JP7144411B2 - ペリリルアルコール-3-ブロモピルベート複合体及びがんの治療方法 - Google Patents
ペリリルアルコール-3-ブロモピルベート複合体及びがんの治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
- C07C69/67—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of saturated acids
- C07C69/716—Esters of keto-carboxylic acids or aldehydo-carboxylic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
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- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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Description
a.下記のものであるペリリルアルコール及び3-ブロモピルベートの複合体:
b.それの薬学的に許容される塩
が提供される。
1,1-ジクロロジメチルエーテルをブロモピルビン酸と反応させて、3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドを形成すること;及び
3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドをペリリルアルコールと反応させて、3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステルを形成すること
を含む方法に関するものである。
d.C7:カスパーゼ7;
e.Dox:ドキソルビシン;
f.FACS:蛍光活性化細胞分類;
g.GAPDH:グリセルアルデヒド-3-ホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ;
h.GSH:グルタチオン;
i.IC50:阻害濃度
j.50%;LDH:乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ;
k.MCT1:モノカルボン酸輸送体1;
l.MTT:3-(4,5-ジメチルチアゾール-2-イル)-2,5-ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド;
m.NAC:N-アセチル-システイン;
n.NEO218:3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステル;
o.PARP:ポリ(ADP-リボース)ポリメラーゼ;
p.PI:ヨウ化プロピジウム;
q.POH:ペリリルアルコール;
r.STS:スタウロスポリン;及び
s.TMZ:テモゾロマイド。
一連の前臨床イン・ビトロ及びイン・ビボ実験を行って、NEO218の強力な抗がん活性を特徴付けし、確立した。代表的な結果を下記で提供する。
NEO218の腫瘍細胞殺滅力を、イン・ビトロ短期MTTアッセイ(代謝活性を求めることで細胞の生存率を測定する)、LDHアッセイ(細胞死滅を示す漏出細胞膜の指標としての乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼの放出を測定)、及びコロニー形成アッセイ(CFA、薬剤処理細胞の長期生存率及びそれらが子孫のコロニーを産む能力を求めるもの)によって特徴付けた。乳房のがん由来のいくつかの確立された細胞系を標的細胞として用い(MDA-MB-231;MDA-MB-468;T47D;MCF7;MCF7/Dox;BTB12)、脳(T98G;U251)、卵巣(A2780)、及び結腸(HCT116)の細胞系も用いた。いずれの場合も、培養細胞を、24時間又は48時間にわたり、薬剤濃度を上昇させながら、それに曝露した。
開裂(cl.)-全長(f.l.)PARP;及び
γ-H2AXの誘発(DNA開裂を示す)。
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NEO218の純度は、ガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)又は高圧液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)によって分析することができる。NEO218の純度を分析し、不純物の存在を確認する他の技術には、核磁気共鳴(NMR)分光法、質量分析(MS)、GC-MS、赤外分光法(IR)、及び薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)などがあるが、これらに限定されるものではない。キラル純度はキラルGC又は旋光度の測定によって評価することができる。
本発明は、NEO218を用いて、疾患、例えばがん若しくは他の神経系障害を治療する方法も提供する。NEO218は単独で投与することができるか、放射線、外科処置又は化学療法剤と組み合わせて投与することができる。NEO218はまた、抗ウィルス剤、抗炎症剤又は抗生物質と同時投与することもできる。それらの薬剤は、同時に又は順次に投与することができる。NEO218は、他の活性剤の投与の前、途中又は後に投与することができる。
略称:3-BP:3-ブロモピルベート;CFA:コロニー形成アッセイ;GAPDH:グリセルアルデヒド3-ホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ;GSH:グルタチオン;MCT-1:モノカルボン酸輸送体1;NAC:N-アセチルシステイン;NEO218:3-ブロモピルベートに複合体化したペリリルアルコール;POH:ペリリルアルコール;ROS:反応性酸素種;SDH:コハク酸デヒドロゲナーゼ複合体。
抗がん剤3-ブロモピルベート(3-BP)は、エネルギー枯渇によって解糖系がん細胞を優先的に殺す解糖阻害剤と見なされている。しかしながら、それの細胞傷害活性は、膜横断モノカルボン酸輸送体1(MCT-1)を介した細胞薬剤移入に依存しており、それは抗がん能力をMCT-1陽性腫瘍細胞に制限するものである。本発明者らは、NEO218と称される3-BPのMCT-1非依存性類縁体を作り、特性決定した。NEO218は、3-BPを、天然モノテルペンであるペリリルアルコール(POH)に共有結合的に結合させることで合成した。いずれかの化合物による処理に対する各種腫瘍細胞系の応答を、補充のピルベート又は抗酸化剤N-アセチル-システイン(NAC)及びグルタチオン(GSH)の存在下又は非存在下で特性決定した。グリセルアルデヒド3-ホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)酵素活性に対する薬剤効果を、質量分析によって調べた。3-BP抵抗性の発生を、イン・ビトロのMCT-1陽性HCT116結腸癌細胞で調べた。本発明者らの結果は、NEO218が、(i)それのシステイン残基の4個全てでGAPDHピルビン酸化して、酵素活性を遮断し;(ii)細胞ATP含有量を生命維持レベル以下に大きく低下させ、及び(iii)急速壊死を誘発したことを示している。興味深いことに、補充の抗酸化剤が、NEO218並びに3-BPの細胞傷害性活性を効果的に防止したが、補充のピルベートは細胞を3-BPからのみ強力に保護したが、NEO218からは保護しなかった。3-BPとは異なり、NEO218は、細胞MCT-1状況とは無関係に、それの強力な細胞傷害活性を発揮した。MCT-1陰性細胞の出現に基づくと、HCT116細胞の3-BPによる処理により、急速に抵抗性が発生した。これは、NEO218には当てはまらず、非常に3-BP抵抗性の細胞がNEO218に対して強く感受性のままであった。従って、本発明者らはの試験は、腫瘍細胞が急速に3-BPに対する抵抗性を発生させ、NEO218をこの細胞防御を受けない優れた薬剤として提供する機序を確認するものである。さらに、本発明者らの結果は、補充の抗酸化剤の役割に関する既に発表されているモデルの別の解釈を提供するものである。反応性酸素種(ROS)を失活させるのではなく、補充のNAC又はGSHが3-BPと直接相互作用することで、薬剤がROS産生を誘発し得る前にその薬剤の細胞傷害能力を中和する。総合すると、本発明者らの試験は、3-BPの細胞傷害性機序の新たな側面を導入するものであり、NEO218を、この薬剤に対する主要な細胞防御機構を克服することができる類縁体と特徴付けるものである。
3-ブロモピルベート(3-BP;3-ブロモピルビン酸)は、細胞傷害活性を有するピルベートの合成ハロゲン化誘導体である。それは、ある種のタンパク質のアルキル化剤として機能し、それに続くタンパク質ピルビン酸化により、酵素活性の阻害が生じる。最も良く説明されている3-BPの標的タンパク質は、解糖経路におけるグリセルアルデヒド-3-ホスフェートデヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)であり[1,2]、それは、3-BPの解糖阻害剤としての評価に寄与した[3-6]。腫瘍細胞は、正常細胞よりかなり大きく解糖に依存しており(ワールブルク効果)、3-BPによって誘発される細胞死は、細胞エネルギープールの枯渇によるものであると考えられている[3,4,7]。この観点は、補充のピルベートが、細胞培養における3-BPの細胞傷害効果に対して細胞を保護できることを示す実験によってさらに裏付けられた[8,9]。
2.1.薬剤
3-BPはSigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO)から入手し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に溶かして、200mMストック液を調製した。NEO218は、Norac Pharma(Azusa CA)が製造したものであり、NeOnc Technologies, Inc.(NTI, Los Angeles, CA)によって提供され;それをDMSO(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA)に200mMで溶解させた。小分け試料を、凍結/解凍を行わずに1ヶ月まで-20℃で保存した。カスパーゼプロテアーゼの触媒部位に不可逆的に結合する細胞浸透性汎カスパーゼ阻害剤であるZ-VAD-FMK(カルボベンゾキシ-バリル-アラニル-アスパルチル-[O-メチル]-フルオロメチルケトン)は、Sigma-Aldrichから入手し、DMSOで調製した20mMストック液から用いた。ピルビン酸ナトリウム及びピルビン酸メチルも同様に、Sigma-Aldrichから入手した。ピルビン酸メチルの方がより効果的にミトコンドリアに進入すると考えられているが、本発明者らの実験では、両方の形のピルベートが同様に効果的であった。
次のヒト腫瘍細胞系:HCT116結腸癌;LN229、T98G、及びU251神経膠芽腫;MCF7、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-468、BTM-12、及びT47D乳癌を用いた。ME16Cは、テロメラーゼで不死化した正常乳腺上皮細胞である。37℃及び7%CO2雰囲気の加湿インキュベータ中、全ての細胞を、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)、100U/mLペニシリン及び0.1mg/mLストレプトマイシンを補充したDMEM中で増殖させた。全ての細胞培養試薬が、USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterのCell Culture Core Labによって提供され、Cellgro/MediaTech (Manassas, VA)からの原料を用いて製造されたものであり;FBSはOmega Scientific(Tarzana, CA)から入手した。
メチルチアゾールテトラゾリウム(MTT)アッセイは、既報の方法に従って行った[38]。即ち、細胞を、2.0~8.0×103細胞/ウェルで96ウェルプレートに接種し、24時間又は48時間にわたり薬剤処理(又は溶媒単独)に曝露した。個々の実験において、各処理条件は三連で設定し、各実験は独立に数回繰り返した。
細胞系(及びプレーティング効率)に応じて、250~800個の細胞を、6ウェルプレートの各ウェルに接種し、既報で詳細に説明された方法に従って処理した[39]。12~16日後、コロニー(>50細胞の群と定義される)を、1%メチレンブルー(メタノール中溶液)で4時間染色することで肉眼観察できるようにし、カウントした。実験は少なくとも1回繰り返したが、通常は異なる条件下でさらに高頻度で繰り返した。
細胞系に応じて、2000~4000細胞/ウェルを、96ウェルプレートに体積50μLで接種した。翌日、更なる培地50μL中の薬剤を加えた。異なる時間点で(通常は、24時間のインキュベーション後)、培地50μLを取り、製造者の取扱説明書に従ってLDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA)で処理した。このキットは、赤色ホルマザン生成物を生じる酵素反応を用いて培地中の細胞外LDHを測定するものであり、それは分光測定的に測定することができる。吸光度を490nm及び680nmで測定した。全てのLDHレベルを未処理対照に正規化し、対照の倍率変化として提供した。
Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488 Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosisキット(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いるフローサイトメトリーによって、細胞死の特性決定を行った。このキットは、アポトーシス細胞と反応する組換え緑色フルオロフォア複合化アネキシンV、及び生存及びアポトーシス細胞は非透過性であるが、死亡細胞を染色するDNA結合赤色蛍光ヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)を含む。異なる細胞群を、488nmレーザー励起によるフローサイトメトリー時の緑色蛍光(アポトーシス細胞)、赤色蛍光(壊死/死亡細胞)、及び無蛍光(生存細胞)によって識別することができる。対照又は薬剤処理細胞は、製造者の取扱説明書に従って処理し、次にUSC Flow Cytometry Core FacilityでLSR II(BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)を用いて10000個細胞/点のフローサイトメトリーを行った。
細胞のATP含有量を、グリセロールのリン酸化を利用して、570nmでの比色分析によって定量される生成物を発生させるATP Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assayキット(Biovision Inc., Milpitas, CA)によって測定した。約1×106細胞を、10cm組織培養プレートで培養し、各種機関にわたって薬剤処理に曝露し、そして製造者の取扱説明書に従って処理した。全てのATPレベルを未処理対照に正規化し、対照のパーセントとして示した。
GAPDHイン・ビトロの酵素活性を、Colorimetric GAPDH Assayキット(ScienCell Research Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA)によって測定した。このアッセイは、3-ホスホグリセリン酸、ATP及びGAPDHの存在下のβ-NADHのβ-NADへの酸化に基づくものである。GAPDH活性は、340nmでの吸光度における経時的な低下(ΔA340nm/分)に比例するNADH酸化の速度を分析することで求められる。細胞10万個を細胞溶解緩衝液100μL中で溶解させ、上記成分とともにインキュベートした。10分間にわたる吸光度変化を計算し、未処理対照に対して正規化した。データは、対照のパーセントとして示される。二種類の薬剤処理を行い、一方のアプローチでは、薬剤を増殖細胞に加え、通常の細胞培養条件下で30分間経過させ;他方のアプローチでは、薬剤を細胞溶解物に加えて4℃で1時間経過させた。
全てのsiRNA類は、Qiagen, Valencia, CAから購入した。MCT1発現をノックダウンするため、本発明者らは、siRNA Hs_SLC16A1_6(標的配列:5′-CAGCAGTATCCTGGTGAATAA-3′)を用いた。非サイレンシング対照として、本発明者らは、いずれの既知哺乳動物遺伝子とも相同性を持たないAllStars陰性対照siRNAを用いた。6ウェルプレートの細胞10万個/ウェルを、jetPRIMEトランスフェクション試薬及び緩衝液(Polyplus Transfection, New York, NY)を用いて50nM siRNAでトランスフェクションした。24時間後に培地を変え、トランスフェクションから72時間後に細胞の実験を行った。
合計細胞溶解物を、既報の方法に従ってウェスタンブロット分析によって分析した[40]。開裂カスパーゼ7及びPARPに対する一次抗体を、Cell Signaling Technology(Danvers, MA)から入手し、アクチン(C-11)及びMCT1(H-1)に対する抗体を、Santa Cruz Biotechnology(Santa Cruz, CA)から入手した。いずれの抗体も製造者推奨の方法に従って用いたが、例外として、MCT1検出の場合に、ポリアクリルアミドゲル上にサンプルを負荷する前に煮沸段階を省略した。全ての免疫ブロットは少なくとも1回繰り返して、結果の確認を行った。
HCT116細胞を、24ウェルプレート中のカバーガラス上に1~2×105細胞/ウェルで接種した。翌日、細胞をアセトン中で10分間固定し、次にSEAブロッキング緩衝液(Thermo Fisher Scientific)で30分間ブロッキングし、MCT1抗体(1:50;H1、Santa Cruz)と室温で終夜インキュベートした。二次抗体は、ビオチン化ウマ抗マウスIgG(1:200;Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA)であった。細胞を、ヘマトキシリンで20秒間対比染色し、次にVectaMount AQ封入剤(Vector Laboratories)中でマウント(mount)した。
LC/MS実験は、Easy-nLC 1000システムに連結されたQ Exactive(商標名)Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap質量分析装置で行った。分析カラムは、C18カートリッジトラップカラム(5mm×300μm(内径)、5μm粒子(孔経100Å)を充填)と直列連結されたC18 EASY-Sprayカラム(25cm×75μm(内径)、2μm粒子(孔経100Å)を充填)であった。反応生成物を、流量300nL/分及び150分勾配で分割した。溶媒Aは、0.1%ギ酸含有100%水であった。溶媒B含有率(0.1%ギ酸含有100%アセトニトリル)を、140分以内で2~44%に上昇させた。次に、分割反応生成物を、375~1700m/zのサーベイスキャン、200m/zで70000の分解能、及び1e6のAGCターゲット(最大注入時間は60msに設定した。)でのデータ依存性獲得モード下に分析した。サーベイスキャン後、200m/zで17,500の分解能、及び5e4のAGCターゲット(最大注入時間は64msに設定した。)で正規化衝突エネルギー(NCE)27下に、トップ10の生成物イオンをフラグメンテーションのために選択した。生質量分析データのデータ分析を、Xcalibur(商標名)及びThermo Scientificが開発したProteome Discovererソフトウェアを用いて行った。
全てのパラメータデータを、スチュデントのt検定を用いて解析して、有意値を計算した。確率値(p)<0.05を、統計的に有意と見なした。
3.1.細胞傷害力:新規な3-BP類縁体、NEO218
イン・ビトロの3-BPの細胞傷害効果がMCT-1の存在に依存することが報告されていることから、本発明者らは、試験で使用される各種腫瘍細胞系での3-BPの細胞傷害性とともにMCT-1発現レベルを特性決定することで試験を開始した。本発明者らは、1種類の結腸癌細胞系(HCT116)、3種類の神経膠芽腫細胞系(LN229、T98G、U251)、4種類の乳がん細胞系(MCF7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-468)、原発性乳がん細胞の一つの培養物(BTM-12)、及び正常乳房上皮細胞の確立された株(ME16C)を含めた。10種類全ての細胞系について、本発明者らは、ウェスタンブロット分析によるMCT-1タンパク質レベルとともにMTTアッセイによってIC50(細胞群の50%を殺す薬剤の濃度)を確立した。図16A~16Cにまとめたように、MCT-1レベルは異なる細胞で大きく変わり、IC50値もそうであった。しかしながら、二つの間には明瞭な相関があり:高MCT-1レベルを有する細胞(HCT116、U251、ME16C、MDA-MB-468)は、それより低いMCT-1レベルを有する細胞(IC50:150~300μM)よりかなり低いIC50(15~60μM)を示した。これらの結果は、細胞の3-BPに対する感受性には高MCT-1発現レベルが必要であるという以前のデータと一致するものである。
上記の結果は、NEO218の細胞傷害効果がMCT-1の存在を必要としないことを示していた。この結論をさらにバリデーションするため、本発明者らは、siRNAトランスフェクションを用いて、HCT116細胞でMCT-1発現をノックダウンした。予想通り、MCT-1発現のそのような低下により、3-BPに対する顕著な抵抗性が生じ、IC50は、20μMから67μMに3倍強上昇した(図19A)。それと比較して、NEO218に対するIC50は上昇せず、19μMから15μMまでわずかに低下した。対照として、本発明者らは、ウェスタンブロット(図19B)及び免疫組織化学(図19C)によって、MCT-1のsiRNA介在低下を確認した。
本発明者らは次に、薬剤誘発細胞死の特性決定を行い、特には、3-BP又はNEO218による細胞の処理に応答したアポトーシスと壊死との間を区別することを試みた。本発明者らは最初に、薬剤処理細胞のFACS分析を行って、アネキシンV陽性性(アポトーシスのマーカー)対ヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)取り込み(壊死細胞のマーカー)を調べた。本発明者らは、アポトーシス細胞死の確立された陽性対照としてスタウロスポリン(STS)を用いた。図21Aで見られるように、STSは予想通りに機能した:この薬剤で処理したHCT116細胞は、左下象限(=完全生存細胞)から右下象限(=アネキシンV陽性細胞)に移動してから、右上象限にゆっくり蓄積した(=PI陽性、死亡細胞)。それと著しい対照をなすものとして、3-BP及びNEO218の両方の処理により、細胞は左下象限から右上象限に真っ直ぐ移動した。この効果は非常に急速であり、処理開始から2時間後という早い段階で検出可能であり;8時間の時点で、大半の細胞がPI陽性であり(図21A)、それは、アポトーシスではなく壊死が優勢であることを示している。
3-BP及びNEO218の両方が細胞エネルギー産生の急速に致死的な終了を引き起こしたことが確認されて、本発明者らは次に、この効果の原因を確認する作業を開始した。過剰のピルベートの添加、又は抗酸化剤の補充によって、イン・ビトロで3-BPの細胞傷害効果から細胞が保護できたことが、他の研究者によって報告されていた。従って、本発明者らは、これらの手掛かりを追求し、それらがNEO218にも同様に当てはまるか否かを調べた。HCT116細胞を、ピルベート若しくは酸化防止剤(N-アセチルシステイン、NAC、及びグルタチオン、GSH)の存在下又は非存在下にNEO218又は3-BPで処理し、細胞生存率を24時間後に求めた。予想通り、3種類の細胞外添加された化合物のそれぞれが、3-BP毒性に対する強い保護を発揮することができた。しかしながら、NEO218の場合、顕著な差があった。抗酸化剤処理によって、同様にNEO218に対して細胞が保護されたが、ピルベートを加えた場合は、保護は全くなかった(図23A)。(この効果の解釈に関しては「考察」を参照する。)。
3-BPの既知のアルキル化性に基づき、本発明者らは次に、3-BP及びNEO218がGAPDHタンパク質を共有結合的にピルビン酸化できるか否かの疑問を扱った。GAPDHのアミノ酸配列は、4個のシステイン(ウサギでは、位置150、154、245、282)を含み、それらのチオール官能基は、求核付加の候補を代表するものである。本発明者らは、3-BP又はNEO218のいずれかとともに精製ウサギGAPDHタンパク質をインキュベートし、得られた生成物を質量分析によって分析した。この分析によって、共有結合的に修飾されたシステインが明瞭に同定された。3-BPとのインキュベーションの場合、4個のシステイン全てがピルベートの付加によって変わった;NEO218とのインキュベーションの場合、同じ4個の残基が、ピルベート-ペリリルアルコール部分の結合を示した(図24A)。総合すると、上記の結果は、3-BP及びNEO218が、特に、酵素機能に最も必須であることが知られている[41]活性部位Cys-150(ヒトGAPDHにおけるCys-152と等価)において、それのシステイン残基のアルキル化により、GAPDH酵素活性の阻害を引き起こしたことを示した。
3-BPは、肝臓がんについての抗がん剤として開発中であるが、それの詳細な作用機序は完全に明らかになっているわけではない。例えば、3-BPによる細胞エネルギーレベルの低下は実証されているが、それがどのようにして生じるかについは完全にわかっているわけではない。ただし、3-BPの実証されているGAPDH(又は恐らくはヘキソキナーゼ)阻害を介した解糖の遮断によるものであることが挙げられる場合が多い。多くの報告が、3-BP誘発細胞死の主要要素として酸化ストレスを挙げており、そして自食作用及び各種シグナル伝達経路も示唆されている。本発明者らは、3-BPのPOH連結類縁体であるNEO218を作ったが、それはこれらの機序の一部の役割をさらに明らかにする上で非常に有用であることが分かった。さらに、この類縁体は、がん療法の文脈で関連のある新たな特徴を示した。
本発明者らの結果全体が、3-BP及びNEO218が細胞殺滅を行う分子活性が同じであるという結論と一致するものである。唯一認められた相違は、3-BPが、細胞に進入するのにMCT-1による輸送を必要とするが、NEO218はそれを必要としないという点である。しかしながら、一旦細胞内に入ると、3-BP及びNEO218は、次のように、同様の効力で、同じ一連の細胞傷害事象を誘発する。即ち、両剤とも、いくつかの主要な代謝酵素(GAPDH、SDH、及び恐らくは他の酵素)を急速にピルビン酸化することで、それらの活性を阻害する。即座の結果として、解糖及びミトコンドリア呼吸の両方が停止し、それによって、ATPレベルが生命維持レベル以下に急速に低下する。十分なATPが存在しないと、エネルギー依存性細胞機能は正常に機能しなくなることは実証されていることから[49~51,65~67]、細胞には、壊死以外の選択肢がなくなる。しかしながら、細胞がMCT-1をごくわずかしか発現しないか、全く発現しない場合、その細胞は、イン・ビトロで、低ないし中程度の濃度の3-BPの細胞傷害効果から保護される。3-BPによる将来的ながん療法を予測すれば、そのような細胞は、治療抵抗性を発生させ、患者における予後を不良なものとすると予想されるであろう。興味深いことに、このイン・ビトロ効果はNEO218では観察されず、それは、その薬剤の抗がん剤としての特徴の根拠を提供するものである。
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Claims (9)
- 3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステルを含む医薬組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される賦形剤をさらに含む、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 処置を必要とする患者でのがんの治療のための、請求項2又は3に記載の医薬組成物であって、治療上有効量の3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステルを含む医薬組成物。
- 前記がんが、肺がん、耳、鼻及び咽頭のがん、白血病、結腸がん、メラノーマ、膵臓がん、乳がん、前立腺がん、造血系がん、卵巣がん、基底細胞がん、胆道がん;膀胱がん;骨肉腫;子宮頸がん;絨毛癌;直腸がん;結合組織がん;子宮内膜がん;食道がん;眼がん;頭頸部がん;胃がん;上皮内新生物;腎臓がん;喉頭がん;肝臓がん;リンパ腫、骨髄腫;線維腫、神経芽細胞腫;口腔がん;網膜芽細胞腫;横紋筋肉腫;肉腫;皮膚がん;睾丸がん;甲状腺がん;及び子宮がんからなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステルの合成方法であって、
a)1,1-ジクロロジメチルエーテルをブロモピルビン酸と反応させて、3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドを生成すること;及び
b)3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドをペリリルアルコールと反応させて、3-ブロモ-2-オキソ-プロピオン酸4-イソプロペニル-シクロヘキサ-1-エンイルメチルエステルを生成すること
を含む方法。 - 前記a)における1,1-ジクロロジメチルエーテルをブロモピルビン酸と反応させることを、約0~約20℃の温度で行う、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記b)における3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドをペリリルアルコールと反応させることを、約-10~約10℃の温度で行う、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記b)における3-ブロモピルビン酸クロライドをペリリルアルコールと反応させることを、重炭酸ナトリウム及びn-ヘプタンの存在下に行う、請求項6に記載の方法。
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