JP7483791B2 - 化学療法計画中の免疫応答の保護 - Google Patents
化学療法計画中の免疫応答の保護 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7483791B2 JP7483791B2 JP2022091214A JP2022091214A JP7483791B2 JP 7483791 B2 JP7483791 B2 JP 7483791B2 JP 2022091214 A JP2022091214 A JP 2022091214A JP 2022091214 A JP2022091214 A JP 2022091214A JP 7483791 B2 JP7483791 B2 JP 7483791B2
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Description
本願は、2016年12月5日出願の米国仮出願第62/430,302号、および2017年3月31日出願の米国仮出願第62/479,605号の利益を主張するものであり、これらの全内容は、目的を問わず本明細書の開示の一部とされる。
本発明は、炎症誘発性微小環境を促進するように腫瘍微小環境を変更する抗癌および抗腫瘍治療計画の改善の分野にある。
癌免疫療法は、免疫系をより活発かつ明敏に働くように刺激することによって癌または腫瘍と闘うために宿主の自然免疫系を用いる。免疫系の重要な部分は、外来細胞から正常細胞を識別する能力である。これを行うために、免疫系は、応答を開始するために活性化(または不活化)されなければならない特定の細胞上の分子である「チェックポイント」を用いる。癌および腫瘍は、免疫系による攻撃を回避するためにこれらのチェックポイントをどう使用するかを見出すことができる。「オフスイッチ」の例が、タンパク質PD-1、PDL-1およびCTLA-4である。癌治療の最近の進展には、このオフスイッチを不活化し、宿主の免疫系が罹患細胞に対するその能力を増すことを可能とするための、これらのチェックポイント「オフスイッチ」に対する抗体の投与が含まれる。
・短期腫瘍内免疫細胞種(CD4+T、CD8+T、Treg、NK、およびMDSCサブセット)は、増殖性およびCDK4/6阻害に対する感受性が高く、骨髄中の造血系前駆細胞と同様に、化学療法による損傷から免疫浸潤物を保護するCDK4/6阻害剤による一時的細胞周期停止を可能とする。本発明による特定時限の投与をもってすれば、例えば、これらの細胞種の1以上の増殖がおよそ6~24時間で約50、60、70、75もしくは80%またはそれを超えるまでに最大限阻害され、ほぼ約30、40、45、48、50または60時間以内に回復し得る。
驚くことに、また予期しないことに、化学療法とチェックポイント阻害剤の組合せに極めて特殊な投与計画でCDK4/6阻害剤を付加すると、腫瘍または癌の治療により優れた結果をもたらすことが見出された。この三重併用療法の化学療法部分の投与中の選択的CDK4/6阻害剤の特定時限の投与が癌の微小環境において免疫細胞に顕著な効果を有することは予期しない知見である。この結果は、選択的、即効性、短半減期のCDK4/6阻害剤の極めて特殊な時限投与が、免疫腫瘍細胞浸潤物の損傷保護、より高頻度の腫瘍特異的記憶T細胞による免疫応答の持続期間の増大、免疫抑制因子である腫瘍内Treg細胞のより大幅な減少;および/または炎症誘発性因子の遺伝子発現の変化のうち1以上を提供するという点で顕著である。リンパ球の活性化および炎症誘発性サイトカインであるインターフェロン-γの上方調節のために機能的に富化された遺伝子の発現が有意に増強される。並行して、免疫抑制反応性酸素種代謝プロセスに関与するいくつかの遺伝子が下方調節される。これらの所見は、CDK4/6阻害剤、例えば、即効性、短半減期のCDK4/6阻害剤の特定時限の投与が遺伝子発現の変調をもたらし、チェックポイント阻害剤活性を高めるのに有利な炎症誘発性腫瘍微小環境を生じることを示す。この改善は癌治療の技術の現状に著しい進展をもたらす。
化合物は標準的命名規則を用いて記載される。そうではないことが定義されない限り、本明細書で使用される全ての技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の熟練者によって共通に理解されているものと同じ意味を有する。
本発明は、癌を有する対象を治療するための化学療法薬および免疫チェックポイント阻害剤、例えば、PD-1阻害剤、PD-L1阻害剤、またはCTLA-4阻害剤と組み合わせたCDK4/6特異的阻害剤の特定時限の投与の使用を対象とする。
細胞周期プログラムの開始、進行、および完了を調整する重要なタンパク質は、サイクリン依存性キナーゼ(CDK)である。サイクリン依存性キナーゼは、セリン-トレオニンタンパク質キナーゼファミリーに属す。CDKは、触媒キナーゼサブユニットと調節サイクリンサブユニットから構成されるヘテロ二量複合体である。CDK活性は、それらの対応する調節サブユニット(サイクリン)およびCDK阻害剤タンパク質との会合(Cip & Kipタンパク質、INK4)、それらのリン酸化状態、およびユビキチン媒介タンパク質分解によって制御される(D.G. Johnson, C.L. Walker, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol 39 (1999) 295-312; D.O. Morgan, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13 (1997) 261-291; C.J. Sherr, Science 274 (1996) 1672-1677; T. Shimamura et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16 (2006) 3751-3754参照)。
本明細書に記載の方法において使用するための免疫チェックポイント阻害剤としては、限定されるものではないが、PD-1阻害剤、PD-L1阻害剤、PD-L2阻害剤、CTLA-4阻害剤、LAG-3阻害剤、TIM-3阻害剤、およびV-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation(VISTA)阻害剤、またはそれらの組合せが含まれる。
本明細書で企図されるように、選択的、即効性、短半減期CDK4/6阻害剤の特定時限の投与は、いずれの標準的化学療法薬治療法と組み合わせ、さらに免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組み合わせることもできる。
細胞傷害性DNA損傷化学療法薬は非特異的である傾向があり、特に、高用量では、HSPCおよび免疫エフェクター細胞などの正常な急速に分裂する細胞に対して毒性がある。本明細書で使用する場合、用語「DNA損傷」化学療法または化学療法薬は、望ましくない細胞、例えば、癌細胞の成長または増殖を低減または抑制するための細胞増殖抑制剤または細胞傷害性薬剤(すなわち、化合物)による処置を指し、薬剤の細胞傷害作用は、核酸のインターカレーションもしくは結合、DNAもしくはRNAのアルキル化、RNAもしくたはDNA合成の阻害、別の核酸関連活性(例えば、タンパク質合成)の阻害、または他のいずれかの細胞傷害作用のうち1以上の結果であり得る。このような化合物としては、限定されるものではないが、細胞を死滅させることができるDNA損傷化合物が含まれる。「DNA損傷」化学療法薬としては、限定されるものではないが、アルキル化剤、DNAインターカレーター、タンパク質合成阻害剤、DNAまたはRNAの合成阻害剤、DNA塩基類似体、トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤、テロメラーゼ阻害剤、およびテロメアDNA 結合化合物が含まれる。例えば、アルキル化剤としては、ブスルファン、インプロスルファン、およびピポスルファンなどのスルホン酸アルキル;ベンゾジゼパ、カルボコン、メツレデパ、およびウレデパなどのアジリジン;アルトレタミン、トリエチレンメラミン、トリエチレンホスホルアミド、トリエチレンチオホスホルアミド、およびトリメチロールメラミンなどのエチレンイミンおよびメチルメラミン;クロラムブシル、クロルナファジン、シクロホスファミド、エストラムスチン、メクロレタミン、メクロレタミンオキシド塩酸塩、メルファラン、ノベンビチン、フェネステリン、プレドニムスチン、トロフォスファミド、およびウラシルマスタードなどのナイトロジェンマスタード;ならびにカルムスチン、クロロゾトシン、フォテムスチン、ロムスチン、ニムスチン、およびラニムスチンなどのニトロソ尿素が含まれる。他のDNA損傷化学療法薬としては、ダウノルビシン、ドキソルビシン、イダルビシン、エピルビシン、マイトマイシン、およびストレプトゾシンが含まれる。化学療法用代謝拮抗物質としては、ゲムシタビン、メルカプトプリン、チオグアニン、クラドリビン、リン酸フルダラビン、フルオロウラシル(5-FU)、フロクスウリジン、シタラビン、ペントスタチン、メトトレキサート、アザチオプリン、アシクロビル、アデニンβ-1-D-アラビノシド、アメトプテリン、アミノプテリン、2-アミノプリン、アフィジコリン、8-アザグアニン、アザセリン、6-アザウラシル、2’-アジド-2’-デオキシヌクレオシド、5-ブロモデオキシシチジン、シトシンβ-1-D-アラビノシド、ジアゾオキシノルロイシン、ジデオキシヌクレオシド、5-フルオロデオキシシチジン、5-フルオロデオキシウリジン、およびヒドロキシ尿素が含まれる。
本明細書に記載されるように使用可能な追加の化学療法薬には、2-メトキシエストラジオールまたは2ME2、フィナスネート(finasunate)、エタラシズマブ(MEジ-522)、HLL1、huN901-DM1、アチプリモド、メシル酸サキナビル、リトナビル、メシル酸ネルフィナビル、硫酸インジナビル、プリチデプシン、P276-00、チピファルニブ、レナリドマイド、サリドマイド、ポマリドミド、シンバスタチン、およびセレコキシブを含み得る。本発明において有用な化学療法薬としては、限定されるものではないが、トラスツズマブ(ハーセプチン(Herceptin))(商標))、ペルツズマブ(パージェタ(Perjeta)(商標))、ラパチニブ(タイケルブ(Tykerb)(商標))、ゲフィチニブ(イレッサ(Iressa)(商標))、エルロチニブ(タルセバ(Tarceva)(商標))、セツキシマブ(エルビタックス(Erbitux)(商標))、パニツムマブ(ベクティビックス(Vectibix)(商標))、バンデタニブ(カプレルサ(Caprelsa)(商標))、ベムラフェニブ(ゼルボラフ(Zelboraf)(商標))、ボリノスタット(ゾリンザ(Zolinza)(商標))、ロミデプシン(イストダックス(Istodax)(商標))、ベキサロテン(ターグレチン(Targretin)(商標))、アリトレチノイン(パンレチン(Panretin)(商標))、トレチノイン(ベサノイド(Vesanoid)(商標))、カルフィルゾミブ(カイプロリス(Kyprolis)(商標))、プララトレキサート(フォロチン(Folotyn)(商標))、ベバシズマブ(アバスチン(Avastin)(商標))、Ziv-アフリバーセプト(ザルトラップ(Zaltrap)(商標))、ソラフェニブ(ネクサバール(Nexavar)(商標))、スニチニブ(スーテント(Sutent)(商標))、パゾパニブ(ボトリエント(Votrient)(商標))、レゴラフェニブ(スチバーガ(Stivarga)(商標))、およびカボザンチニブ(コメトリク(Cometriq)(商標))が含まれる。
ポエチン(Shanpoietin)、ジロップ(Zyrop)およびEPIAO)を含む造血成長因子の使用とさらに組み合わせる。一つの実施形態では、化合物I、化合物II、化合物III、または化合物IVは、造血成長因子の投与前に投与される。一つの実施形態では、造血成長因子の投与は、HSPCに対するCDK4/6阻害剤の作用が消失したような時機とする。一つの実施形態では、成長因子は、CDK4/6阻害剤の投与の少なくとも20時間後に投与される。
一つの実施形態では、CDK4/6阻害剤、化学療法薬、およびチェックポイント阻害剤の組合せを、限定されるものではないが、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G-CSF、例えば、ニューポゲン(Neupogen)(フィルグラスチム)、ニューラスタ(Neulasta)(ペグフィルグラスチム)、またはレノグラスチムとして販売)、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF、例えば、モルグラモスチムおよびサルグラモスチム(Leukine)として販売)、M-CSF(マクロファージコロニー刺激因子)、トロンボポエチン(巨核球成長発達因子(MGDF)、例えば、ロミプロスチム(Romiplostim)およびエルトロンボパグ(Eltrombopag)として販売)インターロイキン(IL)-12、インターロイキン-3、インターロイキン-11(脂肪生成阻害因子またはオプレルベキン)、SCF(幹細胞因子、steel因子、kit-リガンド、またはKL)およびエリスロポエチン(EPO)、およびそれらの誘導体(例えば、ダルベポエチン(Darbepoetin)、エポセプト(Epocept)、ナノカイン(Nanokine)、エポフィット(Epofit)、エポジェン(Epogen)、エポプレックス(Eprex)、およびプロクリット(Procrit)などのエポエチン-αとして販売);エポエチン-β(例えば、ネオレコルモン(NeoRecormon)、レコルモン(Recormon)およびミセラ(Micera)として販売)、エポエチン-δ(例えば、ダイネポ(Dynepo)として販売)、エポエチン-ω(例えば、エポマックス(Epomax)として販売)、エポエチンゼータ(例えば、シラポ(Silapo)およびレタクリット(Retacrit)として販売)ならびに例えば、エポセプト(Epocept)、エポトラスト(Epotrust)、エリプロセーフ(Erypro Safe)、レポイチン(Repoitin)、ヴィントール(Vintor)、エポフィット(Epofit)、エリキン(Erykine)、ウェポックス(Wepox)、エスポゲン(Espogen)、レリポエチン(Relipoietin)、シャンポエチン(Shanpoietin)、ジロップ(Zyrop)およびEPIAO)を含む造血成長因子の使用とさらに組み合わせる。一つの実施形態
では、化合物I、化合物II、化合物III、または化合物IVは、造血成長因子の投与前に投与される。一つの実施形態では、造血成長因子の投与は、HSPCに対するCDK4/6阻害剤の作用が消失したような時機とする。一つの実施形態では、成長因子は、CDK4/6阻害剤の投与の少なくとも20時間後に投与される。
本明細書で企図されるように、化学療法薬および免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組み合わせたCDK4/6阻害剤の特定時限の使用は、癌または腫瘍を有する対象の治療において使用可能である。一つの実施形態では、癌または腫瘍は、CDK4/6複製依存性癌または腫瘍である。一つの実施形態では、癌または腫瘍は、CDK4/6複製非依存性癌または腫瘍である。一つの実施形態では、癌は、固形の癌または腫瘍である。一つの実施形態では、癌または腫瘍は、非固形の癌または腫瘍である。一つの実施形態では、固形腫瘍は、PD-L1を発現する。一つの実施形態では、癌は、血液癌である。特定の側面において、癌は、白血病、リンパ腫、または多発性骨髄腫である。
本明細書で企図されるように、化学療法薬、例えば、DNA損傷化学療法薬、および免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組み合わせたCDK4/6阻害剤の、投与は、CDK4/6阻害剤により誘導されるG0/G1停止が短期間かつ実質的に一過性となるように、本明細書に記載の用量で特定の時限とされる。細胞周期のG1期で停止している細胞は、増殖中の細胞よりも化学療法薬の損傷作用に耐性が大きくなる。
本明細書に記載の方法において使用するための本明細書に記載の有効化合物、またはそれらの塩、同位体類似体、またはプロドラッグは、所望の治療結果を達成する任意の好適なアプローチを用いて対象に有効量で投与することができる。投与する有効化合物の量および時機は、当然のことながら、治療される対象、管理医療専門家の指示、暴露の経時的推移、投与様式、特定の有効化合物の薬物動態特性、および処方医師の判断によって決まる。よって、宿主ごとの変動のために、以下に示される用量は指針であって、医師は、医師がその宿主に適当であると考える治療を達成するために有効化合物の用量を調整することができる。所望の治療の程度を考慮して、医師は、宿主の年齢および体重、既往疾患の存在、ならびに他の疾患の存在などの様々な要因のバランスをとることができる。化合物IなどのCDK4/6阻害剤の一般投与量は、全内容が本明細書の開示の一部とされるWO2016/126889に従前に記載されている。
同系MC38マウス腫瘍モデルにおいてCDK4/6阻害剤(化合物I)を化学療法薬オキサリプラチンおよび抗マウスPD-L1クローン10F.9G2(BioXCellカタログ番号BE0101)と併用する効果を検討した。試験は100日の期間にわたって行い、腫瘍成長およびマウスの全生存期間を測定した。腫瘍成長を図1に示し、全生存期間を図2に示す。試験区には下記を含むものであった。
1)ビヒクル
2)化合物I(100mg/kg)
3)オキサリプラチン
4)抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)
5)化合物I+オキサリプラチン
6)オキサリプラチン(1日目、8日目、および15日目に投与)および抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)(1日目、4日目、8日目、および11日目に投与) 7)化合物I+オキサリプラチン(1日目、8日目、15日目に投与)+抗マウスPD-L1(1日目、4日目、および8日目に投与)なお、化合物Iはオキサリプラチンの30分前に投与する。
化合物IをPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)およびオキサリプラチンと組み合わせた場合の抗腫瘍活性をMC38同系マウス結腸癌モデルで評価した。総ての異種移植試験で、9週齢の雌C57BL/6マウス(C57BL/6NCrl)にMC38腫瘍細胞を移植し、平均腫瘍体積がおよそ100mm3になった際に処置を開始した。処置組合せおよびスケジュールの概要を図3に示す。
1)ビヒクル
2)化合物I+抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、IM 投与スケジュール
3)化合物I+オキサリプラチン+抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、IM 投与スケジュール
4)オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、M 投与スケジュール
5)化合物I+オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、M 投与スケジュール
6)オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、I 投与スケジュール
7)化合物I+オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、I 投与スケジュール
化合物IとPD-1(クローンRMP1-14(ラットIgG)、BioXcellカタログ番号BE0146)およびオキサリプラチンの組合せの抗腫瘍活性をMC38同系マウス結腸癌モデルで評価した。総ての異種移植試験で、9週齢の雌C57BL/6マウス(C57BL/6NCrl)にMC38腫瘍細胞を移植し、平均腫瘍体積がおよそ100mm3になった際に処置を開始した。図3に示される誘導および維持(IM)投与スケジュールに従い、化合物Iをオキサリプラチンおよび抗PD-1と組み合わせて投与した。
1)ビヒクル
2)オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-1(クローンRMP1-14(ラットIgG)、BioXcellカタログ番号BE0146)、IM投与スケジュール
3)化合物I+オキサリプラチン+抗マウスPD-1(クローンRMP1-14(ラットIgG)、BioXcellカタログ番号BE0146)、IM投与スケジュール
化合物Iとマウス抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、および5-フルオロウラシル(5-flurouracil)(5-FU)の組合せの抗腫瘍活性をMC38同系マウス結腸癌モデルで評価した。総ての異種移植試験で、9週齢の雌C57BL/6マウス(C57BL/6NCrl)にMC38腫瘍細胞を移植し、平均腫瘍体積がおよそ100mm3になった際に処置を開始した。処置の組合せとスケジュールを図3に示す。
1)ビヒクル
2)5-FU+抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、IM 投与スケジュール
3)化合物I+5-FU+抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、IM 投与スケジュール
4)5-FU+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、M 投与スケジュール
5)化合物I+5-FU+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、M 投与スケジュール
6)5-FU+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、I 投与スケジュール
7)化合物I+5-FU+抗マウスPD-L1(クローン10F.9G2)、I 投与スケジュール
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスを4日間または8日間、オキサリプラチン(10mg/kg、IP)およびマウス抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2、100μg/マウス、IP)±化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)で処置した。最終投与の24時間後にマウスを安楽死させ、5日後および9日後に免疫細胞浸潤物中の腫瘍を採取した。次に、腫瘍を処理し、CD45、CD3、CD4、CD25、およびFOXP3の染色を行った。フローサイトメトリー分析により、CD45+CD3+CD4+集団内のCD25+FOXP3+集団を測定した。最終処置の5日後および9日後に採取したCD4+細胞の集団をそれぞれ図10および図11に示す。CD4+T細胞画分内の腫瘍内Treg細胞の集団は、化合物Iとオキサリプラチンおよびマウス抗PD-L1の組合せで処置したマウスでは、オキサリプラチンおよびマウス抗PD-L1で処置したビヒクルおよびマウスに比べて有意に減少していた。
C57BL/6マウスを毎日3回、50mg/kg 5-FU±100mg/kg化合物IのIP用量で処置した。最終処置の2日後および7日後にマウスを安楽死させ、脾臓を採取した。脾細胞をex vivoにて72時間、抗CD3/CD28抗体で刺激し、インターフェロンγ(IFNγ)またはインターロイキン-2(IL-2)のレベルをELISA(R&D systems)により測定した。C57BL/6マウスにおける、ex-vivo脾細胞刺激後、化合物Iは、5-FU処置後に、IL-2産生を増大させ(図12)、IFNγ産生を保護した(図13)。化合物Iが抗腫瘍活性を増強する潜在的機序には、化学療法からのTリンパ球機能の保護が含まれる。
CT26担持マウスを化合物I(IP、100mg/kg、週3回)、抗PD-L1(IP、5mg/動物、終了まで週2回)、および/またはオキサリプラチン(IP、10mg/kg、週3回)で処置し、腫瘍を評価した。抗PD-L1/オキサリプラチン計画への化合物Iの付加は、CT26モデルにおいて抗腫瘍有効性を一貫して増強した。
MC38担癌C5BL/6マウスを4日間、化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)を伴ってまたは伴わずに、オキサリプラチン(10mg/kg、IP)およびマウス抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2、100μg/マウス、IP)で処置した。最終の投与の24時間後にマウスを安楽死させ、脾臓を採取し、T細胞分析のために単細胞懸濁液とする処理を行った。脾細胞をフローサイトメトリー分析のために抗CD4、CD8、およびCD69抗体で染色した。活性化CD4+T細胞のパーセンテージは、CD8-CD4+T細胞画分内のCD69+細胞の割合として定義し、一方、活性化CD8+T細胞のパーセンテージは、CD8+CD4-T細胞画分内のCD69+細胞の割合として定義し、それらの結果を図16および17に示す。加えて、また、脾細胞をex-vivoにて抗CD3/CD28抗体で72時間刺激し、フローサイトメトリー分析のために抗CD4、CD8、およびIL-2抗体(ant-CD4, CD8, and IL-2 antibodies)で染色した。IL-2+細胞のパーセンテージをCDK4+CD8-T細胞画分内のIL-2+細胞の割合として定義し、その結果を図18に示す。
CD4+CD25+Tregは、C57BL/6マウスの脾臓から、二段階磁性ビーズ分離プロセス-全非CD4+細胞の除去とその後のCD25+細胞の陽性選択を用いて精製した。精製したTregをex-vivoにて、抗CD3/CD8抗体およびIL-2とともに48時間、0、250、または1000nMのトリラシクリブを伴って培養した。図Xに見られるように、培養Tregはフローサイトメトリー分析のためにCD4、Foxp3、およびphospho-Rb抗体で染色した。phospho-Rb+Tregのパーセンテージは、CD4+Foxp3+集団中のphospho-Rb+細胞として定義した。化合物Iによる処理後のTregにはphospho-Rbレベルの用量依存的下方調節が見られ、これはCDK4/6-Rb経路の阻害の指標となる。CFSE標識脾細胞をex-vivoにて、化合物Iで処理したTregの存在下または不在下で72時間、抗CD3/CD28抗体で刺激した。細胞を抗CD4およびCD8抗体で染色し、T細胞増殖を、フローサイトメトリー分析により、CD4-CD8+T細胞中のCFSEの平均蛍光強度の希薄化によって評価した。増殖パーセントを(Tregの不在下で刺激されたCD8+T細胞の平均CFSE強度)/(Tregの存在下で刺激されたCD8+T細胞の平均CFSE強度)×100として計算し、結果を図19および図20に示す。
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスを、化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)とともにまたは伴わずにオキサリプラチン(10mg/kg、IP)およびマウス抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2、100μg/マウス、IP)で58日日間処理した後、図3に示されるようにIMスケジュールを行った。58日目に分析のために、オキサリプラチンおよび抗PD-L1(OP)処置マウス、ならびに化合物I、オキサリプラチン、および抗PD-L1(TOP)処置マウスから脾臓および末梢血を採取した。ビヒクル処置マウスは、28日目に腫瘍成長エンドポイント(腫瘍体積>1000mm3)に達した際に分析のために安楽死させた。脾細胞および赤血球溶解末梢血サンプルをCD4、CD8、およびMC38特異的デキストラマー(H-2 Db/ASMTNMELM)で染色した。腫瘍特異的T細胞のパーセンテージをCD4-CD8+T細胞画分内のデキストラマー+細胞の割合として特定した。図23および24に示されるように、大多数のTOP処置マウスは、OP処置群に比べて脾臓および血液中の腫瘍特異的T細胞の割合が高く、このことは、化学療法/チェックポイント阻害剤処置中の化合物Iによる腫瘍内T細胞の保護がより多数の腫瘍特異的記憶T細胞の生成をもたらし得ることを示す。
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスを毎週2用量の化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)で処置した。最終投与の1日後にマウスを安楽死させ、分析のために腫瘍を採取した。遺伝子発現分析を、PanCacer Immune Profiling Panelを用いて腫瘍全体に対して行った。正規化およびLog2変換した発現値を、p値カットオフ<0.05および絶対変化倍率>1.3を用いて定義される差次的発現遺伝子の同定に使用した。上方調節遺伝子を「インターフェロンγ産生の正の調節」および「活性化T細胞増殖の正の調節」などのGOタームに関して富化し、これには図25、26、および27に示されるように、Il2、Il18、およびLta遺伝子が含まれる。これらの結果は、化合物Iの短期暴露が免疫チェックポイント遮断への応答に有利な炎症誘発性腫瘍微小環境を促進する遺伝子発現変化をもたらし得ることを示す。
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスを化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)、オキサリプラチン(10mg/kg、IP)±化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)、抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2、100μg/マウス、IP)±化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)、オキサリプラチン(10mg/kg、IP)および抗PD-L1(クローン10F.9G2、100μg/マウス、IP)±化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)で8日間処置した。最終投与の24時間後にマウスを安楽死させ、分析のために腫瘍を採取した。遺伝子発現分析を、PanCacer Immune Profiling Panelを用いて腫瘍全体に対して行った。正規化およびLog2変換したインターフェロンγ(Ifng)の発現レベルを、化合物Iを用いたまたは用いなかった処置群の各対に対してプロットした。T=化合物I、O=オキサリプラチン、P=抗PD-L1。図28~31に示されるように、これらの結果は、化合物Iの短期暴露が免疫チェックポイント遮断への応答に有利な炎症誘発性腫瘍微小環境を促進する遺伝子発現変化をもたらし得ることを示す。
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスを毎週2用量の化合物I(100mg/kg、IP)で処置した。最終投与の1日後にマウスを安楽死させ、分析のために腫瘍を採取した。遺伝子発現分析を、PanCacer Immune Profiling Panelを用いて腫瘍全体に対して行った。正規化およびLog2変換した発現値をp値カットオフ<0.05および絶対変化倍率>1.3を用いて定義される差次的発現遺伝子の同定に使用した。Cdkn1a、Cxcl1、Il6、Il10、Il19、Ptgs2を含む、下方調節遺伝子を、GOターム「反応性酸素種代謝の正の調節」に関して富化した。図32~37に示されるように、これらの結果は、化合物Iの短期暴露が、免疫抑制性の低い腫瘍微小環境に至る遺伝子発現変化変化をもたらし得ることを示す。
MC38担癌C57BL/6マウスにEdU(5-エチニル-2’-デオキシウリジン、200μg/マウス、IP)を投与した。EdU投与の18時間後にマウスを安楽死させ、分析のために腫瘍および脾臓を採取した。腫瘍および脾臓に単細胞懸濁液とする処理を行い、次いで、死細胞を除去し、CD45+免疫細胞を富化した後に、以下のように定義される種々のリンパ系および骨髄系免疫細胞集団に対して抗体標識を行った:CD8+T細胞(CD4-CD8+)、CD4+T細胞(CD4+CD8-Foxp3-)、Treg(CD4+CD8-Foxp3+)、NK(CD3-NK1.1+)、単球系骨髄由来抑制性細胞(mMDSC、CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G-)、顆粒球系骨髄由来抑制性細胞(gMDSC、CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+)、およびマクロファージ(CD11b+Ly6C-Ly6G-)。細胞表面染色後、細胞サンプルを固定し、EdU組込みをクリックケミストリーとその後のフローサイトメトリー分析によって検出した。増殖のパーセンテージは、定義された各細胞集団内の%EdU+として決定した。図39および40に示されるように、腫瘍内の総てのリンパ球サブセットおよびMDSCが高レベルの増殖を示し、化学療法計画への化合物Iの付加が化学毒性から腫瘍内免疫細胞を保護する能力を有し、抗腫瘍応答の増強をもたらすことを示す。
MC38担癌マウスを、抗PD-L1(週2回×2週間、IP、100ug/動物)とともにまたは伴わずに化合物I(毎日×28日、IP、100mg/kg)で処置し、
腫瘍体積を評価した。図38に見て取れるように、抗PD-L1計画に化合物Iを付加すると、抗PD-L1だけのコホートに見られる最小の効果が抑制された。これらのデータは、抗PD-L1への化合物Iの持続的処置の付加は抗腫瘍効果を増強せず、事実上いくらかの減弱を生じることを示す。
21日の誘導期および21日の維持期を含んでなる化合物I、アテゾリズマブ、エトポシド、およびカルボプラチンの組合せを用いる小細胞肺癌の治療のために、臨床試験を計画した。患が各誘導期周期の前に以下の判定基準を満たす場合には、最大4回の誘導期周期を完了した:ANC>1.5×109/L;血小板数>100×109/L;および非血液性の薬物関連毒性(脱毛を除く)が<グレード1であるかまたはベースラインに戻らなければならない。患者が上記の判定基準を満たさなければ、最後の誘導期の直後に維持期周期が開始される。最大4回の誘導周期の完了時に、その後、21日の維持期周期が開始される。試験の完了までに忍容されれば、1回以上の付加的維持期周期が投与できる。
Claims (35)
- ヒトにおける癌を治療するための医薬組成物であって、前記医薬組成物は、a)誘導期とb)維持期とを含んでなる治療計画により投与され、
a)誘導期は、
i)有効量の下記構造の選択的サイクリン依存性キナーゼ4/6(CDK4/6)阻害剤化合物:
ii)有効量の化学療法薬を投与すること、および
iii)有効量の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を投与すること
を含んでなり、
ここで、前記CDK4/6阻害剤は、前記誘導期において化学療法薬の投与前24時間以内だけに投与され、かつ、
b)維持期は、
i)有効量の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を投与すること
を含んでなり、
前記維持期の投与は、前記誘導期の休止後に行われる、医薬組成物。 - 前記維持期が、有効量の下記構造のCDK4/6阻害剤化合物:
項1に記載の医薬組成物。 - ヒトにおける癌を治療するための医薬組成物であって、前記医薬組成物は、a)誘導期
とb)維持期とを含んでなる治療計画により投与され、
a)誘導期は、
i)有効量の下記構造の選択的サイクリン依存性キナーゼ4/6(CDK4/6)阻害剤化合物:
ii)有効量の化学療法薬を投与すること、および
を含んでなり、
ここで、前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物は、前記誘導期において化学療法薬の投与前24時間
以内だけに投与され、かつ、
b)維持期は、
i)有効量の免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を投与すること、および
ii)有効量の下記構造のCDK4/6阻害剤化合物:
を含んでなり、
前記維持期の投与は、前記誘導期の休止後に行われる、医薬組成物。 - 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、プログラム細胞死-1(PD-1)阻害剤、プログラム細胞死-リガンド1(PD-L1)阻害剤または細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連タンパク質4(CTLA-4)阻害剤から選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医
薬組成物。 - 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤がPD-1阻害剤である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-1阻害剤がニボルマブ、ピディリズマブまたはペンブロリズマブから選択される、請求項5に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤がPD-L1阻害剤である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-L1阻害剤がアテゾリズマブ、アベルマブまたはデュルバルマブから選択される、請求項7に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤がCTLA-4阻害剤である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CTLA-4阻害剤がイピリムマブまたはトレメリムマブから選択され
る、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記化学療法薬が、タンパク質合成阻害剤、DNA損傷化学療法薬、アルキル化剤、トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤、RNA合成阻害剤、DNA複合体結合剤、チオラートアルキル化剤、グアニンアルキル化剤、チューブリン結合剤、DNAポリメラーゼ阻害剤、抗癌酵素、RAC1阻害剤、チミジル酸シンターゼ阻害剤、オキシアゾホスホリン化合物、インテグリン阻害剤、葉酸拮抗剤、葉酸代謝拮抗剤またはそれらの組合せから選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化学療法薬が、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、オキサリプラチン、5-フルオロウラシル、フロクスウリジン、カペシタビン、ゲムシタビン、マイトマイシン、シクロホスファミド、デカルバジン、アブラキサン、イフォスファミド、トポテカン、イリノテカン、ドセタキセル、テモゾロミド、パクリタキセル、エトポシド、ペメトレキセドまたはそれらの組合せから選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物が、化学療法薬の投与前4時間以内に投与される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物が、化学療法薬の投与前30分以内に投与される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記癌が、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、トリプルネガティブ乳癌、大腸癌、卵巣癌、膵臓癌、膀胱癌、胃食道癌、胆管癌、子宮頸癌および軟組織肉腫からなる群から選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記癌が膀胱癌である、請求項15のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化学療法薬が、ゲムシタビン、カルボプラチン、シスプラチンまたはそれらの組合せから選択される、請求項16に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイント阻害剤がPD-L1阻害剤である、請求項15に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-L1阻害剤がアテゾリズマブ、アベルマブまたはデュルバルマブから選択される、請求項18に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-L1阻害剤がアベルマブである、請求項19に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記癌がトリプルネガティブ乳癌である、請求項15に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化学療法薬が、シクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、パクリタキセル、カルボプラチンおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項21に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-1阻害剤が、ニボルマブ、ペンブロリズマブまたはピディリズマブから選択される、請求項21に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-1阻害剤がペンブロリズマブである、請求項23に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記癌が非小細胞肺癌である、請求項15に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-1阻害剤が、ニボルマブ、ペンブロリズマブまたはピディリズマブから選択される、請求項25に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記PD-1阻害剤がペンブロリズマブである、請求項26に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒトにおける尿路上皮癌を治療するための医薬組成物であって、前記医薬組成物は、a
)誘導期とb)維持期とを含んでなる治療計画により投与され、
a)誘導期は、
i)有効量の下記構造の選択的サイクリン依存性キナーゼ4/6(CDK4/6)阻害剤化合物:
ii)シスプラチン、カルボプラチン、ゲムシタビンまたはそれらの組合せから選択される、有効量の化学療法薬を投与すること、および
ここで、前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物は、前記誘導期において化学療法薬の投与前24時間以内だけに投与され、かつ、
b)維持期は、
i)有効量のアベルマブを投与すること、および
ii)有効量のCDK4/6阻害剤化合物:
を含んでなり、
前記維持期の投与は、前記誘導期の休止後に行われる、医薬組成物。 - 前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物が、化学療法薬の投与前4時間以内に投与される、請求項28に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記誘導期が、1回以上の21日周期を含んでなる、請求項28に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記誘導期が、前記21日周期が4回以上繰り返される、請求項30に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒトにおけるトリプルネガティブ乳癌を治療するための医薬組成物であって、前記医薬組成物は、
i)有効量の下記構造の選択的サイクリン依存性キナーゼ4/6(CDK4/6)阻害剤化合物:
ii)ドキソルビシン、シクロホスファミド、パクリタキセル、カルボプラチンおよびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、有効量の化学療法薬を投与すること、および
iii)有効量のペンブロリズマブを投与すること
を含んでなる治療計画により投与され、
ここで、前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物は、化学療法薬の投与前24時間以内に投与される、
医薬組成物。 - 前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物が、化学療法薬の投与前4時間以内に投与される、請求項32に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒトにおける転移性非扁平上皮小細胞肺癌を治療するための医薬組成物であって、前記医薬組成物は、a)誘導期とb)維持期とを含んでなる治療計画により投与され、
a)誘導期は、
i)有効量の下記構造の選択的サイクリン依存性キナーゼ4/6(CDK4/6)阻害剤化合物:
ii)有効量のカルボプラチンを21日周期の1日目に投与すること、
iii)有効量のペメトレキセドを21日周期の1日目に投与すること、および
iv)有効量のペンブロリズマブを21日周期の1日目に投与すること
を含んでなり、
ここで、前記化合物は、前記誘導期においてカルボプラチンおよび/またはペメトレキセドの投与前24時間以内だけに投与され、
前記化学療法薬は、免疫エフェクター細胞に対して細胞傷害性があり、かつ、
b)維持期は、
i)有効量のペンブロリズマブを21日周期の1日目に投与すること
を含んでなり、
前記維持期の投与は前記誘導期の休止後に行われる、医薬組成物。 - 前記CDK4/6阻害剤化合物が、化学療法薬の投与前4時間以内に投与される、請求項34に記載の医薬組成物。
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