JP7284759B2 - 抗cd40抗体およびその使用 - Google Patents
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Description
本PCT出願は、2017年12月27日出願の米国仮特許出願第62/610,642号に基づく優先権の利益を主張し、その内容全体を引用により本明細書中に包含させる。
電子的に提出された配列表(名称:3338.112PC01_SeqListing_ST25.txt;サイズ:153,067バイト;作成日:2018年12月14日)の内容は、その全体が引用により本明細書中に包含される。
最近の研究により、ヒトの癌および慢性感染患症は、悪性または被感染細胞に対する患者の免疫応答を調節する薬剤で処置され得ることが明らかになってきた。例えば、Reck & Paz-Ares (2015) Semin. Oncol. 42:402を参照。CP-870893およびダセツズマブ(SGN-40)などのアゴニスト抗CD40抗体は、かかる免疫応答を増強し得るという確信に基づいて癌を処置するための試みがなされてきた。例えば、Kirkwood et al. (2012) CA Cancer J. Clin. 62:309;Vanderheide & Glennie (2013) Clin. Cancer Res. 19:1035を参照。マウスでの最近の試験により、阻害性Fc受容体FcγRIIbに対する特異性が増強された抗CD40抗体の抗腫瘍効果を増大させることが明らかになった。例えば、WO2012/087928;Li & Ravetch (2011) Science 333:1030; Li & Ravetch (2012) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci USA 109:10966;Wilson et al. (2011) Cancer Cell 19:101; White et al. (2011) J. Immunol. 187:1754を参照。
本発明は、ヒトCD40に対する実質的な親和性を維持しつつ、改善された収率を示す抗体12D6についての改善されたヒト化重鎖および軽鎖可変ドメインを提供する。具体的には、本発明は、それぞれL4(配列番号49)のような改善された軽鎖可変領域L2からL6(配列番号47-51)および/または重鎖H4(配列番号54)のような改善された重鎖可変領域H2からH4(配列番号52-54)を含む、アゴニスト抗huCD40抗体を提供する。ある態様において、抗体は、それぞれ、(i)配列番号5、7、9、11、52、53および54の残基1-119ならびに配列番号49;(ii)配列番号54ならびに配列番号6、8または10の残基1-112、からなる群より選択される重鎖および軽鎖可変領域の対を含む。ある態様において、抗体は、それぞれ、(i)配列番号11の残基1-119ならびに配列番号49;および(ii)配列番号54および配列番号49からなる群より選択される重鎖および軽鎖可変領域の対を含む。ある態様において、本発明は、重鎖可変領域H2(配列番号52)および軽鎖可変領域L4(配列番号49)を含む抗体を包含する。これらの抗体のいずれかは、IgG1f(配列番号44)を含む重鎖定常領域、および/または配列番号45の軽鎖κ定常領域をさらに含んでいてよい。あるいは、これらの抗体のいずれかは、アゴニスト活性を増強するために、1以上のアミノ酸置換を含む重鎖定常領域をさらに含んでいてよい。
本発明は、ヒトCD40(“huCD40”)に特異的に結合し、アゴニスト活性を有する、単離された抗体、特にヒト化モノクローナル抗体を提供し、具体的には、huCD40に対する実質的な親和性を保持しつつ、収率を高める、改善された重鎖および軽鎖可変領域配列を提供する。
本明細書の記載をより容易に理解できるように、いくつかの用語を先ず定義する。さらなる定義は、詳細な説明の全体にわたって記載されている。
本出願は、癌および慢性のウイルス感染症などの疾患の処置における療法剤として用いるための望ましい特性を有するアゴニスト抗huCD40抗体を開示する。これらの特性は、ヒトCD40に高親和性で結合する能力、ヒト対象における許容可能な低い免疫原性、およびCHOなどの哺乳動物細胞で発現したときに許容可能な高レベルの抗体産生および低い凝集性のうち1以上を含む。本発明の抗CD40抗体は、改善された抗体と称することができ、この場合、改善は、mAb 12D6-24(配列番号11および8、またはその可変ドメインを含む)などの抗体の元の改変されていない形態を基準にして測定される。改善は、収量および単量体抗体の割合を含む何れかの特性によって、または多量体および他の高分子量種の欠如によって評価することができる。
本明細書に記載の抗体配列における幾つかの変動性は、許容されてよく、抗体の望ましい特性を依然として維持し得る。CDR領域は、Kabatシステム(Kabat, E. A., et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242)を用いて描写される。したがって、本発明は、本明細書に記載の抗体(例えば、12D6抗体は、配列番号54および49、配列番号11および49、または配列番号52および49の重鎖および軽鎖可変ドメインを含む)の重鎖および/または軽鎖可変ドメイン配列と少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%または99%同一である重鎖および/または軽鎖可変ドメイン配列を含む抗huCD40抗体を提供する。
標的抗原結合
種々の態様において、本発明の抗体は、抗原結合が有害であり得る組織および環境においては抗原結合を選択的に阻止するが、それが有益であり得る組織および環境においては抗原結合を許容するように修飾される。一態様において、抗体の抗原結合表面に特異的に結合し、抗原結合を妨害する遮断ペプチド“マスク”が産生され、このマスクは、ペプチダーゼ開裂可能リンカーにより抗体の結合アームの各々に連結させる。例えば、米国特許第8,518,404号(CytomX)参照。このような構築物は、非腫瘍組織と比較して腫瘍微小環境においてプロテアーゼレベルが高度に上昇している癌の処置に有用である。腫瘍微小環境における開裂可能リンカーの選択的開裂は、抗原結合が望まない副作用を起こす末梢組織ではなく、腫瘍において選択的にマスキング/遮断ペプチドを解離させ、抗原結合させ得る。
本発明の抗体は、意図された使用のための抗体の生物学的活性(ある場合)に基づいて選択された、異なるFc領域を含む定常ドメインと組合せた本発明の可変ドメインを含んでいてよい。Salfeld (2007) Nat. Biotechnol. 25:1369。例えば、ヒトIgGは、4つのサブクラス、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3およびIgG4に分類することができ、これらの各々は、Fcγ受容体(活性化受容体FcγRI(CD64)、FcγRIIA、FcγRIIC(CD32,c);FcγRIIIAおよびFcγRIIIB(CD16a,b)および抑制性受容体FcγRIIB(CD32b)の1以上との結合について、および補体の第1成分(C1q)について、独特のプロファイルを有するFc領域を含む。ヒトIgG1およびIgG3は、全Fcγ受容体に結合する;IgG2はFcγRIIAH131に結合し、およびFcγRIIAR131 FcγRIIIAV158に低い親和性で結合する;IgG4は、FcγRI、FcγRIIA、FcγRIIB、FcγRIICおよびFcγRIIIAV158に結合する;そして、阻害性受容体FcγRIIBは、IgG1、IgG2およびIgG3に対して他の全Fcγ受容体より低い親和性を有する。Bruhns et al. (2009) Blood 113:3716。FcγRIがIgG2に結合せず、FcγRIIIBがIgG2またはIgG4に結合しないことを示す試験がある。一般に、ADCC活性に関して、ヒトIgG1≧IgG3≫IgG4≧IgG2である。その結果、ADCCが望まれるとき、例えば、IgG2またはIgG4ではなく、IgG1定常ドメインが、薬物における使用のために選択されるはずである;FcγRIIIA発現NK細胞、単球またはマクロファージの活性化が望まれる場合、IgG3が選択されるはずである;そして、抗体がアレルギー患者の脱感作に使用される場合、IgG4が選択されるはずである。抗体が全エフェクター機能を欠くことが望ましい場合、IgG4がまた選択され得る。
特定の態様において、抗体を修飾して、その生物学的半減期を延長させる。種々の試みが可能である。例えば、これは、Fc領域のFcRnへの結合親和性を高めることにより行われ得る。ある態様において、米国特許5,869,046および6,121,022(Presta et al.)に記載のように、IgGのFc領域のCH2ドメインの2つのループから採ったサルベージ受容体結合エピトープを含むように、抗体をCH1またはCL領域内で改変する。FcRnへの結合が増加したおよび/または薬物動態学的特性が改善した他のFcバリアントの例としては、例えば259I、308F、428L、428M、434S、434H、434F、434Yおよび434Mを含む、259位、308位および434位の置換が挙げられる。FcRnへのFc結合が増加した他の変異体は、250E、250Q、428L、428F、250Q/428L(Hinton et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213-6216, Hinton et al. (2006) Journal of Immunology 176:346-356)、256A、272A、305A、307A、311A、312A、378Q、380A、382A、434A(Shields et al. (2001) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(9):6591-6604)、252F、252Y、252W、254T、256Q、256E、256D、433R、434F、434Y、252Y/254T/256E、433K/434F/436H(Dall' Acqua et al. (2002) Journal of Immunology, 169:5171-5180, Dall'Acqua et al. (2006) Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:23514-23524)を含む。米国特許第8,367,805号参照。
IgG4定常ドメインを用いるとき、置換228Pを包含させることが通常好ましく、これは、IgG1におけるヒンジ配列を模倣し、それゆえに、IgG4分子を安定化し、例えば治療抗体と処置患者における内在性IgG4の間のFabアーム交換を減少させる。Labrijn et al., (2009) Nat. Biotechnol. 27:767; Reddy et al., (2000) J. Immunol. 164:1925。
本明細書に記載の抗体は、軽鎖または重鎖可変領域のいずれかに1以上のグリコシル化部位を含み得る。このようなグリコシル化部位は、抗原結合の改変により、抗体の免疫原性増加または抗体のpKの改変をもたらし得る(Marshall et al. (1972) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 41:673-702; Gala and Morrison (2004) J. Immunol 172:5489-94; Wallick et al. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168:1099-109; Spiro (2002) Glycobiology 12:43R-56R; Parekh et al. (1985) Nature 316:452-7; Mimura et al. (2000) Mol Immunol 37:697-706)。グリコシル化は、N-X-S/T配列を含むモチーフで生じることが知られている。ある状況において、可変領域グリコシル化を含まない抗huCD40抗体を有することが好ましい。これは、可変領域にグリコシル化モチーフを含まない抗体を選択するか、グリコシル化領域内の残基を変異させることにより、達成できる。
本明細書に記載の別の面は、本明細書に記載の抗体をコードする核酸分子である。核酸は、細胞全体中、細胞溶解物中または一部精製したもしくは実質的に純粋な形態で存在し得る。核酸は、他の細胞成分または他の汚染物、例えば、他の細胞核酸(例えば、他の染色体DNA、例えば、天然で単離されたDNAと連結している染色体DNA)またはタンパク質から、アルカリ/SDS処理、CsClバンディング、カラムクロマトグラフィー、制限酵素、アガロースゲル電気泳動および当技術分野で周知のその他を含む標準技術により精製されたとき、“単離”されまたは“実質的に純粋”である。F. Ausubel, et al., ed. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York参照。本明細書に記載の核酸は、例えば、DNAでもRNAでもよく、イントロン配列を含んでも、含んでいなくてもよい。特定の態様において、核酸はcDNA分子である。
CD40に対するモノクローナル抗体を産生するトランスフェクトーマの作製
配列が提供されている特定の抗体および他の関連抗CD40抗体の両者を含む本発明の抗体を、当技術分野で周知のように、例えば、組換えDNA技術および遺伝子トランスフェクション法の組合せを用いて、宿主細胞トランスフェクトーマにおいて産生させ得る(Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229:1202)。
本明細書に記載の抗体を、例えば、標準ELISAにより、CD40への結合について試験できる。すなわち、マイクロタイタープレートを、PBS中1~2μg/mlの精製CD40でコーティングし、次いでPBS中5%ウシ血清アルブミンでブロッキングする。抗体の希釈物(例えば、CD40免疫化マウスの血漿の希釈物)を各ウェルに添加し、37℃にて1~2時間インキュベートする。プレートをPBS/Tweenで洗浄し、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)にコンジュゲートした二次試薬(例えば、ヒト抗体について、ヤギ抗ヒトIgG Fc特異的ポリクローナル試薬)と、37℃にて1時間インキュベートする。洗浄後、プレートをABTS基質(Moss Inc.、製品: ABTS-1000)と反応させ、分光光度計でOD415~495で分析する。次いで、免疫化マウスからの血清を、ヒトCD40を発現する細胞株に結合するが、CD40を発現しない対照細胞株に結合しないことについて、フローサイトメトリーによりさらにスクリーニングする。すなわち、抗CD40抗体の結合を、CD40発現CHO細胞と、抗CD40抗体を、1:20希釈でインキュベートすることにより評価する。細胞を洗浄し、結合を、PE標識抗ヒトIgG Abを用いて検出する。フローサイトメトリー分析を、FACScanフローサイトメトリー(Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA)を用いて行う。好ましくは、最高力価を発生させるマウスを融合に用いる。マウス抗huCD40抗体を検出する場合は、抗マウス検出抗体を用いて同様の試験を行うことができる。
本明細書に記載の抗体を、二重特異性分子の形成に使用し得る。抗CD40抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを、別の官能性分子、例えば、別のペプチドまたはタンパク質(例えば、受容体に対する別の抗体またはリガンド)で誘導体化または連結して、少なくとも2つの異なる結合部位または標的分子に結合する二重特異性分子を産生できる。本明細書に記載の抗体は、実際1個を超える他の官能性分子で誘導体化または連結して、2つを超える異なる結合部位および/または標的分子と結合する多特異的分子を産生できる;このような多特異的分子も、本明細書で用いる用語“二重特異性分子”に包含されることを意図する。本明細書に記載の二重特異性分子を創出するために、本明細書に記載の抗体を、二重特異性分子が生じるように、他の抗体、抗体フラグメント、ペプチドまたは結合模倣剤のような1以上の他の結合分子と(例えば、化学カップリング、遺伝的融合、非共有結合的結合またはその他により)機能的に連結できる。
本発明は、薬学的に許容される担体と共に製剤される、本明細書に記載の1以上の抗CD40抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを含む組成物、例えば医薬組成物をさらに提供する。かかる組成物は、本明細書に記載の(例えば、2以上の異なる)抗体、または免疫複合体もしくは二重特異性分子のうち1つまたは組み合わせを含み得る。例えば、本明細書に記載の医薬組成物は、標的抗原上の異なるエピトープに結合するか、または相補的な活性を有する抗体(または免疫複合体もしくは二重特異性分子)の組み合わせを含み得る。
本明細書に記載の抗体、抗体組成物および方法は、例えば、CD40シグナル伝達をアゴナイズすることにより免疫増強を伴う、多くのインビトロおよびインビボ適用を有する。好ましい態様において、本明細書に記載の抗体はヒトまたはヒト化抗体である。例えば、本明細書に記載の抗huCD40抗体を、培養中の細胞に、インビトロまたはエクスビボでまたはヒト対象に、例えば、インビボで投与し、多くの疾患における免疫を増強できる。したがって、本発明は、対象に、該対象における免疫応答が増強、刺激または上方制御されるように、本明細書に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを投与することを含む、対象における免疫応答を修飾する方法を提供する。
本発明は、癌、対象が処置されるように、例えば、癌性腫瘍の増殖を阻止または低減する、および/または腫瘍が退行するように、本明細書に記載の抗huCD40抗体を対象に投与することを含む、癌を有する対象を処置するための方法を提供する。抗huCD40抗体を、癌性腫瘍の増殖阻止に単独で用い得る。あるいは、抗huCD40抗体を、下記のように、他の薬剤、例えば、他の免疫原性薬剤、標準癌処置または他の抗体と組み合わせて用い得る。抗PD-1抗体または抗PD-L1抗体のようなPD-1の阻害剤との併用もまた提供される。例えば、Ellmark et al. (2015) OncoImmunology 4:7 e1011484参照。
別の面において、本明細書に記載の発明は、対象が感染症の処置を受けるように、該対象に抗huCD40抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを投与することを含む、対象における感染症の処置法を提供する。
本明細書に記載の抗huCD40抗体を用いて、抗huCD40抗体と目的の抗原、例えばワクチンとの共投与により、抗原特異的免疫応答を増強することができる。従って、本発明は、対象において抗原に対する免疫応答が増強されるように、該対象に(i)抗原;および、(ii)抗huCD40抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントを投与することを含む、対象における免疫応答の増強方法を提供する。抗原は、例えば、腫瘍抗原、ウイルス抗原、細菌抗原または病原体由来の抗原であり得る。かかる抗原の非限定的例は、上記の腫瘍抗原(または腫瘍ワクチン)、または上記のウイルス、細菌もしくは他の病原体由来の抗原などの、上に記載のものを含む。
上記の併用療法に加えて、本明細書に記載の抗CD40抗体は、以下に記載のように、例えば癌の処置のための、併用療法においても用いられ得る。
アルキル化剤(窒素マスタード、エチレンイミン誘導体、アルキルスルホネート、ニトロソウレア類およびトリアゼンを含むが、これらに限定されない):ウラシルマスタード、クロルメチン、シクロホスファミド(シトキサン(商標))、フォスファミド、メルファラン、クロラムブシル、ピポブロマン、トリエチレンメラミン、トリエチレンチオホスホrアミン、ブスルファン、カルムスチン、ロムスチン、ストレプトゾシン、ダカルバジンおよびテモゾロミド。
代謝拮抗剤(葉酸アンタゴニスト、ピリミジン類縁体、プリン類縁体およびアデノシンデアミナーゼ阻害剤を含むが、これらに限定されない):メトトレキサート、5-フルオロウラシル、フロクスウリジン、シタラビン、6-メルカプトプリン、6-チオグアニン、フルダラビンホスフェート、ペントスタチンおよびゲムシタビン。
本発明の改良されたヒト化重鎖および軽鎖可変領域配列を有するアゴニスト抗CD40抗体は、WO2017/004006に記載の抗CD40抗体に由来した。WO2017/004006に記載の例示的な抗体の可変ドメインおよびCDR配列領域は、配列表に提供されており、表2にまとめられている。本発明の改善された抗CD40抗体の可変ドメインおよびCDR領域の番号付けは、同じ元のクローンに由来するすべての抗体について同じであり、すなわち、本明細書に記載のヒト化変異体は、改善改変型mAb 12D6の配列番号47~51に提供される軽鎖可変領域配列および配列番号52~54に提供される重鎖可変領域配列を除いて、いなかる挿入も削除も含まない。
実施例1
ヒトCD40に対するヒト化モノクローナル抗体の特性化
本発明のアゴニスト抗CD40抗体、例えば抗体12D6-24を、HEK293細胞における一過性トランスフェクションにより作製した。治療用タンパク質への開発のための実現可能性を評価するために、単量体の収量および割合を決定した。Expi293発現システム(商標)タンパク質発現系(Thermo Fisher Scientific、Waltham Mass., USA)での5日後の抗体12D6-24(それぞれ、配列番号11の残基1-119および配列番号8の残基1-112からなる重鎖および軽鎖可変領域を含む)の力価は、18mg/Lであり、材料の67%のみが単量体型であった。他の同様の抗体は、通常50~100mg/Lで発現し、95%を超えて単量体あった。低生産性および凝集傾向は、治療用抗体にとって望ましくない特性であった。
ヒト化抗huCD40抗体12D6-24のための改変型重鎖および軽鎖可変領域
低発現レベルおよび凝集傾向を含む、実施例1で同定された臨床用製造特性の低さに鑑み、アゴニスト抗huCD40 mAb 12D6-24の重鎖および軽鎖可変ドメインの両方を再設計し、その結果、新規の軽鎖可変領域配列L2(配列番号47)、L3(配列番号48)、L4(配列番号49)およびL5(配列番号50)ならびに新規の重鎖可変領域配列H2(配列番号52)およびH3(配列番号53)を得た。
改良された重鎖および軽鎖可変領域を有する抗CD40抗体の生物学的活性
本発明の改良された抗CD40(mAb 12D6)抗体の生物学的活性を評価するために、さらに試験した。最初の試験では、ヒト単球(CD14+)を、プラスチック付着またはヒトCD14マイクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec)を用いて健常ドナーから単離した。単球を、100ng/mL GM-CSF(Miltenyi Biotec)および100ng/mL IL-4(Miltenyi Biotec)で培養した。2日目および5日目に、培地の半分を除去して補充した。6-7日目に、未成熟樹状細胞を回収した。DCを、37℃にて一晩、示された抗体濃度でインキュベートした。細胞培養上清を集め、ヒトTNF-α産生についてアッセイした。図1を参照。
当業者は、本明細書に記載の本発明の特定の態様の多くの均等物を認識するか、または常套の実験を用いて確認することができる。そのような均等物は、特許請求の範囲に包含されることが意図される。
Claims (15)
- ヒトCD40に特異的に結合する単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分であって、
a)(i)配列番号11の残基1-119;
(ii)配列番号52;および
(iii)配列番号54、からなる群より選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域;ならびに
b)配列番号49のアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域
を含む、単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分。 - a)配列番号11の残基1-119のアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域;および
b)配列番号49のアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域
を含む、請求項1記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分。 - a)配列番号54のアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域;および
b)配列番号49のアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域
を含む、請求項1記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分。 - a)配列番号52のアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域;および
b)配列番号49のアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域
を含む、請求項1記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分。 - 請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分の重鎖可変領域および軽鎖可変領域をコードする核酸。
- 請求項5記載の核酸を含む発現ベクター。
- (i)請求項6記載の発現ベクター;または(ii)請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分の重鎖可変領域をコードする核酸を含む発現ベクターおよび請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分の軽鎖可変領域をコードする核酸を含む別の発現ベクター、を用いて形質転換された細胞。
- a)請求項7記載の細胞中で、抗体またはその抗原結合部分を発現させること;および
b)該細胞から抗体またはその抗原結合部分を単離すること
を含む、抗ヒトCD40抗体またはその抗原結合部分を製造する方法。 - a)請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載の単離抗体またはその抗原結合部分;および
b)担体
を含む、医薬組成物。 - それを必要とする対象において免疫応答を刺激するための、請求項9記載の医薬組成物。
- 対象が腫瘍を有し、および医薬組成物が、該対象に投与された際に、該腫瘍に対する免疫応答を刺激することができる、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
- 対象が慢性のウイルス感染症を有し、および医薬組成物が、該対象に投与された際に、該慢性のウイルス感染症に対する免疫応答を刺激することができる、請求項10記載の医薬組成物。
- それを必要とする対象において癌を処置するための、請求項9記載の医薬組成物。
- 癌が、膀胱癌、乳癌、子宮/子宮頚癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、精巣癌、食道癌、消化器癌、膵臓癌、結腸直腸癌、結腸癌、腎臓癌、頭頚部癌、肺癌、胃癌、生殖細胞癌、骨癌、肝臓癌、甲状腺癌、皮膚癌、中枢神経系の腫瘍、リンパ腫、白血病、骨髄腫、肉腫およびウイルス関連の癌からなる群より選択される、請求項13記載の医薬組成物。
- それを必要とする対象において慢性のウイルス感染症を処置するための、請求項9記載の医薬組成物。
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PCT/US2018/067740 WO2019133747A1 (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2018-12-27 | Anti-cd40 antibodies and uses thereof |
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