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JPH10215529A - Portable radio device - Google Patents

Portable radio device

Info

Publication number
JPH10215529A
JPH10215529A JP9016610A JP1661097A JPH10215529A JP H10215529 A JPH10215529 A JP H10215529A JP 9016610 A JP9016610 A JP 9016610A JP 1661097 A JP1661097 A JP 1661097A JP H10215529 A JPH10215529 A JP H10215529A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
battery
data transmission
data
transmission
supply voltage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP9016610A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Yukihiro Kanno
諭己博 管野
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NEC Mobile Communications Ltd
Original Assignee
NEC Mobile Communications Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NEC Mobile Communications Ltd filed Critical NEC Mobile Communications Ltd
Priority to JP9016610A priority Critical patent/JPH10215529A/en
Publication of JPH10215529A publication Critical patent/JPH10215529A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02DCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Landscapes

  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Transceivers (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Stand-By Power Supply Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To guarantee data transmission having large load current, until a battery alarm which is incapable of receiving small data of battery load current is outputted. SOLUTION: Supply current value to a transmission section 31 is monitored by a battery supply monitor section 50, and it is compared with the required current value stored in a storage section 40 in advance, and voltage of a battery 10 is decided. In the case that the supply value is less than the required current value, it is notified to a battery voltage switching section 70 that battery voltage is not sufficient, a power supply source to the transmission section 31 is switched to a power supplement section 60 for a certain time only in data transmission, the supply voltage supplied to the transmission section 31 is raised, and required supply current (power) is ensured. By the constitution, a battery voltage level sufficient for a battery alarm (incapable of receiving date) can be made to coincide with a battery voltage level which becomes incapable of transmitting data.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【0001】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は携帯型無線装置に関
し、特に電池からの電源供給を受け、無線により対向す
る相手装置との間でデータの送信及び受信をそれぞれ行
う送信手段及び受信手段を有する業務用など主としてプ
レストーク方式を採用した携帯型無線装置に関する。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a portable wireless device, and more particularly to a portable wireless device having a transmitting unit and a receiving unit for receiving data from a battery and transmitting and receiving data to and from a partner device wirelessly. The present invention relates to a portable wireless device which mainly employs a press talk system for business use.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】近年における携帯型情報装置の普及や情
報携帯端末間のデータ伝送機能の需要拡大等に伴って、
業務用無線など主としてプレストーク方式を採用してい
る携帯型無線装置におけるデータ通信の必要性が高めら
れている。
2. Description of the Related Art With the spread of portable information devices in recent years and the growing demand for data transmission functions between portable information terminals, etc.,
The need for data communication in portable wireless devices that mainly use the press-talk system, such as business wireless, is increasing.

【0003】従来、この種の携帯型無線装置を使用した
データの伝送では、データ受信時には支障がない電源用
電池(バッテリー)の残容量であっても、データ送信を
行うと、無線送信部の大電流駆動により、一瞬、電池電
圧が低下するため、データ送信に必要とされる駆動電流
を確保できず、データ伝送が不可になる場合があった。
また、送信時の電圧低下では、バッテリーアラームが鳴
らないように工夫されているものがあるため、ユーザー
は、電池電圧の低下による伝送不可であることを認識で
きないでいた。
Conventionally, in data transmission using this kind of portable wireless device, even if the remaining capacity of a power supply battery (battery) that does not hinder the data reception is transmitted, the data transmission of the wireless transmission unit is performed. Due to the large current drive, the battery voltage drops momentarily, so that the drive current required for data transmission cannot be secured, and data transmission may not be possible in some cases.
In addition, in the case of a voltage drop at the time of transmission, a device is devised so that a battery alarm does not sound, so that the user cannot recognize that transmission is impossible due to a drop in the battery voltage.

【0004】[0004]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】このような従来の携帯
型無線装置では、データ送信による一瞬の電池電圧低下
とトータル(データ受信時)な電池電圧低下とを識別
し、バッテリーアラームの鳴音を制御しているので、デ
ータ送信による一瞬の電圧降下が原因でデータ伝送不可
となっている場合、ユーザーは、これを電池容量の低下
による現象と認識できず、電池交換を行わないまま無駄
な送信を繰り返し、所望のデータ伝送サービスを受けら
れなくなるばかりでなく、システムの回線占有率を悪化
させていた。このように、電源として電池を用いる携帯
装置のバッテリーアラーム機能が意味をなさなくなって
いた。
In such a conventional portable wireless device, a momentary battery voltage drop due to data transmission and a total (at the time of data reception) battery voltage drop are identified, and a battery alarm is sounded. If data transmission is disabled due to a momentary voltage drop due to data transmission, the user cannot recognize this as a phenomenon caused by a decrease in battery capacity, and useless transmission without replacing the battery This not only makes it impossible to receive a desired data transmission service, but also worsens the line occupancy of the system. Thus, the battery alarm function of a portable device using a battery as a power source has become meaningless.

【0005】本発明の目的は、データ送信のみ不可とな
る電池電圧低下を補填する手段を有することにより、携
帯端末のバッテリーアラームとデータの送受信が不可と
なる電池電圧レベルを一致させることで、バッテリーア
ラームが出力されるまでデータ送受信を行うことができ
る携帯型無線装置を提供することにある。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide means for compensating for a battery voltage drop in which only data transmission becomes impossible, thereby making a battery alarm of a portable terminal coincide with a battery voltage level in which data cannot be transmitted and received. An object of the present invention is to provide a portable wireless device capable of transmitting and receiving data until an alarm is output.

【0006】[0006]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の携帯型無線装置
は、電池からの電源供給を受け、無線により対向する相
手装置との間でデータの送信及び受信をそれぞれ行う送
信手段及び受信手段を有する携帯型無線装置において、
前記電池の残留容量減少に伴い供給電圧が低下し、前記
受信手段によるデータ受信が可能であるにもかかわら
ず、前記送信手段によるデータ送信時の電流負荷増大に
よる前記電池の供給電圧のさらなる低下によりデータ送
信が不可能となることを救済するための前記電池の供給
電圧低下分を補填する電圧補填手段を有する。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A portable wireless device according to the present invention includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit that receive power supply from a battery and transmit and receive data to and from an opposite device wirelessly. A portable wireless device having
The supply voltage decreases with the decrease in the remaining capacity of the battery, and despite the fact that data can be received by the receiving unit, the supply voltage of the battery further decreases due to an increase in the current load during data transmission by the transmission unit. There is provided voltage compensation means for compensating for a decrease in the supply voltage of the battery for relieving that data transmission becomes impossible.

【0007】また、上記構成において、前記送信手段が
データ送信を正常に行うために必要な電源供給電流値を
予め記憶し、実際のデータ送信時での供給電流値と比較
することで、前記電池の供給電圧がデータ送信可能なレ
ベルかどうかを判定し、この判定結果に基づいて前記電
圧補填手段による前記電池の供給電圧補填の実行、不実
行を指示する電池供給電流監視手段を有する構成とする
ことができる。
In the above configuration, the power supply current value required for the transmission means to perform data transmission normally is stored in advance and compared with the power supply current value at the time of actual data transmission, whereby the battery It is determined whether or not the supply voltage is at a level at which data can be transmitted, and based on the determination result, a battery supply current monitoring means for instructing execution or non-execution of the supply voltage compensation of the battery by the voltage compensation means. be able to.

【0008】さらにまた、データ送信による一瞬の前記
電池の供給電圧低下と、データ受信を含めたトータルな
前記電池の供給電圧低下とを識別し、前記トータルな供
給電圧低下のみを示すバッテリーアラームを出力させる
バッテリーアラーム検出手段を用いながらも、前記電圧
補填手段によるデータ送信時の一瞬の前記電池の供給電
圧低下を補填することにより、前記バッテリーアラーム
出力時点で初めてデータ送信及びデータ受信が共に不可
能となったことを示す構成とすることができる。
[0008] Further, a momentary drop in the supply voltage of the battery due to data transmission and a total drop in the supply voltage of the battery including data reception are identified, and a battery alarm indicating only the total supply voltage drop is output. By using the battery alarm detecting means to make up for the momentary drop in the supply voltage of the battery at the time of data transmission by the voltage compensating means, it is impossible to perform both data transmission and data reception for the first time at the time of output of the battery alarm. It can be configured to indicate that no longer exists.

【0009】本発明によれば、データ送信のみ不可とな
る電池電圧を予め把握し、事前に送信時のみ電池電圧の
補填を行う構成をとることで、トータルな電池容量低下
にみるバッテリーアラームが出力されるまで確実なデー
タ伝送が保証される。
[0009] According to the present invention, the battery voltage that only data transmission becomes impossible is grasped in advance, and the battery voltage is compensated only at the time of transmission in advance, so that the battery alarm that is indicated by the total battery capacity drop is output. Until then, reliable data transmission is guaranteed.

【0010】[0010]

【発明の実施の形態】次に本発明の実施の形態を図面を
参照して説明する。
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings.

【0011】図1は本発明の一実施形態例を示すブロッ
ク構成図である。図1において本例の携帯型無線装置
は、無線装置全体の電源を供給する電池(バッテリー)
10と、無線装置全体の制御を司る制御部20と、無線
によりデータ送受信を行う送信部31,受信部32を有
する無線部30と、データ送信に所要とされる送信部3
1の駆動電流値を記憶する記憶部40と、実際に電池1
0から送信部31に供給される電流値を監視し記憶部4
0に記憶させた所要電流値と比較してデータ送信可能か
どうかを判断する電池供給電流監視部50と、電池10
の電流負荷が増大した時の電圧降下分を補填する電池電
圧補填部60と、送信部31が駆動されるなど電池10
の電流負荷が増大し電池電圧が一時的に所要値を下回る
時に電池供給電流監視部50からの情報に基づいて電源
供給源を電池電圧補填部60側に切り替える電池電圧切
替部70と、送信部31のデータ送信による電池10の
一時的電圧降下を非送信時のバッテリーアラームレベル
と間違わないようにしたバッテリーアラーム検出部80
と、送受信データを入出力する外部データバッファ(図
示せず)との接続を可能にするI/F(インタフェー
ス)回路部90とを備えている。
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, the portable wireless device of the present example is a battery (battery) that supplies power to the entire wireless device.
10, a control unit 20 for controlling the entire wireless device, a wireless unit 30 having a transmitting unit 31 and a receiving unit 32 for wirelessly transmitting and receiving data, and a transmitting unit 3 required for data transmission.
And a storage unit 40 for storing the drive current value of the battery 1
The current value supplied from 0 to the transmission unit 31 is monitored and the storage unit 4
A battery supply current monitoring unit 50 that determines whether data transmission is possible by comparing with a required current value stored in 0 and a battery 10
And a battery voltage compensating unit 60 for compensating for a voltage drop when the current load of the battery 10 increases.
A battery voltage switching unit 70 that switches the power supply source to the battery voltage compensation unit 60 based on information from the battery supply current monitoring unit 50 when the current load of the battery increases and the battery voltage temporarily falls below a required value; A battery alarm detecting unit 80 which prevents the temporary voltage drop of the battery 10 due to the data transmission 31 from being mistaken for the battery alarm level at the time of non-transmission.
And an I / F (interface) circuit section 90 for enabling connection to an external data buffer (not shown) for inputting / outputting transmission / reception data.

【0012】電池電圧補填部60における電圧補填機能
を実現するためには、サブの電池を用いたり、非送信時
に電池10からの充電を受けるコンデンサや充電地を用
いることができる。
In order to realize the voltage compensating function in the battery voltage compensating section 60, a sub-battery can be used, or a capacitor or a charging ground which receives the charge from the battery 10 during non-transmission can be used.

【0013】次に動作を説明する。携帯型無線装置は、
データ送信時、電池10より無線部30の送信部31に
電源を供給する。制御部20の制御の下、電池供給電流
監視部50は送信部31への供給電流を監視し、その電
流値を記憶部40にあらかじめ記憶されている送信部3
1のデータ送信機能を保証する最小電流値(所要電流
値)と比較し、電池電圧の補填が必要かどうかを判断す
る。すなわち、供給電流値が所要電流値以上ならば電池
電圧は十分であり、補填の必要がなく、供給電流値が所
要電流値未満ならば電池電圧は不十分であり、補填の必
要があるとし、そのことを電池電圧切替部70に通知す
る。電池電圧切替部70は、電池電圧が不十分であると
の通知を受けると、データ送信の一定時間のみ送信部3
1への電源供給源を電池電圧補填部60側に切り替える
ことで、送信部31に供給される電源電圧を上昇させ、
必要な供給電流(電力)を確保する。なお、電池電圧補
填部60が出力する電圧値が電池10の電圧降下を補填
するだけの値の場合は、電池電圧切替部70は電池10
の出力電圧に電池電圧補填部60の出力電圧を加算して
送信部31に供給するようにし、あるいは電池電圧補填
部60が出力する電圧値が電池10の電圧降下前の値の
場合は、電池電圧切替部70は電池電圧補填部60の出
力電圧を送信部31に供給するようにすることができ
る。
Next, the operation will be described. Portable wireless devices
At the time of data transmission, power is supplied from the battery 10 to the transmission unit 31 of the wireless unit 30. Under the control of the control unit 20, the battery supply current monitoring unit 50 monitors the supply current to the transmission unit 31 and stores the current value in the transmission unit 3 stored in the storage unit 40 in advance.
It is compared with the minimum current value (required current value) that guarantees the data transmission function of No. 1 to determine whether or not the battery voltage needs to be compensated. That is, if the supply current value is equal to or more than the required current value, the battery voltage is sufficient and there is no need to compensate.If the supply current value is less than the required current value, the battery voltage is insufficient and needs to be compensated. This is notified to the battery voltage switching unit 70. Upon receiving the notification that the battery voltage is insufficient, the battery voltage switching unit 70 transmits the data to the transmitting unit 3 only during a certain period of data transmission.
By switching the power supply source to 1 to the battery voltage compensation unit 60 side, the power supply voltage supplied to the transmission unit 31 is increased,
Secure necessary supply current (power). If the voltage value output from the battery voltage compensation unit 60 is a value sufficient to compensate for the voltage drop of the battery 10, the battery voltage switching unit 70
The output voltage of the battery voltage compensating unit 60 is added to the output voltage of the battery 10 so as to be supplied to the transmitting unit 31. The voltage switching unit 70 can supply the output voltage of the battery voltage compensation unit 60 to the transmission unit 31.

【0014】最大n回の送信リトライを行う無線通信シ
ステムでは、従来の携帯型無線装置では電池電圧レベル
が送信不可レベルまで達している場合、必ずn回の送信
を行うこととなるが、本発明の携帯型無線装置は上記電
池電圧補填手段により、1回の伝送により伝送が可能と
なるため、回線占有率を1/n倍とする緩和効果があ
る。
In a wireless communication system in which transmission retry is performed at most n times, when the battery voltage level of a conventional portable wireless device has reached a transmission impossible level, n transmissions are always performed. The portable wireless device of the above can be transmitted by one transmission by the above-mentioned battery voltage compensation means, so that there is an effect of reducing the line occupancy to 1 / n times.

【0015】また、バッテリーアラーム検出部80によ
りバッテリーアラーム(データ受信不可)になる電池電
圧レベルと、データ送信不可になる電池電圧レベルとが
一致するため、バッテリーアラーム出力(表示器による
表示、あるいはスピーカによる鳴音)時点で初めて電池
電圧の消耗によりデータ送受信が共に不可となったこと
をユーザーに通知し認識させることができる。
Further, since the battery voltage level at which a battery alarm (data cannot be received) by the battery alarm detection unit 80 matches the battery voltage level at which data cannot be transmitted, a battery alarm output (display on a display unit or speaker For the first time, the user can be notified and recognized that both data transmission and reception have been disabled due to the consumption of the battery voltage.

【0016】[0016]

【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明の携帯型無線
装置は、データ送信時の電池電圧の低下を補填する手段
を備え、データ送信のみ不可となる電池電圧を予め把握
し、事前に送信時のみ電池電圧の補填を行うので、トー
タルな電池容量低下にみるバッテリーアラームが出力さ
れるまで確実なデータ伝送が保証される。これにより、
最大n回の送信リトライを行う無線通信システムで使用
する際、電池電圧レベルが送信不可レベルまで達してい
る場合、従来技術では必ずn回の送信を行うことに比べ
て、1回の送信によりデータ送信が可能であり、回線占
有率が1/n倍となる緩和効果がある。
As described above, the portable wireless device of the present invention is provided with a means for compensating for a decrease in the battery voltage during data transmission. Since the battery voltage is compensated only at the time, reliable data transmission is guaranteed until a battery alarm is output, which indicates a reduction in the total battery capacity. This allows
When used in a wireless communication system that performs a maximum of n transmission retries, if the battery voltage level has reached a non-transmission level, the conventional technique always performs data transmission by one transmission as compared with n transmissions. Transmission is possible and there is a moderating effect that the line occupation ratio becomes 1 / n times.

【0017】また、バッテリーアラーム検出手段におい
てデータ受信を含めたトータルの機能不可を示すバッテ
リーアラームとなる電池電圧レベルと、データ送信不可
になる電池電圧レベルとが一致するため、バッテリーア
ラーム表示と同時に電池電圧の消耗によりデータ送信が
不可となっていることをユーザーは認知することができ
る。
Also, since the battery voltage level at which the battery alarm indicating the total function impairment including the data reception is disabled by the battery alarm detection means coincides with the battery voltage level at which the data transmission is disabled, the battery alarm is displayed simultaneously with the battery alarm display. The user can recognize that the data transmission is disabled due to the consumption of the voltage.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図1】本発明の一実施形態例を示すブロック構成図で
ある。
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

10 電池 20 制御部 30 無線部 31 送信部 40 記憶部 50 電池供給電流監視部 60 電池電圧補填部 70 電池電圧切替部 80 バッテリーアラーム検出部 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Battery 20 Control part 30 Radio part 31 Transmission part 40 Storage part 50 Battery supply current monitoring part 60 Battery voltage compensation part 70 Battery voltage switching part 80 Battery alarm detection part

Claims (3)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 電池からの電源供給を受け、無線により
対向する相手装置との間でデータの送信及び受信をそれ
ぞれ行う送信手段及び受信手段を有する携帯型無線装置
において、 前記電池の残留容量減少に伴い供給電圧が低下し、前記
受信手段によるデータ受信が可能であるにもかかわら
ず、前記送信手段によるデータ送信時の電流負荷増大に
よる前記電池の供給電圧のさらなる低下によりデータ送
信が不可能となることを救済するための前記電池の供給
電圧低下分を補填する電圧補填手段を有することを特徴
とする携帯型無線装置。
1. A portable wireless device having transmitting means and receiving means for receiving data supplied from a battery and transmitting and receiving data to and from an opposite device wirelessly, respectively, wherein the remaining capacity of the battery is reduced. The supply voltage decreases with, and, despite the fact that data can be received by the receiving means, data transmission is impossible due to a further decrease in the supply voltage of the battery due to an increase in current load during data transmission by the transmission means. A portable wireless device comprising voltage compensation means for compensating for a decrease in the supply voltage of the battery in order to remedy the situation.
【請求項2】 前記送信手段がデータ送信を正常に行う
ために必要な電源供給電流値を予め記憶し、実際のデー
タ送信時での供給電流値と比較することで、前記電池の
供給電圧がデータ送信可能なレベルかどうかを判定し、
この判定結果に基づいて前記電圧補填手段による前記電
池の供給電圧補填の実行、不実行を指示する電池供給電
流監視手段を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の携
帯型無線装置。
2. A power supply current value required for the transmission means to perform data transmission normally is stored in advance and compared with a supply current value at the time of actual data transmission, so that the supply voltage of the battery is reduced. Determine whether the level is capable of sending data,
2. The portable wireless device according to claim 1, further comprising a battery supply current monitoring unit for instructing execution or non-execution of the supply voltage compensation of the battery by the voltage compensation unit based on the determination result.
【請求項3】 データ送信による一瞬の前記電池の供給
電圧低下と、データ受信を含めたトータルな前記電池の
供給電圧低下とを識別し、前記トータルな供給電圧低下
のみを示すバッテリーアラームを出力させるバッテリー
アラーム検出手段を用いながらも、前記電圧補填手段に
よるデータ送信時の一瞬の前記電池の供給電圧低下を補
填することにより、前記バッテリーアラーム出力時点で
初めてデータ送信及びデータ受信が共に不可能となった
ことを示すことを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の携
帯型無線装置。
3. Distinguishing between an instantaneous drop in the supply voltage of the battery due to data transmission and a total drop in the supply voltage of the battery including data reception, and outputting a battery alarm indicating only the total drop in the supply voltage. While using the battery alarm detection means, by compensating for a momentary drop in the supply voltage of the battery at the time of data transmission by the voltage compensation means, both data transmission and data reception become impossible only at the time of the battery alarm output. The portable wireless device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the portable wireless device is configured to indicate that the portable wireless device has been activated.
JP9016610A 1997-01-30 1997-01-30 Portable radio device Pending JPH10215529A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP9016610A JPH10215529A (en) 1997-01-30 1997-01-30 Portable radio device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP9016610A JPH10215529A (en) 1997-01-30 1997-01-30 Portable radio device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH10215529A true JPH10215529A (en) 1998-08-11

Family

ID=11921096

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP9016610A Pending JPH10215529A (en) 1997-01-30 1997-01-30 Portable radio device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH10215529A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101022425B1 (en) 2003-03-17 2011-03-15 엘지엔시스(주) The double Uninterruptible Power Supply in automatic teller machine

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101022425B1 (en) 2003-03-17 2011-03-15 엘지엔시스(주) The double Uninterruptible Power Supply in automatic teller machine

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