the control group was observed that the turbidity of the water was much more severe than the experimental group, and therefore, the contamination of the water was more severe.

As described above, the feed additive of the present invention, by mixing the water-soluble chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture, activated carbon, and illite in a certain ratio, to promote the immune boosting and physiological activity effect to promote the growth of cultured fish, sensitive to water temperature Aquaculture fish have an excellent effect on the prevention and growth of fish disease by improving vitality and digestion even at low temperature. In addition, by allowing fish farm wastes to be naturally purified, water pollution can be significantly reduced, which has the potential to generate industrial value and demand.

Claims (6)

A feed additive for fish, characterized in that it comprises a polymer water-soluble chitosan, buttercup fermentation mixture, activated carbon, and illite. The method of claim 1, wherein the feed additive is characterized in that it comprises 0.01-10% by weight of the polymer water-soluble chitosan, 2-38% by weight fermentation mixture, 10-84% by weight activated carbon, and 5-45% by weight of illite. Feed additives for fish. The fish feed additive of claim 1 or 2, wherein the fish feed additive further comprises a vitamin complex. The fish feed additive according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the polymer water-soluble chitosan has a viscosity of 10 cps to 250 cps, a deacetylation degree of 85 to 98, and a molecular weight of 1000 to 1,000,000. [Claim 3] The feed additive for fish according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the buttercup fermentation mixture is naturally fermented for 30 days to 36 months at a temperature of 10 to 18 ℃. The fish feed additive according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fish is a farmed fish including sweetfish, mackerel, and trout.