JPS5918428B2 - Semi-metallic friction material with low thermal conductivity - Google Patents
Semi-metallic friction material with low thermal conductivityInfo
- Publication number
- JPS5918428B2 JPS5918428B2 JP6566880A JP6566880A JPS5918428B2 JP S5918428 B2 JPS5918428 B2 JP S5918428B2 JP 6566880 A JP6566880 A JP 6566880A JP 6566880 A JP6566880 A JP 6566880A JP S5918428 B2 JPS5918428 B2 JP S5918428B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- friction material
- friction
- thermal conductivity
- semi
- wear
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 title claims description 49
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000226021 Anacardium occidentale Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020226 cashew nut Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006015 heat resistant resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940007424 antimony trisulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は耐摩耗性および耐フェード性に優れ、かつ熱伝
導性が小さいセミメタリック摩擦材に関するものである
。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a semi-metallic friction material that has excellent wear resistance and fade resistance, and low thermal conductivity.
セミメタリック摩擦材は、車輛用ブレーキ等の摩擦面の
材料として広く使用されている。Semi-metallic friction materials are widely used as materials for friction surfaces of vehicle brakes and the like.
従来のセミメタリック摩擦材は、金属繊維あるいは金属
粉末等の金属成分と摩耗調整添加剤であるグラファイト
とを主成分とし、これに有機および無機の摩擦調整添加
剤を少量配合し、バインダーにて固めたものである。こ
のような摩擦材は他の摩擦材よりも優れた耐摩耗性と耐
フェード性を有するものの、熱伝導性の大きい金属成分
とグラファイトを多量に含有するため、熱伝導性が非常
に大きいという問題がある。このように熱伝導性が大き
い摩擦材を、摩擦熱の伝導拡散が望ましくない部品、例
えば自動車のディスクブレーキにはそのままでは使用す
ることはできない。すなわち、何らの対策をせずに使用
した場合は、降板部等のようにブレーキ使用頻度が高い
ときには、ブレーキの摩擦面（制動パット部等）を形成
する摩擦材に発生した熱が、ピストンを介してブレーキ
装置に伝達される。このためブレーキ液が沸騰していわ
ゆるベーパーロック現象が起り、ブレーキが効かなくな
るので非常に危険である。また、ベーパーロックにまで
至らなくても、長時間ピストンのシール部が高温にさら
されるとゴムブーツやゴムリングが劣化し、ブレーキ液
が漏れてしまうという問題がある。これらの問題、特に
ベーパーロックの問題が存在するため、従来のセミメタ
リック摩擦材は優れた耐摩耗性と耐フェード性を有する
にもかかわらず、信頼性の高いブレーキを製造するため
に使用することが困難であつた。この問題に対処するた
めに、摩擦材とこれを取り付ける部品本体との間に断熱
層を設ける方法もあるが、工程が煩雑となるうえ、製造
した部品の品質の安定性にも問題がある。また、従来セ
ミメタリック摩擦材のグラファイト添加率を減少させ、
１０％以下とすれば熱伝導性が低下し、上記問題は解決
できることが研究の結果明らかとなつたが、グラファイ
トの摩耗調整添加剤としての効果が無くなり、摩耗性能
の大巾な低下を招き、実用上問題であつた。本発明は上
記の問題を解決し、セミメタリック摩擦材の耐摩耗性と
耐フェード性を生かしつつ熱伝導性を低下させ、ブレー
キ等の摩擦面の材料として特に適するセミメタリック摩
擦材を提供することを目的とするものである。本発明の
低熱伝導性のセミメタリツク摩擦材は、従来のセミメタ
リツク摩擦材の熱伝導率を高める原因となつているグラ
フアイトの添加率を１０容量％以下に抑え、その代りに
熱伝導率の低い摩耗調整添加剤を使用して、熱伝導性を
低下させると同時に耐摩耗性を確保することを特徴とす
るものである。Conventional semi-metallic friction materials mainly consist of metal components such as metal fibers or metal powder and graphite, which is a wear-adjusting additive, with a small amount of organic and inorganic friction-adjusting additives mixed in, and hardened with a binder. It is something that Although such friction materials have better wear resistance and fade resistance than other friction materials, they contain metal components with high thermal conductivity and large amounts of graphite, so they have a problem of extremely high thermal conductivity. There is. Friction materials with such high thermal conductivity cannot be used as they are in parts where conduction and diffusion of frictional heat is undesirable, such as automobile disc brakes. In other words, if used without any precautions, when the brakes are used frequently, such as when descending, the heat generated in the friction material that forms the friction surface of the brake (brake pads, etc.) will cause the piston to The signal is transmitted to the brake system via the As a result, the brake fluid boils and a so-called vapor lock phenomenon occurs, which is extremely dangerous as the brakes become ineffective. Furthermore, even if vapor lock does not occur, if the seal portion of the piston is exposed to high temperatures for a long period of time, the rubber boot and rubber ring will deteriorate, resulting in brake fluid leakage. Because of these problems, especially the vapor lock problem, traditional semi-metallic friction materials cannot be used to produce reliable brakes, despite their excellent wear and fade resistance. was difficult. In order to deal with this problem, there is a method of providing a heat insulating layer between the friction material and the main body of the part to which it is attached, but the process is complicated and there are also problems with the stability of the quality of the manufactured parts. In addition, by reducing the graphite addition rate of conventional semi-metallic friction materials,
Research has revealed that if the content is less than 10%, the thermal conductivity decreases and the above problem can be solved, but the effect of graphite as a wear-controlling additive is lost, resulting in a drastic decrease in wear performance. This was a practical problem. The present invention solves the above problems and provides a semi-metallic friction material that reduces thermal conductivity while taking advantage of the wear resistance and fade resistance of the semi-metallic friction material, and is particularly suitable as a material for friction surfaces of brakes and the like. The purpose is to The low thermal conductivity semimetallic friction material of the present invention suppresses the addition rate of graphite, which increases the thermal conductivity of conventional semimetallic friction materials, to 10% by volume or less, and instead reduces the thermal conductivity. It is characterized by the use of low wear-controlling additives to reduce thermal conductivity and at the same time ensure wear resistance.
さらに詳しくは、本発明の低熱伝導性のセミメタリツク
摩擦材は、容量比で金属成分１０〜５０％、バインダー
樹脂１５〜３０％、グラフアイト１０％以下、低熱伝導
性の摩耗調整添加剤１０〜４０％、摩擦調整添加剤５０
％以下よりなることを特徴とするものである。More specifically, the low thermal conductivity semimetallic friction material of the present invention has a metal component of 10 to 50%, a binder resin of 15 to 30%, a graphite of 10% or less, and a low thermal conductivity wear adjusting additive of 10 to 50% by volume. 40%, friction modifying additive 50%
% or less.
金属成分としては、従来のセミメタリツク材に使用され
ていた金属繊維および金属粉末等がそのまま使用される
。As the metal component, metal fibers, metal powder, etc. used in conventional semimetallic materials can be used as they are.
バインダー樹脂としてはフエノール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂
等の耐熱性樹脂を使用する。As the binder resin, a heat-resistant resin such as phenol resin or epoxy resin is used.
摩耗調整添加剤としては、固体潤滑剤として知られてい
る金属硫化物例えば二硫化モリブデン、三硫化アンチモ
ン、硫化鉛などまたはタルク、マイカもしくは耐熱性有
機物質例えばポリイミド樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、フエノ
ール樹脂、弗素樹脂例えばテフロン等の樹脂粉末または
短繊維を単独または混合して使用する。Wear control additives include metal sulfides known as solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide, antimony trisulfide, lead sulfide, etc. or talc, mica or heat-resistant organic substances such as polyimide resins, polyamide resins, phenolic resins, fluorine A resin powder such as Teflon or short fibers may be used alone or in combination.
摩擦調整添加剤としては、カシユーダスト、ラバーダス
ト等の有機物質およびＢａＳＯ４，Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＳｉＯ
２，ＭｇＯ，ＣａＣＯ３等の無機物質を単独または混合
して使用する。Friction adjusting additives include organic substances such as cashew dust and rubber dust, and BaSO4, Al2O3, SiO
2. Inorganic substances such as MgO and CaCO3 are used alone or in combination.
次に本発明において各成分の量を限定した意味について
説明する。Next, the meaning of limiting the amount of each component in the present invention will be explained.
金属成分は摩擦材の強靭性と耐熱性を高めることによつ
て耐久性を与えるために使用するが、１０％以下ではこ
の目的を達成することができず、逆に５０％以上では摩
擦材の熱伝導性力塙くなる等の問題が生じるため１０〜
５０％にした。Metal components are used to impart durability by increasing the toughness and heat resistance of the friction material, but if it is less than 10%, this purpose cannot be achieved, and on the other hand, if it is more than 50%, it will weaken the friction material. 10～ due to problems such as poor thermal conductivity.
I set it to 50%.
バインダー樹脂は摩擦材の各成分を結合して固めるため
に使用するが、１５％以下では結合力が弱く、３０％以
上では摩擦材の耐熱性を低下させるので１５〜３００１
）にした。Binder resin is used to bind and solidify each component of the friction material, but if it is less than 15%, the binding strength is weak, and if it is more than 30%, the heat resistance of the friction material will be reduced, so it should be 15 to 3001.
).
グラフアイトは、前記のとおり摩擦材に耐摩耗性を与え
るために使用してもよいが、多すぎると摩擦材の熱伝導
性を高めるので１０％以下にした。As mentioned above, graphite may be used to impart wear resistance to the friction material, but too much graphite increases the thermal conductivity of the friction material, so it is limited to 10% or less.
しかしながら、本発明においてはグラフアイトを全く使
用しなくても摩擦、摩耗特性に充分優れた摩擦材が得ら
れる。摩耗調整添加剤は、前記のとおり熱伝導性の低い
材料としてグラフアイトに代えて使用するが、１０％以
下にすると摩擦材に充分な耐摩耗性を与えることができ
ず、４０％以上にすると摩擦材の強靭性および摩擦特性
が低下するので１０〜４０％にした。However, in the present invention, a friction material having sufficiently excellent friction and wear characteristics can be obtained without using graphite at all. As mentioned above, the wear adjusting additive is used in place of graphite as a material with low thermal conductivity, but if it is less than 10%, it will not be able to provide sufficient wear resistance to the friction material, and if it is more than 40%, it will not provide sufficient wear resistance. Since the toughness and frictional properties of the friction material deteriorate, the content was set at 10 to 40%.
摩擦調整添加剤は、摩擦材に良好な摩擦特性を与え、ブ
レーキの効きおよび安定性を高めるため等の目的で使用
するが、５０％以上使用してもそれ以上摩擦特性は向上
せず、逆に摩擦材の強靭性や耐摩耗性が低下するので５
００１）以下にした。Friction-adjusting additives are used to give friction materials good friction properties and improve braking effectiveness and stability, but even if they are used in excess of 50%, the friction properties will not improve any further, and vice versa. 5 because the toughness and wear resistance of the friction material decreases.
001) below.
以下実施例に基づいて本発明をさらに詳しく説明するが
、本発明は実施例のみに限定されるものではない。実施
例
グラフアイトの代りに摩耗調整添加剤として、熱硬化性
ポリイミド樹脂の硬化物の粉末を２２容量％含有する本
発明摩擦材を製造した。The present invention will be described in more detail below based on Examples, but the present invention is not limited only to the Examples. EXAMPLE A friction material of the present invention was produced containing 22% by volume of a powder of a cured thermosetting polyimide resin as a wear adjusting additive instead of graphite.
比較材としてポリイミド樹脂粉末の代りにグラフアイト
を２２容量％含有する摩擦材を製造した。これらの摩擦
材の組成を第１表に示す。さらに、アスベスト−レジン
モールド系の市販摩擦材（住友電気工業株式会社製のブ
レーキデイスクパツド：Ｍ−２２０７）を用意した。As a comparison material, a friction material containing 22% by volume of graphite instead of polyimide resin powder was manufactured. The compositions of these friction materials are shown in Table 1. Furthermore, a commercially available asbestos-resin mold type friction material (brake disk pad: M-2207 manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.) was prepared.
これら３種の摩擦材を１００℃の一定温度に保持した熱
板に接触させ、摩擦材の中央部で熱板との接触面から深
さ４．５ｍ７！Ｌの点の温度上昇を経時的に測定して比
較した。その結果を第１図に示す。第１図から明らかな
とおり、比較例の摩擦材は急速に温度が上昇し、１８０
秒後には測定開始時の温度より５５℃以上上昇した。こ
れに対して、本発明の摩擦材は温度の上昇が大巾に抑制
され、１８０秒後の温度上昇は比較摩擦材に比べて１０
℃以上も低く、現在熱伝導性に優れるとされている市販
のアスベスト−レジンモールド系摩擦材に匹敵する良好
な低熱伝導性を示した。次に上記３種の摩擦材につき摩
擦、摩耗特性を調べると、本発明の摩擦材は耐摩耗性の
点で市販のアスベスト−レジンモールド系の摩擦材より
はるかに優れ、比較例の摩擦材とほぼ等しかつた。These three types of friction materials were brought into contact with a hot plate kept at a constant temperature of 100°C, and the center of the friction materials was placed at a depth of 4.5 m7 from the contact surface with the hot plate! The temperature rise at point L was measured over time and compared. The results are shown in FIG. As is clear from Figure 1, the temperature of the friction material of the comparative example rose rapidly and
After a few seconds, the temperature rose by 55°C or more from the temperature at the start of the measurement. On the other hand, the temperature increase of the friction material of the present invention is greatly suppressed, and the temperature increase after 180 seconds is 10% higher than that of the comparative friction material.
It exhibited good low thermal conductivity comparable to commercially available asbestos-resin molded friction materials, which are currently considered to have excellent thermal conductivity. Next, when we investigated the friction and wear characteristics of the above three types of friction materials, we found that the friction material of the present invention was far superior to the commercially available asbestos-resin mold type friction material in terms of wear resistance, and was superior to the friction material of the comparative example. They were almost equal.
また摩擦係数およびフエード性の点でも本発明の摩擦材
の方が他の二者よりも優れていた。以上説明したとおり
、本発明のセミメタリツク摩擦材は、熱伝導性をアスベ
スト−レジンモールド系摩擦材と同程度まで低めたもの
である。The friction material of the present invention was also superior to the other two in terms of friction coefficient and fade properties. As explained above, the semi-metallic friction material of the present invention has thermal conductivity reduced to the same level as asbestos-resin mold type friction material.
このため、熱の伝導拡散が問題となる摩擦部位に使用す
るときも、摩擦により生じた熱の拡散を防止するための
断熱層が不用となり、その分だけ有効摩耗代を増すこと
ができるので、摩耗寿命が長くなるという利点を有する
。また、断熱層を設ける工程が不用になることにより、
摩擦材を取り付けた部品の品質のバラツキが小さくなる
という利点を有する。Therefore, even when used in friction areas where conduction and diffusion of heat is a problem, there is no need for a heat insulating layer to prevent the diffusion of heat generated by friction, and the effective wear allowance can be increased accordingly. It has the advantage of long wear life. In addition, by eliminating the need for the process of providing a heat insulating layer,
This has the advantage that variations in quality of parts to which the friction material is attached are reduced.
図は本発明摩擦材、比較摩擦材および市販アスベストー
レジンモールド系摩擦材の熱伝導性を比較したグラフを
表わす。The figure represents a graph comparing the thermal conductivity of the friction material of the present invention, a comparative friction material, and a commercially available asbestos resin molded friction material.
Claims (1)
５〜３０％、グラファイト１０％以下、金属硫化物、タ
ルク、マイカもしくは耐熱性樹脂の粉末または短繊維か
ら選ばれる摩耗調整添加剤１０〜４０％、カシューダス
ト、ラバーダスト等の有機物質およびＢａＳＯ＿４、Ａ
ｌ＿２Ｏ＿３、ＳｉＯ＿２、ＭｇＯ、ＣａＣＯ＿３等の
無機物質からなる群より選ばれる１種または２種以上の
摩擦調整添加剤５０％以下よりなることを特徴とするセ
ミメタリック摩擦材。1 Metal component 10-50% by volume, binder resin 1
5 to 30%, 10% or less of graphite, 10 to 40% of a wear-controlling additive selected from metal sulfide, talc, mica or heat-resistant resin powder or short fibers, organic substances such as cashew dust and rubber dust, and BaSO_4, A
A semi-metallic friction material characterized by comprising 50% or less of one or more friction adjusting additives selected from the group consisting of inorganic substances such as l_2O_3, SiO_2, MgO and CaCO_3.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6566880A JPS5918428B2 (en) | 1980-05-17 | 1980-05-17 | Semi-metallic friction material with low thermal conductivity |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6566880A JPS5918428B2 (en) | 1980-05-17 | 1980-05-17 | Semi-metallic friction material with low thermal conductivity |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS56161487A JPS56161487A (en) | 1981-12-11 |
| JPS5918428B2 true JPS5918428B2 (en) | 1984-04-27 |
Family
ID=13293599
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6566880A Expired JPS5918428B2 (en) | 1980-05-17 | 1980-05-17 | Semi-metallic friction material with low thermal conductivity |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5918428B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017210355A1 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-12-07 | Industrial Dynamics Company, Ltd. | Method and system for testing and inspecting containers using one or more light reflections and positional data |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114144494A (en) * | 2019-07-18 | 2022-03-04 | 日清纺制动器株式会社 | Friction material composition, friction material, and disc brake pad |
-
1980
- 1980-05-17 JP JP6566880A patent/JPS5918428B2/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017210355A1 (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2017-12-07 | Industrial Dynamics Company, Ltd. | Method and system for testing and inspecting containers using one or more light reflections and positional data |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS56161487A (en) | 1981-12-11 |
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