JP7048425B2 - タンパク質結合尿毒症性毒素の透析のための血液適合性吸着体 - Google Patents
タンパク質結合尿毒症性毒素の透析のための血液適合性吸着体 Download PDFInfo
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Description
A)分子量が500g/mol未満である低分子量の毒素。
B)分子量が500g/mol~12,000g/molの間である「中間的分子」としてまた知られている、平均分子量を有する毒素。例えば、前記中間的分子には、β2-ミクログロブリン(11800g/mol)が含まれる。
C)第3のクラスの尿毒症性毒素が、12,000g/molを超える分子量を有する分子である。
アクリル酸およびスチレンからなり、かつ、血液適合性被覆をもたらすコポリマーを伴う医療適用可能な活性炭の初期の一例が、Sparks他(Sandoz AG)によって1974年に特許された(参考文献[7])。このポリマー封入活性炭は、非荷電の低分子量の尿毒症性毒素(例えば、尿素またはクレアチニン)を吸着することができる。2015年には、Tschulena他(Fresenius AG)が、今日に至るまで最も好都合な吸着体顆粒の1つである顆粒について特許を取った(参考文献[8])。この目的のために、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)、さらなる架橋剤、およびラジカル開始剤の水溶液が、球状粒子からなる活性炭を加熱下で「グラフト」するために使用される;すなわち、前記ポリマーは前記活性炭に強固に結合させられ、疎水性で、荷電した低分子量の尿毒症性毒素(例えば、インドキシル硫酸、p-クレゾール硫酸、ビリルビン;Ap5Aおよびフェニル酢酸)が拡散して通過することができる非荷電のメソ多孔性構造を前記架橋剤と一緒に形成する。
1984年には、Tlustakova他が、好適な架橋剤を含んで、2-ヒドロキシエチルメタクリラートが共有結合によりグラフトされた、スチレン、ジビニルベンゼン(DVB)およびアクリロニトリルに基づく多孔性吸着体を血液接触のための生体適合性層として製造するための最初の例の1つについて特許を取った(参考文献[13])。このタイプのろ過装置が依然として今日でも、例えば、LdLアフェレーシスのために使用されている。前記スチレン系樹脂および前記除去されるべき物質の疎水性特性に起因して、これらの吸着体は特に効果的である。より近年には、企業(Cytosorbents Corp.)により、サイトカイン(これもまた、疎水性ドメインを有する中分子量タンパク質)を全血から除くための吸着体が製造される。前記粒子のコア(これが実際には吸着を担っている)もまた、スチレン-DVBコポリマーに基づいており、前記吸着剤の生体適合性保護層がこの場合には高度に多孔性のPVPからなっている。したがって、より大きい分子量を有するサイトカインでさえ、吸着させることができる(8kDa、100%にまで;18kDa、85%にまで;51kDa、55%にまで)(参考文献[14])。
2013年には、Fislage他(Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH)が、アルブミンと結合した、疎水性ドメインを有する毒素を、当該疎水性ドメインのための結合可能な空洞擬似部を有する透析可能な賦形剤シクロデキストリンの使用によって除くことに対する全く新しい取り組みについて特許を取った(参考文献[15])。したがって、この発明は、溶液における「再複合体化」に基づいている。202μmol/lのp-クレゾール(p-クレゾールは、腎疾患に罹患している患者の血液では増大した量で見出される)を、緩衝液における638μmol/lのウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)(これは30g/lに相当する)から作製される人工血漿に加えた。これにより、直ちに、前記BSAとの複合体が形成される。この溶液を、市販されている高流束透析装置(タイプ、Fresenius FX60)の内腔側に100ml/分の流速でポンプにより通した。前記透析装置への入口直前に、ヒドロキシプロピル-β-シクロデキストリンの溶液(224g/l)を10ml/分で連続して加え、その結果、22.4g/l(16mmol/l)の濃度が前記溶液全体において達成された。前記透析装置の出口では(流量、110ml/分)、前記p-クレゾールの濃度が、前記入口側濃度と比較して55%に著しく低下したことが認められた。
タンパク質と、前記議論された疎水性毒素の1つとの間における結合は、血液の水性環境では複合体側に片寄っている複合体の形成に基づいている(参考文献[11、12、17、18])。インドキシル硫酸、フェニル酢酸およびp-クレゾール硫酸が、生理学的条件(NaCl=0.15mol/l)のもとでは結合型形態で存在する(それぞれ、96%、60%および97%)。塩濃度が、例えば、0.50mol/lの高張性範囲に増大するならば、この平衡が、88%、36%および91%にそれぞれずれる。前記増大した塩含有量は、毒素とタンパク質との間における相互作用を妨げる。結果として、前記低分子毒素が透析膜を介して除かれ得る。この手法は、生理学的限界のために、前記患者には問題的である。同じ研究において、Bohring他は、疎水性毒素の排出に影響する可能性を、前記透析装置をインビトロ実験において2つのコンデンサープレートの間の誘電体として、またはコイルのコアとして使用することによって高周波電磁場の助けにより検討した。結果として、前記影響が、増大させた塩濃度を使用するときよりも有意に少ないことが見出された(参考文献[11、12])。
活性炭、または、疎水性挙動の傾向を有するポリマー、例えばスチレンおよびジビニルベンゼンのコポリマー(アンバーライト XAD-2)が、疎水性で、低分子量の血中の毒素またはサイトカインを除くための吸着体として使用されるならば、全血はこれらの材料と直接に接触させることができない。このことは大きな短所である。このことを回避するために、全血を血漿ろ過装置により分離することができ、その結果、濃密な血液成分から単離される血漿をそのような吸着体によって精製し、その後、戻すことができる。しかしながら、この方法はポンプおよびホースの複雑なシステムを必要とする(参考文献[19])。別の可能性が、前記ベースポリマーを、全血との接触を可能にするために上述の生体適合性親水性ポリマーの1つにより「マスク」することである。そのような機能化のために、基体表面での化学的結合が通常、いわゆる「ラジカルグラフト共重合」によって必要である。この実現には、非常にコストがかかる。しかしながら、前記保護層は、主により大きい分子については、程度の差はあれ顕著な拡散バリアに相当する。前記バリアは、Stamatialis他によって提案されるMMMの場合において特に顕著である。記載される前記インビトロ実験において、約40μmのPESにより、血液側における、p-クレゾールが負荷された前記タンパク質が、活性炭を透析液側に有する吸着剤層から分離される(参考文献[9、10])。前記膜の壁厚さが大きいこと(約100μm)はまた、束直径あたりの繊維の数の比率が好ましくない厚い繊維をもたらしている。前記膜を製造するための大きい材料消費がこの場合には明らかであり、従って、より高いコスト要因である。活性炭を用いる通常の吸着体はさらに、前記吸着体はそれほど選択的ではないという短所、すなわち、処置される前記患者には不可欠であり、かつ、血液中に存在するタンパク質、または、水に難溶性のビタミンもまた、有害な分子と一緒に吸着されるという短所を有する。同様に、選択的な挙動が、吸着されるべき前記物質の分子量に関連して何ら認められない。脂肪バランスの代謝性疾患(脂質異常症)を処置するためのアフェレーシスの治療形式においては、主には、除かれることになるLDLなどが吸着部位を占めるために、これらの効果が元に戻る。一般には、さらなる短所が、200ml~400mlの大きい血液容量と、そのような吸着体の大きい圧力損失とである。この特性により、少ない起こり得る血流がほとんどの製造物において引き起こされる。要約すると、これらの特性は、通常の血液透析システムへの一体化が可能でないことを意味している。
血液適合性吸着体が、患者の血液または血漿に含有され、かつ、分子量がそれらの担体タンパク質に関して500g/mol未満であるタンパク質結合尿毒症性毒素を分離するために提供され、かつ、前記血液適合性吸着体は、前記血液透析装置の内部における血液側における少なくとも1つの層において固体担体成分に配置されるものであり、環状オリゴ糖またはその誘導体に基づくポリマーを含む、血液透析ろ過装置に関連する。
1)前記カチオン性ポリ(トリメチルアンモニウム-β-シクロデキストリン)またはその多置換誘導体は、当該第四級アンモニウム残基のために、前記吸着体の結合定数を天然シクロデキストリンとの比較では3,000倍にまで増大させるリガンドを含有する(Ks=12,000L/molに対して3,410,000L/mol、ともに溶液中において)(参考文献[18])。
2)吸着体の結合定数が一般には、前記吸着体が固体状態または膨潤性フィルムとして存在するときには、溶液中のゲスト-ホスト複合体と比較して、10倍~15倍増大する(参考文献[26])。
このことの理由が、前記固体状態でのさらなる物理的に生じた吸着エンタルピーである。慢性腎疾患者の血液において、とりわけ、下記のアルブミン性毒素が主に血液中に見出される:p-クレゾール41.0±13.3mg/l血液;インドキシル硫酸44.5±15.3mg/l血液;馬尿酸87.2±61.7mg/l血液;およびp-ヒドロキシ馬尿酸18.3±6.6mg/l血液(参考文献[11])。
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Claims (9)
- 患者の血液または血漿に含有され、かつ、分子量がそれらの担体タンパク質に関して500g/mol未満であるタンパク質結合尿毒症性毒素を分離するための血液適合性吸着体であって、
環状オリゴ糖に基づくポリマーを少なくとも1つの層において固体担体成分に配置されて含み、
環状オリゴ糖に基づく前記ポリマーが、ポリ(カルボキシメチル-β-シクロデキストリン)およびポリ(トリメチルアンモニウム-β-シクロデキストリン)、エピクロロヒドリンにより縮合されるシクロデキストリンからなる群から選択され、
前記固体担体成分が、ポリエーテルスルホン[PES]、ポリスルホン[PSU]、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン[PEEK]、ポリフェニルスルホン[PPSU]、ポリオキシメチレン[POM]、ポリフェノール、ポリアミド、ポリスチレン、ポリカルボナート、または、アクリロニトリルもしくはメチルアリルスルホナート塩もしくはそれらのコポリマーを含有するポリマーに基づく多孔性材料であることを特徴とする血液適合性吸着体。 - 前記尿毒症性毒素が、p-クレゾール、インドキシル硫酸、フェノール、フェノール誘導体、ホモシステイン、種々のウロフラン酸、3-カルボキシ-4-メチル-5-プロピル-2-フラノプロピオン酸、馬尿酸およびp-ヒドロキシ馬尿酸からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の血液適合性吸着体。
- 前記担体タンパク質がヒトアルブミンであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の血液適合性吸着体。
- 前記固体担体成分が、ナイロンに基づく多孔性材料であることを特徴とする請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体。
- 環状オリゴ糖に基づく前記ポリマーが複数の層でレイヤー・バイ・レイヤー技術によって前記固体担体成分に適用されることを特徴とする請求項1~4の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体。
- 血液透析システムの透析装置の上流側に配置され、カートリッジの中に配置される固体担体成分が前記ポリマーにより被覆される、請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体で形成される別個のカートリッジ。
- 前記ポリマーにより被覆される固体担体成分としての請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体は、血液キャップに一体化されることを特徴とする血液透析システムの透析装置の血液キャップ。
- 請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体が、透析装置の中空繊維膜の細孔システムに一体化されることを特徴とする血液透析システムの透析装置。
- 精製されるべき血液を受け入れるための体外回路と、患者の血液循環につながれる血液透析装置とを含む血液透析ろ過装置であって、
血液適合性吸着体が、患者の血液または血漿に含有され、かつ、分子量がそれらの担体タンパク質に関して500g/mol未満であるタンパク質結合尿毒症性毒素を分離するために提供され、かつ
前記血液適合性吸着体は、前記血液透析装置の内部における血液側における少なくとも1つの層において固体担体成分に配置されるものであり、請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載の血液適合性吸着体である血液透析ろ過装置。
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- 2018-05-23 RU RU2018118955A patent/RU2018118955A/ru unknown
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- 2018-06-14 CN CN201810614783.0A patent/CN109107541B/zh active Active
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CN109107541A (zh) | 2019-01-01 |
CN109107541B (zh) | 2023-05-02 |
US20180369783A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 |
US10625241B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
EP3417937A1 (de) | 2018-12-26 |
DE102017113853A1 (de) | 2018-12-27 |
RU2018118955A (ru) | 2019-11-25 |
EP3417937B1 (de) | 2021-04-14 |
JP2019005569A (ja) | 2019-01-17 |
RU2018118955A3 (ja) | 2021-09-15 |
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