JP7565264B2 - リンパ系疾患の診断および治療のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
リンパ系疾患の診断および治療のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7565264B2 JP7565264B2 JP2021512631A JP2021512631A JP7565264B2 JP 7565264 B2 JP7565264 B2 JP 7565264B2 JP 2021512631 A JP2021512631 A JP 2021512631A JP 2021512631 A JP2021512631 A JP 2021512631A JP 7565264 B2 JP7565264 B2 JP 7565264B2
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Description
この出願の発明に関連する先行技術文献情報としては、以下のものがある(国際出願日以降国際段階で引用された文献及び他国に国内移行した際に引用された文献を含む)。
(先行技術文献)
(特許文献)
(特許文献1) 国際公開第2018/045078号
(特許文献2) 国際公開第2014/186750号
Tm=81.5℃+16.6Log[Na+]+0.41(% G+C)-0.63(% formamide)-二重構造で600/#bp
上の式の例として、[Na+]=[0.368]、50%ホルムアミドを用い、GC含量42%、平均プローブサイズ200塩基の場合、Tmは57℃となる。DNA二重鎖のTmは、相同性が1%低下するごとに1~1.5℃ずつ低下する。したがって、約75%以上の配列同一性を持つターゲットは、42℃のハイブリダイゼーション温度を用いて観察されることになる。ハイブリダイゼーションと洗浄のストリンジェンシーは、主に溶液の塩濃度と温度に依存する。一般的に、プローブとターゲットのアニーリング速度を最大にするために、ハイブリダイゼーションは通常、ハイブリッドの計算上のTmより20~25℃低い塩と温度の条件で行われる。洗浄条件は、ターゲットに対するプローブの同一性の程度に応じて、可能な限り厳しいものとする。一般に、洗浄条件は、ハイブリッドのTmよりも約12~20℃低い温度になるように選択される。特定の局面において、本発明の核酸では、中程度のストリンジェンシーのハイブリダイゼーションは、6X SSC、5Xデンハルト液、0.5%SDSおよび100μg/mlの変性サケ精子DNAで42℃でハイブリダイゼーションを行い、2X SSCおよび0.5%SDSで55℃で15分間洗浄することと定義される。ハイストリンジェンシーハイブリダイゼーションとは、6X SSC、5Xデンハルト液、0.5%SDS、100μg/mlの変性サケ精子DNAを用いて42℃でハイブリダイゼーションを行い、1X SSCと0.5%SDSを用いて65℃で15分間洗浄したものである。非常に高いストリンジェンシーのハイブリダイゼーションとは、6X SSC、5X Denhardt's solution、0.5%SDS、100μg/mlの変性サケ精子DNAを用いて42℃でハイブリダイゼーションを行い、0.1X SSCと0.5%SDSで65℃で15分間洗浄したものをいう。
いくつかの実施形態では、リンパ系異常の患者は、患者から得られた生体試料から遺伝子型配列情報を得た後に、SNVの存在に基づいて診断される。いくつかの実施形態では、リンパ系異常を有する患者は、PTPN11、KRAS、BRAF、SOS1、ITGA9、RASA1、RAF1、RIT1、PEIZO1,EPHB4、NF1、ARAFおよびCBLから選択される遺伝子における1またはそれ以上のSNV、またはリンパ異常に関連するPTPN11、KRAS、BRAF、SOS1、ITGA9、RASA1、RAF1、RIT1、PEIZO1,EPHB4、NF1、ARAFおよびCBLから選択される遺伝子のSNVと連鎖不平衡状態にあるSNVである。いくつかの実施形態では、この1つまたは複数のSNVは、PTPN11遺伝子のc.1504T>G:pS502A、c.1510A>G:pM504V、および/またはc.1507G>C:pG503R、KRASのa c.35G>A:pG12D、BRAF遺伝子のa c.1403のT>C:pF468S、SOS1遺伝子のac.2536G>A:pE846K、ITGA9遺伝子のc.1236+4A>Gとc.289T>G:p.C97Gからなる複合変異、または表3に記載されている変異のいずれかである。
本明細書に記載されたリンパ異常関連SNVがリンパ異常の表現型を調節する際に果たす役割が解明されれば、リンパ異常の治療に有用な既存の治療法の再利用、および新しい治療法の開発が容易になる。いくつかの実施形態では、本発明は、1またはそれ以上のmTOR阻害剤、1またはそれ以上のPIK3K阻害剤、および/または1またはそれ以上のMEK阻害剤(例えば、表1-2の1またはそれ以上の薬剤)を、リンパ系異常を有する患者に投与する工程を含む。
ここで同定されたSNVは、リンパ異常の病因と関連しているので、そのようなSNVを含む遺伝子およびそのコード化された製品の活性を調節する薬剤を同定する方法は、この状態の治療のための有効な治療剤の生成につながるはずである。
リンパ系異常SNVの検出に有用な組成物または製品が包含される。例えば、リンパ系異常SNV含有核酸、それを発現するベクター、リンパ系異常SNV含有マーカータンパク質、抗リンパ系異常特異的マーカー抗体は、PTPN11遺伝子のc.1504T>G:pS502A、c.1510A>G:pM504V、および/またはc.1507G>C:pG503R、KRASのa c.35G>A:pG12D、BRAF遺伝子のa c.1403T>C:pF468S、SOS1遺伝子のac.2536G>A:pE846K、ITGA9遺伝子のc.1236+4A>Gおよびc.289T>G:p.C97Gを含む複合変異などのSNVを検出できる製品である。PTPN11遺伝子のc.1504T>G:pS502A、c.1510A>G:pM504V、および/またはc.1507G>C:pG503R、KRASのa c.35G>A:pG12D、BRAF遺伝子のa c.1403T>C:pF468S、SOS1遺伝子のac.2536G>A:pE846K、ITGA9遺伝子のc.1236+4A>Gおよびc.289T>G:p.C97Gを含む複合変異などのSNVを検出するのに十分な長さと特性を有する核酸プローブが包含される。検出産物は、検出可能なように標識されていても良い。
CCLAは,他のリンパ管奇形と同様,先天的なリンパ管形成不全の結果として発症する。。CCLAの遺伝的基盤を特定するために、7人の患者からのDNAサンプルに対して全エクソームシーケンスを実行した。これらの患者はすべて、新しい高度な画像技術である動的コントラスト磁気共鳴リンパ管造影(DCMRL)によって画像化された異形リンパ管を有し、このグループのより良い診断を可能にする。5人の患者を対象に、表現型を説明できる可能性のあるミスセンス、ナンセンス、スプライス変化、コーディングインデル変異を調べた。調査結果は、同義的な変異、マイナーアレル頻度(MAF)が0.5%を超える変異、社内のエクソーム変異データベースで対照群に既に同定される変異を除外するようにフィルタリングされた。関連する候補は、手作業によるキュレーションにかけた。その結果、Ras/MAPKシグナル伝達経路に関わる4つの遺伝子(PTPN11、KRAS、BRAF、SOS1)に、1つの体細胞変異と5つのde novoミスセンス変異を同定した(表3)。さらに、原発性リンパ浮腫と逆行性リンパ流を有する1名の患者において、ITGA9にc.1236+4A>Gおよびc.289T>G:p.C97Gという2つのヘテロ接合性変異が発見された。ITGA9は、細胞と細胞の接着や細胞とマトリックスの相互作用を媒介する細胞表面の糖タンパク質であるインターグリンα9をコードする。インテグリンα9はVEGF-Cと結合し、ITGA9を不活性化すると、マウスでは胸郭が形成され、リンパ管弁の形成が阻害される。
これらのタンパク質の配列は、NCBIデータベースに掲載されており、以下の通りである。
a)PTPN11のc.1504T>G:pS502A、
S502に存在するNCBI参照配列::NP_002825.3
b)PTPN11のc.1510A>G:pM504V
M504に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_002825.3
c)PTPN1のc.1507G>C:pG503R
G503に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_002825.3
d)KRASのc.35G>A:pG12D
G12に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_203524.1
e)BRAFのc.1403T>C:pF468S
F468に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_004324.2
f)SOS1のc.2536G>A:pE846K
E846に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_005624.2
g)ITGA9のc.1236+4A*>Gおよびc.289T>G:p.C97G
pC97に存在するNCBI参照配列:NP_002198.2
クローンは、ゲートウェイシステム(Invitrogen,Kwan 2007,Villefranc 2007 17937395,17948311)を用いて、Tol2トランスポザーゼのフランキングサイトを持つベクターに組み入れ、ゲノムへの組み込みを可能にした(Kawakami 1999,10564832)。25ng/ulのTol2 mRNAとベクターDNAを約10pl、新鮮な受精卵の第1細胞に注入した。mrc1a:GFPを発現させたキャスパーフィッシュに構築物を注入し、リンパ管を可視化した。Zeiss LSM710共焦点顕微鏡とZenソフトウェアを用いて共焦点スキャンを行った。共焦点Zスタック画像は、Zeiss Zenソフトウェアの最大強度投影機能を用いて重ね合わせた。画像はimageJ(Fiji){Schindelin 2012}およびPowerpoint(Microsoft)で編集した。
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ARAFの再発変異がMEK阻害剤で治療可能な中心導電性リンパ異常を引き起こす
最近の研究では、全身性リンパ管異常(GLA)および中心性リンパ管異常(CCLA)3-5の治療におけるsirolimusの有用性が示されるが、これらの疾患の希少性と診断基準の重複により、これらの疾患の明確な臨床的区別がないことが、革新的な治療法の開発の妨げとなる6-9。GLAは、微小/マクロシストのリンパ管の奇形を有し、多くの場合、骨の破壊を伴う複数の領域に存在する多巣性のリンパ異常と定義される9-11。一方、CCLAは、胸腔管(TD)または胸腔鏡の機能障害であり、リンパ液の逆流またはリンパ液の排出異常を引き起こす1,12,13。どちらの疾患も、胸郭、胸水、胆汁性腹水、リンパ浮腫を呈する。これらの一見異なる疾患の重複は、共通の遺伝子ではなく、共通の経路が原因であることを示唆する。このことは、様々な臨床症候群の原因となることを意味しており、疾患の区別が人為的である可能性を示唆する。ここでは、全エクソームシーケンス(WES)を用いて、2人の血縁関係のない患者の複雑なリンパ管異常を特徴とする重度の進行性リンパ疾患の基礎となるARAFの再発性ミスセンス変異を同定したことを報告する。この結果は、遺伝子の分類が、複雑な医学的疾患を分類する方法を示す代表的な例となった。その結果、生物学的根拠に基づいた治療が可能となり、私たちの例では命が救われた。
フィラデルフィア小児病院(CHOP)のInstitutional Review Boardの承認と書面によるインフォームドコンセントを得た後、主治医であるプロバンド(P1)とその両親の血液検体を入手し、シーケンス解析を行った。このプロバンドは、胸部、心膜、腹部、下肢、生殖器にリンパ液が重度に貯留しており、CHOPのCenter for Lymphatic Imaging and Interventionsで経過観察と治療を受けた。血縁関係のない成人の2人目の患者(P2)は、Lymphangiomatosis&Gorham's Disease Alliance(LGDA)のPatient Registry(患者登録)を通じて募集し、可能な家族とともに参加した。P1の出生歴と家族歴は、左側腹部の毛細血管奇形を除いて特に問題はなく、幼少期の成長と発達は正常であった。10歳の時、下腹部、大腿部、陰嚢、陰茎に腫れが生じた。その2ヵ月後、息切れと運動不耐性を訴えて地元の病院を受診した。胸部X線写真では心肥大が確認され、心エコー図では大きな心嚢液貯留が確認された。心嚢穿刺が行われ、1リットルの髄液が排出された。完全非経口栄養法を実施したが、心嚢液の排出は続いたため、さらなる管理のためにCHOPに移された。CHOPでは、初期評価としてダイナミック造影磁気共鳴リンパ管造影を行い、大きな心嚢液貯留と、拡張した腰部と後腹膜のネットワークから、左の分母静脈に向かって拡張した曲がりくねったTDへの逆流が確認された(図1a,c,d)。なお、図1bには参考として無症状の人の画像を示した。さらに、肝臓、腸間膜、陰茎、陰嚢への逆行性リンパ流、TD遠位部からは縦隔、心膜への逆行性リンパ流が認められた(図1c-e)。このため、TD遠位部にステントを留置し、縦隔および心膜への異常なリンパ液貯留を阻止する目的でリピオドール塞栓術を行った。心嚢液は安定しており、1ヵ月後に退院したが、その後すぐに大量の体液が再貯留して呼吸困難に陥り、酸素の補給が必要になった(鼻腔カニューレで5リットルまで供給)。シロリムスの投与を開始し、1日2.5mgの投与で良好に耐えられるトラフレベルに基づいて投与したところ、2016年5月から11月の間にトラフレベルの中央値が11.8となった(範囲6.8~16.2μg dl-1)。1.5年の間に、反復的な胸腔穿刺と胸膜ドレーン、複数の経皮的リンパ塞栓術、2回の両側外科的胸膜穿刺、大腿部、腹部、後腹膜の外科的リンパ管吻合、さらに陰茎と陰嚢の浮腫が悪化したため、鼠径部リンパ管の外科的結紮と塞栓術など、複数の経皮的インターベンションと外科的リンパ管処置を受けた。心嚢液貯留のコントロールを何度も試みたが、陰茎、陰嚢、下肢、下腹部のリンパ浮腫は悪化し、症状は悪化の一途をたどり、緩和ケアを検討することになった。最後の処置を行い、トラメチニブの5か月前にシロリムスを中止した。
エクソームデータに含まれる優性遺伝モデルまたは劣性遺伝モデルに合致するミスセンス、ナンセンス、スプライス変化、コーディングインデルを調べた。結果は、以下の要素を持つバリアントを除外するためにフィルタリングされた:同義的バリアント、既知の偽遺伝子内のバリアント、1000ゲノムプロジェクトまたはNational Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute Exome Sequencing Project(ESP6500SI)の6,503本のエクソームのいずれかでマイナーアレル頻度(MAF)が0.5%を超えるバリアント、社内のエクソームバリアントデータベースでコントロールで既に同定されたバリアント。その後、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Manデータベースを参照し、劇症予測と生物学的関連性に基づいて遺伝子の優先順位付けを行った。
HEK293TおよびHeLa細胞はAmerican Type Culture Collectionから入手し,10%のウシ胎児血清を添加したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地を用いて37℃で培養した。初代成人HDLECは、Promocell社から入手し、Endothelial Cell Growth Medium MV 2(Promocell社)でメーカーの指示に従って培養した。Addgene社から入手した全長ARAF cDNA(プラスミド番号23725)41をオリジナルのベクターから増幅し,BamHI/XhoIフラグメントとして,FLAGタグ(DDKDDK)のコピーを2つ,続いてSTREPタグ(WSHPQFEK)を2つ含むpcDNA3.1ベクターにクローニングした。S214Pの変異は,NEB社のQ5変異導入キットを用いて,製造元の指示に従って部位特異的変異導入を行った。HEK293TおよびHeLaへのトランスフェクションは,Fugene HD(Promega)を用いて,3μgのDNA(空のベクター,WT ARAF(ARAF-WT)またはARAF変異体(ARAF-S214P))と9μlのトランスフェクション試薬を用いて,製造者のプロトコルに従って行った。トランスフェクションから36~48時間後、細胞を氷冷したリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で2回洗浄し、50mM Tris-HCl,pH7.4、100mM NaCl、100mM NaCl、100mM NaClを含む氷冷したばかりの細胞溶解緩衝液を用いて氷上で溶解した。4,100mM NaCl,50mMβ-glycerophosphate,10% glycerol(w/v),1%NP-40(w/v),1mM EDTA,2mM NaVO4および完全なEDTAフリーのプロテアーゼインヒビターカクテル(Roche Applied Science社製)を含む新鮮な氷冷した細胞溶解バッファーを用いて、溶解バッファー1mlあたり20μlで溶解した。細胞ライセートを遠心分離でクリアした後、上清を回収し、ウエスタンブロッティング、またはAnti-FLAG M2 Affinity Gel(cat.no.A2220,Sigma)を用いた免疫沈降に使用した後、ウエスタンブロッティングを行った。免疫沈降物とライセートをNuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Trisゲル(Thermo Fisher Scientific)で行い、抗phospho-p70S6K-Thr389を含む一次抗体でブロッティングした(cat.no.9205S,Cell Signaling Technology;1:1,000)、抗phospho-mTOR Ser2448(cat.no.5536P,Cell Signaling Technology;1:1,000)、抗FLAG(cat.no.F3165,Sigma;1:4,000)、抗phospho-p38 Thr180/Tyr182(cat.4511,Cell Signaling Technology;1:1,000),抗PAN-14-3-3(cat.no.sc-629,Santa Cruz Biotechnology;1:500),抗phospho-Akt-Ser473(cat.no.4060,Cell Signaling Technology;1:1,000)、抗phosphop44/42-(Erk1/2)-Thr202/Tyr204(cat.no.4376,Cell Signaling Technology;1:1,000)または抗β-actin(cat.no.sc-69879,Santa Cruz Biotechnology;1:1,000)抗体を用いた。
丸型(12mm)カバースリップ(VWR)を24ウェルプレート(Corning)に水に溶かした0.1%ゼラチンで10分間コーティングした後、15分間風乾した。導入したHDLECを0.5mlの培養液中に1ウェルあたり100,000個の細胞でプレーティングし、トラメチニブの存在下または非存在下で48時間培養した。細胞を温かい無血清ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地で洗浄し、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定した。固定した細胞をPBSで2回、PBS中の0.1%BSAで2回洗浄した。細胞を透過させ、PBS中の10%正常ロバ血清(Jackson Immunoresearch)および0.3%Triton X-100(Sigma Aldrich)とインキュベートしてブロックした。VE-カドヘリン抗体(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を,0.01% 正常ロバ血清,0.1% BSA,0.3% Triton X-100(PBS)で希釈(最終濃度:2μg ml-1)し、1時間染色した。カバースリップを0.1% BSA(PBS)で2回洗浄した。Goat-anti-rabbit Alexa546(Thermo Fisher Scientific;最終濃度:8μg ml-1)およびphalloidin Alexa350(Thermo Fisher Scientific;最終濃度:5 units ml-1)をPBS中の0.01%正常ドンキー血清、0.1%BSAおよび0.3% Triton X-100で希釈し、1時間染色を行った。使用する場合は,HA-Tag(6E2)マウス抗体(cat.no.2367, Cell Signaling Technology)を0.1% BSAおよび0.3% Triton X-100 in PBSで1:100に希釈し,1時間染色した。カバースリップを0.1% BSA in PBSで2回,PBSで2回洗浄した。カバースリップを水に浸して残留塩分を除去し、Prolong Gold antifade reagent(Thermo Fisher Scientific社)を用いてスライドにマウントした。画像の取得は,ライカDM6000電動正立顕微鏡にPhotometrics HQ2高解像度モノクロCCD(電荷結合素子)カメラを搭載し,LAS AFソフトウェア(ライカマイクロシステムズ)を用いて行った。Z-stackは10倍の倍率で取得した。画像はさらにフィジーソフトウェアパッケージ42で処理された。輝度とコントラストの調整を行った。すべての画像に同一の明るさとコントラストの設定を適用した。蛍光値は,個々の細胞全体を含むように描かれた関心領域(ROI),または細胞体全体を含むが細胞と細胞の接合部を含まないように描かれたROIで測定した。これらの測定値から、細胞膜の値(細胞全体-細胞内)を算出し、細胞膜と細胞内の値の比を算出してプロットした。また,ラインツールとROIマネージャを用いて,細胞の長さと幅を測定した。いずれの解析においても,HA染色によって明らかにARAFを発現していると判断された細胞を,1×10フィールドあたり5個分析した.各実験では,1条件につき5つの×10フィールドを取得した.実験は、3つの独立した解凍とHDLECの導入から得られた細胞を用いて行い、1条件につき合計75個の細胞を使用した。HDLECsとトラメチニブとのウエスタンブロッティングのために、20,000個の導入したHDLECs細胞を、増加する量のトラメチニブの存在下で96ウェルプレートにプレーティングした。細胞を薬剤の存在下で24時間培養した後、40mM HEPES pH7.5、120mM NaCl、0.3% CHAPS、50mM NaF、1.5mM NaVO3およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテルを用いて溶解した。ライセートは20,000gで5分間、4℃で遠心分離することでクリアにした。タンパク質を4-12% NuPAGE Bis-Trisゲルで分離した。ブロッティングは、上述の抗体を用いて行った。
1.5%アガロースでプレコートした96ウェルプレートのウェルに,ARAF-WTまたはARAF-S214Pを発現させたHDLECを7,500個播種することで,リンパ管発芽アッセイ用の多細胞スフェロイドを作製した。この条件では、24時間後までにすべてのHDLECが1つのスフェロイドに凝集する。形成後、各スフェロイドをI型コラーゲンからなるゲル化液(cat No.354236 Corning;final concentration)に移した。354236,Corning;最終濃度=1.5mg ml-1;pHはNaOHで中和)とトラメチニブを指示濃度で配合したゲル化液に移し、37℃で重合させた。固まったところで,適切な濃度のトラメチニブを含むEndothelial Cell Growth Medium MV2(VEGFCなし)をコラーゲンゲルの上に加えた。2日間培養した後、EVOS FL Auto Imaging System(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて、埋め込まれたスフェロイドのZ-スタック画像を8.5μmのステップサイズで撮影した。各スフェロイドから生えている毛細血管状の芽の数と長さを、ImageJ(https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)というソフトウェアを使って測定した。
導入したHDLECの増殖は、Roche Applied Science社のCell Proliferation Kit I (MTT)を用いて測定した。簡単に説明すると、レトロウイルス導入後2日目に、ARAF-WT-および-S214P発現HDLECを回収し、計数し、100μlの培地に1ウェルあたり10,000細胞で平底96ウェルプレートに複製した。メッキ後の指示された時間に、10μlのMTTを適切なウェルに添加し、37℃で4時間インキュベートした。100μlの可溶化試薬を加えた後、37℃で一晩インキュベートした。Spectramax i3 Multi Mode plate reader(Molecular Devices社)を用いて550nmおよび700nmの吸光度を測定し、A550nm-A700nmを算出した。増殖の少ない細胞を実験に投入した場合の目安として、プレーティング後4時間の時点を入れた。
ゼブラフィッシュを用いたすべての手順は,CHOPのInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IAC 001154)の承認を得ており,米国国立衛生研究所によるGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals(実験動物の管理と使用のためのガイド)に従った。ヒト変異体およびWT ARAF cDNAを停止コドンなしでpDONR221ベクターにクローニングした;ゼブラフィッシュに適応したコザック配列(GCAAACATGG)を使用した43。発現コンストラクトは、ゲートウェイ・クローニング・カセットを含むTol2バックボーン・ベクターを用いて組み立てた(44,45)。コンストラクトにはTol2のメッセンジャーRNAを共同で注入した(46)。
薬物処理は6ウェルプレートで行い、1グループあたり最大20匹の幼虫を用いた。コビメチニブは、0.01M Tris pH7.2および0.1%DMSOを含む胚培養液で希釈した。コビメチニブは1μMで使用した。
魚を上記のように注入し、WTまたは変異ARAF/mcherryの発現が顕著な幼生を分析のために選択した。幼生は、Tween-20を含むPBS(PBST)中の4%パラホルムアルデヒド溶液で一晩固定した。幼虫をPBSTで洗浄し、2% Triton X-100で24時間、4℃でインキュベートした。その後、幼虫を10%ウシ血清でブロックし、4℃で一晩、phospho-ERK T202/Y204抗体(cat.no.9101、Cell Signaling Technology社、1:200)で染色し、PBSTで洗浄し、Alexa Fluor 488ヤギ抗ウサギ二次抗体(cat.no.A11008,Thermo Fisher Scientific,1:400)。)
すべての細胞ベースのアッセイについて、2つのグループを比較するために、対になっていない、両側のStudent's t-testによって有意性を評価した。統計解析はGraphPad Prism 7.0dソフトウェアを用いて行った。データは,25~75パーセンタイルのボックス,最小値から最大値までのヒゲ,中央値を中心としたボックス&ウィスカープロット,または,平均値±s.e.m.の棒グラフを用いたドットプロットで示した。すべてのアッセイにおいてを行った場合、統計解析を行わなかった増殖試験を除き、3つの独立した実験をHDLECの独立したトランスフェクションで行った。14-3-3タンパク質会合アッセイについては、3つの独立した実験がHEK293T細胞の独立したトランスフェクションで行われたが、HEK293T細胞についての他の結果は6つの独立した実験を表している。ゼブラフィッシュ関連のアッセイは、すべて3つの独立した実験で行い、以下のような不対数の片側スチューデントのt検定で2つのグループの比較のために検定した。
既知のリンパ系異常関連遺伝子のWES解析の第1段階では、AKT1、PIK3CA、KRAS、HRAS、NRAS、BRAF、RAF1、PTPN11、SHOC2、CBL、RIT1、SOS1の変異解析など、明らかにされなかった。その後、遺伝子の優先順位付けを行ったところ、X染色体のARAFの新規変異、c.640T>C:p.S214Pであることが判明した。患者P1は男性でCCLAを発症しており(図22A、22C-22E、詳しい臨床症状については「方法」を参照、GenBank Accession No.NG_016339)、患者P2は女性でリンパ管腫症と診断されたことがある。この変異は、保存されたリン酸化部位に影響を与えており、この214番の残基が、相同タンパク質であるC-RAF(RAF1としても知られる)において、14-3-3タンパク質による抑制のためのパラロガス制御部位であることから、おそらく機能獲得(GoF)効果が得られたと考えられる。このミスセンス変異は、1000ゲノムプロジェクト、ESP6500SI、ExAC v0.3、gnomAD v2.1、または社内データベースにある5,000以上のサンプルから得られた追加のエクソームシーケンスデータには存在しませんでした。血液由来のサンガーシークエンスP1と両親から採取したDNAから、このX連鎖性ARAF変異は、男性患者と同様に体細胞ヘテロ接合で発生していることが確認された(Fig.22F)。P2とその非罹患の娘と母親のARAF突然変異をサンガーシークエンスで調べたところ、突然変異はP2にのみ存在することが確認された(図22F)。父親はシークエンスに参加できなかったが、父親には呼吸器系の症状が報告されていないことから、P2のARAF変異はde novoまたはsomatic mutationとして生じた可能性が高いと考えられる。患者P2は追跡調査ができず、診断から5年後にリンパ系疾患の合併症で死亡したことを後から知らされた。
変異陽性リンパ管異常症の有病率については、GLA、Gorham-Stout病、CCLA、KLA、Klippel-Trenaunay症候群、kaposiform hemangioendotheliomaなどを含むがこれらに限定されないこのリンパ管異常症群の多施設臨床試験を促進するためにリンパ管異常症コンソーシアムを形成している米国の11施設の間では、中等度から重度の疾患経過で募集された患者が3,000人以上おり、年間の新規患者数は合わせて約300人となっています。現在の分子診断の歩留まり(20%)から、そのうち約20%にRAS-MAPK経路の欠損があると予想しており、以下のことが示唆される。MEK阻害剤による治療の恩恵を受ける患者は、米国全体で数千人にのぼると考えられます。このように、私たちの研究は、患者におけるこれまで知られていなかった病因による異常、プレシジョン・メディシン・アプローチの実現をもって、遺伝子の発見が病気の分類に影響を与え、新しい生物学的治療法や救命治療法を発見することができることを例証する。
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Claims (9)
- ヒトの患者の中心導管性リンパ管異常症(CCLA)を治療するための薬物の製造における1またはそれ以上の薬剤の使用であって、
a)PTPN11における一塩基変異(SNV)c.1507G>C:pG503Rが、前記患者から得られた生物学的試料の核酸中に検出されるものであり、および
b)前記薬剤はそれぞれ独立して、トラメチニブ(GSK1120212)、ラパマイシン(シロリムス)、エベロリムス(RAD001)、AZD8055、テムシロリムス(CCI-779、NSC 683864)、KU-0063794、MHY1485、BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235、ダクトリシブ)、PI-103、トルキニブ(PP242)、タクロリムス(FK506)、セルメチニブ(AZD6244)、PD0325901、PD184352(CI-1040)、ピマセルチブ(AS-703026)、TAK-733、AZD8330、ビニメチニブ(MEK162、ARRY-162、ARRY-438162)、SL-327、リファメチニブ(RDEA119、Bay86-9766)、コビメチニブ(GDC-0973、RG7420)、ウリクセルチニブ、リダフォロリムス(デフォロリムス、MK-8669)、INK 128(MLN0128)、ヴォクサタリシブ(SAR245409、XL765)、Torin1、オミパリシブ(GSK2126458,GSK458)、OSI-027、PF-04691502、アピトリシブ(GDC-0980、RG7422)、GSK1059615、ジェダトリシブ(PF-05212384、PKI-587)、WYE-354、AZD2014、Torin2、WYE-125132(WYE-132)、PP121、WYE-687、CH5132799、WAY-600、ETP-46464、GDC-0349、XL388、ゾタロリムス(ABT-578)、タクロリムス(FK506)、BGT226(NVP-BGT226)、パロミド529(P529)、およびクリソファン酸からなる群から選択されるものである、
使用。 - 請求項1に記載の使用において、前記中心導管性リンパ管異常症(CCLA)が、リンパ管の異常形成および/または組織の過成長によって特徴づけられる、使用。
- 請求項1または2に記載の使用において、前記中心導管性リンパ管異常症(CCLA)が、心嚢液、胸膜液、または腹膜液を含む乳び滲出液によって特徴づけられる、使用。
- 請求項1に記載の使用において、前記SNVを特定するレポートが、前記生体試料での検出後に生成されるものである、使用。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の使用において、前記薬剤は、ピマセルチブ、リファメチニブおよび/またはトラメチニブから選択される、使用。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の使用において、前記患者がKRAS、BRAF、SOS1、およびITGA9からなる群から選択される1つのSNVを有さない、使用。
- 請求項1に記載の使用において、前記PTPN11における一塩基変異(SNV)c.1507G>C:pG503Rは、特異的ハイブリダイゼーションの検出、対立遺伝子サイズの測定、制限断片長多型分析、対立遺伝子特異的ハイブリダイゼーション分析、一塩基プライマー伸長反応、および増幅されたポリヌクレオチドの配列決定からなる群から選択される処理を実行することによって、前記患者から得られた生物学的試料の核酸中に検出されるものである、使用。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の使用において、前記生体試料がDNAまたはRNAを含む、使用。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の使用において、前記SNVを含む核酸が、前記ヒトの患者の単離された細胞から取得される、使用。
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GENETICS in MEDICINE,2018年06月15日,Vol.21, No.2,p.417-425 |
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