JPH04156425A - Liquid crystal device and manufacture thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To attain low voltage driving, the high contrast of an image, the definiteness of threshold value voltage, time divided driving and large-sized display by forming transparent polymeric material by the polymerization of a polymeric composition containing silicone (meta) acrylate. CONSTITUTION:A light modulating layer formed of crystal liquid material and transparent polymeric material is interposed between two bases, and the transparent polymeric material is formed by polymerizing a polymeric composition containing a silicone (meta) acrylate derivative. Because of the high ratio of the liquid crystal material occupying in the light modulating layer so as to form a continuous phase, transparency at the time of applying voltage is high. Also because of the large light scattering degree, the thickness of the light modulating layer can be made thin, and this makes the transparency at the time of voltage application even higher. This constitution results in attaining low voltage driving, the high contrast of an image, the definiteness of threshold value voltage, time divided driving, and large-sized display.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

[Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device that can be made in a large area and a method for manufacturing the same. It can be operated electrically or thermally, and is used for visibility blocking screens such as building windows and show windows, and curtains for lighting control. By displaying figures and switching the display electrically with high-speed response,
The present invention relates to liquid crystal devices used as high information display boards, guide boards, decorative display boards, etc. [Prior art] Liquid crystal devices have conventionally been TN devices using nematic liquid crystals.
type and STN type have been put into practical use. Also, devices using ferroelectric liquid crystals have been proposed. These require a polarizing plate and also require alignment treatment. On the other hand, as a method to manufacture large, inexpensive liquid crystal devices with good brightness (good contrast) without the need for these, there is a method of dispersing the liquid crystal layer in a polymer by encapsulating the liquid crystal, and then forming the polymer into a film. It is known that the encapsulating substance is
Gelatin, gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. have been proposed (Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-501631, US Pat. No. 4,435,047). In the technology disclosed in the above specification, if the liquid crystal molecules encapsulated with polyvinyl alcohol have positive dielectric constant anisotropy in a thin layer, the liquid crystal molecules can be encapsulated in the presence of an electric field. are aligned in the direction of the electric field, and the refractive index of the liquid crystal is n. When the refractive index n of the polymer and the refractive index n of the polymer are equal, transparency is exhibited. When the electric field is removed, the liquid crystal molecules return to their random alignment, and the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer deviates from the no. becomes cloudy. In addition to the above-mentioned techniques, there are several other known technologies in which thin films are made of polymers containing dispersed encapsulated liquid crystals.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-502128 discloses a liquid crystal dispersed in an epoxy resin, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 62-2231 discloses a liquid crystal dispersed in a special ultraviolet curing polymer, Publication No. 271233 discloses a technology for forming a light control layer in a melt of a photocurable vinyl compound and liquid crystal by utilizing phase separation of the liquid crystal material accompanying photocuring of the photocurable vinyl compound. Disclosed. In addition to the technology of dispersing a liquid crystal layer in such a polymer to form a light control layer, there is also
The publication discloses a technique in which a liquid crystal material is formed into a continuous layer and a polymer is formed into a three-dimensional network structure, thereby making it possible to drive a liquid crystal device at a low voltage. [Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, among these conventional technologies, in a liquid crystal device in which a liquid crystal layer is dispersed in a polymer, since the liquid crystal layer is dispersed in the polymer, when an electric field is applied, the liquid crystal layer Since the electric field is applied through the polymer, a high driving voltage is required to change the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
It had drawbacks that were a serious hindrance in practical use. In addition, in order to achieve sufficient transparency when an electric field is applied, the refractive index of the liquid crystal and the refractive index of the polymer must be carefully selected so that they are similar, which is a hassle. was there. Furthermore, it has been difficult to implement a large-sized display by multiplex drive by taking advantage of the characteristics of a large-area device because there is no threshold voltage necessary to make this possible. On the other hand, a liquid crystal device in which a polymer has a three-dimensional network structure and a liquid crystal layer forms a continuous phase can be driven at a low voltage, but the voltage range that can be driven is 10~
30V, making it extremely difficult to use a general-purpose IC driver for driving a liquid crystal display device. The problem to be solved by the present invention is that it can be driven at a much lower voltage than conventional large liquid crystal devices, can obtain high-contrast images, has a clear threshold voltage and steepness, and can be time-divided. It is an object of the present invention to provide a bright and large-sized liquid crystal device that can be driven and does not require a polarizing plate, and to provide a method for manufacturing the same. [Means for Solving the Problems] As a result of extensive research, the present inventors have come to solve the present invention. That is, in order to solve the above problems, the present invention includes two substrates, at least one of which is transparent and which may have an electrode layer, and a light control layer supported between the substrates, and a light control layer supported between the substrates. A liquid crystal device comprising a transparent polymer substance forming a three-dimensional network structure in a continuous phase of a liquid crystal material, the polymerizable composition containing the transparent polymer substance phosphoricone (meth)r acrylate derivative. Provided is a liquid crystal device characterized in that it is a transparent polymer material made by polymerizing. The liquid crystal device of the present invention has a high proportion of the liquid crystal material in the light control layer and forms a continuous phase, so it has high transparency when a voltage is applied. It has the advantage that the thickness can be reduced to 10 microns or less, and as a result, transparency when voltage is applied can be further improved. The substrate used in the present invention may be made of a rigid material such as glass or metal, or may be a flexible material such as a plastic film. The substrates may be two or two facing each other with an appropriate distance between them. Also, at least one of them has transparency.

[
7. The light control layer sandwiched between the two layers must be visible from the outside world. However, complete transparency is not required. If this LCD tenor chair,
When used to act on light passing from one side of the device to the other, both substrates are provided with suitable transparency. Appropriate transparent or opaque electrodes may be disposed on the entire surface or part of the substrate depending on the purpose. However, in the case of a flexible material such as a plastic film, it can be used in the manufacturing method of the present invention after being fixed to a rigid material such as glass or metal. A light control layer made of a liquid crystal material and a transparent polymer material is interposed between the two substrates. Note that it is usually desirable to interpose a spacer between the two substrates for maintaining the distance, similarly to well-known liquid crystal devices. As the spacer, for example, it is possible to use a variety of materials for liquid crystal cells such as mylar and alumina, or a loft type glass fiber is suitable. The liquid crystal material used in the present invention does not necessarily need to be a single liquid crystal compound, but may be a mixture containing two or more types of liquid crystal compounds or substances other than liquid crystal compounds,
Any material generally recognized as a liquid crystal abrasive material in this technical field may be used, and those having positive dielectric constant anisotropy are preferred. The liquid crystals used are nematic liquid crystal,
Smectic liquid crystals and cholesteric liquid crystals are preferred, and nematic liquid crystals are particularly preferred. In order to improve the performance, chiral compounds such as cholesteric liquid crystal, chiral nematic liquid crystal, chiral smectic liquid crystal, dichroic dye, etc. may be included as appropriate. Nematic liquid crystals only need to exhibit positive dielectric anisotropy (Δε), have a Δε of 8 or more, have a birefringence (Δn) of 0.1 or more, and have a Δε of 10 or more. Two, △n
A nematic liquid crystal having a value of 0.2 or more is preferable. △n is
In order to increase the white turbidity and thicken the contrast, it is preferable that the L is as large as possible to increase the steepness. Regarding the difference in refractive index between liquid crystal and polymer, which is a problem in liquid crystal dispersion type liquid crystal devices, in the present invention, since the liquid crystal component is large, it is possible to combine a wide range of liquid crystals and polymers without worrying too much. Become. The liquid crystal material that can be used in the present invention is a compound composition composed of a compound group represented by the following general formula, and the characteristics of the liquid crystal material, such as the phase transition temperature, melting point, viscosity, and For the purpose of improving n, Δε, solubility with the polymerizable composition, etc., they are appropriately selected, blended, and used. -10= represents -〇- represents -〇miC- or -〇〇〇-, X represents CN, R', R'O or NC3,
Y represents H, F or CI, R and R' each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and m is
It represents 1 or 2, and n represents 0 or 1. The proportion of liquid crystal material in the light control layer is 60 to 95% by weight.
A range of 70 to 90% by weight is particularly preferred. (Hereinafter, "%" means "% by weight.") The transparent polymer substance with a three-dimensional network structure interposed in the continuous phase of this liquid crystal material is not limited to a rigid one, and can be used for various purposes. It may have flexibility, softness, and elasticity as long as it can meet the requirements. The liquid crystal device of the present invention can be manufactured as follows. That is, a liquid crystal material, a polymerizable composition, a polymerization initiator, and optional components such as a chain transfer agent, a photosensitizer,
The liquid crystal material is made into a continuous phase by intervening light control layer constituent materials such as dyes, crosslinking agents, etc., supplying energy for polymerization, and polymerizing and curing the polymerizable composition, and forming a three-dimensional network in the continuous phase. This is a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device, which comprises forming a transparent polymeric material having a shape. In order to interpose the light control layer constituent material between two substrates, the light control layer constituent material may be injected between the substrates, but it is also possible to interpose the light control layer constituent material between the two substrates, but it is also possible to interpose the light control layer constituent material between the two substrates, but it is also possible to interpose the light control layer constituent material between the two substrates. It may be applied uniformly, and then the other substrate may be stacked and pressed together. There is also a method for producing a liquid crystal device in which a material constituting a light control layer is applied to one substrate to a uniform thickness, a polymerizable composition is polymerized and cured to form a light control layer, and then the other substrate is bonded. It is also effective. The polymerization energy may be any energy that allows the polymer to form an appropriate three-dimensional network, and includes, for example, radiation such as ultraviolet rays and electron beams, heat, and the like. In particular, a polymerization method using ultraviolet irradiation is suitable. In the polymerization of a polymerizable composition in a liquid crystal material by ultraviolet irradiation, the intensity and amount of light irradiation need to be at least a certain level, but this depends on the reactivity of the polymerizable composition, the type of polymerization initiator, It depends on the concentration, and by selecting an appropriate light intensity, it is possible to form a three-dimensional network and make the size of the network uniform. More preferably, the light irradiation method is to uniformly irradiate temporally and planarly, as the polymerizable composition interposed between the substrates is instantaneously irradiated with strong light to proceed with polymerization, thereby making the mesh size uniform. It is effective in two ways: That is, by irradiating pulsed light with appropriate light intensity, it is possible to realize a polymer with a uniform three-dimensional network in the liquid crystal phase, and as a result, the obtained liquid crystal device has a clear threshold voltage and It has steepness and can be driven in a time-division manner. The polymerizable composition used in the present invention is silicone (meth)
It is a polymerizable composition containing acrylate as an essential component, and optionally contains polymer-forming monomers and oligomers and, if necessary, a polymerization initiator. As the silicone (meth)acrylate, it is possible to use siloxane, polysiloxane, or (meth)acrylate in which a (meth)acryloxy group is introduced at the end of the molecular chain, such as an oligomer in which a polysiloxane chain is grafted onto an alkyl main chain. Commercially available silicone acrylate products include, for example, rKBM-502J and rKBM-5G3 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
J, rKBM-5102J, rKBM-5103J
, r X-2, 1-8400J, r X-24-82
01J, Chisso r P32408-5J, rPs
406'', r5Z-6030j manufactured by Toray Silicon Co., Ltd., etc. The proportion of silicone (meth)acrylate used is preferably at least 1% by weight of the polymer composition, particularly preferably from 5 to 80% by weight. Examples of polymer-forming oligomers include ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, glycerin, and pentaerythritol. poly(meth)7'acrylate such as; neopentyl glycol 1
Diol (meth) obtained by adding 2 moles or more of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to moles
Acrylic Note: Triol di- or l-li (
meth)acrylate; diol cy(meth)acrylate obtained by adding 2 moles or more of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to 1 mole of bisphenol A;
Reaction product of 1 mole of 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate and 1.1 mole of phenyl isocyanate or n-butyl isocyanate; poly(meth)acrylate of dipentaerythritol; poly(meth)acrylate of tris-(hydroxyethyl)-isocyanuric acid (meth)acrylate; poly(meth)acrylate of tris-(hydroquinethyl)-phosphoric acid; (meth)acrylate of di(hydroxyethyl)-dicyclopentadiene; long-chain aliphatic diacrylate; caprolactone-modified hydroxypivalin Acid ester neopentyl glycol diacrylate-1.
; pivalic acid ester neopentyl glycol diacrylate; polyolefin-modified neopentyl glycol diacrylate, and the like. Examples of polyfunctional acrylic oligomers include: (1) Epoxy (meth)acrylate obtained by esterifying bisphenol A type epoxy resin with (meth)acrylic acid and, optionally, long-chain fatty acids such as Yashiura fatty acid. Alternatively, long-chain fatty acid modified products thereof, epoxy (meth)acrylates having carboxyl groups obtained by adding dibasic acid anhydrides, tetrabasic acid dianhydrides, or trimellitic anhydride to epoxy (meth)acrylates having hydroxyl groups. Epoxy (meth)acrylates and modified products thereof. (2) A diisocyanate compound and a polyol as described in British Patent Section 1.147.732 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 18-37193 and Unexamined Japanese Patent Application No. 138797-1989) A terminal isocyanate compound obtained by reacting in advance with β-hydroxyalkyl acrylate and/or methacrylate has two or more acryloyloxy groups and/or
Or an addition polymerizable compound having a methacryloyloxy group. (3) dibasic acid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, or head acid anhydride as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 47-3262; A linear polyester compound having a large number of pendant acryloyloxy groups and/or methacryloyloxy groups obtained by ring-opening polymerization of glycidyl acrylate and/or glycidyl methacrylate. (4) A polyhydric alcohol having at least three esterifiable hydroquine groups on adjacent carbon atoms, acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, dicarboxylic acid and Polymerizable esters prepared by coesterification with dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of their anhydrides. (5) British Patent No. 628.150, U.S. Patent No. 3,020.255, and the monthly magazine "Macromolecules" Volume 4, No.
Formaldehyde, methyl alcohol and β-
A polyacrylic (or polymethacrylic) modified triazine resin obtained by reacting hydroxyalkyl acrylate (or methacrylate), etc. (6) An unsaturated polyester resin obtained by reacting a glycidyl etherified polyhydroxy compound with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid as described in US Pat. No. 3,377,406. (7) The general formula % described in U.S. Patent No. 3,455.801 and U.S. Patent No. 3.455.802 (wherein R is represents a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and R'' has 2 to 1 carbon atoms.
O represents a divalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, R″″ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 14. ) A polyester compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group at both ends. (8) General formula described in U.S. Patent No. 3.483.104 and U.S. Patent No. 3.470.079 (wherein A represents 10- or -NH-, 1 At least two groups in the molecule shall be -NH-, R represents a divalent saturated aliphatic or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and R
"represents a divalent saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon, R" represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group,
n represents an integer from 1 to 14. ) Diacrylic modified (or dimethacrylic modified) represented by
Polyamide compound. (9) General formula % formula % described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 48-37246 (wherein, X represents a hydrogen atom or an acyl group, and R represents a divalent saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or cyclic carbonized Represents a hydrogen group,
R1 represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group, R2 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, A represents 10- or -NH-, and at least two in one molecule are -NH-. , n represents an integer from 1 to 14. ) Diacrylic modified (or dimethacrylic modified) expressed as
Polyamide compound. (10) Saturated or unsaturated dibasic acids or their anhydrides as described in U.S. Pat. A diacrylic-modified (or diacrylic-modified) polyester compound obtained by further reacting a compound having a carpoquinyl group at the terminal with glycidyl acrylate-1 or glycidyl methacrylate. (11) In the molecule as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 48-12075, the general formula: □ -CH2-C-R COOCH2CHCH20COC=CH2 (wherein, Representing a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a methyl group, or an ano group. Examples of optional polymer-forming monomers include vinyl acetate, vinyl acetate or vinyl benzoate, acrylonitrile, cetyl vinyl ether, limonene, cyclohexene, diallyl phthalate, diallylisophthalate-1.
, 2-13- or 4-vinylpyridine, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-
Hydroxymethyl acrylamide or N-hydroquinethylmethacrylamide and alkyl ether compounds thereof may be mentioned. As a polymerization initiator, for example, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd. [
Talocure 1173J), 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone (manufactured by Ciba Geigy [Irgacure 184J), 1-(4,-isopropylphenyl)
-2-Hydroquine-2-methylpropane-]-one (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd. [Talocure 1.116J]), benzylsimethylkecour (manufactured by Jiha-Geigy & Co., Ltd. [Irgacure 6])
51J), 2-methyl-1,-(4-(methylthio)
phenyl]-2-mol polynolobanone-1 (Irgacure 907J manufactured by Ciba Geigy), 2,4-diethylthioxanthone (Kayacure DET manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.)
Xj') and ethyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. [Kayacure EPAJ]), isopropylthioxanthone (Ward Prekinsop Co., Ltd. [Cantacure ITXJ) and ethyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate etc. The usage ratio of the polymerization initiator is 01 to 5.0 of the polymerizable composition.
A range of % is preferred. [Examples] Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be shown to explain the present invention more specifically. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the following examples, "%" represents "wt%", and each of the evaluation characteristics means the following symbols and contents. To: White turbidity; light transmittance (%) at applied voltage O -2
5=T,. . : Transparency; Light transmittance (%) when the applied voltage is increased and the light transmittance stops increasing. 2.Threshold value: To is 0%, T+00 is 1. O
The applied voltage (Vr
ms) ■,. : Saturation voltage; Applied voltage (Vrms) at which light transmittance becomes 90% as above CR: Contrast -T + oo/T. In addition, the illuminance of ultraviolet rays is determined by the receiver UVD-3 manufactured by Ushio Inc.
Measurement was performed using a Unimeter with a 65PD. Example 1 Liquid crystal composition (A) 80.0%, r
KBM-5102J (silicone acrylate manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. and represented by the formula below) and r KAYARAD
-HX-620J (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., caprolactone-modified hydroxypivalic acid ester neopentyl glycol diacrylate) 8:2 mixture 196% and "Talocure 1173J (manufactured by Merck & Co., Ltd., polymerization initiator 2-hydroxy = 26 = C2- Methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one)0
．． Two sheets of rro' coated with O and O micron glass fiber spacers are made of light control layer constituent material consisting of 4%.
While keeping the entire substrate including the M-pole glass plate glass substrate at 19.1° C., 25 mW/cm' ultraviolet rays were irradiated for 60 seconds to obtain a liquid crystal device with a light control layer thickness of 121 microns. Liquid crystal composition (A) Composition transition temperature 68.5°C (N-1)
-25°C (C-N) Refractive index ne-1,787n, = 1
．． 583 Δ n=0.254 Threshold voltage 1.15V (V th) Viscosity at 20°C 59c, p. Dielectric constant anisotropy Δε-26.9r KBM
Structural formula of -5102j: %Formula% When the relationship between applied voltage and light transmittance of the obtained liquid crystal device was measured, To=4.2%, T, oo-91.5%, C
R=21.8, V. =2.8V,m, ,V,. =6
．． 6V,,n. Met. As described above, it is clear that the liquid crystal device of the present invention is a liquid crystal device that can be driven at a much lower voltage than the droplet dispersion type liquid crystal device or the liquid crystal continuous layer type liquid crystal device according to the prior art. Example 2 Liquid crystal composition (A) 80.0%, rKBM-5103J
(Silicone acrylate manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. and represented by the following formula) and r KAYARAD-HX620J 8
: 19.6% mixture of 2 and [Glocure 1173J
The light control layer constituent material consisting of O.
Insert the T and O electrodes into the glass substrate, and remove the entire substrate at step 19.
While maintaining the temperature at 8° C., ultraviolet rays of 25 mW/cm 2 were irradiated for 60 seconds to obtain a liquid crystal device with a light control layer thickness of 12.1 microns. When measuring the relationship between applied voltage and light transmittance of this liquid crystal device, T = 3.2%, T too = 89.9%,
CR=28.1, V+o=3.8Vr-1V,,=
It was 8.9V rms. Structural formula of rKBM-5103J: %Formula% 620J 19.6% and [Darocur 1173J
A light control layer constituent material consisting of 4% O was sandwiched between two ITO electrode glass substrates coated with an 11.0 micron glass fiber spacer, and the entire substrate was
UV rays of 25mW/cm” at 60℃
The liquid crystal device was irradiated for seconds and the thickness of the light control layer was 11.4 microns. The voltage-light transmittance characteristics of this liquid crystal device were as shown below, and the driving voltage was high. TO=4.1%, T+o. -85.2%, CR=20.
8. ■Yo. =5.5V□■,. = it 2V, □
[Effects of the Invention] The liquid crystal device of the present invention has a large area and is a thin film type, and can be driven at a low voltage of less than IOV rms compared to conventional liquid crystal dispersion type liquid crystal devices or liquid crystal continuous layer type liquid crystal devices. Therefore, it is possible to use an LSI for LCD. Furthermore, even in such a low voltage drive type liquid crystal device, time-division driving is possible because the contrast between transparent and cloudy-opaque is high and the threshold voltage is clear. Therefore, in addition to the conventional dimming of this type of liquid crystal device, it is extremely easy to display large scale ink for more sophisticated characters and graphs, and the applications of liquid crystal devices for display are greatly expanded.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. Two substrates, at least one of which is transparent, which may have an electrode layer, and a light control layer supported between the substrates, the light control layer being a continuous layer of liquid crystal material. A liquid crystal device in which a transparent polymer substance forms a three-dimensional network structure in a phase, wherein the transparent polymer substance is a transparent polymer obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable composition containing silicone (meth)acrylate. A liquid crystal device characterized by being a substance. 2. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal material in the light control layer exhibits positive dielectric anisotropy. 3. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the content of the liquid crystal material is in the range of 60 to 95% by weight of the components of the light control layer. 4. A liquid crystal material, a polymerizable composition containing the silicone (meth)acrylate according to claim 1, and a polymerization initiator are contained between the two substrates, and the content of the liquid crystal material is 60 to 95%.
The polymerizable composition is polymerized by irradiating ultraviolet rays to the light control layer forming material with a light control layer forming material having a concentration within the range of weight%, thereby forming a three-dimensional network in the continuous phase of the liquid crystal material. A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device, comprising forming a transparent polymeric material. 5, the polymerizable composition is silicone (meth)acrylate,
5. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device according to claim 4, further comprising a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate and a polymerization initiator. 6. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the material constituting the light control layer starts polymerization in an isotropic liquid state.