JP6970099B2 - ガンの処置のための方法及び医薬組成物 - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、ガンの処置のための方法及び医薬組成物に関する。
細胞傷害性Tリンパ球抗原−4(CTLA−4)及びプログラム細胞死1(PD−1)などの免疫チェックポイントは、抗ガン免疫応答の重要なネガティブレギュレーターであり、リンパ球活性化を制限し、腫瘍細胞の免疫回避及びガン進行を促進する。CTLA−4(イピリムマブ、トレメリムマブ)又はPD−1(ニボルマブ、ペンブロリズマブ)を阻害するモノクローナル抗体は、転移性黒色腫の処置において有意な有効性を示し、高い応答率及び長期の腫瘍コントロールを促進した(Marquez-Rodas I, Ann Transl Med. 2015; 3(18):267)。有望な結果にもかかわらず、患者の約40%は治療反応を示さず、応答者の相当割合が、処置誘導後2年間に腫瘍再発を経験する。最近、宿主TNF−R1依存性TNFシグナリングは、黒色腫に対するCD8+T細胞依存性免疫応答を損なうことが実証された(Bertrand et al., Cancer Research, 2015;75(13):2619-28)。TNFの遮断(エタネルセプトを使用)又は欠損(TNFノックアウトマウス)は、CD8+腫瘍浸潤リンパ球(TIL)の蓄積を促し、それにより、高レベルで主要組織適合性クラスI分子(MHC−I)を発現するマウス黒色腫細胞株(B16K1及びYumm)の成長を制限する。TNF−R1を欠くマウスでは同様の所見が観察されたが、TNF−R2を欠くマウスでは観察されず、これは、本発明者らの実験条件下では、宿主TNF−R1が、黒色腫に対するこのようなCD8+T細胞依存性免疫応答の確立の制限において重要な役割を果たすことを示している。分子機構の点では、TNF−R1は、活性化CD8+T細胞の細胞死をトリガーすることによって、新規免疫チェックポイントとして作用する可能性が高い。この結論は、以下の知見(i)TNF−R2を発現するがTNF−R1を発現しないナイーブCD8+T細胞は、TNF誘導性細胞死に耐性であったこと;(ii)TNF−R1を有意に発現する活性化CD8+T細胞は、外因性TNFに感受性であったこと;及び(iii)TNF−R1欠損CD8+T細胞は、TNF誘導性細胞死に完全に耐性であったことによって裏付けられる。CD8欠損宿主において実施した養子移入実験では、TNF−R1欠損によって黒色腫への活性化CD8+T細胞の蓄積が促されたことを示す本発明者らのデータによって示されているように、黒色腫における免疫チェックポイントとしてのTNF−R1の役割は、さらなる信憑性を獲得している(Bertrand et al., Cancer Research, 2015;75(13):2619-28)。したがって、欧州特許出願公開第14305687号には、抗TNF又は抗TNF−R1中和分子は、進行性黒色腫を処置するためにヒトにおいて使用され得ることが開示されている。
腫瘍壊死因子α(TNF)はガン免疫において二重の役割を果たし1,2、抗ガン因子として作用するか3,4、又は免疫抑制サイトカインとして行動し5−10、CD8+腫瘍浸潤リンパ球(TIL)を制限する1,2,11。抗PD−1のような免疫チェックポイントをターゲティングする新たな免疫療法は、黒色腫と戦う戦略を根本的に変化させた12。しかしながら、患者の60〜67%が抗PD−1に反応せず13,14、良好な応答者は、11.7〜13.3%の頻度で、抗TNFによって治癒され得る15重度の免疫関連有害事象を発症する13,14。抗PD−1によってトリガーされる抗ガン免疫応答に対するTNF遮断の影響は、依然として不明である。本明細書では、本発明者らは、実験的黒色腫の処置において、TNF/TNFR1の欠損又は遮断が抗PD−1と相乗作用して、しばしば完全腫瘍退縮をもたらし、全生存を大きく改善することを示す。TNF又はTNFR1の欠損はまた、ルイス肺ガンを抗PD−1に感受性にした。機構的には、抗PD−1で産生されたTNFは、CD8+及びCD4+TILにおけるTIM−3(これは、T細胞枯渇の重要なレギュレーターであり、黒色腫の抗PD−1耐性又は回避性に関与する免疫チェックポイントである16)の発現を強力に誘導した。その結果として、TNF遮断はTIM−3アップレギュレーションを防止し、IFN−γ産生及びCD8+TIL含有量を劇的に増強した。この前臨床研究は、抗TNF及び抗PD−1が抗ガン免疫応答において相乗作用することを実証している。本発明では、腸炎、大腸炎の処置のために、又は、CD40活性化抗体と組み合わせたPD−L1抗体の忍容性の改善若しくは有効性の維持のために、TNFα遮断剤を投与することはない。
材料及び方法:
試薬及び抗体:抗PD−1(クローン:RMP1−14)、抗CTLA−4(クローン:9H10)、抗TNF(クローン:XT3.11)、アイソタイプ対照抗体はBioXcellから購入し、抗TNFR1(クローン:55R−170)はOzymeから購入した。この研究において使用したさらなる抗体は、抗マウスCD45(BD Biosciences、BUV395)、抗マウスThy1(Biolegend、APC−Cy7)、抗マウスCD8(BD Biosciences、BV605)、抗マウスCD4(eBioscience、FITC)、抗TIM3(Biolegend、PE−Cy7)、抗CD11c(eBioscience、PE−Cy7)、抗CD3(Biolegend、FITC)、抗CD19(Biolegend、FITC)、抗NK1.1(BD Biosciences、FITC)、抗PD−L1(BD Biosciences、PE)及び抗PD−L2(BD Biosciences、APC)であった。エタネルセプトは、Dr. Astudillo (CHU, Toulouse, France)によって提供された。
TNF又はTNF−R1阻害は、黒色腫に対する抗PD−1治療を改善する。
最近、本発明者らは、宿主TNF−R1依存性TNFシグナリングが、活性化CD8+T細胞死をトリガーし、高内皮細静脈(これは、リンパ球組織浸潤に関与する血管である)の腫瘍内密度を制限することによって、マウス黒色腫におけるCD8+T細胞腫瘍含有量を損なうことを実証した。その結果として、マウスTNFを効率的に中和するエタネルセプトの注射は、免疫不全(すなわち、ヌード、IFNγ及びCD8 KO)マウスではなく免疫正常マウスにおいて、MHC−Ihigh黒色腫(B16K1)成長を有意に減少させる。αPD−1遮断抗体を含む新たな免疫療法は、転移性黒色腫に罹患した患者の処置について、臨床的有効性を証明している。本明細書では、本発明者らは、αPD−1免疫療法と組み合わせた黒色腫発生に対するTNF又はTNF−R1遮断戦略の効果を評価した。本発明者らは、高レベルでMHC−Iを発現するので、CD8+T細胞依存性免疫応答を研究するための適切なモデルであるB16K1マウス黒色腫細胞株を選択した。図1aに示されているように、B16K1を野生型及びTNF欠損マウスの両方に同所的に注射し、次に、αPD−1又は適切なアイソタイプ対照をマウスに腹腔内注射した。本発明者らの以前の観察結果と一致して、B16K1腫瘍成長は、TNF KOマウスでは、それらの野生型等価体と比較して有意に低減した(図1b及びc)。また、対照マウスと比較して、TNF−KOマウスの死亡の有意な遅延があった。野生型マウスでは、抗PD−1遮断抗体注射はB16K1腫瘍成長を有意に遅延させ、TNF欠損動物では、この現象が大きく増強された(図1b及び1c)。WTマウスでは、抗PD1注射は、腫瘍 22例のうちの8例の完全退縮をもたらしたのに対して、TNF KOマウスでは、それは、22例のうちの20例の腫瘍退縮をトリガーした。加えて、抗PD−1注射により、生存率は、TNF欠損マウス(マウス 11匹のうちの9匹)では、野生型マウス(マウス 11匹のうちの0匹)と比較して劇的に改善した(図1d)。初回B16K1細胞注射の2カ月後、B16K1細胞を生存TNF KOマウスに再注射した。事前にB16K1細胞を経験しなかった野生型対照マウスとは対照的に、いずれのマウスも腫瘍を発症しなかった(図1d)。後者の観察結果は、全ての生存TNF KOマウスが、B16K1細胞に対して完全にワクチン接種されたことを示している。したがって、TNFシグナリングは、黒色腫に対する効率的な記憶CD8+T細胞応答の確立に必要である可能性が低い。
黒色腫が定着している野生型マウスにおける抗PD−1遮断抗体と組み合わせた抗TNF注射。
臨床試験の結果は、転移性黒色腫では、抗PD−1遮断抗体による治療が有望な戦略であることを示している。しかしながら、一部の患者は処置の利益を受けず、それらの一部は、自己免疫及び炎症反応を含む重度の免疫関連有害効果を示す。(i)TNF/TNF−R1阻害が、マウス黒色腫における抗PD−1治療有効性を改善することを示す本発明者らの上記観察結果、(ii)抗TNF注射が、黒色腫に対するCD8+T細胞依存性免疫応答を増強することを示す本発明者らの最近の知見、及び(iii)臨床における自己免疫及び炎症性症候群を阻害するいくつかの抗TNF遮断分子の有効性を考慮して、本発明者らは、マウス黒色腫において、抗PD−1遮断抗体と組み合わせた抗TNFを評価するためのプロトコールを設計した(図3A)。アイソタイプ注射対照マウスと比較して、抗TNFのみでは、B16K1黒色腫成長がわずかに阻害された(図3B及びC)。抗PD−1遮断抗体のみの注射は、腫瘍成長のより大きい遅延を伴っており、完全退縮は、対照マウスにおいて腫瘍 24例のうちの7例であった。興味深いことに、抗PD−1と抗TNFとの組み合わせはこの現象を増加させ、完全退縮は、腫瘍 24例のうちの18例であった(図3B及びC)。また、抗TNFと組み合わせた抗PD−1注射は、抗PD−1のみを注射した群におけるマウス 12匹のうちの2匹と比較して、マウス 12匹のうちの9匹の生存をもたらした。
抗PD−1遮断抗体を注射したWT及びTNF欠損マウスにおいて発生した黒色腫における免疫細胞の腫瘍浸潤
以前、本発明者らは、宿主TNF−R1依存性TNFシグナリングが、マウス黒色腫におけるCD8+T細胞腫瘍含有量を損なうことを示したので、次に、本発明者らは、WT及びTNF欠損マウスにおいてTILに対する抗PD−1の効果を調査した。この目的のために、B16K1細胞 100万個をマウスに同所的に注射した。7日目に、抗PD−1抗体又はビヒクルをマウスに注射し、10日目に屠殺した(図4A)。これらの条件下において、B16K1腫瘍重量は、TNF欠損マウスでは、WTマウスと比較して有意に減少し、この現象は、抗PD−1注射により増幅された(図4B)。フローサイトメトリーによる白血球腫瘍含有量の分析により、WTマウスにおける抗PD−1注射は、対照WTマウスと比較して、CD45+細胞並びにCD8+及びCD4+Tリンパ球のわずかだが有意な増加を誘導したことが示された(図4C)。本発明者らの発表されたデータとよく一致して、TNF欠損マウスでは、CD45+細胞並びにCD8+及びCD4+TILは劇的に増加し、この現象は、抗PD−1注射によりさらに増強されなかった(図4C)。マウス及び患者の両方における抗PD−1耐性に関連する免疫回避機構におけるTIM−3の主な役割を考慮して、次いで、本発明者らは、TILにおけるTIM−3発現を評価した。注目すべきことに、CD8+及びCD4+TILの約70%は、TNFの状態とは無関係にPD−1及びTIM−3を共発現した(図11)。WTマウスでは、抗PD−1注射後に、CD8+及びCD4+T細胞に対するTIM−3染色の平均蛍光強度は増加した(図4D)。対照的に、TNF KOマウスでは、この現象は完全に無効化されたが(図4D)、これは、抗PD1によってトリガーされるTIM−3発現がTNF依存的に起こったことを示唆している。TNFがTIM−3発現の強力な誘導因子であるかを評価するために、本発明者らは、精製及び活性化マウスCD8+T細胞を、毒性用量未満の外因性マウスTNFと共にインキュベーションした。TNFは、TIM−3+細胞の割合及びTIM−3染色の平均蛍光強度の増加を誘導した(図4E)。
黒色腫が定着している野生型マウスにおける抗CTLA−4及び抗PD−1遮断抗体と組み合わせたエタネルセプト注射。
最近の臨床試験は、抗PD−1及び抗CTLA−4遮断抗体を併せた併用療法が、転移性黒色腫において有望な戦略であることを示している。しかしながら、患者の大部分は、抗TNFで治癒され得る自己免疫及び炎症反応を含む重度の免疫関連有害効果を示す。本発明者らは、マウス黒色腫において、抗PD−1及び抗CTLA−4遮断抗体と組み合わせたエタネルセプトを評価するためのプロトコールを設計した(図5A)。ビヒクル(PBS)注射対照マウスと比較して、エタネルセプトのみでは、B16K1黒色腫成長が有意に阻害された(図5B及びC)。抗PD−1及び抗CTLA−4遮断抗体の注射は、腫瘍成長のより大きい遅延を伴っており、この現象は、エタネルセプト注射によってより顕著であった(図5B及びC)。
PD−1経路によってネガティブにレギュレーションされる既存のCD8+TILは、黒色腫患者における抗PD−1に対する応答を予測させるものであるので29、本発明者らは、最初に、野生型(WT)及びTNF欠損マウス由来のB16K1腫瘍におけるPD−1及びそのリガンド(PD−L1及びPD−L2)の発現を評価した。TNF欠損マウス由来の黒色腫腫瘍では、CD8+PD−1+TIL(図8a)及びCD4+PD−1+TIL(図8b)の割合が増加した。したがって、TNF欠損は、PD−1を発現する重要なエフェクターリンパ球の腫瘍含有量を増強する。
TNF欠損は、抗PD−1治療によるTILの細胞死を減少させる。
抗PD−1治療におけるTNF遮断の有益な効果に関与する分子及び細胞機構を理解するために、本発明者らは、B16K1細胞 100万個をWT及びTNF欠損マウスに両側的に移植し、続いて7日後に、単回の抗PD−1注射を行った。
TNF欠損はIFN−γ応答を増強し、PD−L1発現を減少させる。
WTマウスでは、抗PD−1注射は、腫瘍におけるTNF及びIFN−γ転写産物の両方の発現の増加を誘発した(図6b及びc)。興味深いことに、TNF欠損マウス由来の腫瘍では、基礎条件下においてIFN−γ転写産物は増加し、抗PD−1処置によりさらに増強された(図6c)。CD8欠損マウス由来の腫瘍では、対照及び抗PD−1の両方の条件下においてTNF及びIFN−γ mRNAレベルは依然として低かったが、これは、この黒色腫モデルでは、CD8+T細胞がTNF及びIFNγの強力な産生に必要であることを実証している(図6b及びc)。
TNFは、腫瘍浸潤白血球におけるTIM−3発現を増強する。
TIM−3はTh1応答を阻害し、末梢寛容をトリガーする28。この新たに認識された重要な免疫チェックポイント分子は、黒色腫における抗原特異的CD8+T細胞応答を損ない29、免疫回避機構において主な役割を果たす。これは、マウス及び患者の両方における黒色腫の抗PD−1耐性に関連していた22。
抗TNF抗体は、抗PD−1治療と相乗作用する。
上記観察結果の治療関連性を評価するために、本発明者らは、マウス黒色腫において抗TNFと抗PD−1遮断抗体との組み合わせを試験した(図3a)。未処置マウスと比較して、抗TNFのみでは、B16K1黒色腫成長がわずかに阻害された(図3B及びC)。興味深いことに、抗PD−1と抗TNFとを組み合わせると、腫瘍の75%の完全退縮がもたらされ(図3B及びC)、抗PD−1のみを注射したマウス群における20%未満と比較してマウスの75%の生存がもたらされた(図3D)。生存マウスは、B16K1に対して完全にワクチン接種された(データは示さず)。注目すべきことに、Balb/cマウスの乳房脂肪体への4T1細胞の同所移植に基づく乳ガンモデルにおいても、抗TNF及び抗TNFR1は抗PD−1と相乗作用した。抗PD−1、抗TNF又は抗TNFR1のみでは腫瘍成長を損なうことができなかったのに対して、抗PD−1と抗TNFとの組み合わせ又は抗PD−1と抗TNFR1との組み合わせは、それを有意に減少させた(図14)。
高TNF発現は、ヒト黒色腫における免疫回避遺伝子シグネチャーに関連する。
Claims (12)
- TNFα遮断剤を含む、それを必要とする被験体におけるガンを処置するための医薬組成物であって、
該TNFα遮断剤は、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組み合わせて該被験体に投与されるものであり、該組み合わせの投与が、該免疫チェックポイント阻害剤のみの投与と比べて増強された治療有効性をもたらし、
該TNFα遮断剤が、可溶性TNFαレセプターであるか、又はTNFα若しくはTNFαレセプター1に対する特異性を有する抗体であり、
該免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、抗PD−1抗体である、
医薬組成物。 - 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を含む、それを必要とする被験体におけるガンを処置するための医薬組成物であって、
該免疫チェックポイント阻害剤は、TNFα遮断剤と組み合わせて該被験体に投与されるものであり、該組み合わせの投与が、該免疫チェックポイント阻害剤のみの投与と比べて増強された治療有効性をもたらし、
該TNFα遮断剤が、可溶性TNFαレセプターであるか、又はTNFα若しくはTNFαレセプター1に対する特異性を有する抗体であり、
該免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、抗PD−1抗体である、
医薬組成物。 - 被験体が、乳ガン、肺ガン、及び黒色腫からなる群より選択されるガンを患っている、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 被験体が黒色腫を患っている、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 被験体が、BRAF阻害剤に耐性の黒色腫を患っている、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- TNFα遮断剤が、TNFα若しくはTNFαレセプター1に対する特異性を有するFab’、Fab、又はF(ab’)2抗体フラグメントである、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- TNFα遮断剤が、TNFα若しくはTNFαレセプター1に対する特異性を有する完全ヒト抗体又はヒト化抗体である、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- TNFα遮断剤が、エタネルセプト、インフリキシマブ、アダリムマブ、セルトリズマブペゴル及びゴリムマブからなる群より選択される、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 抗PD−1抗体が、ニボルマブ又はペンブロリズマブである、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 抗CTLA−4抗体を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 抗CTLA−4抗体が、イピリムマブ又はトレメリムマブである、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- i)被験体から得られた腫瘍組織サンプルにおけるTIM−3の発現レベルを決定すること、ii)工程i)において決定した発現レベルと所定の基準値とを比較すること、並びにiii)治療有効量の抗PD−1抗体及びTNFα遮断剤を該被験体に同時投与することを含む方法で用いられる、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
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