JP7090553B2 - ポリマーコアと連続したシリカシェルとを有するコア-シェル粒子の製造方法、該方法により得られる水性ポリマー分散液、再分散性ポリマー粉末、及び再分散性ポリマー粉末を含む組成物 - Google Patents
ポリマーコアと連続したシリカシェルとを有するコア-シェル粒子の製造方法、該方法により得られる水性ポリマー分散液、再分散性ポリマー粉末、及び再分散性ポリマー粉末を含む組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7090553B2 JP7090553B2 JP2018553992A JP2018553992A JP7090553B2 JP 7090553 B2 JP7090553 B2 JP 7090553B2 JP 2018553992 A JP2018553992 A JP 2018553992A JP 2018553992 A JP2018553992 A JP 2018553992A JP 7090553 B2 JP7090553 B2 JP 7090553B2
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- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940085678 polyethylene glycol 8000 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019446 polyethylene glycol 8000 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012673 precipitation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIIIBRHUICCMAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC=C UIIIBRHUICCMAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C=C QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGNVWUDMMXZUDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,3-disulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCCS(O)(=O)=O MGNVWUDMMXZUDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCS SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004063 propylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 206010037844 rash Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004208 shellac Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940113147 shellac Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013874 shellac Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003470 sulfuric acid monoesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical group CC(=C)C(=O)OC(C)(C)C SJMYWORNLPSJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
- C08J3/128—Polymer particles coated by inorganic and non-macromolecular organic compounds
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- C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
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- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
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- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
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Description
a)ポリマー粒子を含む水性ポリマー分散液を準備するステップ、
b)水性ポリマー分散液のpHを7~10の範囲の値に調整するステップ、及び
c)7~10の範囲のpHを有する水性ポリマー分散液に7~10の範囲のpHを維持しながら水ガラスを添加して、コア-シェル粒子の分散液を得るステップ
を含む方法により解決される。
1/Tg=x1/Tg1+x2/Tg2+....xn/Tgn
[式中、x1、x2、....xnは、モノマー1、2、....nの質量分率であり、かつTg1、Tg2、....Tgnは、モノマー1、2、....nのホモポリマーのケルビン度でのガラス転移温度である]により、良好な近似値に概算されてよい。大部分のエチレン性不飽和モノマーのこれらのホモポリマーのガラス転移温度は、公知であり(又は、それ自体公知の単純な方法で測定されてよい)、例えばJ. Brandrup, E. H. Immergut, Polymer Handbook, 1st Ed. J. Wiley, New York, 1966, 2nd Ed. J. Wiley, New York, 1975, 3rd Ed. J. Wiley, New York, 1989において、及びUllmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, page 169, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1992において挙げられている。
アクリル酸及び/又はメタクリル酸とC1~12個を有するアルカノール及び/又はスチレンとのエステル 50質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
スチレン及び/又はブタジエン 40質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
塩化ビニル及び/又は塩化ビニリデン 50質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル及び/又はエチレン 40質量%以上99.9質量%以下
を含む。
炭素原子3~6個を有する少なくとも1つのα,β-モノエチレン性不飽和モノ及び/又はジカルボン酸、及び/又はそれらのアミド 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下、及び
C1~12個のアルカノールを有するアクリル酸及び/又はメタクリル酸の少なくとも1つのエステル 50質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
炭素原子3~6個を有する少なくとも1つのα,β-モノエチレン性不飽和モノ及び/又はジカルボン酸、及び/又はそれらのアミド 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下、及び
スチレン及び/又はブタジエン 40質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
炭素原子3~6個を有する少なくとも1つのα,β-モノエチレン性不飽和モノ及び/又はジカルボン酸、及び/又はそれらのアミド 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下、及び
塩化ビニル及び/又は塩化ビニリデン 50質量%以上99.9質量%以下、又は
炭素原子3~6個を有する少なくとも1つのα,β-モノエチレン性不飽和モノ及び/又はジカルボン酸、及び/又はそれらのアミド 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下、及び
共重合した形で酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル及び/又はエチレン 40質量%以上99.9質量%以下を含む。
n-ブチルアクリレート及び/又は2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート 45質量%以上55質量%以下、
スチレン及び/又はメチルメタクリレート 45質量%以上55質量%以下、
アクリル酸及び/又はメタクリル酸 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下、及び
アクリルアミド及び/又はメタクリルアミド 0.1質量%以上5質量%以下
を含み、その際、全ての前記実施形態において、共重合した形で、質量%は合計で100である。
i)約+300μmol/g(ポリマー)~約-300μmol/g(ポリマー)又は
ii)約+200μmol/g(ポリマー)~約-200μmol/g(ポリマー)又は
iii)約+100μmol/g(ポリマー)~約-100μmol/g(ポリマー)
から選択される範囲である。
S=スチレン、BA=ブチルアクリレート、B=ブタジエン、AS=アクリル酸、EHA=エチルヘキシルアクリレート、MMA=メチルメタクリレート。
DLS=動的光散乱法:
粒径分布を、Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS(Malvern Instruments GmbH、Germany)を使用して決定する。測定及び評価のために使用したソフトウェアは、装置に付属するMalvernソフトウェアパッケージである。測定原理は、動的光散乱法、より詳述すれば非接触後方散乱法に基づく。特に明記しない限り、本明細書全体にわたって与えられる粒径は、測定された粒子の63%が所与の値未満であることを意味する、いわゆるd(63)値である。
ラテックス粒子の改質を、丸底フラスコ中でpH制御下で水溶液(分散液)中で実施する。
実施例2:比率3.45を有する5質量%水ガラス溶液の代わりに5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)315g
実施例3:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール300 2.1g
実施例4:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール6000 2.1g
実施例5:CTABの代わりにポリビニルピロリドン8000 2.1g
実施例6:pHを8~10に変動
結果は、実施例1の結果と同様であった。
分散液D2 60g(純ポリマー30g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 150gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)2.5gを添加し、そしてさらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。1M硫酸溶液を絶えず滴加することにより分散液のpHを9に一定に維持しながら、5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)495gを滴加した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。改質した分散液を、凍結乾燥(5mbar、-84℃で18時間)及び噴霧乾燥もさせた。
実施例9:5質量%水ガラス溶液の量を160g~853.5gまで変動させた
実施例10:CTABの代わりにLupasol G100(ポリエチレンイミン;50.6質量%溶液)5g
実施例11:CTABの代わりにLuviquat Excellence(ビニルピロリドンと四級化ビニルイミダゾールとのコポリマー:40質量%溶液)6.25g
実施例12:CTABの代わりにPolyDADMAC(20質量%溶液)12.5g
実施例13:pHを8~10に変動。
分散液D2 6g(純ポリマー3g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 50gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)0.25gもしくは0.5gを添加し、又は媒介物なしで、さらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。フュームドシリカ(Sigma-Aldrich、d50 ~7nm;水ガラスの使用に対応する等量のSiO2沈降)1.86gを、一定のpH9で添加した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、粘着性の凝集した粉末を得た。その粉末は再分散を示さない。
分散液D3 60g(純ポリマー32.88g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 150gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)2.5gを添加し、そしてさらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。1M硫酸溶液を滴加することによって一定のpH9で、5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)940gを滴加した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。改質した分散液を、凍結乾燥(5mbar、-84℃で18時間)及び噴霧乾燥もさせた。
1質量%分散液D3 100g(純ポリマー1g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)した。室温で0.5M塩酸溶液を滴加することによって一定のpH8で、3.48質量%水ガラス溶液(比率3.45、固体含有率に関する)15gを滴加した。4時間後に、その固体を、飽和塩化ナトリウム水溶液200g中に注いだ。形成された沈殿物を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。
実施例16:5質量%水ガラス溶液の量を435g~1206gまで変動させた
実施例17:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール300 2.5g
実施例18:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール6000 2.5g
実施例19:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール8000 2.5g
実施例20:Lupamin 4595(約95%まで加水分解させ、分子量約45000g/molを有するポリビニルアミドホモポリマーの29.18質量%水溶液)2.5g
実施例21:Lupamin 4570(約70%まで加水分解させ、分子量約45000g/molを有するポリビニルアミドホモポリマーの32.12質量%水溶液)2.5g
実施例22:Lupamin 1595(約95%まで加水分解させ、分子量約10000g/molを有するポリビニルアミドホモポリマーの30.75質量%水溶液)2.5g
実施例23:CTABの代わりにLuviquat Excellence(ビニルピロリドンと四級化ビニルイミダゾールとのコポリマー:40質量%溶液)6.25g
実施例24:CTABの代わりにPolyDADMAC(20質量%溶液)12.5g
実施例25: CTABの代わりにLupasol G100(50.6質量%溶液)5g
実施例26:pHを8~10に変動。
分散液D4 60g(純ポリマー36.54g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 250gで希釈し、そして50℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)2.5gを添加し、そしてさらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。1M硫酸溶液を滴加することによって一定のpH9で、5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)1100gを滴加した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。改質した分散液を、凍結乾燥(5mbar、-84℃で18時間)もさせた。
分散液D4 50g(純ポリマー30.45g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 150gで希釈し、そして50℃まで加熱した。pHを8.5に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。0.33M硫酸溶液を滴加することによって一定のpH8.5で、5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)461.5gを滴加した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。
実施例28:5質量%水ガラス溶液の量を554g~1728gまで変動させた
実施例29:CTABの代わりにポリエチレングリコール20000 2.5g
実施例30:pHを8~9.5に変動。
分散液D5 60g(純ポリマー30.30g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 250gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)5gを添加し、そしてさらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M水酸化ナトリウム溶液)。5質量%水ガラス溶液(比率1.0)488gを滴加し、そのpHを、1M硫酸溶液を滴加することによって一定のpH9で維持した。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、無色の粉末を得た。改質した分散液を、凍結乾燥(5mbar、-84℃で18時間)もさせた。
実施例32:5質量%水ガラス溶液の量を488g~1600gまで変動させた
実施例33:pHを8~9.5に変動。
分散液D2 6g(純ポリマー3g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 50gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。セチルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)0.25gもしくは0.5gを添加し又は媒介物なしで、さらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M硫酸溶液)。Koestrosol 0515(~5nm、アニオン;Co. Chemiewerke Bad Koestritz)8.88g、Koestrosol 1030(~10nm、アニオン;Co. Chemiewerke Bad Koestritz)4.44g、又はKoestrosol K1530(~15nm、カチオン;Co. Chemiewerke Bad Koestritz)4.44g(水ガラスを使用する場合に等量のSiO2沈降)、1M硫酸溶液の添加によりpHを一定に維持することによる。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、粘着性の凝集した粉末を得た。得られた粉末は再分散を示さなかった。
分散液D3 6g(純ポリマー3g)を、丸底フラスコ中で撹拌(500rpm)し、H2O 50gで希釈し、そして60℃まで加熱した。Luviquat Excellence(40質量%溶液)0.625gを添加し又は媒介物なしで、さらに10分間撹拌した。pHを9に調整した(1M硫酸溶液)。Koestrosol 1030(~10nm、アニオン;Co. Chemiewerke Bad Koestritz)4.44g、又はKoestrosol K1530(~15nm、カチオン;Co. Chemiewerke Bad Koestritz)4.44g(水ガラスを使用する場合に等量のSiO2沈降)、1M硫酸溶液の添加によりpHを一定に維持することによる。4時間後に、その固体を濾別し、周囲温度で乾燥させ、粘着性の凝集した粉末を得た。得られた粉末は再分散を示さなかった。
D2の改質ポリマー粉末(実施例8)を、2つの顕微鏡ガラスシートの間にパックした。続いてこれらのスライドの上に1kgの重りを置き、全体のセットアップを60℃での乾燥炉に1週間置いた。最終的に粉末の品質を評価した。実施例8の改質粉末ポリマーは、外観において変化を示さなかった(図5)。これは、本発明のポリマー粉末が高い貯蔵安定性を有すること(固化なし及び変色なし)を意味する。
Claims (6)
- ポリマーコアと連続シリカシェルとを有するコア-シェル粒子を製造するための方法であって、
a)ポリマー粒子を含む水性ポリマー分散液を準備するステップ、
b)水性ポリマー分散液のpHを7~10の範囲の値に調整するステップ、及び
c)7~10の範囲のpHを有する水性ポリマー分散液に7~10の範囲のpHを維持しながら水ガラスを添加して、コア-シェル粒子の分散液を得るステップ
を含み、
ステップ(a)のポリマー粒子の表面電荷が、以下の範囲
i)+300μmol/g(ポリマー)~-300μmol/g(ポリマー)又は
ii)+200μmol/g(ポリマー)~-200μmol/g(ポリマー)又は
iii)+100μmol/g(ポリマー)~-100μmol/g(ポリマー)
から選択される範囲であり、
ステップ(a)におけるポリマーの表面を、ステップ(a)のポリマー粒子にカチオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性ポリマー、ポリアミン、ポリエチレンイミン及びアニオン性界面活性剤から選択される媒介物質を添加することにより改質し、
ポリマーが、-50℃~50℃の範囲のガラス転移温度を有し、かつ
ステップ(c)において使用した水ガラスの比率が、Na2O又はK2Oに対するSiO2のモル比であって、1~3.5の範囲である、
方法。 - ステップ(b)におけるpHを、8~10の範囲に調整する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ステップ(c)におけるpHを、8~10の範囲に維持する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- ポリマーが、
α)C3~C6α,β-モノエチレン性不飽和モノカルボン酸及びα,β-モノエチレン性不飽和C4~C8ジカルボン酸のエステルから選択される非イオン性モノマー(i)、ビニル芳香族モノマー、及びC1~C18モノカルボン酸のビニル又はアリルエステルから選択される他の非イオン性モノマー(ii)、並びにそれらの分子においてアニオン性官能基又はアニオン生成官能基を有するアニオン性モノマー又はアニオン生成モノマー(iii)のコポリマー、又は
β)ビニル芳香族モノマーから選択される少なくとも1つの非イオン性モノマーと(メタ)アクリロニトリル及びブタジエンとのコポリマー、又は
γ)少なくとも1つのオレフィンとC1~C18モノカルボン酸の少なくとも1つのビニルエステルとのコポリマー、又は
δ)カルボン酸及び/又はカルボキシレート基及び/又はスルホ基を含むポリウレタン
である、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - ステップ(c)の得られた分散液を乾燥させて、再分散性ポリマー粉末を得る、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記再分散性ポリマー粉末が、-50℃~+50℃の範囲のガラス転移温度Tg(ASTM D3418-82にしたがった中点温度)を有するポリマーコアと連続シリカシェルとを有する粒子を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
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