JP6827254B2 - Power generation system and methods related to the system - Google Patents

Description

Mutual References Regarding Related Applications This application is filed on November 20, 2013, US Provisional Application No. 61 / 906,792, and filed on November 26, 2013, US Provisional Application No. 61 / 909,216. , US Provisional Application No. 61 / 911, 932 filed on December 20, 2013, and US Provisional Application No. 61 / 924,697 filed on January 7, 2014. Claim, and all of them are referenced and incorporated here.

The present disclosure relates to the field of power generation and, in particular, to systems, devices, and methods for power generation. More specifically, the embodiments of the present disclosure relate to power generators and systems as well, generating plasma to an electric power converter or electric power through heat to an electric power converter, and plasma. And related methods of generating thermal power. In addition, the embodiments of the present disclosure describe systems, devices, and methods that use water or water-based fuel source ignition to generate mechanical power and / or thermal energy. Further, the present disclosure relates to an electrochemical power system that produces electrical power and / or thermal energy. These and other related examples are described in detail in this disclosure.

Power generation can take many forms by utilizing the power from the plasma. The successful commercialization of plasma may depend on a power generation system that can efficiently form the plasma and capture the power of the generated plasma.

Plasma may form during the ignition of a particular fuel. These fuels can include water or water-based fuel sources. During ignition, a plasma cloud of ultra-heated electrons exfoliated atoms is formed, and high-energy particles are emitted outwards. The highest energy particles emitted are hydrogen ions that can transfer kinetic energy to the plasma to the electrical converters of the present disclosure.

Power can also be generated through the use of a system or device that utilizes energy from the ignition of fuel in a reaction vessel or combustion chamber. As mentioned above, these fuels can include water or water-based fuel sources. Examples of such systems or devices include internal combustion engines, which typically include one or more mechanisms for compressing the gas and mixing the fuel with the gas. The fuel and gas are then ignited in the combustion chamber. The expansion of the combustion gas exerts a force on a moving element, such as a piston or turbine blade. The high pressure and high temperature generated by the expanding combustion gas move the piston or blade to generate mechanical power.

Internal combustion engines can be classified according to the type of combustion process and by the type of engine used in the combustion process. The combustion process can include reciprocating, rotary, and continuous combustion. Different types of reciprocating combustion engines include two-stroke, four-stroke, six-stroke, diesel, Atkinson cycle, and Miller cycle. Wankel engines are a type of rotary engine and continuous combustion includes gas turbines and jet engines. Other types of these engines can share one or more features with the types of engines listed above, and variables of the other engines will be considered by those of skill in the art. These may include, for example, motorjet engines.

Reciprocating engines typically operate in cycles with multiple strokes. The intake stroke can draw one or more gases into the combustion chamber. The fuel is mixed with the gas and the compression stroke compresses the gas. The gas-fuel mixture is then ignited, which subsequently expands and produces mechanical power during the power stroke. The generated gas is then discharged from the combustion chamber during the exhaust stroke. And all the cycles are repeated. By balancing one piston or by using multiple pistons, the process can provide continuous rotational power.

Different types of reciprocating engines generally operate in the cycles described above, with some modifications. For example, instead of the four-stroke cycle described above, a two-stroke engine combines intake and compression strokes into one stroke and expansion and exhaust processes into another stroke. Unlike four or two stroke engines, diesel engines operate without spark plugs and use only heat and pressure to ignite the air-fuel mixture. The Atkinson engine uses a modified crankshaft to provide higher efficiency. Here, the Miller cycle operates with a supercharger and modified compression strokes.

Instead of a piston stroke, the Wankel engine uses a rotor that rotates asymmetrically in the combustion chamber. The rotation of the rotor, which is usually in the shape of a triangle, draws gas into the combustion chamber through the intake port. As the rotor rotates, asymmetrical movements compress the gas, which is then ignited in different sections of the combustion chamber. The gas expands into different sections of the combustion chamber as the rotor continues to rotate. Finally, the rotor exhausts the exhaust gas through the exhaust port, and the cycle begins again.

Continuous combustion engines include gas turbines and jet engines that use turbine blades to generate mechanical power. As with the engine described above, the gas is first compressed and then fuel is added to the compressed gas. The mixture is then burned and allowed to expand, passing through the turbine blades and rotating the shaft. The shaft can drive a propeller, a compressor, or both. Different types of continuous combustion include, for example, industrial gas turbines, spare power units, compressed air storage, radial gas turbines, micro turbines, turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, turboshafts, propfans, rams. Includes jet and scramjet engines.

In contrast to the engines mentioned above, which rely on defragmentation, other types of engines are also powered by the ignition process. Where an explosion is a supersonic process, defragmentation releases thermal energy via subsonic combustion. For example, pulse jet and pulse explosion engines use an explosion process. These types of engines often have a small number of drive components and are relatively simple to operate. In general, a mixture of fuel and gas is drawn into the combustion chamber via an open valve, the valve is closed, and the mixture reacts to generate propulsion. The valve then opens, fresh fuel and gas replace the exhaust, and the process is repeated. Some engines do not use valves, but depend on the engine form to achieve the same effect. Repeated reactions cause pulse power.

Power can also be generated by the use of electrochemical power systems. The system can generate power in the form of electrical power and / or thermal energy. Such electrochemical power systems typically include electrodes and reactants, which cause a flow of electrons, after which it is utilized.

The present disclosure describes in detail many systems for producing different forms of power. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an electrochemical power system that produces at least one of electrical and thermal energy, the system comprising a tank. The tank is
With at least one cathode
With at least one anode,
At least one bipolar plate and a) at least one _{H 2} O source,
b) Source of oxygen,
where c) n is an _{integer, nH, O, O 2,} OH, OH -, and, the source of catalyst or catalyst comprises at least one of the group selected from of _{H 2} O nascent (nascent) at least One, and d) atomic hydrogen or at least one of the sources of atomic hydrogen,
Reactants containing at least two components selected from
A catalyst source, a catalyst, a source of atomic hydrogen, and one or more reactants forming at least one of atomic hydrogen, and.
Containing one or more reactants that initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen,
The electrochemical power system further includes an electrolytic system and an anode regeneration system.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a power system that directly generates at least one of electrical and thermal energy. The power system is
With at least one tank
at least one source of catalyst or catalyst containing a) nascent the (nascent) _{H 2} O,
b) at least one atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen, and c) at least one conductor or conductive matrix.
Reactants, including
With at least one set of electrodes confining the hydrino reactant,
A source of electrical power that carries a short burst of high current electrical energy,
Recharging system and
It includes at least one of the systems for regenerating the initial reactants from the reaction product, and at least one of the direct plasma to electrical converters and at least one of the thermal power to electrical power converters.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an electrochemical power system including a tank. The tank is
With at least one cathode
With at least one anode,
With at least one electrolyte,
at least one source of catalyst or catalyst containing a) nascent the (nascent) _{H 2} O,
b) At least one of atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen,
c) Conductor, conductive matrix, source of conductor, at least one of the sources of conductive matrix,
With at least two reactants selected from
Includes at least one of the current sources for generating a current, including at least one of the high ion and electron currents selected from the internal and external current sources.
The electrochemical power system is characterized in that it produces at least one of electrical and thermal energies.

In one additional embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a water arc plasma power system. The water arc plasma power system is
With at least one of the closed reaction tanks,
A reactant comprising at least one of H ₂ O and _{H 2} O source,
With at least one set of electrodes,
H carries ₂ O initial high breakdown voltage (initial high breakdown voltage), and the electrical power source for supplying a high current that follows, and,
Including a heat exchanger system, the power system produces arc plasma, light, and thermal energy.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a mechanical power system. The mechanical power system is
at least one source of catalyst or catalyst comprising of H _{2 O} a) nascent
b) At least one of atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen,
c) At least one of the conductor and the conductive matrix,
With fuel, including
With at least one fuel inlet with at least one valve,
With at least one of the exhaust vents with at least one valve,
With at least one of the pistons,
With at least one of the crankshafts
High current source and
Includes at least two electrodes that transmit and confine high currents through the fuel.

An embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a power generation system. In the power generation system, an electric power source of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² and a plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the electric power source, and the plurality of electrodes are used to generate plasma. Where it is configured to carry electrical power to the solid fuel, it is positioned to receive a fuel loading region, which is configured to receive the solid fuel, and to receive at least a portion of the plasma. Also included is a plasma power converter. Another embodiment relates to a power generation system. The power generation system comprises a plurality of electrodes, a fuel filling region arranged between the plurality of electrodes and configured to receive conductive fuel, where the plurality of electrodes add conductive fuel. It is configured to apply an electric current to a sufficiently conductive fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power to move the conductive fuel into the fuel filling area. A delivery mechanism for, and a plasma-electric power converter (plasma-) configured to convert plasma to non-plasma form of power or to convert thermal form of power to electrical form of power. It includes a to-electric power converter) or a mechanical converter that converts thermal power into a non-thermal form of power, including electrical or mechanical power. Further embodiments relate to methods of generating power. The method produces at least one of plasma, light, and heat with the step of delivering a certain amount of fuel to the fuel-filled region where the fuel-filled region is located within multiple electrodes. A step of igniting the fuel by passing a current of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² through the fuel by applying a current to multiple electrodes for the purpose, and a step of receiving at least a part of the plasma in the plasma-electric converter. , A step of converting plasma into different forms of power using a plasma-electric converter, and a step of outputting different forms of power.

Additional embodiments relate to power generation systems. The power generation system comprises an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW and a plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially enclose the fuel and are electrical. It is electrically connected to a power source and is configured to receive an electric current to ignite its fuel, and at least one of its multiple electrodes is movable, delivering delivery to move the fuel. It includes a mechanism and a plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from the ignition of fuel into non-plasma form of power. Additional to this disclosure is a power generation system. The power generation system comprises an electrical power source of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² and a plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially enclose the fuel. It is electrically connected to an electrical power source, configured to receive an electric current to ignite the fuel, and at least one of its multiple electrodes is movable, with a delivery mechanism for moving the fuel, and Includes a plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma produced from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power.

Another embodiment relates to one power generation system. The power generation system comprises an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW and the plurality of spaced electrodes and fuel, at least one of the electrodes including a compression mechanism. A fuel-filled region configured to receive, and where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes, so that the compression mechanism of at least one of the electrodes is oriented towards the fuel-filled region and its Multiple electrodes are electrically connected to its electrical power source and are configured to power the fuel received within the fuel filling area to ignite the fuel, moving the fuel into the fuel filling area. Other embodiments of the present disclosure include a delivery mechanism for the purpose and a plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into a non-plasma form of power. Regarding one power generation system. The power generation system comprises an electrical power source of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² and a plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes contains a compression mechanism. A fuel filling region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes so that the compression mechanism of at least one of the electrodes is oriented towards the fuel filling region and said. A plurality of electrodes are electrically connected to the electrical power source to supply power to the fuel received in the fuel filling region to ignite the fuel, and the fuel is supplied into the fuel filling region. It includes a delivery mechanism for operation and a plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power.

The embodiments of the present disclosure also relate to power generation systems. The power generation system includes a plurality of electrodes, a fuel filling region surrounded by the plurality of electrodes and configured to receive fuel, and a fuel in which the plurality of electrodes are arranged in the fuel filling region. A delivery mechanism for igniting the fuel and moving the fuel into the fuel-filled region, and a plasma configured to convert the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel into a non-plasma form of power. Functional for power converters, removal systems for removing ignited fuel by-products, and removal systems for recycling the removed by-products of ignited fuels into recycled fuels. Including a regeneration system, which is coupled to. Specific embodiments of the present disclosure also relate to one power generation system. The power generation system includes electrical power configured to output a current of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² and multiple spaced electrodes that are electrically connected to the electrical power source. And a fuel filling region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and when the plurality of electrodes are received within the fuel filling region. It is configured to power the fuel to ignite it, and electrically delivers a delivery mechanism to move the fuel into the fuel-filled area and the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel. Plasma-electric power converters configured to convert to power, one or more output power terminals functionally coupled to said plasma-electric power converter, and power. Includes a storage device (power storage electricity).

Additional embodiments of the present disclosure relate to one power generation system. The power generation system
With an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW,
With multiple spaced electrodes that are electrically connected to an electrical power source,
A fuel-filled region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and the plurality of electrodes when received within the fuel-filled region. Configured to power a fuel to ignite it,
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel into electrical power,
It includes a sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system and a controller configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system.
A further embodiment relates to one power generation system. The power generation system
With an electrical power source of at least about 2,000 A / cm ²
With multiple spaced electrodes that are electrically connected to an electrical power source,
A fuel-filled region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and the plurality of electrodes when received within the fuel-filled region. Configured to power a fuel to ignite it,
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel into non-plasma form of power,
A sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system, and
Includes a controller configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system.

Specific embodiments of the present disclosure relate to one power generation system. The power generation system is configured to receive fuel with an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW, multiple spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source, and fuel. The filling region and here the fuel filling region are surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, which power the fuel to ignite the fuel when received in the fuel filling region. The pressure in the fuel-filled region is partial vacuum, and the delivery mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel-filled region and the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel. Includes a plasma-to-electric power converter, which is configured to convert the fuel into a non-plasma form of power. Another embodiment relates to one power generation system. The power generation system is configured to receive at least about 2,000 A / cm ² of electrical power, multiple spaced electrodes that are electrically connected to the electrical power source, and fuel. The fuel filling region and here the fuel filling region are surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, and the plurality of electrodes power the fuel to ignite the fuel when received in the fuel filling region. A delivery mechanism for moving the fuel into the fuel-filled region and a plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel, which is configured to supply and the pressure in the fuel-filled region is partial decompression. Includes a plasma-electric power converter, which is configured to convert to non-plasma form of power.

A further embodiment relates to one power generation system. The power generation system is a water-based fuel consisting mostly of H ₂ O, with an outlet port connected to a vacuum pump, multiple electrodes electrically connected to an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW. A fuel filling region configured to receive, and where the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver power to a water-based fuel to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. Includes, arc plasma and a power converter configured to convert at least a portion of the thermal power into electrical power. Also disclosed is one power generation system, which is an electrical power source of at least 5,000 A / cm ² and a plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source. When a fuel filling region configured to receive a water-based fuel that most consisting H _{2 O,} wherein said plurality of electrodes in order to generate at least one arc plasma and thermal power, It includes a power converter configured to deliver power to a water-based fuel and to convert at least a portion of arc plasma and thermal power into electrical power.

Additional embodiments relate to methods of generating power. The method comprises a fuel filling region comprising a plurality of electrodes, the steps of filling the fuel filling region with fuel and the plurality of steps to add to the fuel to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. A step of applying a current of at least about 2,000 A / cm ² to the electrodes of the, and passing arc plasma through a plasma-to-electric converter to generate electrical power, and electrical power. Includes a step of performing at least one of passing thermal power through a plasma electrical converter to generate, and a step of outputting at least a portion of the generated electrical power. Further, one power generation system is disclosed, in which the power generation system includes an electric power source of at least 5,000 kW, a plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the power source, and here, the plurality of electrodes. the electrode is configured to delivery electrical power to the fuel of the water-based, including the majority of the H _{2 O} to produce heat power, and to convert at least a portion of the heat power to the electrical power Including a heat exchanger, which is configured as such. In addition, another embodiment relates to one power generation system. The power generation system includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW, a plurality of spaced electrodes, and here at least one compression mechanism of the plurality of electrodes, most of which are H. _A fuel-filled region configured to receive water-based fuel containing ₂ O, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes and a compression mechanism of at least one electrode is located in the fuel-filled region. To be deflected towards and the plurality of electrodes are electrically connected to the electrical power source and to power the water-based fuel received within the fuel filling region to ignite the fuel. A delivery mechanism for moving a water-based fuel into the fuel-filled region, and a plasma configured to convert the plasma generated from the ignition of the fuel into non-plasma form of power. Includes power converter and.

Specific embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power is a solid with an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. A fuel delivery device configured to deliver the fuel to the ignition chamber, connected to an electrical power source, and powering the solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to and a piston located within the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber to output mechanical power. And, including.

Additional embodiments relate to systems for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, wherein the ignition. The chamber includes a discharge port and is connected to the electrical power source with a fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel to the ignition chamber to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to supply power to the ignition chamber and a fluid communicating with the discharge port and configured to rotate to output mechanical power. Including the turbine inside.

A further embodiment relates to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power is an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an impeller configured to rotate to output the mechanical power, where the impeller is , Includes a hollow region configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, and the cavity region is an intake port configured to receive a working fluid. A fuel delivery device that includes port) and is configured to deliver solid fuel to said cavity region, and is connected to an electrical power source and to ignite the solid fuel, and plasma and heat. Includes a pair of electrodes configured to supply power to the cavity region to generate at least one of the powers.

Additional embodiments relate to systems for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, a movable element configured to rotate to output the mechanical power, and here. With a fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel to the ignition chamber, the moving element at least partially defines an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. , And a pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.

A further embodiment relates to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and a plurality of ignition chambers, wherein each of the plurality of ignition chambers has at least one of plasma and thermal power. A fuel delivery device configured to produce one and to deliver solid fuel to the plurality of ignition chambers, and a plurality of electrodes connected to an electrical power source, comprising: At least one of the plurality of electrodes is associated with at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers and is configured to supply electrical power to the solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. Will be done.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power, and the ignition chamber. A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel, connected to said electrical power source, and to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured in and a piston that is fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber to output mechanical power. And, including.

In addition, the present disclosure relates to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power comprises an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power, wherein said. The ignition chamber includes an outlet port and is connected to the electrical power source with a fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel to the ignition chamber and at least one of plasma and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to power the fuel to produce and communicate with the outlet port and configured to rotate to output mechanical power. Including turbines in fluids.

The embodiment also relates to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an impeller configured to rotate to output the mechanical power, wherein the impeller To the cavity region, including a hollow region configured to generate at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power, and an intake port configured to receive a working fluid. A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuels, connected to an electrical power source, to ignite water-based fuels, and to generate at least one of plasma and thermal powers. To include a pair of electrodes, which are configured to supply electrical power to the cavity region.

The present disclosure also relates to a system for generating mechanical power. The system for generating the mechanical power includes an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and a plurality of ignition chambers, wherein each of the plurality of ignition chambers is of arc plasma and thermal power. A fuel delivery device configured to produce at least one and to deliver water-based fuel to the plurality of ignition chambers, and a plurality of electrodes connected to the electrical power source. Where at least one of the plurality of electrodes is associated with at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers and electrically to a water-based fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. It is configured to supply power.

An ignition chamber is also provided here. The ignition chamber comprises a shell defining a cavity chamber configured to produce at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and a fuel receptacle in a fluid communicating with the cavity chamber. Here, the fuel receptacle includes a movable element in a fluid that is electrically bonded to a pair of electrodes and communicates with the cavity chamber. An additional disclosure is the ignition chamber. The ignition chamber comprises a shell defining the cavity chamber, an injection device in a fluid communicating with the cavity chamber, and where the injection device is configured to inject fuel into the cavity chamber.
It is configured to be electrically connected to the cavity chamber and to provide electrical power to the fuel sufficient to generate at least one of the plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power within the cavity chamber. Includes a pair of electrodes and a moving element in the fluid communicating with the cavity chamber.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods of generating mechanical power. The method of generating the mechanical power involves delivering a solid fuel to the ignition chamber, passing a current of at least about 5,000 A through the solid fuel, and igniting the solid fuel to produce plasma and thermal power. To generate at least one of the steps of applying a voltage of less than about 10 V, to mix at least one of the plasma and thermal power with the working fluid, and to move the moving elements and output the mechanical power. Includes steps to guide the working fluid towards the moving element.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods of generating mechanical power. The method of generating the mechanical power is through a step of delivering the water-based fuel to the ignition chamber and through the water-based fuel to ignite the water-based fuel to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. A step of applying a voltage of at least about 2 kV to the water-based fuel through a current of at least about 5,000 A, a step of mixing at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power with the working fluid, and a machine with moving moving elements. Includes a step of guiding the working fluid towards the moving element to output the target power.

A method of generating mechanical power is also disclosed, which comprises supplying solid fuel to the ignition chamber and supplying at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically connected to the solid fuel. A step of igniting the solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power in the ignition chamber, and a step of converting at least some of the plasma and thermal power into mechanical power. including. An additional method of generating mechanical power is disclosed, which is the step of supplying water-based fuel to the ignition chamber and at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically connected to the solid water-based fuel. A step of supplying and a step of igniting the water-based fuel to form at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power in the ignition chamber, and at least some of the at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power. Includes steps to convert to mechanical power.

An additional embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a machine configured for and-based transport. The machine configured for the land transportation means an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. A chamber, a fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber, and to be connected to the electrical power source and to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to power the fuel, fluidly coupled to the ignition chamber, and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber. Includes a moving element and a drive shaft that is mechanically connected to the moving element and configured to provide mechanical power to the moving means element.

An additional embodiment of the present disclosure relates to a machine configured for air transport. The machine configured for air transport is an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. And a fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber, and said to be connected to the electrical power source and to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to power the fuel, a moving element fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and Includes an aviation element, which is mechanically connected to the movable element and is configured to provide propulsion in a flight environment.

The embodiments of the present disclosure also relate to machines configured for marine transport. The machine configured for sea transport is an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. And a fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber and said to be connected to the electrical power source and to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. A pair of electrodes configured to power the fuel, a moving element fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and , Includes a marine element, which is mechanically connected to the movable element and is configured to provide propulsion in a marine environment.

An additional embodiment of the present disclosure relates to work machines again. The work machine comprises an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and the ignition chamber. A fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel and power to the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power connected to the electrical power source. A pair of electrodes configured as such, a movable element fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and a machine to the movable element. Includes work elements, which are connected and configured to provide mechanical power.

A brief description of the drawing
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a CIHT cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a CIHT cell dipolar plate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an SF-CIHT cell power generator showing a carousel reloading system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of an SF-CIHT cell power generator showing a hopper reloading system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 4B shows an electrode showing an electrical power source that also functions as a start-up power source according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and also functions as a structural element, SF-CIHT. It is a schematic diagram of a cell power generator. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the operation of a magnetohydrodynamic power converter according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a magnetohydrodynamic power converter according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of system integration for the application of electrical SF-CIHT cells according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of system integration for thermal and hybrid electrical-thermal SF-CIHT cell application according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an internal SF-CIHT cell engine according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 10 is a schematic view of _{H 2} O arc plasma cell power generator comprising a partially enlarged view showing the inside of the arc plasma chamber according to an embodiment of the present disclosure (arc plasma vessel).

Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the experimental H _{2 O} arc plasma cell power generator according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 12 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 13A depicts a typical power generation system in an open state according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 13B depicts a typical power generation system of FIG. 13A in a closed state. FIG. 13C depicts a typical power generation system in an open state according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 13D depicts a typical power generation system of FIG. 13C in a closed state. 14A and 14B depict various perspectives of a typical power generation system according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 15A depicts a typical configuration of components in a power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 15B depicts a typical configuration of components in a power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 15C depicts a typical configuration of components in a power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 15D depicts a typical configuration of components in a power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 16 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 17A depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 17B depicts an alternative configuration of components of the typical power generation system of FIG. 17A. FIG. 18A depicts a typical electrode of a power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 18B depicts an alternative configuration of the typical electrodes of FIG. 18A. FIG. 19 depicts a typical plasma converter according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 20 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 22 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 23 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 24 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 25 depicts a typical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 26 depicts a typical mechanical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 27 is an illustration of a partial enlarged view of a mechanical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a part of the mechanical power generation system according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a part of the mechanical power generation system according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 30 is an illustration of a pair of electrodes according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 is an illustration of a pair of electrodes according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 32 is an illustration of a pair of electrodes according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 33A and 33B are different views of the impeller according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 34 is an illustration of a mechanical power generation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 35A and 35B are different views of the fuel delivery device and the ignition chamber according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 36 is an illustration of a chamber arrangement and fuel delivery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 37A, 37B, and 37C are illustrations of different embodiments of fuel containers and electrodes according to the present disclosure. FIG. 38 is an illustration of an ignition chamber according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 39 is an illustration of an ignition chamber according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 40 is an illustration of an ignition chamber according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 41 is an illustration of an ignition chamber according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Disclosed here is a catalytic system for releasing energy from atomic hydrogen to form a lower energy state, but its electron shell is located closer to the nucleus. The released power is utilized for power generation, and in addition, new hydrogen species and compounds are the desired products. These energy states are predicted by classical laws of physics and require a catalyst that receives energy from hydrogen in order to undergo the corresponding energy release / transition.

Classical physics gives closed forms of hydrogen atoms, hydride ions, hydrogen molecule ions, and hydrogen molecules, and predicts the corresponding species with the principal quantum number of the fraction. Using Maxwell's equations, the structure of the electron is a boundary value problem, assuming that the bound electron in the n = 1 state cannot emit energy and contains the source current of the time-variable electromagnetic field between transitions. I was guided. The reaction predicted by the solution of the H atom is from an otherwise stable atomic hydrogen to a catalyst that can accept energy, in order to form hydrogen at a lower energy state than previously thought possible. Includes resonating, non-radiative energy transfer. Specifically, classical physics provides a reaction with a net enthalpy of an integral multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, where E _h = 27.2 eV, when E _h is 1 Hartree. Predict that atomic hydrogen may experience catalytic reactions with atoms, excimers, ions, and diatomic hydrides. Specific species that can be identified on the basis of their known electron energy levels (eg, He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Sr ⁺ , K, Li, HCl, and NaH, OH, SH, SeH, H ₂ during development. O, nH (n = integer)) is required to be present with atomic hydrogen to catalyze the process. The reaction involves hydrogen atoms lower in energy than unreacted atomic hydrogen corresponding to the principal quantum number of the fraction, and q · 13.6 eV to H to form an unusually hot, excited state of H. Includes non-radiative energy transfer following transfer or continuous emission of q · 13.6 eV. That is, in the equation for the principal energy level of the hydrogen atom,
^{_{E n = - (e 2 /}} n 2 8πε 0 a H) = - (13.598eV / n 2)
(1)
n = 1, 2, 3, ... (2)
Here, a _H is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom (52.947 pm), e is the magnitude of the electric charge of the electron, and ε ₀ is the dielectric constant of the vacuum, and the quantum number of the fraction is as follows. become that way.
n = 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ..., 1 / p (3)
Here, p is an integer such that p ≦ 137, but replaces the well-known parameter of n = integer in the Rydberg equation for excited hydrogen, and represents a hydrogen atom in a lower energy state called “hydrino”. And, like the excited state with the analytical solution of Maxwell's equations, the hydrino atom also contains one electron (elector), one proton (proton), and one photon (photon). However, the latter electric field, as in the excited state, increases the coupling in response to the absorption of energy, rather than reducing the central field with the absorption of energy, and the resulting hydrino The proton-electron interaction is stable rather than radioactive.

The n = 1 state of hydrogen and the n = 1 / integer state of hydrogen are non-radioactive, but between two non-radioactive states, for example n = 1 to n = 1/2. Transitions are possible due to non-radioactive energy transfer. Hydrogen is a special state of stable state given by equations (1) and (3), but the corresponding radii of hydrogen or hydrino atoms are given as follows.
r = a _H / p (4)
Here, p = 1, 2, 3, ... To conserve energy, energy must be transferred from the hydrogen atom to the catalyst in the following units:
m ・ 27.2eV, m = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (5)
Then, the radius transitions to a _H / (m + p). The catalytic reaction involves two steps of energy release. Non-radioactive energy transfer to the catalyst followed by additional energy release, which occurs as the radius decreases to the corresponding stable final state. The rate of catalytic reaction is believed to increase when the net enthalpy of the reaction matches closer to m · 27.2 eV. Catalysts with a net enthalpy of reaction within ± 10%, preferably within ± 5% of m · 27.2 eV, have been found to be suitable for most applications. In the case of the catalytic reaction of the hydrino atom to a lower energy state, the enthalpy of the reaction of m · 27.2 eV (Equation (5)) is relativistically corrected by the same factor as the potential energy of the hydrino atom.

The general reaction is expressed by the following equation.
m ・ 27.2eV + Cat ^q− + H [a _H / p]
→ Cat ^{(q + r) +} + re ⁻ H ^* [a _H / (m + p)]
+ M ・ 27.2eV (6)
H ^* [a _H / (m + p)]
→ H [a _H / (m + p)] + [(m + p) ^2- p ² ] ・ 13.6 eV
−M ・ 27.2eV (7)
Cat ^{(q + r) +} + re- → Cat ^{q +} + m ・ 27.2eV (8)
And the whole reaction is as follows.
H [a _H / p]
→ H [a _H / (m + p)] + [(m + p) ^2- p ² ] ・ 13.6eV (9)
q, r, m, and p are integers. _{^{H * [a H / (m}} + p)] will have a radius of hydrogen atom (corresponding to 1 in the denominator), and the equivalent central field to that of (m + p) times the proton, H _[a H / (M + p)] is a corresponding stable state with a radius of 1 / (m + p) of that of H. When an electron undergoes a radial acceleration from the radius of a hydrogen atom to a radius of 1 / (m + p) of this distance, the energy is emitted as characteristic light emission or as kinetic energy of the third body. ^Emission and lifting the ^{[(p + m) 2 -p} 2 -2m] · 13.6eV or 91.2 ^/ end with ^{[(m + p) 2 -p} 2 -2m] nm, extends to longer wavelengths, extreme ultraviolet It may be in the form of continuous radiation. In addition to radiation, resonant kinetic energy transfer forming fast H may occur. The subsequent excitation of these fast H (n = 1) by collision with background H ₂ with the emission of the corresponding fast atom of H (n = 3) results in widespread Ballmer α-ray radiation. Instead, fast H is a direct product of H or hydrino acting as its catalyst, but the receipt of resonance energy transfer is considered potential energy rather than ionization energy. The law of conservation of energy gives kinetic energy protons corresponding to half the potential energy in the former case and catalytic ions that are essentially stationary in the latter case. The H recombination emission of fast protons, in line with excessive power balance, produces broadened Ballmer alpha radiation that is disproportionate to the hot hydrogen inventory.

In the present disclosure, the hydrino reaction, the H catalytic action, the H catalytic action reaction, the catalytic action when referring to hydrogen, the reaction of hydrogen for forming hydrino, and the hydrino forming reaction are all described in the formulas (1) and (3). ) To form a hydrogen state with the energy level given by), referring to a reaction with the atom H, such as that of the catalytic formula (6-9) defined by formula (5). Corresponding terms such as reactants, reactants for hydrino formation, catalytic mixtures, hydrino reaction mixtures, hydrino reactants, which form or produce hydrogen or hydrinos in lower energy states are also expressed in formula (1). And are used interchangeably when referring to reaction mixtures that catalyze H to a hydrino state or H state with the energy level given by (3).

The transition to the catalytic lower energy hydrogen of the present disclosure is in the form of an endothermic chemical reaction of an integer m of the potential energy of 27.2 eV non-catalyzed atomic hydrogen that receives energy from the atom H to trigger the transition. Demand a catalyst that may be present. The endothermic catalytic reaction may be one or more ionizations from a species such as an atom or ion (eg, m = 3 for Li → Li ²⁺ ) and for the first bond (eg, NaH → Na ²⁺ + H). Ionization of one or more electrons from one or more of the partners of m = 2) may further include a concerted reaction of bond cleavage. He ⁺ meets the catalytic criteria of a chemical or physical process with an enthalpy change equal to an integral multiple of 27.2 eV, as it is ionized at 54.417 eV, 2.27.2 eV. The integer number of hydrogen atoms may also act as a catalyst for an integral multiple of the 27.2 eV enthalpy. The hydrogen atom H (1 / p) p = 1, 2, 3, ... 137 can undergo further transitions to the lower energy states given by equations (1) and (3), but 1 Catalysis is exerted by one or more additional H atoms in which the transition of one atom receives m · 27.2 eV resonantly and non-radiatively with the accompanying reverse change in its potential energy. The overall general formula for the transition from H (1 / p) to H (1 / (p + m)) induced by the resonance transmission of m · 27.2 eV to H (1 / p') is as follows: expressed.
H (1 / p') + H (1 / p)
→ H + H (1 / ( m + p)) + [2 pm+m 2 -p '2 +1] · 13.6eV
(10)

A hydrogen atom acts as a catalyst for one, two and three atoms, respectively, and functions as a catalyst with m = 1, m = 2, and m = 3, respectively. You can do it. Two atoms when an extremely fast H collides with one molecule so that two atoms resonately and non-radiatively receive 54.4 eV from the third hydrogen atom of the collision partner to form 2H. The rate for catalyst 2H may be high. By the same mechanism, the collision of _two hot H2s supplies 3H, which acts as a catalyst for 3.27.2 eV against the fourth. Large energy emissions, product gas H ₂ (1/4), highly excited H state, anomalous (> 100 eV) Balmer alpha broadening, and EUV continuums at 22.8 nm and 10.1 nm are predictive. Observed to match.

H (1/4) is the preferred hydrino state based on the selection rule for its formation and its multipolarization. In this way, when H (1/3) is formed, the transition to H (1/4) may be catalyzed by H at high speed according to equation (10). Similarly, H (1/4) is the preferred state for catalytic energy equal to or greater than 81.6 eV corresponding to m = 3 in formula (5). In this case, the energy transfer to the catalyst includes 81.6 eV forming the H ^* (1/4) intermediate of equation (7), but is similar to an integral multiple of 27.2 eV from the decay of that intermediate. is there. For example, a catalyst having a enthalpy of 108.8eV not only 27.2eV from ^H * (1/4) disruption of 122.4 eV, by receiving the ^81.6EV, to form H * a (1/4) Maybe. The remaining decay energy of 95.2 eV is released into the environment to form the preferred state H (1/4) and then react to form H ₂ (1/4).

The preferred catalyst can therefore provide the net positive enthalpy of the reaction at m · 27.2 eV. That is, the catalyst resonates with non-radiative energy transfer from the hydrogen atom and releases energy to the surroundings so as to affect the electronic transition of the fraction to the quantum energy level. As a result of the transfer of non-radiative energy, the hydrogen atom is unstable and further energy until it achieves a lower energy non-radiative state with the main energy level given by equations (1) and (3). To release. Thus, for n given by equation (3), the energy from the hydrogen atom with a reducing equivalent in size of the hydrogen atoms of r n ₌ na _H released by catalysis. For example, the catalytic action from H (n = 1) to H (n = 1/4) releases 204 eV, reducing the hydrogen radius from a _H to (1/4) a _H.

The catalytic product H (1 / p) may also react with the electrons to form the hydrinohydride ion H ⁻ (1 / p), or two H (1 / p). May react to form the corresponding molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p). In particular, the catalyst product H (1 / p) is also a novel hydride ion H with binding energy E _B (1 / p) ^- might react with electrons to form. Here, _{E B} is as follows.
Here, p = integer> 1 and s = 1/2.
Is converted Planck's constant, mu ₀ is the permeability of vacuum, m _e is the electron mass, the mu _e a conversion electron mass given by:.
Also, m _p is the mass of the proton, a ₀ is the radius of the Bohr, ionic radius r ₁ can be expressed as follows.
From equation (11), the calculated ionization energy of the hydrino ion is 0.75418 eV, and the experimental value is 6082.99 ± 0.15 cm ^-1 (0.75418 eV). The binding energy of hydrinohydride ions may be measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

The NMR peak shifted to the high field side is a direct evidence of the presence of hydrogen in a lower energy state with respect to the reduced radius compared to normal hydride ions, and more than with an increase in the diamagnetic shield of the proton. It is a direct proof of the presence of hydrogen in low energy states. The shift is given by the diamagnetic contribution of the two electrons and the sum of the photon field magnitude p (Mills GUTCP equation (7.87)).
Here, the first term applies to H ⁻ having p = 1 and p = integer> 1 for H ⁻ (1 / p), and α is the fine structure constant. The predicted hydrinohydride peak is abnormally shifted to the high magnetic field side with respect to normal hydride ions. In one embodiment, the peak is on the high magnetic field side of TMS. The NMR shift relative to TMS may be greater than known for at least one of the usual H ⁻ , H, H ₂ , or H ⁺ , either alone or containing compounds. The shifts are 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30, -31, -32 , -33, -34, -35, -36, -37, -38, -39, and -40 ppm may be greater than at least one. The range of absolute shifts relative to bare protons is ± 5 ppm, ± 10 ppm, ± 20 ppm, ± 30 ppm, ± 40 ppm, ± 50 ppm, where the TMS shift is about -31.5 relative to bare protons. , ± 60ppm, ± 70ppm, ± 80ppm, ± 90ppm, and in the range of at least one around ^{± 100ppm, - (p29.9 + p} 2 2.74) ppm might be (equation (12)). The relative absolute shift naked protons, 99% from 0,1% to 50% from 1%, and in the range of 1% to 10% of at least one around, ^- (p29.9 + p 2 1.59X10 ^-3 ) It may be ppm (Equation (12)). In another embodiment, the presence of hydrino species such as hydrino atoms, hydrino ions or molecules within a solid matrix such as a hydroxide matrix such as NaOH or KOH increases the proton shift of the matrix. Make it on the magnetic field side. Matrix protons such as those of NaOH or KOH may be exchanged. In one embodiment, the shift may cause the matrix peaks to be in the range of about -0.1 ppm to -5 ppm relative to TMS. The NMR determination may include magic angle spinning ^l H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

H (1 / p) may react with protons and two H (1 / p) may react, producing H ₂ (1 / p) ⁺ and H ₂ (1 / p), respectively. Will. Elementary molecular ions and molecular charges and current density functions, bond lengths, and energies were solved from Laplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates with non-radiative constraints.

Total energy E _T of the hydrogen molecular ion with a central field of + pe in each focal molecular orbitals of spheroids is as follows.
Here, p is an integer, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and μ is the converted nuclear mass. Total energy E _T of the hydrogen molecular ion with a central field of + pe in each focal molecular orbitals of spheroids is as follows.

Bond dissociation energy _{E D} in molecular hydrogen _H 2 (1 / p) is the difference between the total energy and the _{E T} of the corresponding hydrogen atom.
_{E D = E (2H (1} / p)) - E T (16)
Here, E (2H (1 / p)) = −p ² 27.20eV (17)

E _D is given by Equation (16-17) and (15).
^{_{E D = -p 2 27.20eV-E}} T
= −P ² 27.20 eV
-(-P ² 31.351eV-p ³ 0.326469eV)
= P ² 4.151 eV + p ³ 0.326469 eV
(18)

H ₂ (1 / p) is identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), where, in addition to the electrons being ionized, the products of ionization are two protons and one electron, one H atom, It may be at least one hydrino atom, one molecular ion, a hydrogen molecular ion, and one of those potential containing H ₂ (1 / p) ⁺ , the energy of which is shifted by the matrix. May be done.

NMR of the catalytic product gas provides a definitive test of the theoretically predicted chemical shift of H ₂ (1 / p). In general, ¹ H NMR resonance of H ₂ (1 / p) is predicted to be on the higher magnetic field side of H ₂ due to the radius of the fraction in elliptical coordinates where the electrons are very close to the nucleus. The expected shift ΔB _T / B for H ₂ (1 / p) is given by the sum of the contributions of the photon field of magnitude p and the diamagnetism of the two electrons (Mills GUTCP equation (Mills GUTCP equation). 11.415-11.416)))
Here, the first term applies to H ₂ having p = 1 and p = integer> 1 with respect to H ₂ (1 / p). Absolute _{H 2} gas phase resonance shift on experimental -28.0ppm is very good agreement with the predicted absolute gas phase shift -28.01Ppm (formula (20)). The predicted molecular hydrino peak shifts to a very high magnetic field side relative to normal H ₂ . In one embodiment, the peak is on the high magnetic field side of TMS. The NMR shift relative to TMS may be greater than that known for at least one of the usual H ⁻ , H, H ₂ , or H ⁺ , either alone or containing compounds. The shifts are 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15. , -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30, -31,- It may be greater than at least one of 32, -33, -34, -35, -36, -37, -38, -39, and -40 ppm. The range of absolute shifts relative to bare protons is ± 5 ppm, ± 10 ppm, ± 20 ppm, ± 30 ppm, ± 40 ppm, ± 50 ppm, where the TMS shift is about -31.5 ppm relative to bare protons. , ± 60ppm, ± 70ppm, ± 80ppm, within the at least one around ± 90 ppm, and ^{± 100ppm, - (p28.01 + p} 2 2.56) might be in ppm (formula (20)). Range of the relative absolute shift in bare proton, 99% from about 0.1%, from 1% to 50%, and in the range of 1% to 10% of at least one around, - (p28.01 + ^{p 2} It may be 1.49 × 10 ^-3 ) ppm (formula (20)).

The vibrational energy E _vib for the transition from υ = 0 to υ = 1 of the hydrogen type molecule H ₂ (1 / p) is as follows.
E _vib = p ² 0.51590 eV (21)
Here, p is an integer.

The rotational energy _Erot for the transition of the hydrogen-type molecule H ₂ (1 / p) from J to J + 1 is as follows.
Here, p is an integer and I is the moment of inertia. Rotational-oscillating emission of H ₂ (1/4) was observed on electron beam excited molecules in the gas and trapped in a solid matrix.

P ² dependence of the rotational energy is inverse p dependence of the nuclear distance, and, due to the impact, the response to the moment of inertia I. The predicted internucleus distance 2c'for H ₂ (1 / p) is as follows.

At least one of the H ₂ (1 / p) rotational and oscillating energies may be measured by at least one of electron-beam excited emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). .. H ₂ (1 / p) may be trapped in the matrix for measurement, as in at least one of the MOH, MX, and M ₂ CO ₃ (M = alkaline, X = halogen) matrices. ..

I. Catalyst ^{He +, Ar +, Sr +} , Li, K, NaH, nH (n = integer), and _{H 2} O, the catalyst of the reference, that is, enthalpy change is equal to an integer multiple of the potential energy 27.2eV atomic hydrogen It is expected to function as a catalyst because it meets the chemical or physical processes of. In particular, the catalytic system is such that the total ionization energy of the ionization of t-electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV (where m is an integer) so that the catalytic system has t-electrons from the atom to the continuous energy level. Supplied by ionization. Moreover, if further catalytic transitions occur when H (1/2) is first formed:
It may occur as in n = 1/2 → 1/3, 1/3 → 1/4, 1/4 → 1/5, .... Once the catalytic reaction occurs, H or H (1 / p) acts as a catalyst for another H or H (1 / p') (p may be equal to p').

Hydrogen and hydrino may act as catalysts. The hydrogen atom H (1 / p) p = 1, 2, 3, ... 137 may undergo a transition to a lower energy state given by equations (1) and (3), but one atom. The transition is catalyzed by a second atom that resonates and non-radiatively receives m. 27.2 eV with a contemporaneous reverse change in its potential energy. The overall general formula for the transition from H (1 / p) to H (1 / (m + p)) induced by the resonance transfer of m · 27.2 eV to H (1 / p') is equation (10). It is represented by. In this way, the hydrogen atom may act as a catalyst, but for one, two, and three atoms, m = 1, m = 2, and m = 3, respectively. It acts as a catalyst for one. The velocities for the case of 2 or 3 atomic catalysts will only be perceptible when the H density is high. However, high H density is not uncommon. The high hydrogen atom density that allows 2H or 3H to act as energy receptors for the 3rd or 4th is a metal that supports multiple monolayers on the surface of the sun and stars by temperature and gravity driving densities. It may be achievable in several environments, such as on the surface of, and in highly dissociated plasmas, especially in pinch hydrogen plasmas. In addition, the three-body H interaction can be easily achieved when _two H atoms result from collisions between H ₂ and hot H. This event can generally occur in a plasma with a very high density of fast H. This is evidenced by the extraordinary intensity of atomic H emission. In such cases, energy transfer can occur from one hydrogen atom to two other hydrogen atoms, close enough, typically several angstroms via multipolar bonds. Then, the reaction between the three hydrogen atoms such that the two hydrogen atoms resonately and non-radiatively receive 54.4 eV from the third hydrogen atom so that 2H functions as a catalyst is as follows. Given.
54.4eV + 2H + H
^{_{→ 2H + fast + 2e - +}} H * [a H /3]+54.4eV (24)
_{^{H * [a H / 3]}} → H [a H /3]+54.4eV (25)
^{_{2H + fast + 2e - → 2H}} + 54.4eV (26)

The overall reaction is as follows.
_{^{H → H [a H / 3}} ] + [3 2 -1 2] · 13.6eV (27)
Here, H ^* [a _H / 3] has a radius of a hydrogen atom and a central field equal to three times that of a proton, and H [a _H / 3] is a third of that of H. Corresponding stable state with a radius of 1. As the electrons undergo a radial acceleration from the radius of the hydrogen atom to a radius of one-third of this distance, the energy is emitted as characteristic luminescence or as kinetic energy of the third body.

In another H-atomic catalytic reaction involving a direct transition to the [a _H / 4] state, the two hot H ₂ molecules have 3 atoms of 3.27.2 eV relative to the 4th atom. Collision and dissociation to function as a catalyst. Then, the reaction between the four hydrogen atoms is as follows by receiving 81.6 eV from the fourth hydrogen atom resonantly and non-radiatively so that 3H functions as a catalyst. What is given.
81.6eV + 3H + H
→ 3H ⁺ _fast + 3e ⁻ + H ^* [a _{H /} 4] + 81.6eV (28)
_{^{H * [a H / 4]}} → H [a H /4]+122.4eV (29)
^{_{3H + fast + 3e - → 3H}} + 81.6eV (30)

The overall reaction is as follows.
_{^{H → H [a H / 4}} ] + [4 2 -1 2] · 13.6eV (31)

Due to the H ^* [a _H / 4] intermediate of equation (28), the extreme ultraviolet continuous emission band is predicted to have a short wavelength cutoff at 122.4 eV (10.1 nm) and extend to long wavelengths. .. This continuous band was confirmed experimentally. In general, the transition from H to H [a _H / (p = m + 1)] due to the receipt of m · 27.2 eV has a short wavelength cutoff and energy.
Gives a continuous band with. Here, the energy is given as follows.
Also, its short wavelength cutoff extends to longer wavelengths than the corresponding cutoff. The 10.1 nm, 22.8 nm, and 91.2 nm continuum hydrogen emission series have been experimentally observed in the interstellar medium, the Sun, and the white dwarf.

Potential energy of H ₂ O is, 81.6EV is (equation (43)) [Mills GUT]. By the same mechanism, H _{2 O} molecules nascent (solid, liquid, or not bonded hydrogen in gas state), it may act as a catalyst (Equation (44-47)). Continuous emission at 10.1 nm and to longer wavelengths for the theoretically predicted transition of H to the lower energy state of the so-called "hydrino" state was first by Blacklight Power Ink (BLP) and then. It originated and was observed only from a pulse pinch hydrogen discharge, reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA). Continuous radiation in the 10-30 nm region, matching the predicted transition from H to the hydrino state, undergoes a pulse pinch hydrogen discharge with a thermodynamically advantageous metal oxide to undergo H reduction to form a HOH catalyst. It originated and was observed only from. However, the unfavorable reaction did not show any continuous emission, which is very much for the low melting point metal tested to form a metal ion plasma with strong short wavelength continuous emission in a more powerful plasma source. Even if it is advantageous.

Instead, the resonant kinetic energy transfer forming the fast H may occur consistently with the observation of the anomalous Balmer α-ray broadening corresponding to the high kinetic energy H. Energy transfer to the two Hs also causes pumping of the excited state of the catalyst, and fast H is due to typical equations (24), (28), and (47), and by resonant kinetic energy transfer. Generated directly as given.

II. Hydrino The hydrogen atom with the binding energy given by the following equation is the product of the H-catalyzed reaction of the present disclosure.
Binding energy = 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² (34)
Here, p is an integer greater than 1, preferably 2 to 137. The binding energy of an atom, ion, or molecule, also known as ionization energy, is the energy required to remove an electron from the atom, ion, or molecule. The hydrogen atom having the binding energy given in the formula (34) is hereinafter referred to as "hydrino atom" or "hydrino". The hydrino symbolic representation of the radius a _H / p (where a _H is the radius of a normal hydrogen atom and p is an integer) is H [a _H / p]. A hydrogen atom having a radius of a _H is hereinafter referred to as a "normal hydrogen atom" or a "normal hydrogen atom". Normal atomic hydrogen is characterized by a binding energy of 13.6 eV.

Hydrinos are formed by reacting ordinary hydrogen atoms with a valid catalyst with a net enthalpy of reaction such as:
m ・ 27.2eV (35)
Here, m is an integer. It is believed that the rate of catalytic reaction increases as the net reaction enthalpy becomes more consistent with m · 27.2 eV. Catalysts with a net enthalpy of reaction within ± 10%, preferably within ± 5% of m · 27.2 eV, have been found to be valid for most applications.

The catalytic reaction is in the size r n ₌ na _H hydrogen atom, with a reduction commensurate, releasing energy from hydrogen atoms. For example, the catalytic reaction from H (n = 1) to H (n = 1/2) releases 40.8 eV, and the hydrogen radius is reduced from a _H to (1/2) а _H. The catalytic system uses the ionization of t electrons from each atom up to a continuous energy level such that the sum of the ionization energies of the t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 eV (m is an integer in the equation). Provided by. As a power source, the energy released during the catalytic reaction is much greater than the energy carried to the catalyst. The energy released is greater than in conventional chemical reactions. For example, when hydrogen and oxygen gases undergo combustion to form water, the known enthalpy of water formation is ΔH _f = -286 kJ / mole or 1.48 eV per hydrogen atom.
H ₂ (g) + (1/2) O ₂ (g) → H ₂ O (l) (36)
In contrast, each normal hydrogen atom (n = 1) that undergoes a catalytic reaction releases a net 40.8 eV. And further catalytic transitions may occur. n = 1/2 → 1/3, 1/3 → 1/4, 1/4 → 1/5, etc. Once the catalytic reaction begins, hydrinos are autocatalyzed in a process called disproportionation. This mechanism is similar to that of inorganic ion catalysts. However, the hydrino-catalyzed reaction has a faster reaction rate than the reaction rate of the inorganic ion catalyst because the enthalpy matches better with m · 27.2 eV.

III. Hydrino catalysts and hydrino products To produce hydrinos, m is an integer and can provide a net enthalpy of reaction of approximately m · 27.2 eV (thus ionizing t-electrons from atoms or ions). Hydrino catalysts are given in Table 1. The atoms or ions given in the first column are ionized to provide the net enthalpy of the m · 27.2 eV reaction given in the tenth column, where m is given in the eleventh column. To. The electrons that contribute to ionization are given along with the ionization potential (also called ionization energy or binding energy). The ionization potential of an atom or the nth electron of an ion is specified by IP _n and given by CRC. This means, for example, Li +5.39172eV → Li ⁺ + e ⁻ and Li ⁺ + 75.6402eV → Li ²⁺ + e ⁻ . The first ionization potential, IP ₁ = 5.39172 eV, and the second ionization potential, IP ₂ = 75.6402 eV, are given in the second and third columns, respectively. The net enthalpy of the reaction of Li to double ionization is 81.0319 eV as given in the 10th column, but m = 3 in equation (5) as given in the 11th column. ..

The hydrino hydride ions of the present disclosure can be formed by the reaction of hydrino, which is a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 / n ² eV, with an electron source. Here, n = 1 / p, and p is an integer exceeding 1. Hydrideno hydride ions are represented by H ⁻ (n = 1 / p) or H ⁻ (1 / p).
H [a _H / p] + e ⁻ → H ⁻ (n = 1 / p) (37)
_{H [a H / p] +} e - → H - (1 / p) (38)

Hydrideno hydride ions are distinguished from normal hydride ions containing normal hydrogen nuclei and two electrons with a binding energy of about 0.8 eV. The latter is hereinafter referred to as "ordinary hydride ion" or "ordinary hydrogen ion". The hydrinohydride ion contains two hydrogen nuclei, including protium, juterium, or tritium, and electrons that are indistinguishable by binding energy according to formulas (39) and (40).

The binding energy of hydrinohydride ions can be expressed by the following equation.
Here, p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, and π is pi.
It is converted Planck constant, mu ₀ is the permeability of vacuum, m _e is the know electron, mu _e is converted electron mass, is given by the following equation.
Here, m _p is the mass of the proton, is a _H radius of a hydrogen atom, a _o is the Bohr radius and,, e is the elementary charge. The radius is given by the following equation.

The binding energy of the hydrinohydride ion H ⁻ (n = 1 / p) is shown in Table 2 as a function of p, where p is an integer.

According to the present disclosure, the binding according to formulas (39) and (40) is less for p = 24 (H ⁻ ) and greater than the binding of a normal hydride (about 0.75 eV) for p = 2-23. An energetic hydrino hydride ion (H ⁻ ) is provided. For p = 2 to p = 24 of the formulas (39) and (40), the binding energies of the hydride ions are 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29. 3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.6, 72.4, 71.6, 68, 8, 64.0, They are 56.8, 47.1, 34.7, 19.3, and 0.69 eV. A typical composition consisting of novel hydride ions is also provided herein.

Compounds consisting of one or more hydrinohydride ions and one or more other elements are also exemplified. Such compounds are referred to as "hydrinohydride compounds".

Normal hydrogen species are characterized by the following binding energies: (A) hydride ion, 0.754 eV (“normal hydride ion”); (b) hydrogen atom (“normal hydrogen atom”), 13.6 eV; (c) diatomic hydrogen molecule, 15.3 eV ( in and ^{_{(e) H 3 +, 22.6eV}} ( "normal tritium molecular ion");"normal molecular hydrogen"), (d) molecular hydrogen ion, 16,3eV ( "ordinary hydrogen molecular ion") is there. Here, regarding the form of hydrogen, "ordinary" and "ordinary" are synonymous.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide compounds containing at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, such as: The increased binding energy hydrogen species appears to be in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV when (a) p is an integer from 2 to 137. A hydrogen atom with a binding energy of about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV. (B) When p is an integer from 2 to 24, about, such as in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times the binding energy.
Hydride ion (H ⁻ ) with the binding energy of. (C) H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p). (D) When p is an integer from 2 to 137, about 22.6 / (1 / p) 22.6 / (1), such as in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times ² eV. / ^p) triple hydrino molecular ion with a binding energy of ^{_{2 eV, H 3 + (1}} / p). (E) When p is an integer from 2 to 137, it is about 15.3 / (1), such as in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times that of 15.3 / (1 / p) ² eV. / P) Dihydrino with a binding energy of ² eV. (F) When p is an integer from 2 to 137, about 16.3 / (1), such as in the range of about 0.9 to 1.1 times that of 16.3 / (1 / p) ² eV. / P) A dihydrino molecular ion having a binding energy of ² eV.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure provide compounds containing at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, such as: Its increased binding energy hydrogen species, such as in the range of about 0.9 times 1.1 times the (a) A Jihaidorino molecular ions with approximately the total energy as follows, the total energy E _T, about
It is a dihydrino molecular ion with the total energy of. Where p is an integer
Is the converted Planck's constant, _me is the mass of the electron, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and μ is the converted nuclear mass. Then, (b) is in the range of about 0.9 times 1.1 times the total energy E _T, a roughly with Jihaidorino molecule total energy as follows:
p is an integer, a ₀ is the radius of the Bohr.

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, when consisting of hydrogen species having an increased binding energy compound is negatively charged, the compound is a proton, a normal H ₂ ⁺ or normal of H ₃ ^+, such as, 1 It further contains or more cations.

Methods are provided here to prepare compounds containing at least one hydrinohydride ion. Such compounds are hereinafter referred to as "hydrinohydride compounds". The method comprises the step of causing a reaction with atomic hydrogen with a catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of about (m / 2) -27 eV. Here, m is an integer greater than 1, but preferably less than 400, producing a hydrogen atom with an increased binding energy having a binding energy of about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV. .. At this time, p is an integer, preferably an integer from 2 to 137. A further product of catalytic reactions is energy. Hydrogen atoms with increased binding energy can react with the electron source to produce hydride ions with increased binding energy. The increased binding energy hydride ions can react with one or more cations to produce compounds containing at least one increased binding energy hydride ion.

The novel hydrogen composition can include:
(A) At least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species with binding energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy"). Here, this binding energy is
(I) Greater than or greater than the binding energy of the corresponding normal hydrogen species
(Ii) The corresponding normal hydrogen species are unstable, or the binding energy of the normal hydrogen species is lower than the thermal energy under ambient conditions (standard temperature and pressure, STP), so it cannot be confirmed or is negative. Is greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen species. And
(B) At least one other element. Hereinafter, the compounds of the present disclosure will be referred to as "hydrogen compounds with increased binding energy".

"Other elements" in this context mean elements other than hydrogen species with increased binding energy. Therefore, the other element can be a normal hydrogen species or any element other than hydrogen. In one group of compounds, the other elements and the hydrogen species with increased binding energy are neutral. In another group of compounds, other elements and hydrogen species with increased binding energy are charged to provide a balance of charge so that the other elements form a neutral compound. The former group of compounds is characterized by molecular and coordinate bonds, and the latter group is characterized by ionic bonds.

In addition, the novel compounds and molecular ions provided include the following (a) and (b).
(A) At least one of the neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having full energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy"). Here, the total energy is
(I) Greater than or greater than the total energy of the corresponding normal hydrogen species
(Ii) The corresponding normal hydrogen species are unstable, or cannot be observed because the total energy of the normal hydrogen species is lower than the thermal energy under the ambient conditions, or it is negative, more than the total energy of any hydrogen species. It's big. In addition
(B) At least one other element.

The total energy of a hydrogen species is the sum of the energies that remove all electrons from the hydrogen species. A hydrogen species according to the present disclosure has a total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding normal hydrogen species. Hydrogen species with increased total energy according to the present disclosure are also referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy". Even if some examples of hydrogen species with increased total energy have the binding energy of the first electron less than the binding energy of the first electron of the corresponding normal hydrogen species. For example, the hydride ions of equations (39) and (40) for p = 24 have a first binding energy that is less than the first binding energy of a normal hydride ion. Here, the total energy of the hydride ions of the formulas (39) and (40) for p = 24 is much higher than the total energy of the corresponding ordinary hydride ions.

In addition, the novel compounds and molecular ions provided here include the following (a) and (b).
(A) A plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having binding energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy"). Here, the binding energy is
(I) Greater than or greater than the binding energy of the corresponding normal hydrogen species
(Ii) Bonding of any hydrogen species that is unobservable or negative because the corresponding normal hydrogen species is unstable or the total energy of the normal hydrogen species is lower than the thermal energy under ambient conditions. It is greater than energy. In addition
(B) Optionally, one other element.
Hereinafter, the compounds of the present disclosure are referred to as "hydrogen compounds with increased binding energy".

Hydrogen species with increased binding energy include one or more hydrino atoms, one or more electrons, hydrino atoms, compounds containing at least one of the hydrogen species with increased binding energy, and augmentation. It can be formed by reacting with at least one of other atoms, molecules, or ions other than the hydrogen species of the bound energy.

In addition, the novel compounds and molecular ions provided include the following (a) and (b).
(A) A plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having total energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy"). Here, this total energy is
Observed because (i) greater than the total energy of normal molecular hydrogen, or (ii) the corresponding normal hydrogen species is unstable, or the total energy of normal hydrogen species is lower than the thermal energy under ambient conditions. Not possible or negative. In addition
(B) Optionally, one other element.
Hereinafter, the compounds of the present disclosure are referred to as "hydrogen compounds with increased binding energy".

In one example, the provided compound comprises a hydrogen species with increased binding energy selected from: That is, (a) the bond energy according to the formulas (39) and (40), which is larger than the bond energy of the normal hydride ion (about 0.8 eV) for p = 2 to 23 and smaller than that for p = 24. Hydride ion with ("Hydride ion with increased bond energy" or "Hydrino hydride ion"). (B) A hydrogen atom having a binding energy higher than the binding energy of a normal hydrogen atom (about 13.6 eV) (“hydrogen atom with increased binding energy” or “hydrino”). (C) A hydrogen molecule having a first binding energy greater than about 15.3 eV (“hydrogen molecule with increased binding energy” or “dihydrino”). And (d) selected from molecular hydrogen ions having a binding energy greater than about 16.3 eV (“molecular hydrogen ions with increased binding energy” or “dihydrino molecular ions”). In the present disclosure, hydrogen species and compounds with increased binding energy are also referred to as hydrogen species and compounds with lower energy. Hydrinos contain hydrogen species with increased binding energy, or equivalent lower energy hydrogen species.

IV. Additional MH-Type Catalysts and Reactions In general, each M-hydrogen bond at a continuous energy level such that the sum of the binding and ionization energies of the t-electrons is m · 27.2 eV, where m is approximately an integer. The MH-type hydrogen-catalyzed reactions that produce hydrinos provided by cleavage plus ionization of the t-electrons from the atom M are given in Table 3A. Each MH catalyst is given in the first row, and the corresponding MH binding energy is given in row 2. The MH class atom M given in the first column is ionized but provides a net reaction enthalpy of m · 27.2 eV for the addition of binding energy in column 2. The enthalpy of the catalyst is given in the eighth column, while the value of m is given in the ninth column. The electrons involved in ionization are donated together with the ionization potential (also called ionization energy or binding energy). For example, the binding energy of NaH (1.9245 eV) is given in the second column. The ionization potential of an atom or the nth electron of an ion is specified by IP _n and given by CRC. That is, for example, it is as follows.
Na + 5.13908 eV → Na ⁺ + e ⁻ and Ne ⁺ + 47.2864 eV → Na 2 ⁺ + e ⁻
The first ionization potential, IP ₁ = 5.13908 eV, and the second ionization potential, IP ₂ = 47.2864 eV, are given in the second and third columns, respectively. The net reaction enthalpy for cleavage of NaH bonds and double ionization of Na is 54.35 eV, given in the eighth column, and m = 2 in formula (36), in the ninth column. Given in. The binding energy of BaH is 1.98991 eV, and IP ₁ , IP ₂ , and IP ₃ are 5.2117 eV, 10.0390 eV, and 37.3 eV, respectively. The net reaction enthalpy for cleavage of the BaH bond and triple ionization of Ba is 54.5 eV, given in the eighth column, and m = 2 in formula (35), in the ninth column. Given. The binding energy of SrH is 1.70 eV, and IP ₁ , IP ₂ , IP ₃ , IP ₄ , and IP ₅ are 5.69484 eV, 11.03013 eV, 42.89 eV, 57 eV, and 71.6 eV, respectively. .. The net reaction enthalpy for cleavage of the SrH bond and ionization of Sr to Sr ⁵⁺ is 190 eV, given in the eighth column, and m = 7 in formula (35), the ninth column. Given in.

In another embodiment, m is an integer and the sum of the ionization energies of M to t electrons, the MH binding energy, and the electron transfer energy including the difference in electron affinity (EA) between MH and A is about m · 27. The hydrino supplied by the ionization of t electrons from each atom M to the continuous energy level (level), the cleavage of the MH bond, and the transfer of electrons to the acceptor A so as to be .2 eV. MH ^- type hydrogen catalysts for production are given in Table 3B. The electron affinity of each MH ^- catalyst, acceptor A, MH, electron affinity of A, and MH binding energy are given to the first, second, third, and fourth columns, respectively. The electrons of the corresponding atom M of the MH involved in ionization are given to the subsequent column with ionization potential (also called ionization energy or binding energy), and the enthalpy of the catalyst and the corresponding integer m are given to the last column. .. For example, the electron affinities of OH and H are 1.82765 eV and 0.7542 eV, respectively, such that the electron transfer energy is given to the fifth column at 1.07345 eV. The binding energy of OH is 4.4556 eV, which is given to column 6. The ionization potential of an atom or the nth electron of an ion is represented by IP _n . That is, for example, it becomes as follows.
O + 13.61806eV → O ⁺ + e ⁻ and O ⁺ + 35.11730eV → O ²⁺ + e ⁻
The first ionization potential, IP ₁ = 13.61806 eV, and the second ionization potential, IP ₂ = 35.11730 eV, are given in the eleventh and eighth columns, respectively. The net enthalpy of electron transfer reaction, OH bond cleavage, and double ionization of O is 54.27 eV as given in the eleventh column, and the equation (35) as given in the twelfth column. ), M = 2. In another embodiment, the catalyst for H to form hydrino is such that the sum of the ionization energies of its EA plus 1 or higher electrons becomes about m · 27.2 eV with m as an integer due to the ionization of negative ions. Provided to be. Alternatively, the first electron of the negative ion may be transferred to an acceptor, followed by ionization of at least one or more electrons, thus the kinetic energy of the electron plus one. Or more, the sum of the ionization energies of the electrons becomes about m · 27.2 eV, where m is an integer. The electron acceptor may be H.

In another embodiment, the MH ⁺ type hydrogen catalyst for producing hydrino is from the transfer of electrons from donor A, which may be negatively charged, the breakage of the MH bond, and the atom M. The sum of electron transfer energies provided by the ionization of t-electrons to a continuous energy level and including the difference between the ionization energies of MH and A, the MH binding energy, and the ionization energy of t-electrons from M is m. Is an integer, and it is about m · 27.2 eV.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is an atom, a positively or negatively charged ion, a positively or negatively charged molecular ion, a molecule, an excimer, a compound, or m · 27.2 eV, m = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Includes any species, such as any combination thereof in a ground or excited state capable of receiving the energy of (Equation (5)). It is believed that the rate of catalytic reaction increases as the net reaction enthalpy more closely matches m · 27.2 eV. Catalysts with a net enthalpy of reaction within ± 10%, preferably within ± 5% of m · 27.2 eV have been found to be suitable for most applications. In the case of the catalytic reaction of the hydrino atom to a lower energy state, the enthalpy of the reaction of m · 27.2 eV (Equation (5)) is relativistically corrected by the same factor as the potential energy of the hydrino 1 In one embodiment, the catalyst receives energy from atomic hydrogen resonantly and without radiation. In one embodiment, the energy received reduces the magnitude of the potential energy of the catalyst by the approximate amount transferred from the atomic hydrogen. Conservation of the kinetic energy of the initially bound electrons may result in energetic ions or electrons. At least one atom H acts as a catalyst for at least one other, where the potential energy of 27.2 eV of the receptor is due to transfer from the receptor H atom undergoing a catalytic reaction or 27.2 eV. , Canceled. The kinetic energy of the receptor catalyst H may be conserved as fast protons or electrons. In addition, the intermediate state (formula (7)) formed in the catalyzed H diminishes with the emission of continuous energy in the form of radiation or induced kinetic energy in the third body. These energy releases may result in current flow in the ClHT cells of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the molecule or at least one of the positively or negatively charged molecular ions is with a decrease in the magnitude of the potential energy of the positively or negatively charged molecular ion or molecule by about m · 27.2 eV. , Functions as a catalyst that receives about m · 27.2 eV from the atom H. For example, the potential energy of the _{H 2} O given in Mills GUTCP is as follows.

A molecule that receives m. 27.2 eV from an atom H with the same energy reduction in the magnitude of the potential energy of the molecule may function as a catalyst. For example, catalytic reactions for the potential energy of _{H 2} O (m = 3) is as follows.
81.6 eV + H ₂ O + H [a _H ]
^{_{→ 2H fast + + O - +}} e - + H * [a H /4]+81.6eV (44)
_{^{H * [a H / 4]}} → H [a H /4]+122.4eV (45)
^{_{2H fast + + O - + e}} - → H 2 O + 81.6eV (46)

The overall reaction is as follows.
H [a _H ] → H [a _{H /} 4] + 81.6 eV + 122.4 eV (47)
Here, H ^* [a _H / 4] has a central field equal to the radius of the hydrogen atom and four times that of the proton, and H [a _H / 4] is one-fourth of that of H. Corresponding stable state with radius. As the electrons undergo a radial acceleration from the radius of the hydrogen atom to a radius of 1/4 of this distance, the energy is emitted as characteristic luminescence or as kinetic energy of the third body. Based on the 10% energy change in the heat of evaporation in the process of going from 0 ° C to 100 ° C water, the average number of H bonds per water molecule in boiling water is 3.6. Thus, in one embodiment, H 2 _O in order to function as a catalyst to form a hydrino, at a reasonable activation energy must be chemically formed as isolated molecules .. In one embodiment, _{H 2} O catalyst is of _{H 2} O nascent.

In one _{embodiment, nH, O, nO, O} 2, OH, and at least one of _H 2 O (n = integer) may function as a catalyst. The products of H and OH as catalysts may be H (1/5) where the catalytic enthalpy is about 108.8 eV. The product of H and H ₂ O as a catalyst may be H (1/4). Hydrino products may react further to lower the condition. H (1/4) as a catalyst and the product of H may be H (1/5) where the catalytic enthalpy is about 27.2 eV. The product of H (1/4) and OH as a catalyst may be H (1/6) where the catalytic enthalpy is about 54.4 eV. H (1/5) as a catalyst and the product of H may be H (1/6) where the catalytic enthalpy is about 27.2 eV.

In addition, OH may function as a catalyst because the potential energy of OH is as follows.

The difference in energy between the p = 1 and p = 2 states of H is 40.8 eV. In this way, OH receives about 40.8 eV from H to act as a catalyst to form H (1/2).

Similarly for H ₂ O, the potential energy of the amide functional group NH ₃ given in Mills GUTCP is -78.77719EV. From the CRC, ΔH for the reaction of NH ₂ to form KNH ₂ calculated from the corresponding ΔH _f is (-128.9-184.9) kJ / mole = -3133.8 kJ / mole (3. 25 eV). The ΔH for the reaction of NH ₂ to form NaNH ₂ calculated from each corresponding ΔH _f from the CRC is (-123.8-184.9) kJ / mole = −308.7 kJ / mole (3. 20 eV). The ΔH for the reaction of NH ₂ to form LiNH ₂ calculated from each corresponding ΔH _f from the CRC is (-179.5-184.9) kJ / mole = 364.4 kJ / mole (3. 78 eV). In this way, the net enthalpy that may be received by the alkali metal amide MNH ₂ (M = K, Na, Li) acting as the H catalyst for forming hydrinos is the energy to form the amide from the amide group and the amide group. Corresponding to the sum of the potential energies of about 82.03 eV, 81.98 eV, and 82.56 eV, respectively (m = 3 in equation (5)). Hydrino products such as molecular hydrinos may cause matrix shifts on the high field side observed by means such as MAS NMR.

As for H ₂ O, the potential energy of the H ₂ S functional group given to Mills GUTCP is −72.81 eV. This potential energy bar pull removes the energy associated with the hybrid of 3p shells. The hybrid energy of 7.49 eV is given by the ratio of the initial atomic orbital radius multiplied by the total energy of the shell to the hybrid orbital radius. In addition, the energy change of the S3p shell is included in the catalytic energy by forming two S—H bonds of 1.10 eV. Thus, the enthalpy of the net _{H 2} S catalyst is 81.40EV (in formula (5), m = 3) .
2MHS → M ₂ S + H ₂ S (49)

The reversible reaction might form the H _{2 S} in the catalytic active catalyst state in the transition state of the H _{2 S} product that may catalytically H to hydrino. The reaction mixture may contain reactants for forming the source of H 2 _S and atomic H. Hydrino products such as molecular hydrinos may cause matrix shifts on the high field side observed by means such as MAS NMR.

In addition, atomic oxygen is a special atom with two unpaired electrons with the same radius, equal to the Bohr radius of atomic hydrogen. When the atom H functions as a catalyst, 27.2 eV of energy is received such that the kinetic energy of each ionized H acting as a catalyst with respect to others is 13.6 eV. Similarly, each of the two electrons of O appears to be 80.4 eV so that the net enthalpy for the cleavage of the OH bond of OH with ionization following the two unpaired electrons is given in Table 3. In addition, it can be ionized with 13.6 eV of kinetic energy transferred to O ions. During the ionization of OH ⁻ to OH, energy matching for further reactions to O 2 ⁺ + 2e ⁻ and H (1/4) is such that 204 eV of released energy contributes to the electrical power of the OUT cell. It may happen.
_{80.4eV + OH + H [a H} / p] → O fast 2+ (50)
+ 2e ⁻ + H [a _H / (p + 3)] + [(p + 3) ^2- p ² ] ・ 13.6eV
_{^{O fast 2+ + 2e - → O}} + 80.4eV (51)

The overall reaction is as follows.
H [a _H / p] →
H [a _H / (p + 3)] + [(p + 3) ^2- p ² ] · 13.6 eV (52)
Here, m = 3 in the equation (5). Kinetic energy can also be stored in hot electrons. Observation of the H inversion distribution in the water vapor plasma is evidence of this mechanism. Hydrino products such as molecular hydrinos may cause the high field side matrix shift observed by means such as MAS NMR. Other methods of identifying molecular hydrino products such as FTIR, Raman, and XPS are provided herein.

In the examples in which oxygen or a compound containing oxygen participates in an oxidation or reduction reaction, O ₂ functions as a catalyst or a source of the catalyst. The binding energy of the oxygen molecule is 5.165 eV, and the first, second, and third ionization energies of the oxygen atom are 13.61806 eV, 35.11730 eV, and 54.9355 eV, respectively. Reactions: O ₂ → O + O ²⁺ , O ₂ → O + O ³⁺ , and 2O → 2O ⁺ each supply about 2, 4 and 1 times the net enthalpy of E _h and by accepting these energies. Includes a catalytic reaction to form hydrinos by receiving these energies from H so as to cause the formation of hydrinos.

In one example, the molecular hydrino product is observed as a reverse Raman effect (IRE) peak at about 1950 cm- ¹ . The peak is accentuated by using a conductive material with particle size or roughness properties comparable to that of a Raman laser wavelength supporting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) exhibiting IRE peaks.

V. Catalyst-induced hydrino transition (CIHT) cell The catalyst-induced hydrino transition (CIHT) cell 400 shown in FIG. 1 includes a cathode compartment 401 with a cathode 405, an anode compartment 402 with an anode 410, and an optional salt bridge 420. And a reactant comprising at least one bipolar plate. The reactants constitute the hydrino reactants during cell operations involving separate electron flow and ion mass transport to generate at least one of electrical and thermal energies. The reactants include at least two components from the following: They consist of (a) at least one H ₂ O source; (b) an oxygen source; and (c) n as integers from nH, O, O ₂ , OH, OH ⁻ , and H ₂ O during development. With at least one of the catalysts or catalyst sources, including at least one of the selected groups; and (d) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; one or more of the catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen source, and atomic hydrogen. One or more reactants to form; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen; Here, the combination of cathode, anode, reactant, and bipolar plate allows the catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen to form and proliferate hydrinos, and each cathode and corresponding anode has a load of 425 and a corresponding anode. In addition, the chemical potential or voltage between each cathode and the corresponding anode that allows external current to flow through the system, including the electrolysis system, is maintained. In one embodiment, the CIHT cell produces at least one of the electrical and thermal power gains beyond that of the electrolysis applied through the electrodes 405 and 410. In one embodiment, the electrochemical power system comprises at least one of a gas dispersible porous electrode, a gas diffusion electrode, and a hydrogen permeable anode. Wherein at least one of oxygen and _{H 2} O are supplied from a source 430 through the passage 430 to the cathode 405.

In one embodiment, the electrochemical power system that produces at least one of electrical and thermal energy comprises a tank. The tank comprises at least one cathode, at least one anode, at least one bipolar plate, and a reactant, wherein the reactant comprises at least two components selected from: They are (a) at least one H ₂ O source; (b) an oxygen source; (c) where n is an integer, nH, O, O ₂ , OH, OH ⁻ , and H ₂ during development. With at least one catalyst or catalyst source containing at least one functional group selected from O; (d) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; at least one catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen source, and atomic hydrogen. One or more reactants that form the catalyst; and one or more reactants that initiate the catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen. Here, the electrochemical power system further includes an electrolysis system and an anode regeneration system.

In other embodiments, the electrochemical power system that produces at least one of voltage and electrical and thermal energy comprises a bath. Here, the vessel comprises at least one cathode, at least one anode, at least one bipolar plate, and a reactant comprising at least two components selected from: Here, they are (a) at least one developmental stage H ₂ O, (b) an oxygen source, and (c) where n is an integer, nH, O, O ₂ , OH, OH ⁻ , and. At least one catalyst or catalyst source containing at least one functional group selected from the developing H ₂ O, and (d) at least one atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen, catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen. A source, one or more reactants that form at least one of the atomic hydrogens, and one or more reactants that initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen.

In one embodiment, at least one reactant is formed during cell operations with separated electron flow and ion mass transport. In one embodiment, the combination of cathode, anode, reactant, and bipolar plate of atomic hydrogen from hydrino formation to proliferation so as to maintain the chemical potential or voltage between each cathode and corresponding anode. Allow the catalytic reaction to proceed. In addition, the system can further include an electrolysis system if it no longer exists. In one embodiment, an electrochemical power systems, porous electrodes, gas diffusion electrode, and includes at least one of the anode of the hydrogen permeable, where the oxygen and H _{2 O} at least one cathode And H ₂ is fed to the anode. The electrochemical power system may include at least one closed hydrogen reservoir with at least one surface containing a hydrogen permeable anode and at least one hydrogenated anode. An electrochemical power system may include a back-to-back hydrogen permeable anode with counter cathodes containing units of a stack of cells that are electrically connected in at least one mode, in series and in parallel. .. In one embodiment, the electrochemical power system further comprises at least one of the gas supply systems, each including a gas channel, a gas line, and a manifold connected to the electrodes. In one embodiment, the anode comprises Mo that is regenerated during the charging phase from the electrolyte reactant that carries out the regeneration reaction of the steps shown below.
MoO ₃ + 3MgBr ₂
→ 2MoBr ₃ + 3MgO (-54kJ / mole (298K))
-46 (600K))
MoBr ₃
→ Mo + 3/2 Br ₂ (284kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
MoBr ₃ + Ni
→ MoNi + 3/2Br ₂ (283kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
MgO + Br ₂ + H ₂
→ MgBr ₂ + H ₂ Ο (-208kJ / mole (298K))
-194kJ / mole (600K))
In one embodiment, the anode comprises Mo regenerated during the charging phase from an electrolyte reactant comprising at least one of MoO ₂ , MoO ₃ , Li ₂ O, and Li ₂ MoO ₄ .

The electrochemical power system of the present disclosure may include a closed hydrogen reservoir with at least one surface containing a hydrogen permeable anode. The electrochemical power system of the present disclosure includes a back-to-back hydrogen permeable anode with counter cathodes containing units of a stack of cells electrically connected in at least one mode, in series and in parallel. It may be. In one embodiment, the electrochemical power system transports at least one of H ₂ O and O ₂ relative to the periphery towards the center of the cell, so that it has a porous layer, a porous electrode, and a circle. Includes at least one of a radial gas channel and capillary system with perforations. Hydrogen permeable anodes include Mo, Mo alloys, MoNi, MoCu, TZM, HAYNES® 242® alloys, Ni, Co, Ni alloys, NiCo, and other transition metals and internal transition metals and alloys. , And CuCo, may contain at least one. In the examples, the film thickness is in the range of at least one selected from about 0.0001 cm to 0.25 cm, 0.001 cm to 0.1 cm, and 0.005 cm to 0.05 cm. The hydrogen pressure supplied to the permeation or gas spray anode may be maintained within at least one range of about 1 Torr to 500 atm, 10 Torr to 100 atm, and 100 Torr to 5 atm, and the hydrogen permeability or spray rate is about ^1X10 13 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 from ^{1X10 -4 mole s -1 cm -2,} 1X10 -12 mole s -1 cm -2 from ^{1X10 -5 mole s -1 cm -2,} 1X10 -11 mole s - ¹ cm ^-2 from ^1X10 -6 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2, from the ^{1XI0 -10 mole s -1 cm -2 1X10} -7 mole s -1 cm -2, and ^1X10 -9 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 It may be within at least one range of 1 x ^10-8 moles ^-1 cm ^-2 . In one embodiment, the hydrogen permeable anode comprises a highly permeable membrane coated with a material that is effective in facilitating the catalytic reaction of the atomic hydrogen forming the hydrino. The hydrogen permeable anode coating material may contain at least one of Mo, Mo alloy, MoNi, MoCu, MoCo, MoB, MoC, MoSi, MoCuB, MoNiB, MoSiB, Co, CoCu, CoNi, and Ni. And, the materials of H permeability are Ni (H ₂ ), V (H ₂ ), Ti (H ₂ ), Nb (H ₂ ), Pd (H ₂ ), PdAg (H ₂ ), Fe (H ₂ ). ), Ta (H ₂ ), stainless steel (SS), and 430SS (H ₂ ) may contain at least one. In one embodiment, the electrolysis system of an electrochemical power system, intermittently degrade electrical of H _{2 O} for supplying atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen.

In one example, the cell reactants are at least one molten hydroxide; at least one eutectic mixture; at least one mixture of molten hydroxide and at least one other compound; molten hydroxide. And at least one mixture of salts; at least one mixture of molten hydroxide and halogenated salt; at least one mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkali halide; LiOH-LiBr, LiOH-NaOH, LiOH-LiBr At least one electrolyte selected from −NaOH, LiOH-LiX-NaOH, LiOH-LiX, NaOH-NaBr, NaOH-NaI, NaOH-NaX, and KOH-KX, (where X represents halogen); and at least one. Includes one matrix and at least one additive. Additives may include compounds that are a common ion source for at least one anode corrosion product, where the corresponding common ion effect prevents the anode from corroding, at least in part. The common ion source may prevent the formation of at least one of CoO, NiO, and MoO ₂ . In one embodiment, the additives are metal cations and anions of the anode, hydroxides, halides, oxides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, chromates, perchlorates, and excesses. Iodates and compounds containing matrices and oxides, cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, copper magnesium oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO or Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , and CrO ₃ . Including. In the examples, the cell temperatures that maintain at least one of the molten state of the membrane and electrolyte in the hydrogen permeable state are from about 25 ° C to 2000 ° C, from about 100 ° C to 1000 ° C, from about 200 ° C to 750 ° C, and. Within at least one range selected from about 250 ° C to 500 ° C, the cell temperature is from about 0 ° C to 1500 ° C above the melting point, from 0 ° C to 1000 ° C above the melting point, from 0 ° C to above the melting point 500 ° C. It is above the melting point of the electrolyte in at least one range of 0 ° C. to 250 ° C. above the melting point and 0 ° C. to 100 ° C. above the melting point. In one embodiment, the electrolyte is water-soluble and alkaline, and at least one of the electrolyte's pH and cell voltage is controlled for the stability achieved by the anode. During intermittent electrolysis and discharge, the cell voltage per cell may be maintained above the potential so that the anode is not substantially oxidized.

In one embodiment, the cell is intermittently switched between the charge and discharge phases, where (i) the charge phase comprises at least electrolysis of water at electrodes of opposite voltage polarity, and ( ii) discharge phase comprises at least one or both the formation of H _{2 O} catalyst of the electrode, and the role of each electrode of each cell as (i) a cathode or anode, back and forth between the charge and discharge phase Inverted in switching so that, and (ii) current polarity is inverted in switching to move back and forth between the charge and discharge phases, and charge is at least one application of the applied current and voltage. including. In the examples, at least one of the applied currents and voltages is a load cycle in the range of about 0.001% to about 95% and per cell in the range of about 0.1V to 10V. and a peak voltage, but having a waveform comprising a peak power density of about ^{0.001W / cm 2 1000W / cm 2} , and from about 0.0001 W / cm ² and the average power in a range of 100W / cm ^2, the Here, the applied current and voltage further include at least one of DC voltage, DC, and AC current and voltage waveforms, which waveforms include frequencies in the range of about 1 Hz to about 1000 Hz. The waveform of the intermittent cycle is a variable current, power, voltage, and resistance for at least one of the electrolysis and discharge of the intermittent cycle, and at least one of a constant current, power, voltage, and resistance. May include. In an embodiment, the parameters for at least one phase of the cycle are intermittent phases within at least one range selected from about 0.001 Hz to 10 MHz, about 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, and about 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz. Voltage per cell within at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 100V, about 0.3V to 5V, about 0.5V to 2V, and about 0.5V to 1.5V. There are about 1MyuAcm ^-2 from 10Acm ^-2, about 0.1MAcm ^-2 from 5Acm ^-2, and at least one active to form a hydrino in the range from about 1 mA cm ^-2 from ACM ^-2, it is selected from There is a current per electrode area, within at least one range selected from about 1 μWcm- ² to 10Wcm- ² , about 0.1mWcm- ² to 5Wcm- ² , and about 1mWcm- ² to 1Wcm- ² . There is power per active electrode surface to form a hydrino, in the range of about 1MyuAcm ^-2 of ACM ^-2, there is a constant current per active electrode surface to form a hydrino, 1Wcm ^-2 about 1MWcm ^-2 Within the range of, there is a constant power per active electrode surface that forms the hydrino, about 10 ^-4 s to 10,000 s, 10 ^-3 s to 1000 s, and 10 ^-2 s to 100 s, and 10 ^-1 s. Within at least one range selected from 10 s, there is a time interval, and within at least one range selected from about 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ, about 1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ, the resistance per cell. There, about ^{10 -5 Ω -1} cm ^-2 from ^{1000Ω -1 cm -2, 10 -4 Ω} -1 cm -2 from ^{100Ω -1 cm -2, 10 -3 Ω} -1 cm -2 from 10 ohm ^-1 cm ^-2, and in at least one range from ^{10 -2 Ω -1} cm ^-2 is selected from 1Ω ^-1 cm ^-2,, a reasonable load conductivity of per active electrode surface to form a hydrino is Yes, and includes that at least one of the discharge currents, voltages, powers, or time intervals is greater than that of the electrolysis phase that produces at least one of the electricity or energy per cycle. The voltage during the discharge may be maintained on top to prevent excessive corrosion of the anode.

In one embodiment, the CIHT cell comprises an anode containing Mo such as Mo, MoPt, MoCu, MoNi, MoC, MoB, and MoSi. The electrolyte may include a molten salt such as a water-soluble hydroxide or carbonate or an alkaline water-soluble electrolyte. The molten salt may contain hydroxides and a eutectic salt mixture, or a mixture having a composition of roughly that of a eutectic salt mixture, or another mixture that lowers the melting point from that of the highest melting point compound. Further comprises a salt mixture such as ,. Hydroxides may contain at least one of alkali or alkaline earth hydroxides. The mixture may contain halides such as alkaline or alkaline earth halides. A reasonable typical molten electrolyte comprises a LiOH-LiBr mixture. Additional reasonable electrolytes that may be melt mixtures, such as melt eutectic mixtures, are given in Table 4. The molten salt may be carried out at temperatures up to 500 ° C. or higher, within the temperature range per melting point. Anode, may be protected by feeding of H ₂ on the surface by means such as transmitting or dusting. Hydrogen may be supplied in the pressure range of about 1 to 100 atm. Feed rates may range from 0.001 nmores per square cm of anode surface to 1,000,000 nmores per square cm of anode surface. In one embodiment, the pressure controls at least one of the permeation or diffusion rates. Its rate is chosen to protect the anode from corrosion such as oxidative corrosion, where the corresponding H ₂ consumption is minimized so that net electrical energy is generated by the cell.

In one embodiment, the hydrogen electrode, and optionally the oxygen electrode, is replaced by a bipolar plate 507, as shown in FIG. The cell design is based on the geometry of a flat square, where the cells may be stacked to increase the voltage. Each cell may form a repeating unit containing an anode current collector, a porous anode, an electrolyte matrix, a porous cathode, and a cathode current collector. One cell may be separated from the following by a separator that may include a bipolar plate that acts as both a gas separator and a series current collector. The plate may have a cross-flow gas configuration or an internal manifold mode. As shown in FIG. 2, the interconnect or bipolar plate 507 separates the anode 501 from the adjacent cathode 502 in a CIHT cell stack 500 containing a plurality of individual CIHT cells. The anode or H ₂ plate 504, Shirezu also contain channels 505 to distribute the hydrogen supplied through the manifold including a port 503, or may be wrinkled. The plate 504 with the channel 505 replaces the intermittent electrolysis cathode (discharge anode) or hydrogen permeable membrane of other embodiments. The port may receive hydrogen from a manifold along port 503, which in turn is supplied by a hydrogen source such as a tank. The plate 504 may ideally evenly distribute hydrogen so as to bubbling or diffusing into the active area, where an electrolysis reaction takes place. Bipolar plates might further comprising an oxygen plate bipolar plate having the same structure as that of H ₂ plates for distributing oxygen to the active area, where the oxygen manifold, oxygen Oxygen is supplied from the supply along the manifold and port 506. These wrinkled or channeled plates are connected to the anode and cathode current collectors in the active area and are electrically conductive and maintain electrical contact. In one embodiment, the interconnect or bipolar plate constitutes a gas distribution network that allows separation of anodic and cathode gases. A damp seal may be formed by extension of the electrolyte / matrix, such as LiOH-LiBr-Li ₂ AlO ₃ or MgO tile sandwiched between two individual plates. The seal may prevent the reaction gas from leaking. The electrolyte may include compressed pellets of the present disclosure. The pressure to form electrolyte pellets such as those containing matrices such as MgO and hydroxides such as alkali halides such as LiBr and hydroxides such as alkali hydroxides such as LiOH is about per square inch. It is in the range of 1 to 500 tons. The stack may further include a tie rod that holds the pressure plate at the end of the stack that applies pressure to the cells to maintain the desired contact between the electrodes and electrolytes such as pellet electrolytes. In one embodiment in which components such as hydroxides such as LiOH or electrolytes are transferred by means such as evaporation, the electrolytes may be recovered and recycled. The migrating species may be recovered in a structure such as a wick structure or recovery structure that absorbs the electrolyte, and recycling is achieved thermally by means such as heating the wick structure or recovery structure that causes reverse movement. May be done.

The CIHT cell system may include a modified conventional fuel cell such as a modified alkaline or molten carbonate type. In one embodiment, CIHT cell includes a stack of bipolar plates as shown in FIG. 2, wherein at least one of oxygen and H _{2 O} is supplied to the cathode, the supply H ₂ is the anode Will be done. The gas may be supplied by diffusion through a porous or diffusion electrode, and H ₂ may also be supplied by permeation through a reasonable hydrogen permeable electrode. Hydrogen permeable electrodes are made of Mo alloys such as Mo, MoNi, MoCu, TZM, and HAYNES® 242® alloys, Ni alloys such as Ni, Co, NiCo, and CuCo. It may contain at least one of such other transition metals and alloys and internal transition metals and alloys. Application of H _2, while maintaining the electrical power gain is in an amount sufficient to interfere with anode corrosion. The permeation anode may be operated with a current density that increases with a proportional increase in hydrogen permeation rate. The rate of hydrogen permeation depends on at least one of an increase in hydrogen pressure on the membrane, an increase in cell temperature, a decrease in film thickness, and a change in membrane composition such as wt% of the metal of an alloy such as Mo alloy. May be controlled. In one embodiment, a hydrogen dissociator such as a noble metal such as Pt or Pd coats the inner surface of a permeable anode such as a Mo or MoCu anode that increases the amount of atomic H in order to increase the permeation rate. Will be done. The gas pressure may be desired to maintain at least one of the desired power output from each cell, H ₂ permeation rate, H ₂ protection of the anode, and oxygen reduction rate at depopulation. At least one of the hydrogen and oxygen pressures may be in the range of at least one of about 0.01 to 1000 atm, 0.1 atm to 100 atm, and 1 atm to 10 atm.

In the event that the anode is corroded, the metal may be electroplated from the electrolyte. Mo corrosion products may be soluble in the electrolyte. In one embodiment, the electrolyte further comprises a regenerated compound that facilitates electrodeposition of the Mo corrosion product from the electrolyte to the anode, and allows the thermodynamic cycle to reshape the repositive compound. .. The regenerated compound may react with the Mo corrosion product to form an electrodeposited compound that is soluble in the electrolyte and can be electroplated onto the anode. The reaction may include anion exchange reactions such as oxygen-halide exchange reactions that produce additional oxide products. The electrodeposited compound may facilitate a favorable thermodynamic cycle in the in-situ regeneration of the anode. Hydrogen is added to the anode to give the cycle a thermodynamic advantage. In one embodiment, the steps are as follows: (1) Corrosion with the regenerated compound of the electrolyte, which forms an electrodeposition compound containing a counterion and an anode metal cation that can be oxidized to form an oxidant reactant that regenerates the regenerated compound. Includes reaction with the metal oxide of the product anode metal. The reaction may form additional oxide products. Typical anode metals are Mo and Mo alloys. Typical regenerated compounds are MgBr ₂ and Mgl ₂ , (2) reduction of cations causes electrodeposition of the anode metal, and oxidation of counterions causes oxidant reactions by applying reasonable voltages and currents. The typical oxidant reactants forming the product are Br ₂ and I ₂ , and (3) at least the oxidant reactant and optionally the reaction of H ₂ , where the oxide product is the regenerated compound and the addition. It is required thermodynamically to form H ₂ O, and it is required that the reaction be thermodynamically advantageous. In one example, regenerated compounds such as MgBr ₂ and at least one of Mgl ₂ are maintained in a concentration range of about 0.001 mole% to 50 mole%. H ₂ feed rate, there may be a square cm per 0.001 nmol anode surface (nmoles) in the range of square cm per 1,000,000 nanomolar anode surface (nmoles).

In one embodiment, a molten electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr contains MgBr ₂ as an additive to Mo electroplating to the anode of a cell with a Mo anode, where the in-situ regeneration reaction is: It is a street.
MoO ₃ + 3MgBr ₂
→ 2MoBr ₃ + 3MgO (-54kJ / mole (298K))
-46 (600K)) (53)
MOB1 ₃
→ Mo + 3/2 Br ₂ (284kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
(54)
MoBr ₃ + Ni
→ MoNi + 3/2Br ₂ (283kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
(55)
MgO + Br ₂ + H ₂
→ MgBr ₂ + H ₂ O (-208kJ / mole (298K))
-194kJ / mole (600K)) (56)

In one embodiment, the maximum charging voltage is higher than the result of electroplating on other anode metals or Mo mounted on the anode. The voltage may be in the range of at least one of about 0.4V to 10V, 0.5V to 2V, and 0.8V to 1.3V. The anode may contain Mo in the snare of alloys or metal mixtures such as MoPt, MoNi, MOCO, and MoCu. The alloy or mixture may enhance Mo electrodeposition. In one embodiment, the reaction of H ₂ O and Mo produces H ₂ in addition to that from the electrolyte OH ⁻ , so that the charging voltage is applied from the Mo ions to the anode in the electrolyte. It is operated above mainly electroplating Mo. In one embodiment, the separate long duration of continuous discharge and continuous charge is maintained so that more energy is released during the discharge period than the charge. Charging time may be in the range of at least one of about 0.1 seconds to 10 days, 60 seconds to 5 days, and 10 minutes to 1 day. The discharge time is longer than the corresponding charge time. In one embodiment, a sufficient anodic metal such as Mo is charged to replace the loss due to corrosion so that the electrode maintains a constant Mo content in the electrode's steady state at the electrolyte concentration of the Mo compound. Is deposited between.

In one embodiment, a molten electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr contains Mgl ₂ as an additive for electroplating Mo to the anode of a cell with a Mo anode, where the in-situ regeneration reaction is as follows: Is.
MoO ₂ + 2MgI ₂
→ MOI + I ₂ + 2MgO (16kJ / mole (298K))
−0.35kJ / mole (600K)) (57)
MOI ₂
→ Mo + I ₂ (103kJ / mole 0.515V / 2 electrons)
(58)
MOI ₂ + Ni
→ MoNi + I ₂ (102kJ / mole 0.515V / 2 electrons)
(59)
MgO + I ₂ + H ₂
→ Mgl ₂ + H ₂ O (-51kJ / mole (298K))
5kJ / mole (600K) (60)

The anode may contain Mo in the form of alloys or metal mixtures such as MoPt, MoNi, MoCo, and MoCu. Alloys or mixtures may streamline the electroplating of Mo.

In one embodiment, a molten electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr comprises silyl ₄ as an additive to Mo electroplating made to the anode of cells with Mo anodes. The sulphate undergoes an exchange reaction with an oxide of molybdenum oxide that forms molybdenum sulphate, which allows MO to be electroplated on its anode.

In one embodiment, a molten electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr comprises at least one of MOS ₂ , MoSe ₂ , and Li ₂ MoO ₄ as an additive that electroplats Mo to the anode of a cell with a Mo anode. In one embodiment, at least one of the sulfide and selenium undergoes an exchange reaction with an oxide of molybdenum sulfide or molybdenum oxide that forms molybdenum selenate, which allows Mo to be electroplated on the anode. To prevent the sulfide from oxidizing to further selenate into sulfates or seleniums, the oxygen-reducing cathode is an oxygen-free hydroxylation like an oxyhydroxide cathode such as a FeOOH or NiOOH cathode. It may be replaced by a melt-hydroxide-electrode-stable cathode that participates in oxidation-reduction chemistry involving things. Typical cells have an inert atmosphere such as argon atmosphere or are sealed, [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-MoS ₂ / FeOOH], [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-MoSe ₂ / FeOOH], [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-MoS _2- MoSe ₂ / FeOOH], [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-Li ₂ MoO _4- MoS ₂ / FeOOH], and [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-Li ₂ MoO _4- MoSe _2- MoS ₂ / FeOOH].

In another embodiment, the compound is added to the electrolyte that reacts with the anodic metal oxide corrosion product to form a compound that can be electroplated into the anode and is soluble in the electrolyte. In one embodiment of a cell having an anode comprising MgO, _Li 2 O is added to LiOH-LiBr electrolyte. Li ₂ O reacts with the MoO ₃ corrosion product to form Li ₂ MoO that can be dissolved in the electrolyte and is re-plated onto the anode. In one embodiment, the sealed cell is supplied with a drying source of oxygen, such as O ₂ gas or dry air, so that Li ₂ O remains undehydrated in LiOH. H ₂ O is formed in the cell during operation and the flow rate of the dry O ₂ source is maintained to achieve the concentration of H ₂ O in the cell, and Li ₂ O is Li _2. MoO ₄ . Allow Li ₂ O to be available for the reaction to form. In one example, the Li ₂ O concentration is maintained in the range of about 0.001 mole% to 50 mole%. H 2 _O cools the cell to a temperature below the Mo and H _{2 O} are reacted H _{2 O} was added the desired amount, and, by evaluating the cell temperature again consumed H ₂ It may be added to the cell to replenish O. Typical cells are [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-Li ₂ MoO ₄ / NiO (O ₂ )] and [Mo / LiOH-LiBr-Li ₂ MoO _4- MoS ₂ / NiO (O ₂ )].

In one embodiment, the cell comprises nickel and a molten electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr, additionally such as a transition metal halide such as an anode halide such as a nickel halide such as NiBr _2. Metal halide electrolyte additive. In one embodiment, the cell is sealed without the addition of oxygen. The cell is maintained with the addition of H ₂ O with an H ₂ O source such as a heated reservoir. Cathode reaction might be a of H _{2 O} reduction from internal electrolysis reaction to oxygen and hydroxide. Corrosion of the anode will be prevented without additional externally supplied oxygen. The formation of oxygen anions may result in the formation of oxyhydroxides that promote the hydrino reaction.

Considering the catalyst formation reaction, the half-cell reaction that occurred during the discharge is given as follows.
anode:
OH ⁻ + H ₂ → H ₂ O + e ⁻ + H (1 / p) (61)
Cathode:
O ₂ + 2H ₂ O + 4e ⁻ → 4OH ⁻ (62)

The total reaction is as follows.
2H ₂ + 1 / 2O ₂ → H ₂ O + 2H (1 / p) (63)
Here, H ₂ O functioned as a catalyst. Consisting in H 2 _O electrolysis that result, typical ion transport electrolyte -H 2 _O reaction is as follows.
anode:
2OH ⁻ → 2H + O ₂ ⁻ + e ⁻ (64)
Cathode:
O ₂ ⁻ + H ₂ O + e ⁻ → 1 / 2O ₂ + 2OH ⁻ (65)
anode:
2OH ⁻ → H + HOO ⁻ + e ⁻ (66)
Cathode:
HOO ⁻ + 1 / 2H ₂ O + e ⁻ → 2HO ⁻ + 1 / 4O ₂ (67)
anode:
3OH ⁻ → O ₂ + H ₂ O + H + 3e ⁻ (68)
Cathode:
_{3 / 4O 2 + 3 / 2H} 2 O + 3e - → 3OH - (69)
Here, the hydrogens of formulas (64), (66), and (68) may react to form hydrinos.
2H → 2H (1/4) (70)

The total reaction is as follows.
H ₂ O → 1 / 2O ₂ + 2H (1/4) (71)
H ₂ O → 1 / 2O ₂ + H ₂ (72)
Here, equation (64), (66), and Shirezu be hydrogen (68) is reacted additionally for forming of _{H 2} O catalyst, formula (65), (67), and (69) Oxygen may react according to formulas (61) and (62) to form OH ⁻ , respectively. Oxides, peroxides, superoxides, and HOO ^- other oxygen species and the corresponding oxidation such as - reduction reaction, carrying excess current generated by the energy released from the hydrino formation hydrino, catalyst, it may be included in the spontaneous electrolysis of H _{2 O} to form at least one of H. In another embodiment, the anode comprises Mo and the electrolyte additive comprises a molybdenum halide.

In one embodiment, at least one of the electrolyte, anode, and cathode comprises compounds and materials that cause the formation of H and HOH catalysts through metal oxyhydroxide intermediates. The cell may contain a water soluble electrolyte such as KOH or a molten salt electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr. Typical reactions of hydroxides and oxyhydroxides such as those of Ni or Co at the anode forming the HOH catalyst are as follows.
Ni (OH) ₂ + OH ⁻ → NiOOH + H ₂ O + e ⁻ (73)
And Ni (OH) ₂ → NiO + H ₂ O (74)

The reaction or reactant may be at least partially thermally driven. In one embodiment, the surface of the anode is maintained in a partially oxidized state. The oxidized state comprises at least one of a group of hydroxyl groups, oxyhydroxyl groups, and oxide groups. Oxidized surface functional groups may participate in the formation of at least one of the hydrino-forming catalysts, such as HOH and atomic hydrogen, where the atomic hydrogen comprises at least one of the hydrino catalyst and hydrino. It may react with at least one species of electrolyte and anode to form. In one embodiment, at least one of the anodes and electrolytes comprises a material or species that supports partial oxidation. The anode may contain metals, alloys, or mixtures that form the surface to be oxidized, but the surface to be oxidized may be substantially non-corrosive. The anode may contain at least one of precious metals, noble metals, Pt, Pd, Au, Ir, Ru, Ag, Co, Cu, and Ni that reversibly form the oxide coating. Other reasonable materials are those that oxidize, and the oxidized form is immediately reduced with hydrogen. In one embodiment, at least one compound or species is added to the electrolyte to maintain the oxidized state of the anode. Typical additives are alkaline and alkaline earth halides such as LiF and KX (X = F, Cl, Br, I). In one embodiment, the cell is operated within a voltage range that keeps the anode in a reasonable oxidized state to propagate the hydrino reaction. The voltage range may allow further operation without significant anode corrosion. Intermittent electrolysis waveforms may maintain a reasonable voltage range. The range is about 0.5V to 2V, about 0.6V to 1.5V, about 0.7V to 1.2V, about 0.75V to 1.1V, about 0.8V to 0.9V, and about. It may be at least one of 0.8V to 0.85V. The waveform between each of the charge and discharge phases of the intermittent cycle may be at least one of a limited or controlled voltage, a controlled time limit, and a controlled current. In one embodiment, the oxygen ions formed at the cathode by oxygen reduction carry the ion current of the cell. The oxygen ion current is controlled to maintain the desired state of oxidation of the anode. The oxygen ion current may be increased by at least one of increasing the oxygen reduction rate and increasing the cell current by means such as increasing at least one of the cathode and anode oxygen pressures. Oxygen flow may be increased by increasing the rate of oxygen reduction at the cathode using cathode oxygen reaction catalysts such as NiO, lithiumized NiO, CoO, Pt and rare earth oxides, where The increased oxygen current supports the formation of oxyhydroxide at the anode. In one embodiment, the CIHT cell temperature is adjusted to maximize the rate of the hydrino reaction, which favors high temperatures, while avoiding oxyhydroxide decomposition, which favors lower temperatures. In one embodiment, the temperature is in at least one range of about 25 ° C to 1000 ° C, 300 ° C to 800 ° C, and 400 ° C to 500 ° C.

In one embodiment, the current density of at least one of discharge and charge in intermittent or continuous discharge cycles is very high to cause an increase in the rate of hydrino formation. The peak current density is 0.001 mA / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , 0.1 mA / cm ² to 10,000 A / cm ² , 1 mA / cm ² to 1000 A / cm ² , 10 mA / cm ² to 100 A / cm. cm ^2, and may reside in at least one range from ^{100mA / cm 2 1A / cm 2} . The cell intermittently with high current with a short duration for each phase of the cycle to maintain a tolerance between the charging and discharging voltage ranges so that the net power is generated by the cell. It may be charged and discharged. The time interval is within at least one range selected from about ^10-6 s to 10 s and 10 ^-3 s to 1 s. The current may be AC, DC, or a mixture of AC-DC. In one embodiment, the magnetohydrodynamic plasma is included for an electrical power converter and the current is DC such that the DC magnetic field is generated by the current. In one embodiment, at least one of the charge and discharge currents comprises AC modulation. The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The peak voltage of modulation is selected from about 0.001V to 10V, 0.01V to 5V, 0.1V to 3V, 0.2V to 2V, 0.3V to 1.5V, and 0.5V to 1V. It may be within at least one range. In one embodiment, the current pulse is delivered along the transmission line to achieve at least one of the higher voltage or current. In the typical case where the high current pulse applied is AC, the fastest reaction rate is when the current is charged at the maximum rate at about 0A, which corresponds to the maximum ability to draw charge from the sample. May be achieved. Electrode separation may be minimized to reduce cell resistance to allow high current densities. Separation distance may be dynamically controlled by monitoring current density, cell resistance, voltage and other electrical parameters, and by using one or more of these values to adjust the separation. Absent. Electrodes may be designed to concentrate current in specific areas of the surface, such as at sharp corners or tips. In one embodiment, the electrodes include cubes or needles or other sharp angles to concentrate current densities and fields to achieve high currents such as about 500 mA / cm ² or more.

In one embodiment, the anode comprises a metal-like material such as an internal transition metal, a transition metal, and at least one of a noble metal that forms a bond to hydrogen and at least one of the hydrides. The material may increase the effective atomic hydrogen on the surface of the anode. The increased surface hydrogen may allow a reduced hydrogen diffusion or permeation rate to maintain at least one of the desired rates of anodic corrosion protection and hydrino reaction. Typical materials are Pt, Pd, Au, Ir, Ru, Co, Cu, Ni, V, and Nb, and mixtures that may be present alone, in mixtures, or as alloys in any desired amount. .. Materials such as metals may act as hydrogen dissociators.
The increased atomic hydrogen may function to provide at least one of an increase in the hydrino reaction, and an enhancement of the effectiveness of the hydrogen present to prevent corrosion. Typical dissociative metals are Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Co, Ni, V, and Nb. In one embodiment, the compound or material is added to at least one of the anodes and electrolytes that increase the cell voltage. The increase may be due to changes in electrode overvoltage, hydrino kinetics, and at least one of the Fermi levels of the anode. Dissociative metals may increase the rate of hydrogen flow across the hydrogen permeable anode. Typical anode metal additives are Pt and Au, where the additive may be for most Ni anodes forming alloys or mixtures. Typical electrolyte additives are Mgl ₂ , Cal ₂ , MgO, and ZrO ₂ . In one embodiment, an anode containing a noble metal-doped metal or noble metal such as an alloy or mixture such as PtNi or PtAuPd will have a higher operating voltage than a base metal such as Ni in the absence of the noble metal. It has, because it has a lower overvoltage and gives a higher yield of hydrogen from electrolysis during the charging phase. H ₂ may accumulate in a reservoir that permeates during discharge due to electrolysis so as to maintain a flat high voltage band. In one embodiment, the H ₂ supplied to the anode surface is from electrolysis only.

In one example, the compound may be added to an electrolyte such as LiOH-LiBr to stabilize the anode and increase the reaction rate at the cathode surface. Suitable additives are alkaline hydroxides such as at least one of CsOH and NaOH, alkaline earth hydroxides, alkaline or alkaline earth halides, and CoO, NiO, LiNiO ₂ , CoO, LiCoO ₂ , and. , ZrO, oxides such as rare earth oxides such as MgO, compounds that increase basicity, CeO ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , MoOOH, MoCl ₄ , CuCl ₂ , CoCl ₂ ; TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, Oxyhydroxides such as FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH; Fe compounds such as oxides such as Fe ₂ O ₃ or halides such as Fe Br ₂ . , Sulfates such as Li ₂ SO ₄ , phosphates such as Li ₃ PO ₄ , tungstate such as Li ₂ WO ₄ , carbonates such as Li ₂ CO ₃ , and anodes form LiNiO ₂ Iron compounds such as Fe ₂ O _{3 that} form NiO or Ni (OH) ₂ , LiFeO ₂ , MgO that forms MgNiO _x at the anode, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (l-butyl) A compound having a large cation, such as a stable metal complex such as -3-methylmidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate or one having a large stable molecular cation, betaine bis (trifluoromethanes butyl) imide ), or, N- butyl -N- methyl-pyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide), and, HS like LiHS ^- compounds containing, in is there. In one example, the additive comprises a higher charge such as that of a Bismuth compound Bi ³⁺ cation or an alkaline earth compound or a compound having a larger cation such as Cs ⁺ ions of CsOH. The concentration is adjusted to avoid excessive corrosion. Typical low concentrations are about <1 mole%, or <5 mole%. In one embodiment, the additive is added which may be reduced at the cathode, transferred to the anode, and oxidized at the anode. In this way, the compound causes a parasitic current in addition to the current from the reaction given by formula (61-63). Additives may have multiple stable oxidation states. Typical reasonable additives are iron compounds such as FeBr ₂ , FeBr ₃ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe (OH) ₂ , and Fe (GH) ₃ , and transition metals that replace Fe. Other metals such as. Additives may cause high currents to increase the rate of the hydrino reaction.

In one embodiment, the anode is an alloy or mixture or precious metal of a noble metal such as Pt, Ir, Re, Pd, or AuPdPt, and a rare earth oxide such as CeO ₂ or La ₂ O _3, at least Ag. Includes one such additive and primary metal. One of Li ₂ CO ₃ , Li ₂ O, NiO, or Ni (OH) ₂ may function as an additive to produce LiNiO ₂ in the anode. LiNiO ₂ is Shirezu may alter the electrical conductivity, the oxide during the electrochemical operation of the cell - Shirezu be to promote the hydroxides interconversion, or to facilitate hydrino reaction, Li + ⁺ electron reaction, the May promote. Additives may reduce the overvoltage for at least one of the H ₂ or H ₂ O produced at the anode during charging and discharging, respectively. In the examples, the cells containing the Pt anode additive and the CsOH electrolyte additive are [NiPt (H2) / (LiOH-LiBr-CsOH) / NiO], [CoPt (H2) / (LiOH-LiBr-CsOH) / NiO]. ], And [MoPt (H2) / (LiOH-LiBr-CsOFi) / NiO]. In one embodiment, the additive to at least one of the anode and electrolyte, such as tape cast, may also include a solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte, an oxide conductor, Sr. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (eg, common 8% form Y8SZ), scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) (eg, common 9 mol% Sc2O3-9ScSZ), gadolinium solid oxide ceria (GDC) or gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO), gallium lanthanum, bismuth vanadate copper _{(e.g., BiCuVO x), MgO, ZrO} 2, La 2 O 3, CeO 2, La 1-x Sr x Co y O 3- □, the perovskite material, such as, proton conductor, doped barium selenate, and barium zirconate, and, SrCeO 3, such as strontium-cerium yttrium niobate and H _x WO _{3 -} including the type of the proton conductor. In addition, the additives may include metals such as Al, Mo, transition metals, internal transition metals, or rare earth metals.

In one embodiment, at least one of the anode, cathode, or electrolyte comprises an additive that achieves the same function as increasing the hydrinocatalyzed reaction rate, such as high current. The additive may remove the electrons formed during the H-catalyzed reaction. Additives may undergo an electron exchange reaction. In a typical example, the additive comprises carbon, or an example, which may be added to the anode or cathode. The electrons react with the carbon that forms C _x ⁻ that intercalates Li ⁺ from the electrolyte to maintain neutrality. In this way, carbon acts as a sink that removes electrons, similar to high current.

In one embodiment of the CIHT cell, the anode comprises an H ₂ reservoir that provides H ₂ by permeation or diffusion, where the outer wall is in contact with the electrolyte and comprises the anode surface. .. The anode further comprises an additive containing a material or compound added inside the reservoir. Additives may vary the anode voltage to maintain a voltage that essentially prevents anode corrosion and / or facilitate hydrino reactions at higher speeds. Additives may contain compounds that may react reversibly with H, where H may be subject to transport through the walls of the reservoir. Transport may be in and out of the reservoir during charging and out of the reservoir during discharging. Additives containing hydrides or hydrogen storage materials inside the anode function as a hydrogen source during discharge and are regenerated by charging. Hydrogen dissociators such as precious metals such as Pt may increase hydrogen dissociation and increase hydrogen flux through a hydrogen permeable anode. Additives, LiH, titanium _{hydride, MgH 2, ZrH 2, VH} , NbH, LaNi 6 H x, LiH + LiNH 2, or _Li 3 N, hydrogen storage material such as, or, conductive liquid inside the anode Includes other metal nitrides such as aluminum or magnesium or mixtures such as eutectic mixtures of alkali nitride. Additives that react with H transported through an H-permeable anode may produce an anode voltage contribution. The voltage may be due to the dependence of the reaction of H with the additive on the transport of H across the anode, where an external electrochemical reaction on the surface of the anode produces or consumes H. Additional reasonable additives are metals such as transition metals such as MoO ₂ , MoS ₂ , Co, and noble metals such as Pd. A typical reaction of an additive that contributes to voltage by interacting with an internal additive with an external one is as follows.
4OH ⁻ _(external) + Li ₃ N _(internal)
→ LiNH _{2 (inside)} + 2LiH _(inside) + 4e ⁻ + 2O _{2 (outside)}
(75)
OH ⁻ _(external) + Li _(internal)
→ LiH _(internal) + e ⁻ + l / 2O _{2 (external)} (76)
And 6OH ⁻ _(external) + LaNi _{5 (internal)}
→ LaNi ₅ H _{6 (internal)} + 6e ⁻ + 3O _{2 (external)} (77)

In one embodiment, the NH ₂ ^- catalyst and H are formed inside the anode so that hydrinos are formed not only outside but also inside the anode. The catalyst in the latter case may be HOH. The formation of NH ₂ ^- catalyst and H inside the anode may be due to H transport through the hydrogen permeable anode. The formation of H to be transported may be from H ₂ O, which is electrolyzed from the energy released in the formation of hydrino, or by oxidation of OH ⁻ . H is Shirezu be due to oxidation and reduction at the cathode in the anode, the a large energy release at the hydrino formation is ensured, NH ₂ as catalyst ^- and another embodiment of CIHT cell using at least one of HOH Including an example. Reactants that form the NH ₂ ^- catalyst may include the Li-NH system of the present disclosure.

In one example of a CIHT cell, such as one containing a water-soluble electrolyte, the anode comprises a base-etched NiAl. The anode may contain a tape cast NiAl alloy. Alloys etched with bases may contain R-Ni. Instead, the anode, such as for water soluble cell, may include a metallized polymer that serves as the anode of the H ₂ permeability. In one embodiment, the metallized polymer anode comprises at least one of Ni, Co, and Mo. In addition to water-soluble electrolyte cells, molten salt electrolyte cells may contain metallized anode polymers with a high melting point, such as Teflon®.

In one embodiment of the CIHT cell, the hydrino reaction rate depends on the development or application of high current. The CIHT cell may be charged and discharged at high current to increase the rate of the hydrino reaction. The cell may be charged and discharged intermittently so that the gain in electrical energy is achieved by the contribution from the hydrino reaction. In one embodiment where at least one of the high charge and discharge currents is possible, the nickel-metal-hydride-battery-type (NiMH-type cell) CIHT cell is a tank, nickel oxy hydroxide as an active material. A positive plate containing nickel hydroxide that is at least partially charged, a negative plate containing hydrogen absorbing alloys such as NiFe, MgNi, and LaNi ₅ that are charged to the corresponding hydride as the active material, and a cell guard ( Includes separators such as (Celgard) or other fine fibers such as polyolefins, which may be non-woven or woven, and alkaline electrolytes. A suitable electrolyte is a water-soluble hydroxide salt such as alkaline hydroxide such as KOH, NaOH, or LiOH. Another salt, such as an alkali halide such as LiBr, may be added to improve conductivity. In one embodiment, an electrolyte for high conductivity carrying high currents, such as LiOH-LiBr, is selected to limit any oxygen reduction reaction and limit corrosion.

In one embodiment, the catalytic HOH is formed with a negative electrode in the presence of H or a source of H such that the catalytic reaction of H to form the hydrino occurs. In one embodiment, the active anode material is the source of H, and the active material of the cathode is an O-containing compound such as OH ⁻ or a source of oxygen. For NiMH-type cells, a suitable active anode material is nickel hydride, and a suitable active cathode material is nickel oxyhydroxide, NiO (OH). The reaction that occurs in this NiMH type cell is as follows.
Anode reaction (negative electrode):
OH ⁻ + MH → H ₂ O + M + e ⁻ (78)
Cathode reaction (positive electrode):
_{NiO (OH) + H 2 O} + e - → Ni (OH) 2 + OH - (79)

The "metal" M in the negative electrode of a NiMH-type cell comprises at least one compound that serves to reversibly form a mixture of metal hydride compounds. M is an intermetallic compound such as at least one of AB ₅ , where A is a rare earth mixture of lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, B is nickel, cobalt, manganese, and / or aluminum, and A is. Where B is titanium and / or vanadium modified with zirconium or nickel, chromium, cobalt, iron, and / or manganese, it may contain higher capacity negative electrode materials based on AB ₂ compounds. Absent. M may include other valid hydrides such as those in the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the hydrogen absorbing alloy is a hydride that thermally generates heat to provide reasonable bond energy so that hydrogen is absorbed and released at or near normal pressure and temperature levels. Metal (B) and hydride metal (A) that generates heat exothermicly are mixed. Alloys include the following types, depending on how the metals are mixed: AB such as TiFe, an _{A 2} B such as AB _5, and _Mg 2 Ni, such as _AB 2, LaNi ₅ as ZnMn. Typical reasonable anode alloys are AB ₂ type alloys in which nickel and titanium function as the base metal and lanthanum metals where nickel functions as the base metal.

In one embodiment, in addition to passive internal discharge reactions such as those of formula (78-79), an external current or power source where the discharge forces a high current through the CIHT cell to achieve a high hydrino reaction rate. Driven by. High discharge current densities are 0.1 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , 1 A / cm ² to 10,000 A / cm ² , 1 A / cm ² to 1000 A / cm ² , 10 A / cm ² to 1000 A / cm. ^It may be in the range of ² and at least one of 10 A / cm ² to 100 A / cm ² . The hydrino reaction then provides a contribution to discharge power such that power and energy gain are achieved in the net output minus the inputs required to recharge any external current source and cell. .. In one embodiment, the external current source may include another CIHT cell. As given in equation (71), the reaction to form hydrinos supplies oxygen into the cell as a product. Hydrinogas may diffuse out of the cell. Oxygen may then be converted back to water by the addition of hydrogen gas, which may be supplied at the anode as provided in FIGS. 1 and 2.

In one embodiment, the electrolyte comprises a molten salt such as that of the present disclosure, such as LiOH-LiBr, and the anode H source and cathode oxygen source are stable at the operating temperature exposed to the molten salt electrolyte. .. A typical high current drive cell is [MH / LiOH-LiBr / FeOOH], where MH is a metal hydride that is stable at operating temperature and conditions. Hydride is incorporated herein by reference to W. M. Mueller, J.M. P. Blackledge, and G.M. G. Libowitz, Metal Hydride , Academic Press, New York, (1968), Hydrogen in Intermetallic Compounds I , Edited by L. et al. Hydrogen II , Edited by L. in Schlapbach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, and intermetallic compounds . Titanium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and hafnium hydrides, rare earth hydrides, yttrium and scandium hydrides, transition element hydrides, intermetal hydrides, known in the fields given by Schlapbach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, And may include hydrogen storage materials such as their alloys. Metal hydrides are rare earth hydrides such as lanthanum, gadrinium, itterbium, cerium, and placeodium, internal transition metal hydrides such as ittrium and neodymium, transition metal hydrides such as scandium and titanium , And may contain alloy hydrides such as one of zirconium-titanium (50% / 50%). In one embodiment, the H ₂ gas is the anode and the source of H. A typical cell is [Ni (H ₂ ) / LiOH-LiBr / FeOOH].

The present disclosure further relates to a power system that generates thermal energy. The power system comprises at least one tank capable of at least one pressure of atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure, at least one heater, and the reactants that make up the hydrino reactant. in it, (a) catalyst and catalyst source comprises of H _{2 O} nascent; (b) atomic hydrogen and atomic hydrogen source; (c) the catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen source, and at least one of atomic hydrogen Reactants containing halide compounds and hydroxide compounds to form; and with one or more reactants that initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen, the reaction mixing and reacting the reactants. Occurs when at least one of the heatings is done. At least one of the hydroxide compound and the halide compound is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, an internal transition metal, and a rare earth metal, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, Bi, Cd, Cu. , Co, Mo, and Ni, Sb, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, and Zn. Includes at least one. In one embodiment, the reactants further comprise of H _{2 O} source which is reacted with the product for playing reactants.

The present disclosure further relates to an electrochemical power system that produces at least one of electrical and thermal energy. The electrochemical power system includes a tank closed from the atmosphere, which contains at least one cathode, at least one anode, at least one bipolar plate, and a cell with separate electron flow and ion mass transport. • Includes reactants that make up the hydrino reactant during the operation, which contains at least two components selected from: They consist of (a) at least one H ₂ O source; (b) n as an integer, M as an alkali metal, nH, OH, OH ⁻ , nascent H ₂ O, H ₂ S, or MNH ₂ . At least one of the catalysts or catalyst sources containing at least one of the selected groups; and (c) at least one of the atomic hydrogen sources or atomic hydrogens, at least one of the catalyst sources, catalysts, atomic hydrogen sources, and atomic hydrogens. One or more reactants forming, one or more reactants that initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen, and supports; where the cathode, anode, reactants, and bipolar plate The combination of maintains the chemical potential between each cathode and the corresponding anode to allow the catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen to propagate, and the system further comprises an electrolytic system. In one embodiment, the electrolyte system of the electrochemical power system, intermittently electrolysis of H _{2 O} to provide a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen, and the gain in the energy balance of the net cycle Discharge the cell as there is. The reaction product is at least one of molten hydroxide; at least one of a eutectic salt mixture; at least one of a mixture of molten hydroxide and at least one other compound; at least one of a mixture of molten hydroxide and salt. 1; at least one mixture of molten hydroxide and halide salt; at least one mixture of alkali hydroxide and alkali halide; LiOH-LiBr, LiOH-LiX, NaOH-NaBr, NaOH-NaI, NaOH It may contain at least one electrolyte selected from −NaX, and KOH-KX (where X represents halogen), at least one matrix, and at least one additive. The electrochemical power system may also include a heater. The cell temperature of the electrochemical power system above the melting point of the electrolyte is about 0 ° C to 1500 ° C higher than the melting point of the electrolyte, about 0 ° C to 1000 ° C higher than the melting point of the electrolyte, only about 0 ° C to 500 ° C. It may be in at least one range selected from above the melting point of the electrolyte, above the melting point of the electrolyte by 0 ° C to about 250 ° C, and above the melting point of the electrolyte by about 0 ° C to 100 ° C. In the examples, the matrix of the electrochemical power system is an oxyanide compound, an aluminate, a tungstate, a zirconate, a titanate, a sulfate, a phosphate, a carbonate, a nitrate, a chromate, And manganese salts, oxides, nitrides, borides, chalcogenides, silicates, phosphates, and carbides, metals, metal oxides, non-metals, and non-metal oxides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transitions. Oxides of metals, internal transition metals, and earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, and B. And at least one oxide of oxides or other elements that form oxyanions; alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn. , Pb, S, Te, Se, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, and B, and at least one oxide, such as at least one of the other elements forming the oxide. , And at least one cation from the group of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In. , Sn, and Pb cations, LiAlO ₂ , MgO, Li ₂ TiO ₃ , or SrTiO ₃ ; oxide and electrolyte compounds of the anode material; at least one of the oxides and cations of the electrolyte; electrolyte MOH (M). = Alkaline) oxides; Mo, Ti, Zr, Si, Al, Ni, Fe, Ta, V, B, Nb, Se, Te, W, Cr, Mn, Hf, Co, and M', (M' Represents an alkaline earth metal) group of elements, metals, alloys, or oxides of electrolytes containing mixtures, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, or Fe ₂ Q ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , MnO, Mn ₃ O ₄ , Mn ₂ O ₃ , MnO ₂ , Mn ₂ O 7, HfO 2, CoO, Co2 O ₃ , Co ₃ O ₄ , and MgO; Acid Oxides of compounds and optionally electrolytes; Li ₂ MoO ₃ or Li ₂ MoO ₄ , Li ₂ TiO ₃ , Li ₂ ZrO ₃ , Li ₂ SiO ₃ , LiAlO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiFeO ₂ , LiTaO ₃ , L1VO ₃ , Li ₂ B ₄ O ₇ , Li ₂ NbO ₃ , Li ₂ PO ₄ , Li ₂ SeO ₃ , Li ₂ SeO ₄ , Li ₂ TeO ₃ , Li ₂ TeO ₄ , Li ₂ WO ₄ , Li ₂ CrO ₄ , Li ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , Li ₂ MnO ₄ , Li ₂ HfO ₃ , LiCoO ₂ , and Μ'O (M'represents alkaline earth metal), and MgO; oxides of the element of the anode or elements of the same group, and Mo. Includes Li ₂ MoO ₄ , MoO ₂ , Li ₂ WO ₄ , Li ₂ CrO ₄ , and Li ₂ Cr ₂ O _{7 for} the anode, and the additives are S, Li ₂ S, oxides, MoO ₂ , TIO. ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO or Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , MgO, Li ₂ TiO ₃ , LiAlO ₂ , Li ₂ MoO ₃ or Li ₂ MoO ₄ , Li ₂ ZrO ₃ , Li ₂ SiO ₃ , LiNiO ₂ , LiFeO ₂ , LiTaO ₃ , LiVO ₃ , Li ₂ B ₄ O ₇ , Li ₂ NbO ₃ , Li ₂ SeO ₃ , Li ₂ SeO ₄ , Li ₂ TeO ₃ , Li ₂ TeO ₄ , Li ₂ WO ₄ , Li ₂ CrO ₄ , Li ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , Li ₂ MnO ₃ , Alternatively, it contains at least one of LiCoO ₂ , MnO, and CeO ₂ . At least one of the following reactions may occur during the operation of the electrochemical power system. (A) At least one of H and H ₂ is formed at the discharge anode from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. (B) At least one of O and O ₂ is formed at the discharge cathode from the electrolysis of H ₂ O. (C) A hydrogen catalyst is formed by the reaction of the reaction mixture. (D) Hydrinos are formed during discharge so as to oppose at least one of electrical and thermal powers. (E) OH- is oxidized and reacts with H so as to form H ₂ O in the developing stage that functions as a hydrino catalyst. (F) OH- is oxidized to oxygen ions and H. (G) oxygen ions, oxygen, and H _{2 O} at least one is reduced in the discharge cathode. (H) H _{2 O} catalyst H and nascent to form hydrino reacts. (I) Hydrinos are formed during the discharge to produce at least one of electrical and thermal powers. In one embodiment of an electrochemical power system, at least one reaction of oxidation of OH- and at least one reduction of oxygen ions, oxygen, and H2O provides energy during the electrolysis phase of intermittent electrolysis. Occurs during cell discharge to produce more energy. The discharge current over time may exceed the current over time during the electrolysis phase of intermittent electrolysis. In one embodiment, the anodic half-cell reaction may be:
OH ⁻ + 2H → H ₂ O + e ⁻ + H (1/4)
Here, the reaction between the first H OH @ - form of _{H 2} O catalyst and e-, to concert with _{H 2} O catalysis to hydrino from the second H. In the examples, the discharge anode half-cell reaction is thermodynamically corrected for the operating temperature relative to the standard hydrogen electrode from about 1.2 V and from about 1.5 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 ° C. It has at least one voltage of 0.75V, 1.3V to 0.9V, and a voltage within at least one in the range of 1.25V to 1.1V, and the cathode halfcell reaction is relative to the operating temperature. At least one thermodynamically corrected voltage of about 0V and about -0.5V to + 0.5V, -0.2V to + 0.2V, and -0.1V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 ° C. It has a voltage within at least one in the range from to + 0.1V.

In one embodiment of the electrochemical power system of the present disclosure, the cathode comprises NiO and the anode comprises at least one of Ni, Mo, HAYNES® 242® alloy, and carbon. , Bimetal contacts include at least one of HAYNES® 242® alloy, Hastelloy, Ni, Mo, and H, which are different metals from those of the anode. The electrochemical power system includes at least one stack of cells where the bipolar plate contains bimetal contacts that separate the anode and cathode. In one embodiment, _{H 2} O is supplied to the cell, the _H 2 O, vapor pressure, 100 atm to about 0.001 Torr, 0.1 Torr to about 0.001 Torr, 1 Torr to about 0.1 Torr, from about 1 Torr It is within at least one range selected from 10 Torr, about 10 Torr to 100 Torr, about 100 Torr to 1000 Torr, and about 1000 Torr to 100 atm, and at least the pressure balance to achieve atmospheric pressure is at least the rare gas and N2. Provided by an inert gas supplied, including one. In one embodiment, an electrochemical power system may include a steam generator for supplying of H _{2 O} in the system. In one embodiment, the cell is intermittently switched between the charge and discharge phases, where (i) the charge phase comprises at least electrolysis of water at electrodes of opposite voltage polarity, and (ii). ) discharge phase includes at least the formation of H _{2 O} catalyst on one or both electrodes. Also, (i) the role of each electrode in each cell as a cathode or anode is reversed in switching back and forth between the charging and discharging phases. Then, (ii) the polarity of the current is reversed in switching back and forth between the charging and discharging phases, and charging comprises at least one application of the applied current and voltage. In the examples, at least one of the applied currents and voltages is a waveform containing a load cycle in the range of about 0.001% to about 95% and a peak per cell in the range of about 0.1V to 10V. voltage and a peak power density of about ^{0.001W / cm 2 1000W / cm 2} , and the average power in the range of about 0.0001 W / cm ² of 100W / cm ^2, having a current applied thereto And voltage further comprises at least one of DC voltage, DC, and AC voltage and voltage waveforms, the waveform comprising frequencies in the range of about 1 Hz to about 1000 Hz. Intermittent cycle waveforms include varying currents, powers, and resistances for at least one of the discharge phases and electrolysis of the intermittent cycles, and constant currents, powers, voltages, and resistances. In the embodiment, the parameters of at least one phase of the cycle include: The frequency of the intermittent phase is in at least one range selected from about 0.001 Hz to 10 MHz, about 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, and about 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz, and the voltage per cell is about 0.1 V. To 100V, from about 0.3V to 5V, from about 0.5V to 2V, and from about 0.5V to 1.5V in at least one selected range. Current per active electrode area to form a hydrino is, 10Acm ^-2 about 1μAcm ^-2, about 0.1mAcm ^-2 5Acm ^-2, and from about 1 mA cm ^-2 at least one selected from the ACM ^-2 It is within the range. The power per active electrode area to form the hydrino is at least one selected from about 1 μWcm- ² to 10Wcm- ² , about 0.1mWcm- ² to 5Wcm- ² , and about 1mWcm- ² to 1Wcm- ² . It is within the range. The constant current per active electrode area for forming hydrinos is in the range of about 1 μAcm ^-2 to 1 Acm ^-2 . The constant power per active electrode area for forming hydrinos is in the range of about 1 mWcm- ² to 1Wcm- ² . The time interval is within at least one range selected from about 10 ^-4 s to 10,000 s, 10 ^-3 s to 1000 s, and 10 ^-2 s to 100 s, and 10 ^-1 s to 10 s. The resistance per cell is in at least one range selected from about 1 mΩ to 100 MΩ, about 1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ. Conductivity per active electrode area to form hydrinos is about ^10-5 to 1000 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-4 to 100 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-3 to 10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , and from 10 ^-2 1Ω ^-1 cm ^-2, are within at least one range selected from. And at least one of the discharge currents, voltages, or time intervals is greater than that of the electrolysis phase that occurs in at least one of the power or energy gains over the cycle. The voltage during the discharge may be maintained above what prevents excessive corrosion of the anode.

In one embodiment of the electrochemical power system, the catalytic formation reaction is given as follows.
_{^{O 2 + 5H + + 5e -}} → 2H 2 O + H (1 / p)
The opposite half-cell reaction is given as follows.
H ₂ → 2H ⁺ + 2e ⁻
The reaction is given as follows.
3 / 2H ₂ + 1 / 2O ₂ → H ₂ O + H (1 / p)

At least one of the following products may be formed from hydrogen during the operation of the electrochemical power system. (A) hydrogen product having a Raman peak at integer multiples of 0.25 cm ^-1 from ^{0 cm -1} from 0.23 at plus matrix shift in the range of 2000 cm ^-1. (B) hydrogen product having an infrared peak from 0.23 cm ^-1 to an integral multiple of 0.25 cm ^-1 from ^{0 cm -1} at plus matrix shift in the range of 2000 cm ^-1. (C) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peak at energy within the range of 475 eV to 525 eV or 257 eV, 509 eV, 506 eV, 305 eV, 490 eV, 400 eV, or 468 eV, plus a matrix shift in the range 0 eV to 10 eV. Hydrogen product with. (D) A hydrogen product that causes a MAS NMR matrix shift on the high magnetic field side. (E) A hydrogen product having a liquid NMR shift greater than -5 ppm with respect to TMS or a high magnetic field side MAS NMR shift. From (f) ^{0 cm -1} plus matrix shift in the range of 5000 cm ^-1, in the range of 200nm with a spacing there is to the 0.23 cm ^-1 integer multiple of 0.3 cm ^-1 of 300nm A hydrogen product having at least two electron beam emission spectral peaks. Then, in the range of 300nm from 200nm with a spacing of an integral multiple of 0.3 cm ^-1 from 0.23 cm ^-1 plus matrix shift in the range of 5000 cm ^-1 from (g) ^{0 cm -1,} A hydrogen product with at least two UV fluorescence spectral peaks.

The present disclosure further relates to an electrochemical power system comprising a hydrogen anode including a hydrogen permeable anode, a molten salt electrolyte containing a hydroxide, and at least one of an O ₂ and H ₂ O cathode. In the examples, the cell temperature for maintaining at least one of the hydrogen permeable membrane and the molten electrolyte is about 25 ° C to 2000 ° C, about 100 ° C to 1000 ° C, about 200 ° C. Cell temperature above the melting point of the electrolyte is above the melting point of about 0 ° C to 1500 ° C, which is within at least one range selected from from about 750 ° C and from about 250 ° C to 500 ° C, 0. In at least one range of ° C to above 1000 ° C melting point, 0 ° C to above 500 ° C melting point, 0 ° C to above 250 ° C melting point, and 0 ° C to above 100 ° C melting point. There, the film thickness is within at least one range selected from about 0.0001 cm to 0.25 cm, 0.001 cm to 0.1 cm, and 0.005 cm to 0.05 cm, and the hydrogen pressure is about 1 Torr. It is maintained within at least one range selected from from 500 atm, 10 Torr to 100 atm, and 100 Torr to 5 atm, and the hydrogen permeation rate is about 1 × 10 ^-13 moles ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 × 10 ^-4 mole. ^{s -1 cm -2, 1 × 10} -12 mole s -1 cm -2 from ^{1 × 10 -5 mole s -1 cm} -2, 1 × 10 -11 mole s -1 cm -2 from 1 × 10 ^{- 6} mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 , 1 x 10 ^-10 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 x 10 ^-7 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 , and 1 x 10 ^-9 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 It is within at least one range selected from × 10 ^-1 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 . In one embodiment, the electrochemical power system comprises a hydrogen anode including a hydrogen diffusion electrode, a molten salt electrolyte containing a hydroxide, and at least one of an O ₂ and an H ₂ O cathode. In the examples, the cell temperature at which the molten state of the electrolyte is maintained is higher than the electrolyte melting point of about 0 ° C to 1500 ° C, higher than the 0 ° C to 1000 ° C electrolyte melting point, and higher than the 0 ° C to 500 ° C electrolyte melting point. Within at least one range selected from high, above 0 ° C to 250 ° C electrolyte melting point, and above 0 ° C to 100 ° C electrolyte melting point, per H2 bubbling or per geometric area of diffusion electrode. The hydrogen flow rate is about 1 × 10 ^-13 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 × 10 ^-4 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 , 1 × 10 ^-12 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 × 10 ^{− 5} mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 , 1 x ^10-11 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 x ^10-6 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 , 1 x 10 ^-10 mole s ^-1 cm ^-2 to 1 x Within at least one range selected from ^10-7 moles ^-1 cm- ² and 1 × ^10-9 moles ^-1 cm- ² to 1 × ^10-8 moles ^-1 cm- ² . The rate of reaction at the counter electrode matches or exceeds that of the electrode with which hydrogen reacts, and at least one reduction rate of H ₂ O and O ₂ maintains the reaction rate of H or H _2. Sufficient, and the counter electrode has sufficient material and surface area to support sufficient velocity.

The present disclosure further relates to a power system that generates thermal energy. The power system includes at least one tank capable of at least one pressure at atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure, at least one heater, and (a) nascent H ₂ O. Reactants that make up a hydrino reactant comprising a catalyst or catalyst source; (b) atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source; and (c) at least one of atomic hydrogen, atomic hydrogen source, catalyst, and catalyst source; The reaction occurs when one or more reactants that initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen are included, and the reactants are mixed and heated at least once. In the examples, the reactions of the power system forming at least one of the catalyst source, the catalyst, the atomic hydrogen source, and the atomic hydrogen are dehydration reaction, combustion reaction, reaction of Lewis acid or base and condensed lauric acid or base. Oxide-base reaction; Acid-base reaction; Acid-base reaction; Basic active metal reaction; Redox reaction; Degradation reaction; Exchange reaction, and compounds with at least one OH and halides, O, S, Se, It comprises at least one reaction selected from the exchange reaction with Te, NH3; the hydrogen reduction reaction of the compound containing O, and the source of H is the nascent H formed when the reactant undergoes the reaction. , And at least one of hydrogen from hydrides or gas sources and dissociators.

VI. Chemical Reactors The present disclosure also relates to other reactors for producing hydrogen species and compounds with increased bond energy of the present disclosure, such as dihydrino molecules and hydride hydride compounds. Further products of catalysis are power and optionally plasma and light, depending on the type of cell. Such a reactor is hereinafter referred to as a "hydrogen reactor" or a "hydrogen cell". The hydrogen reactor contains cells for making hydrinos. The cell for making the hydrino may be in the form of a chemical reactor such as a gas discharge cell, a plasma torch cell, or a microwave power cell, and an electrochemical cell. Typical examples of cells for making hydrinos may be in the form of liquid fuel cells (cells), solid fuel cells (cells), heterogeneous fuel cells (cells), CIHT cells, and SF-CIHT cells. Absent. Each of these cells is (i) an atomic hydrogen source; (ii) at least one catalyst selected from a solid catalyst, a melt catalyst, a liquid catalyst, a gaseous catalyst, or a mixture thereof for forming hydrinos; and (Iii) Includes a tank for reacting hydrogen and a catalyst for making hydrino. The term "hydrogen" used herein and considered in the present disclosure includes not only protium ( ¹ H) but also deuterium ( ² H) and tritium ( ³ H) unless otherwise stated. Including. Typical chemical reaction mixtures and reactors may include SF-CIHT, CIHT, or thermal cell examples of the present disclosure. Additional typical examples are given in this section of chemical reactors. Examples of reaction mixtures having H ₂ O as a catalyst formed during the reaction of the mixture are given in the present disclosure. Other catalysts such as those given in Tables 1 and 3 may function to form hydrogen species and compounds with increased binding energy. A typical MH type catalyst in Table 3A is NaH. Reactions and conditions, reactants, reaction wt%, might H ₂ pressure, and the parameters such as the reaction temperature is adjusted from these typical cases. Reasonable reactants, conditions, and parameter ranges are those of the present disclosure. The hydrinos and molecular hydrinos are shown to be the products of the reactants of the present disclosure by a predicted continuous emission band of an integral multiple of 13.6 eV, but otherwise unexpectedly unusually high H kinetic energies Measured by Doppler-line broadening of the H-line, inversion of the H-line, plasma formation without breakdown field, and an unusually long afterglow duration of the plasma, as reported by Mills' previous publication. Data such as those for CIHT cells and solid fuels have been independently substantiated elsewhere by other researchers. The formation of hydrinos by the cells of the present disclosure is also with continuous output over a long duration, which was multiple times the electrical input above the input with a factor greater than 10 without another alternative source. It was also confirmed by the electrical energy that was present. The predicted molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Lottoski, "Catalyst-Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Cell", International Journal of Energy Research, (2013), and R. et al. Mills, J.M. Lottoski, J. Mol. Kong, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. As reported in Trevey, "High Power Density Catalyzed Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Cell", (2014), and in Mills' previous publication, H at energy transferred to third body H. ToF-SIMS peak with arrival time before the peak of m / e = 1 corresponding to H with kinetic energy of about 204 eV consistent with the predicted energy release from to H (1/4), H of 500 eV ₂ (1/4) H ₂ (1/4) rotation of 1950 cm ^-1 , where the quantum number p = 4 or 16 of the square of the rotational energy of XPS, H ₂ , showing the predicted total coupling energy of XPS, H ₂ . FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed energy, electron beam excitation showing the spectrum of the predicted rotation and vibration of H _{2 (1/4)} with a quantum number p = 4 or 16 of the square of the energy of the H ₂ Emission spectrum and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, where M is the mass of the parent ion and n is an integer, ESI showing H ₂ (1/4) complexed into the getter matrix as a peak of m / e = M + n2. -ToFMS and ToF-SIMS, identified as solid fuel and CIHT cell products by MASH NMR showing matrix peaks with predicted high magnetic field cis of about -4.4 ppm.

Using both a water flow calorimeter and a Setaram DSC131 differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), the formation of hydrinos by the cells of the present disclosure, such as those containing solid fuels that generate thermal power, is maximized by a factor of 60 times. It was confirmed by observation of thermal energy from solid fuel with hydrino formation exceeding the theoretical energy. MAS H NMR showed a predicted H ₂ (1/4) high field matrix shift of about -4.4 ppm. The Raman peak starting at 1950 cm ^-1 matched the free space rotational energy (0.2414 eV) of H ₂ (1/4). These results extend to Mills' previously published literature, and R.M. Mills, J.M. Lotoski, W. et al. Good, J.M. He, "Solid Fuels Forming HGH Catalysts", (2014), which are referred to herein and incorporated in their entirety.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel reaction forms H _{2 O} and H as product or intermediate reaction products. H 2 _O may function as a catalyst to form a hydrino. The reaction comprises at least one oxidizing agent and a reducing agent, and the reaction comprises at least one oxidation-reducing reaction. The reducing agent may contain metals such as alkali metals. The reaction mixture further includes a hydrogen source and H _{2 O} source, comprising optionally, carbon, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitrides such as TiCN, or nitrile. The support may contain metal powder. In one embodiment, the hydrogen support comprises Mo or MoPt, MoNi, MoCu, and Mo alloys such as those in the present disclosure such as MoCo. In one embodiment, the oxidation of the support maintains a reducing atmosphere, such as the H ₂ atmosphere, as known to those skilled in the art, the selection of non-oxidizing reaction temperatures and conditions, and the support. It is avoided by methods such as selecting other components of the reaction mixture that do not oxidize. The H source may be selected from the group of alkaline hydrides, alkaline earth hydrides, transition hydrides, internal transition hydrides, rare earth hydrides, and hydrides of the present disclosure. The source of hydrogen may be a hydrogen gas that may further comprise a support such as carbon or alumina and a dissociating agent such as those of the present disclosure such as noble metals on others of the present disclosure. The source of water may include compounds that dehydrate such as hydroxide complexes or hydroxides such as those of Al, Zn, Sn, Cr, Sb, and Pb. Sources of water may include hydrogen and oxygen sources. The oxygen source may include compounds containing oxygen. Typical compounds or molecules are O ₂ , alkaline or alkaline earth oxides, peroxides, or superoxides, TeO ₂ , SeO ₂ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ , SO ₂ , SO ₃ , M _{2. SO 4, MHSO 4, CO 2} , M 2 S 2 O 8, MMnO 4, M 2 Mn 2 O 4, M x H y PO 4 (x, y = _{integers), POBr 2, MClO4, MNO3} , NO, N ₂ O, NO ₂ , N ₂ O ₃ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , and O ₂ (M = alkali, and alkaline earth or other cations may replace M). Other typical reactants are Li, LiH, L1NO ₃ , LiNO, LiNO ₂ , Li ₃ N, Li ₂ NH, LiNH ₂ , LiX, NH 3, LiBH ₄ , LiAlH ₄ , Li ₃ AlH ₆ , LiOH, Li. ₂ S, LiHS, LiFeSi, Li ₂ CO ₃ , LiHCO ₃ , Li ₂ SO ₄ , LiHSO ₄ , Li ₃ PO ₄ , Li ₂ HPO ₄ , LiH ₂ PO ₄ , Li ₂ MoO ₄ , LiNbO ₃ , Li ₂ B ₄ O ₇ (Lithium tetraborate), LiBO ₂ , Li ₂ WO ₄ , LiAlCl ₄ , LiGaCl ₄ , Li ₂ CrO ₄ , Li ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , Li ₂ TiO ₃ , LiZrO ₃ , LiAlO ₂ , LiCoO ₂ , LiGaO ₂ , Li ₂ GeO ₃ , LiMn ₂ O ₄ , Li ₄ SiO ₄ , Li ₂ SiO ₃ , LiTaO ₃ , LiCuCl ₄ , LiPdCl ₄ , LiVO ₃ , LiIO ₃ , LiBrO ₃ , LiXO ₃ (X = F, Br, Cl) _{, I), LiFeO 2, LiIO} 4, LiBrO 4, LiIO 4, LiXO 4 (X = F, Br, Cl, I), LiScO n, LiTiO n, LiVO n, LiCrO n, LiCr 2 O n, LiMn 2 O _{n, LiFeO n, LiCoO n,} LiNiO n, LiNi 2 O n, LiCuO n, and LiZnO _{n, (n} = 1,2,3, or 4), oxyanion, strong acid oxyanion oxidation _{agent, V} 2 O ₃ , I ₂ O ₅ , MnO ₂ , Re ₂ O ₇ , CrO ₃ , RuO ₂ , AgO, PdO, PdO ₂ , PtO, PtO ₂ , and NH ₄ X (X is the nitrate given in CRC or other reasonable Includes molecular oxidizing agents such as anion) and reagents selected from the group of reducing agents. Another alkali metal or cation may replace Li. Additional sources of oxygen are MCoO ₂ , MGaO ₂ , M ₂ GeO ₃ , MMn ₂ O ₄ , M ₄ SiO ₄ , M ₂ SiO ₃ , MTaO ₃ , MVO ₃ , MIO ₃ , MFeO ₂ , MIO ₄ , MCLO. _{4, MSeO n, MTiO n,} MVO n, MCrO n, MCr 2 O n, MMn 2 O n, MFeO n, MCoO n, MNiO n, MNi 2 O n, MCuO n, and MZnO _n, (M is an alkali, n = 1, 2, 3, or 4), oxygen anion, strong acid oxygen anion, oxidizing agent, V ₂ O ₃ , I ₂ O ₅ , MnO ₂ , Re ₂ O ₇ , CrO ₃ , RuO ₂ , AgO, PdO , PdO ₂ , PtO, PtO ₂ , I ₂ O ₄ , I ₂ O ₅ , 1 ₂ O ₉ , SO ₂ , SO ₃ , CO ₂ , N ₂ O, NO, NO ₂ , N ₂ O ₃ , N ₂ O Select from a group of molecular oxidants such as ₄ , N ₂ O ₅ , Cl ₂ O, Cl ₂ O ₃ , Cl ₂ O ₆ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ , and P ₂ O ₅ . May be done. The reactants may be in any desired proportion to form hydrinos. A typical reaction mixture is a mixture of 0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g LiNO ₃ , and 1 g MgH ₂ and 4 g activated carbon powder. Another typical reaction mixture is explosives such as KNO ₃ (75 wt%), softwood charcoal (which may include the formation of C ₇ H ₄ O) (15 wt%), and S (10 wt%); KNO. ₃ (70.5 wt%) and softwood charcoal (29.5 wt%) or these ratios within the range of about ± 1-30 wt%. The source of hydrogen may be charcoal containing C ₇ H ₄ O formation.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and H ₂ is _O may contain reactants for forming the latter acts as hydrino catalysts for the H formed in the reaction. In one example, the reaction mixture is a peroxide, sulfate, perchlorate, peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide, peroxy such as acetone peroxide (TATP), or diacetone-diperoxide (DADP). Other compounds, including compounds, especially O ₂ or another source of oxygen (nitro compounds such as nitrocellulose (APNC), which may additionally serve as a source of H), oxygen or oxygen or oxyanion compounds. May include. The reaction mixture may contain a source of a functional group or functional group containing at least two from oxygen that binds hydrogen, carbon, hydrocarbons, nitrogen, or a source of compound or potential. The reaction may contain nitrates, nitrites, nitro groups, and nitroamines. Nitrate may include metals such as alkali nitrates, ammonium nitrate, or alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, or rare earth metals, or Al, Ga, In, Sn, or Pb nitrates. May contain other nitrates known to those of skill in the art. The nitro group may contain a functional group of an organic compound such as nitroethane, nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluene, or a similar compound known to those of skill in the art. A typical reaction mixture may contain H ₄ NO ₃ and a carbon source with long hydrocarbon chains (C _n H _{2n + 2} ) such as heating oil, diesel fuel, sugar solution or kerosene which may contain oxygen such as sugar. Or a carbon source such as nitro or charcoal dust such as nitromethane. The H source may contain NH ₄ , hydrocarbons such as fuel oil, or sugar. Here the H bond to carbon provides a controlled release of H. H release may be due to a free radical reaction. C may react with O to release H and form carbon-oxygen compounds (eg, CO, CO ₂ , and formate). In one embodiment, one compound may include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and a function of forming an H _{2 O.} Nitroamines, including hydrocarbon functionality, are cyclotrimethylene trinitroamines, commonly referred to as cyclonite, or by code designation RDX. Typical compounds of not more that may function as at least one H _{2 O} catalyst source and H source such as at least one source of H source and O source, ammonium nitrate (AN), black powder (75% KNO ₃ + 15% charcoal + 10% S), ammonium nitrate / fuel oil (ANFO) (94.3% AN + 5.7% fuel oil), erythritol tetranitrate, trinitrotoluene (TNT), amator (80% TNT + 20% AN) , Tetritor (70% tetril + 30% TNT), tetril (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine)) (C ₇ H ₅ N ₅ O ₈ )), C-4 ( 91% RDX), C-3 (based on RDX), composite B (composition B) (63% RDX + 36% TNT), nitroglycerin, RDX (cyclotrimethylentrinitramine), Semitex (Semtex). 94.3% PETN + 5.7% RDX), PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), HMX or octogen (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- Tetrazosin (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), HNIW (CL-20) (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4) , 6,8,10,12-hexaazaisourtzitane (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisourtzitane), DDF, (4 , 4'-dinitro-3,3'-diazenofrosan (4,5'-diniro-3,3'-diazenofuroxan), heptanirocubane, octanitrocubane, 2,4,6-tris -(Trinitromethyl) 1,3,5-triazine (2,4,6-tris (trinitromethyl) -1,3,5-triazine), TATNB (1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 3,5-3) Azido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene ( 1,3,5-trinitrobene, 3,5-triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobene), trinitroanaline, TNP (2,4,6-trinitrophenol or picric acid (2,4) , 6-trinitrophenol or picric acid)), D explosive (ammonium picric acid), methyl picrate, ethyl picrate, chloride (2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene) picrin Picrate chloride (2-chromo-1,3,5-trinitrobene), trinitrocresol, lead styphnate lead 2,4,6-trinitroresinolate, C ₆ HN ₃ O ₈ Pb) (lead 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinate, C ₆ HN ₃ O ₈ Pb), TATB (bird aminotrinitrobenzene), methyl nitrate, nitroglycol (nitroglycol), mannitol hexanitrate (mannitol) ), Ethylenedinitramine, nitroguanidine, tetranitroglycolyl, nitrocellulos, urea nitrate, hexamethylenetriperidediamine, hexamethylenetriperidediamine, hexamethylenetriperide diamine ) Is at least one selected from the group. The ratio of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen can be any desired ratio. In one example of a reaction mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) and fuel oil (FO) known as ammonium nitrate / fuel oil (ANFO), reasonable equivalents to give a balanced reaction are about 94.3 wt% AN and 5. It is 7 wt% FO, but the FO may be excessive. Typical balanced reactions of AN and nitromethane are as follows.
3NH ₄ NO ₃ + 2CH ₃ NO ₂ → 4N ₂ + 2CO ₂ + 9H ₂ O (80)
Here, some of H is also converted to lower energy hydrogen species such as H ⁻ (1 / p) and H ₂ (1 / p) such as p = 4. In one example, the molar ratios of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are similar as in RDX with formula C ₃ H ₆ N ₆ O ₆ .

In one embodiment, energetics, such as alkali metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides, transition metal hydrides, inner transition metal hydride, and hydride or H ₂ gas, such as rare earth metal hydrides It is increased by using an additional source of atomic hydrogen and a dissociator such as Ni, Nb, or noble metal on a support such as carbon, carbides, boroides, or nitrides or silica or alumina. The reaction mixture may implement shock waves or compression during the reaction to form the atomic H and H _{2 O} catalyst to increase the reaction rate to form a hydrino. The reaction mixture may include at least one of the reactants to increase the heat during the reaction to form the H and H _{2 O} catalyst. The reaction mixture may contain an air-like oxygen source that may be dispersed between the granules or granules of the solid fuel. For example, AN granules may contain about 20% air. The reaction mixture may further contain a photosensitizer, such as glass beads with air. In a typical example, a powdered metal such as Al is added to increase the rate and heat of the reaction. For example, the end of the Al metal sentence may be added to ANFO. Other reaction mixture comprises a pyrotechnic material having also of H 2 _O catalyst source and H sources such as. In one embodiment, the formation of hydrino has a high activation energy that can be supplied by an energetic or energetic reaction such as that of fireworks material, whereas the formation of hydrino is self-heating of the reaction mixture. Contribute. Instead, the activation energy is 11,600 K / eV. It can be supplied by an electrochemical reaction such as that of a CIHT cell with a high equivalent temperature corresponding to.

Another typical reaction mixture, nitrates such as alkali nitrates such as _{H 2} gas, NO ₃ is within a pressure range of 100atm about 0.01 atm, and Pt / C, Pd / C, Pt / Al ₂ O _3, or hydrogen dissociating agents such as Pd / _Al 2 _{O 3.} The mixture may further contain carbon such as graphite or grade GTA Grafoil (Union Carbite). The reaction ratio is any desired one, such as about 0.1 to 10 wt% mixture of balanced carbon remaining, mixed with about 50 wt% nitrate, about 1 to 10% Pi or Pd on carbon. might exist. However, the ratio can be varied by a factor of about 5 to 10 in a typical example. When carbon is used as a support, the temperature is maintained below that resulting in a C reaction to form a carbonate-like compound such as an alkaline carbonate. In one embodiment, the temperature is maintained in the range of about 50 ° C.-300 ° C. to about 100 ° C.-250 ° C. so that NH ₃ is formed for N ₂ .

Reactants and regeneration reactions and systems are described in the present disclosure or the hydrogen-catalyzed reactors of PCT / US08 / 61455 filed for PCT on 4/24/2008, PCT / US09 / 052072 filed for PCT on 7/29/2009. Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyzed Reactor PCT / US10 / 27828 Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyzed Power System Filed for PCT on 3/18/2010, Electrochemical Hydrogen for PCT / US11 / 2889 filed for PCT on 3/17/2011 Catalytic power system, like the H ₂ O-based hydrogen catalytic power system of PCT / US12 / 31369 filed on 3/30/2012, and the CIHT power system of PCT / US13 / 041938 filed on 5/21/13. Applications (“Pre-Mills Applications”) (which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) may include those of my previous US patent applications.

In one embodiment, the reaction, N _{2 O,} NO _2, or NO, may include nitrogen oxides, such as, rather than nitrate. NO, NO ₂ , and N ₂ O, and alkali nitrates can be generated by industrial methods known as, by the Haber process, which is followed by the Ostwald process. In one embodiment, a typical sequence of steps is as follows.

Specifically, the Haber process may be used to produce NH ₃ from N ₂ and H ₂ at high temperatures and pressures using catalysts such as α-iron containing some oxides. .. The Ostwald method can be used to oxidize ammonia to NO, NO ₂ and N ₂ O with catalysts such as hot platinum or platinum-rhodium catalysts. In one embodiment, the product is at least one of ammonia and an alkaline compound. NO ₂ may be formed from NH ₃ by oxidation. NO ₂ is where M is an alkali, to form the M _nitrate, is dissolved in water to form nitric acid which is reacted with an alkali compound such as _{M 2 O, MOH, M 2} CO 3, or MHCO ₃ May be.

Formed in one embodiment, the reaction of an oxygen source, such as _MNO 3 (M = alkali) to form of _{H 2} O catalyst, formation of atomic H from sources such as (ii) _{H 2,} the (iii) hydrino At least one of the reactions involved may occur on or by conventional catalysts such as precious metals such as Pt that may be heated. The catalyst to be heated may contain hot filaments. The filament may include a hot Pt filament. Sources of oxygen such as MNO ₃ may be at least partially gaseous. The gas state and its vapor pressure may be controlled by heating an MNO ₃ such as KNO ₃ . A source of oxygen, such as MNO ₃ might be within an open board to be heated to release the gaseous MNO _3. The heating may have a heater like a hot filament. In one typical embodiment, the MNO ₃ is placed on a quartz boat and the Pt filament surrounds the boat to act as a heater. The vapor pressure of the MNO ₃ may be maintained in the pressure range of about 0.1 Torr to 1000 Torr or about 1 Torr to 100 Torr. The hydrogen source may be gaseous hydrogen maintained within a pressure range of about 1 Torr to 100 atm, about 10 Torr to 10 atm, or about 100 Torr to 1 atm. The filament also functions to dissociate the hydrogen gas that may be supplied to the cell through the gas line. The cell may also include a vacuum line. Cell reactions may result in atomic H and H _{2 O} catalyst react to form hydrino. The reaction may be maintained in a vessel capable of maintaining at least one of vacuum, ambient pressure, or pressure above atmospheric pressure. Products such as H ₃ and MOH might be reproduced is removed from the cell. In one typical embodiment, the MNO ₃ reacts with a hydrogen source to form an NH ₃ and H ₂ O catalyst that is regenerated as a step of separation by oxidation or in the reaction vessel being separated. In one embodiment, a hydrogen source, such as H ₂ gas, is generated from water either thermally or by at least one of electrolysis. Typical thermal methods are iron oxide cycle, cerium (IV) oxide-cerium (III) oxide cycle, zinc-zinc oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle, and the like. Others known to traders. Typical cell reaction to form of H _{2 O} catalyst further react with H to form a hydrino is as follows.
KNO ₃ + 9 / 2H ₂ → K + NH ₃ + 3H ₂ O (82)
KNO ₃ + 5H ₂ → KH + NH ₃ + 3H ₂ O (83)
KNO ₃ + 4H ₂ → KOH + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O (84)
KNO ₃ + C + 2H ₂ → KOH + NH ₃ + CO ₂ (85)
2KNO ₃ + C + 3H ₂ → K ₂ CO ₃ + 1 / 2N ₂ + 3H ₂ O (86)

A typical regeneration reaction for forming nitrogen oxides is given by formula (81).
Products such as K, KH, KOH, and K ₂ CO ₃ may be reacted with nitric acid formed by adding nitrogen oxides to water to form KNO ₂ or KNO ₃ .
Additional reasonable typical reaction for the formation of at least one of H 2 _O catalyst and H ₂ are given in Tables 5, 6 and 7.

The reaction for forming of H 2 _O catalyst, may contain O sources, such as sources and O species H. Sources of species O may include a mixture of compounds containing O or at least one of the compounds, air, and O ₂ . Compounds containing oxygen may contain oxidants. Oxygen-containing compounds may include at least one of oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, peroxides, and superoxides. Reasonable typical metal oxides are alkali oxides such as Li ₂ O, Na ₂ O, and K ₂ O, alkaline earth oxides such as MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO, NiO, Ni _2. Transition metal oxides such as O ₃ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , and CoO, and internal transition metals and rare earth metal oxides, and Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi. , Se, and those of semi-metals or other metals such as those of Te, and other elements including mixtures thereof and oxygen. Oxides, alkali, alkaline earth, transition, like those oxides anions of internal transition and the present disclosure, such as cationic and metal oxide anions such as rare earth metal cations, _and, ΜΜ '2χ O ₃ χ ₊₁ , Or _MM'2x O ₄ , (M = alkaline earth, M'= transition metal (eg Fe or Ni or Mn), x = integer), and Μ _{2 Μ'2 Χ} O 3 _{χ + 1} , or Μ _{2 Μ'2 Χ} Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, such as O ₄ , (M = alkali, M'= transition metal (eg, Fe or Ni or Mn), x = integer). , Se, and those of semi-metals and other metals, such as those of Te, may be included. Reasonable typical oxyhydroxides are AlO (OH), ScO (OH), YO (OH), VO (OH), CrO (OH), MnO (OH) (α-MnO (OH) grout ore and γ-MnΟ (ΟΗ) manganese ore), FeO (OH), CoO (OH), NiO (OH), RhO (OH), GaO (OH), InO (OH), Ni _1/2 Co _1/2 O (OH) and M _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 O (OH). Reasonable typical hydroxides are those of metals such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb. , As, Sb, Bi, Se, and those of semi-metals and other metals such as Te, and mixtures. Suitable complex ion hydroxides are Li ₂ Zn (OH) ₄ , Na ₂ Zn (OH) ₄ , Li ₂ Sn (OH) ₄ , Na ₂ Sn (OH) ₄ , Li ₂ Pb (OH) ₄ , Na. ₂ Pb (OH) ₄ , LiSb (OH) ₄ , NaSb (OH) ₄ , LiAl (OH) ₄ , NaAl (OH) ₄ , LiCr (OH) ₄ , NaCl (OH) ₄ , Li ₂ Sn (OH) ₆ , And Na ₂ Sn (OH) ₆ . Additional typical reasonable hydroxides are Co (OH) ₂ , Zn (OH) ₂ , Ni (OH) ₂ , other transition metal hydroxides, Cd (OH) ₂ , Sn (OH) ₂ , And at least one from Pb (OH). Reasonable typical peroxides are those of H ₂ O ₂ , organic compounds, and of M ₂ O ₂ (M is an alkali metal) such as Li ₂ O ₂ , Na ₂ O ₂ , K ₂ O ₂ . Those of metals such as those of other ionic peroxides such as those of alkaline earth peroxides such as Ca, Sr, or Ba, those of other positive metals such as those of lanthanoids, and Zn. , Cd, and Hg are common metal peroxides such as those. Valid typical superoxides are those MO ₂ (M is an alkali metal) and alkaline earth metal superoxide of metals such as NaO ₂ , KO ₂ , RbO ₂ , and CsO ₂ . In one embodiment, the fixed fuel comprises a hydrogen source such as alkaline peroxide and hydride, a hydrocarbon, or a hydrogen storage metal such as BH ₃ NH ₃ . Reaction mixtures include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, and alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and internal transition metals. Sources of oxygen and water, such as compounds containing at least one of oxyanions such as, and rare earth metals, and carbonates such as those containing Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, and others of the present disclosure. It may contain hydroxides such as those of other elements that form oxides. Other reasonable compounds containing oxygen are aluminates, tungstates, zirconates, titanates, phosphates, carbonates, nitrates, chromates, dichromates, and manganates, oxidations. At least one of the oxyanion compounds of the product, oxyhydroxide, peroxide, superoxide, silicate, titanate, tungstate, and others of the present disclosure. One typical reaction of carbonates and hydroxides is as follows.
Ca (OH) ₂ + Li ₂ CO ₃ → CaO + H ₂ O + Li ₂ O + CO ₂ (87)

In other embodiments, the oxygen source is immediately forming or gaseous, such as NO ₂ , NO, N ₂ O, CO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , and SO _2. .. C, N, NH 3, _P, or reduced oxide product from the formation of H _{2 O} catalyst such as S, the combustion of the oxygen or earlier their sources as given in application Mills Cells that may be converted back to oxides by the cells may generate excess heat that may be used for thermal applications, or the heat may be such as the Rankin or Brayton system. It may be converted to electricity by means. Instead, cells may be used to synthesize lower energy hydrogen species, such as molecular hydrinos and hydrinohydride ions and corresponding compounds.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture forming at least for one hydrino of product formation, and lower-energy hydrogen species of energy, at least the O and H such as those of the present disclosure, such as H 2 _O catalyst Includes one source of catalyst and one source of atomic hydrogen. The reaction mixture may be an acid such as H ₂ SO ₃ , H ₂ SO ₄ , H ₂ CO ₃ , HNO ₂ , HNO ₃ , HClO ₄ , H ₃ PO ₃ , and H ₃ PO ₄ , or an acid anhydride or It may further contain acids such as anhydrous acid. The latter is at least one of the groups SO ₂ , SO ₃ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , N ₂ O ₃ , N ₂ O ₅ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ , and P ₂ O ₅ . May include. The reaction mixture is M ₂ O (M = alkaline), Μ'O (M' = alkaline earth), ZnO, or other transition metal oxides, CdO, CoO, SnO, AgO, HgO, or Al ₂ O ₃ May contain at least one base and basic anhydride, such as. Further typical anhydrides are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc. includes Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and a stable metal in _{H 2} O, such as in. The anhydride may be an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxide, and the hydrous compound may contain a hydroxide. The reaction mixture may contain oxyhydroxides such as FeOOH, NiOOH, or CoOOH. The reaction mixture may include at least one of H 2 _O and H _{2 O} source. H 2 _O, in the presence of atomic hydrogen, may be reversibly formed by hydration and dehydration reactions. A typical reaction for forming of H 2 _O catalyst is as follows.
Mg (OH) ₂ → MgO + H ₂ O (88)
2LiOH → Li ₂ O + H ₂ O (89)
H ₂ CO ₃ → CO ₂ + H ₂ O (90)
2FeOOH → Fe ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ O (91)

In one embodiment, _{H 2} O _catalyst, P _{4 O 10.} Ultraphosphates such as [(PO ₃ ) _n ] ⁿ and cyclic metaphosphates such as [(PO ₃ ) _n ] ⁿ with n ≧ 3, long chain metaphosphates such as [(PO ₃ ) _n ] ⁿ , [P _n O _{3 n + 1} ] A mixture of polyphosphates such as ^{(n + 2)-} , forming condensed phosphates such as at least one, and Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se. , And those of semi-metals and other metals such as those of Te, and those of cations such as cations containing metals such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals. It is formed by dehydration of at least one compound containing phosphates such as dihydrogen phosphates such as, hydrogen phosphates, and salts of phosphates. A typical reaction is as follows.

The reaction product of the dehydration reaction may contain R-Ni, which may contain at least one of Al (OH) ₃ and Al ₂ O ₃ . Reactants include metal Ms such as those of the present disclosure, such as alkali metals, metal hydrides MH, metal hydrides such as those of the present disclosure such as alkali hydroxides, and specific hydrogen as well as H _2. Further includes sources of hydrogen such as. A typical reaction is as follows.
2Al (OH) ₃ + → Al ₂ O ₃ + 3H ₂ O (94)
Al ₂ O ₃ + 2 NaOH → 2NaAlO ₂ + H ₂ O (95)
3MH + Al (OH) ₃ + → M ₃ Al + 3H ₂ O (96)
MoCu + 2MOH + 4O ₂ → M ₂ MoO ₄ + CuO + H ₂ O
(M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) (97)

The reaction product may contain alloys. R-Ni may be regenerated by rehydration. The reaction mixture and the dehydration reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst, may typically as given in the reaction include oxy hydroxides such as those of the present disclosure and content of below.
3Co (OH) ₂ → 2CoOOH + Co + 2H ₂ O (98)

Atomic hydrogen may be formed from H ₂ gas by dissociation. Hydrogen dissociators are one of them in the present disclosure, such as R-Ni, or a noble or transition metal on a support, such as carbon or Ni on Al ₂ O ₃ , Pt, or Pd. May be. Instead, the atoms H may be from H permeation through membranes such as those in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the cell comprises a ceramic membrane-like membrane that prevents H ₂ O diffusion but selectively allows H ₂ to diffuse through itself. In one embodiment, at least one of H ₂ and atom H is supplied to the cell by electrolysis of an electrolyte containing a source of hydrogen, such as a water-soluble or molten electrolyte containing H ₂ O. In one embodiment, H 2 _O catalyst is chemically formed by dehydration of the acid or base to the anhydrous form. In one embodiment, the reaction to form the catalyst H _{2 O} and hydrinos cell pH or activity, temperature, and propagates by changing at least one of pressure, the pressure is changed by changing the temperature Maybe. The activity of species such as acids, bases, or anhydrides may be altered by the addition of salts known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture may include materials such as carbon which may be a or absorbs a source of gas or anhydride gases such as H ₂ in the reaction to form hydrino. The reactants may be in any desired concentration and ratio. The reaction mixture may be melted or may contain a water-soluble slurry.

In another embodiment, the source of H 2 _O catalyst, hydrohalic acid is the reaction between sulfuric acid, dissipation, and nitrous acid, and acids and bases, such as reaction between at least one base. Other reasonable acid reactants are H ₂ SO ₄ , HCl, HX (X-halogen), H ₃ PO ₄ , HCl O ₄ , HNO ₃ , HNO, HNO ₂ , F ₂ S, H ₂ CO ₃ , H _{2 MoO 4, HNbO 3, H 2} B 4 O 7 ( tetraborate _{M), HBO 2, H 2} WO 4, H 2 CrO 4, H 2 Cr 2 O 7, H 2 TiO 3, HZrO 3, MAlO 2, An aqueous solution of an organic acid such as HMn ₂ O ₄ , HIO ₃ , HIO ₄ , HClO ₄ , or formic acid, or acetic acid. Typical valid bases are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, or rare earth metals, or hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, or hydroxides containing Al, Ga, In, Sn, or Pb. It is an oxide.

In one embodiment, reactants for forming of H 2 _O catalyst, respectively, an acid or base to react with a base or acid anhydride, and, cationic or acid anhydride, respectively, anionic and basic anhydrides acid It may contain compounds of the anion of the substance and the cation of the base. The typical reaction between the base NaOH and the acidic anhydride SiO ₂ is as follows.
4 NaOH + SiO ₂ → Na ₄ SiO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (99)
Here, the dehydration reaction of the corresponding acid is as follows.
H ₄ SiO ₄ → 2H ₂ O + SiO ₂ (100)

Other reasonable typical anhydrides are Mo, Ti, Zr, Si, Al, Ni, Fe, Ta, V, B, Nb, Se, Te, W, Cr, Mn, Hf, Co, and Mg. It may contain elements, metals, alloys, or mixtures such as one from the group. Corresponding oxides are MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , MnO, Mn ₃ O ₄ , Mn ₂ O ₃ , Mn O ₂ , Mn ₂ O ₇ , HfO ₂ , Co ₂ O ₃ , CoO, Co ₃ O ₄ , Co ₂ O ₃ , and It may contain at least one of MgO. In one exemplary embodiment, a base, such as _Li 2 O, and _{H 2} O, such as _{M 2} O, may form the corresponding basic oxides, such as LiOH, MOH It may contain hydroxides, such as alkali hydroxides, such as (M = alkali). Basic oxides may react with anhydrous oxides to form product oxides. In one exemplary reaction LiOH with an anhydride oxide with release of H ₂ O, the product oxide _compounds, Li 2 MoO _3, or _{Li 2 MoO 4, Li 2 TiO} 3, Li 2 ZrO 3 , Li ₂ SiO ₃ , LiAlO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiFeO ₂ , LiTaO ₃ , LiVO ₃ , Li ₂ B ₄ O ₇ , Li ₂ NbO ₃ , Li ₂ SeO ₃ , Li ₃ PO ₄ , Li ₂ SeO ₄ , Li ₂ Includes TeO ₃ , Li ₂ TeO ₄ , Li ₂ WO ₄ , Li ₂ CrO ₄ , Li ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ , Li ₂ MnO ₄ , Li ₂ HfO ₃ , LiCoO ₂ , and MgO. Other reasonable typical oxides are As ₂ O ₃ , As ₂ O ₅ , Sb ₂ O ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₄ , Sb ₂ O ₅ , Bi ₂ O ₃ , SO ₂ , SO ₃ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , N ₂ O ₃ , N ₂ O ₅ , Cl ₂ O ₇ , PO ₂ , P ₂ O ₃ , and P ₂ O ₅ , and at least one of the other similar oxide groups known to those of skill in the art. Is. Another example is given by equation (91). Reasonable reactions of metal oxides are as follows.
2LiOH + NiO → Li ₂ NiO ₂ + H ₂ O (101)
3LiOH + NiO → LiNiO ₂ + H ₂ O + Li ₂ O + 1 / 2H ₂ (102)
4LiOH + Ni ₂ O ₃ → 2Li ₂ NiO ₂ + 2H ₂ O + 1 / 2O ₂ (103)
2LiOH + Ni ₂ O ₃ → 2LiNiO ₂ + H ₂ O (104)

Other transition metals such as Fe, Cr, and Ti, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and such as Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te. Metalloids or other metals may replace Ni, and other alkali metals such as Li, Na, Rb, and Cs may replace K. In one example, the oxide may contain Mo, but during the reaction to form H ₂ O, the developing H ₂ O catalyst and H further react to form hydrinos. May form. Typical solid fuel reactions and possible oxide formation pathways are as follows.
3MoO ₂ + 4LiOH → 2Li ₂ MoO ₄ + Mo + 2H ₂ Ο (105)
2MoO ₂ + 4LiOH → 2Li ₂ MoO ₄ + 2H ₂ (106)
O ^2- → 1 / 2O ₂ + 2e ⁻ (107)
2H ₂ O + 2e ⁻ → 2OH ⁻ + H ₂ (108)
2H ₂ O + 2e ⁻ → 2OH ⁻ + H + H (1/4) (109)
Mo ⁴ + + 4e → Mo (110)

The reaction may further include a dissociating agent such as Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ and a hydrogen source such as hydrogen gas. Hydrogen may be protium, juuterium, or tritium, or any combination thereof. The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst may include reaction of the two hydroxides to form water. Hydroxide reactions may have different oxidation states, such as those of transition metal or alkaline earth hydroxides and alkali metal hydroxide reactions. The reaction mixture and reaction may further contain and contain H ₂ from the source as given in the following typical reactions.
LiOH + 2Co (OH) ₂ + 1 / 2H ₂
→ LiCoO ₂ + 3H ₂ O + Co (111)

Reaction mixtures and reactions may further contain and contain metal Ms such as alkaline earth metals or alkali metals as given in the following typical reactions.
M + LiOH + Co (OH) ₂ → LiCoO ₂ + H ₂ O + MH (112)

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a source of H and optionally another source of H, a metal hydroxide and a metal oxide, such as Fe of the metal oxide. metal is oxidized during the reaction to form of H _{2 O} to function as a catalyst that reacts with H to form hydrino - to receive a reduction reaction, it is possible to have multiple oxidation states. An example is FeO, but during the reaction forming the catalyst Fe ²⁺ can be oxidized to Fe ³⁺ . A typical reaction is as follows.
FeO + 3LiOH
→ H ₂ O + LiFeO ₂ + H (1 / p) + Li ₂ O (113)

In one embodiment, at least one reactant such as a metal oxide, hydroxide, or oxyhydroxide acts as an oxidant, while metal atoms such as Fe, Ni, Mo, or Mn , May be in a higher oxidation state than another possible oxidation state. Reactions that form catalysts and hydrinos may allow atoms to be reduced to at least one lower oxidation state. Metal oxide forming of H 2 _O catalyst, hydroxides, and typical reaction oxyhydroxide is as follows.
2KOH + NiO → K ₂ NiO ₂ + H ₂ O (114)
3KOH + NiO → KNiO ₂ + H ₂ O + K ₂ O + 1 / 2H ₂ (115)
2KOH + Ni ₂ O ₃ → 2KNiO ₂ + H ₂ O (116)
4KOH + Ni ₂ O ₃ → 2K ₂ NiO ₂ + 2H ₂ O + 1 / 2O ₂ (117)
_{2KOH + Ni (OH) 2 →} K 2 NiO 2 + 2H 2 O (118)
2LiOH + MoO ₃ → Li ₂ MoO ₄ + H ₂ O (119)
3KOH + Ni (OH) ₂
→ KNiO ₂ + 2H ₂ O + K ₂ O + 1 / 2H ₂ (120)
_{2KOH + 2NiOOH → K 2 NiO 2} + 2H 2 O + NiO + l / 2O 2
(121)
KOH + NiOOH → KNiO ₂ + H ₂ O (122)
2NaOH + Fe ₂ O ₃ → 2NaFeO ₂ + H ₂ O (123)

Other transition metals such as Ni, Fe, Cr, and Ti, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and AL, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and Te. Such metalloids or other metals may replace Ni or Fe, and other alkali metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs may replace K or Na. In one example, the reaction mixture is Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, including tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and at least one of _{H 2} O to stable metal hydroxides and oxides such as in. In addition, the reaction mixture comprises a source of hydrogen such as H ₂ gas and, optionally, a dissociating agent such as a noble metal on the support. In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy substance, a transition metal halide such as bromide, such as FeBr _2, and oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, or metal to form the oxide and H _{2 O} Contains at least one mixture. In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy material is of a metal oxide, hydroxide, and oxyhydroxide, such as at least one of transition metal oxides such as Ni ₂ O ₃ , and H ₂ O. Contains at least one mixture.

The typical reaction between acid HCl and the basic anhydride NiO is as follows.
_{2HCl + NiO → H 2 O +} NiCl 2 (124)
Here, the dehydration reaction of the corresponding base is as follows.
Ni (OH) ₂ → H ₂ O + NiO (125)

The reaction may contain at least one of Lewis acids or bases and Bronsted-Lowry acids or bases. The reaction mixture and reaction may further contain and contain oxygen-containing compounds, but the oxygen-containing compounds react with the acid to form water as provided in the following typical reactions.
_{2HX + POX 3 → H 2 O} + PX 5 (126)

(X = halogen). Compounds similar to POX ₃ are valid as those with P substituted by S. Other reasonable typical anhydrides are Mo, Ti, Zr, Si, Al, Ni, Fe, Ta, V, B, Nb, Se, Te, W, Cr, Mn, Hf, Co, and Mg. Hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, or oxides containing Al, Ga, In, Sn, or Pb, or alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, or internal transition metals, such as one from the group. It may contain oxides of elements, metals, alloys, or mixtures that are soluble in acids such as. Corresponding oxides are MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, or Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , MnO, Μn ₃ O ₄ , Mn ₂ O ₃ , MnO ₂ , Mn ₂ O ₇ , HfO ₂ , Co ₂ O ₃ , CoO, Co ₃ O ₄ , Co ₂ O ₃ , and MgO may be included. unknown. Other reasonable typical oxides are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag. , Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and those in the In group. In one embodiment, the acid comprises a hydrohalogenic acid, and the product is a metal halide and H _{2 O} oxide. The reaction mixture further comprises a source of hydrogen such as H ₂ gas and a dissociating agent such as Pt / C, where the H and H ₂ O catalysts react to form hydrinos.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel, H ₂ containing hydroxide or oxide is reduced to dissociating agent and H _{2 O} as source of H ₂ or H ₂ gas and Pt / C as the permeable membrane O Includes source of catalyst. The metal of the oxide or hydroxide may form a metal hydride that acts as a source of H. Typical reaction of alkali hydroxides and oxides, such as LiOH, and Li 2 _O is as follows.
LiOH + H ₂ → H ₂ O + LiH (127)
Li ₂ O → LiOH + LiH (128)

The reaction mixture is Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and in like those, the oxide or hydroxide of a metal consisting in _{H 2} O undergo hydrogen reduction, and, _{H 2} It may contain a source of hydrogen such as gas and a dissociator such as Pt / C.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture, H ₂ source such as dissociating agent and H ₂ gas, such as Pt / C, and peroxide compounds such as decomposing H ₂ O ₂ to H 2 _O catalyst , And other oxygen-containing products, such as O ₂ . Some degrading organisms, such as H ₂ and O ₂ , react to form H ₂ O catalysts as well.

In one example, the reaction to form H ₂ O as a catalyst comprises an organic dehydration reaction such as that of alcohols such as polyhydric alcohols such as sugars to aldehydes and H ₂ O. In one embodiment, the dehydration reaction comprises free from terminal alcohol H _{2 O} to form an aldehyde. Terminal Alcohol releases of H _{2 O} which may serve as a catalyst, may include a saccharide or its derivative. Reasonable typical alcohols are meso-erythritol, galactitol or dulcitol, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). A typical reaction mixture comprises a sugar + hydrogen dissociator such as Pd / Al ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ . Instead, the reaction involves dehydration of a metal salt such as one with at least one of hydrated water. In one embodiment, the dehydration _includes of _{H 2} O loss of functioning as a catalyst of hydrates, such as salt hydrates and hydrated ions such as BaI 2 _2H 2 O and EuBr ₂ nH ₂ O.

In one example, the reaction to form the H ₂ O catalyst is an oxygen-containing compound such as CO, an oxyanion such as MNO ₃ (M = alkali), NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Or metal oxides such as SnO, hydroxides such as Co (OH) ₂ , oxy hydroxides such as FeOOH, CoOOH, and NiOOH, and compounds, oxyanions, oxides, hydroxides, oxys. hydroxides, including peroxides, super oxides, and other compositions containing oxygen, such as those of the present disclosure is hydrogen capable of reducing relative H 2 _O, the hydrogen reduction. Typical compounds containing oxygen or oxyanions are SOCl ₂ , Na ₂ S ₂ O ₃ , Namn O ₄ , POBr ₃ , K ₂ S ₂ O ₈ , CO, CO ₂ , NO, NO ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ , N ₂ O ₅ , N ₂ O, SO ₂ , I ₂ O ₅ , NaClO ₂ , NaClO, K ₂ SO ₄ , and KHSO ₄ . The source of hydrogen for the hydrogen reduction might at least one of a hydride, such as metal hydride such as those of the H ₂ gas and the disclosure. The reaction mixture further contains a reducing agent that may form oxygenated ions or compounds. Oxyanion cations form product compounds containing halides, other chalcogenides, phosphides, other oxyanions, nitrides, silicides, arsenides, or other anions such as the other anions of the present disclosure. May do. A typical reaction is as follows.
4NaNO ₃ (c) + 5MgH ₂ (c)
→ 5MgO (c) + 4NaOH (c)
+ 3H ₂ O (l) + 2N ₂ (g) (129)
P ₂ O ₅ (c) + 6NaH (c)
→ 2Na ₃ PO ₄ (c) + 3H ₂ O (g) (130)
NaClO ₄ (c) + 2MgH ₂ (c)
→ 2MgO (c) + NaCl (c)
+ 2H ₂ O (l) (131)
KHSO ₄ + 4H ₂ → KSH + 4H ₂ O (132)
K ₂ SO ₄ + 4H ₂ → 2KOH + 2H ₂ O + H ₂ S (133)
LiNO ₃ + 4H ₂ → LiNH + 3H ₂ O (134)
GeO ₂ + 2H ₂ → Ge + 2H ₂ O (135)
CO ₂ + H ₂ → C + 2H ₂ O (136)
PbO ₂ + 2H ₂ → 2H ₂ O + Pb (137)
V ₂ O ₅ + 5H ₂ → 2V + 5H ₂ O (138)
Co (OH) ₂ + H ₂ → Co + 2H ₂ O (139)
Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3H ₂ → 2Fe + 3H ₂ O (140)
3Fe ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ → 2Fe ₃ O ₄ + H ₂ O (141)
Fe ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ → ₂ FeO + H ₂ O (142)
Ni ₂ O ₃ + 3H ₂ → 2Ni + 3H ₂ O (143)
3Ni ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ → 2Ni ₃ O ₄ + H ₂ O (144)
Ni ₂ O ₃ + H ₂ → ₂ NiO + H ₂ O (145)
_{3FeOOH + 1 / 2H 2 → Fe} 3 O 4 + 2H 2 O (146)
3ΝiΟΟΗ + l / 2H ₂ → Ni ₃ O ₄ + 2H ₂ O (147)
3CoOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ → Co ₃ O ₄ + 2H ₂ O (148)
FeOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ → FeO + H ₂ O (149)
NiOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ → NiO + H ₂ O (150)
CoOOH + 1 / 2H ₂ → CoO + H ₂ O (151)
SnO + H ₂ → Sn + H ₂ O (152)

The reaction mixture may include a source of oxygen or oxygen such as a compound containing oxygen and a source of anions or anions, where the reaction forming the H ₂ O catalyst is oxygen to form H ₂ O. From sources that react with, optionally include an anion-oxygen exchange reaction with H ₂ . A typical reaction is as follows.
2NaOH + H ₂ + S → Na ₂ S + 2H ₂ O (153)
2NaOH + H ₂ + Te → Na ₂ Te + 2H ₂ O (154)
2NaOH + H ₂ + Se → Na ₂ Se + 2H ₂ O (155)
LiOH + NH ₃ → LiNH ₂ + H ₂ O (156)

In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises an exchange reaction between chalcogenides, such as one between reactants containing O and S. Typical chalcogenide reactants, such as tetrahedramal ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, contain ([MoS ₄ ] ^2- ) anions. Typical reactions that form the H ₂ O catalyst in the nascent phase and optionally the H in the nascent phase include the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with molybdate [MoO ₄ ] ^2- in the presence of ammonia.
[NH ₄ ] ₂ [MoO ₄ ] + 4H ₂ S
→ [NH ₄ ] ₂ [MoS ₄ ] + 4H ₂ O (157)

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a source of hydrogen, a compound containing oxygen, and at least one element capable of alloying with at least one element of the reaction mixture.
The reaction to form the H ₂ O catalyst may include an exchange reaction of oxygen with an element capable of forming an alloy with the cation of the oxygen compound and a compound containing oxygen, where oxygen is H ₂ O. Reacts with hydrogen from the source to form. A typical reaction is as follows.
NaOH + 1 / 2H ₂ + Pd → NaPb + H ₂ O (158)
NaOH + 1 / 2H ₂ + Bi → NaBi + H ₂ O (159)
NaOH + 1 / 2H ₂ + 2Cd → Cd ₂ Na + H ₂ O (160)
NaOH + 1 / 2H ₂ + 4Ga → Ga ₄ Na + H ₂ O (161)
NaOH + 1 / 2H ₂ + Sn → NaSn + H ₂ O (162)
NaAlH ₄ + Al (OH) ₃ + 5Ni
→ NaAlO ₂ + Ni ₅ Al + H ₂ O + 5 / 2H ₂ (163)

In one example, the reaction mixture comprises a reducing agent such as a metal forming oxygen and a compound containing oxygen such as an oxyoxide. The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst comprises a reaction oxyhydroxide comprising a metal formed from H 2 _O and metal oxides. A typical reaction is as follows.
_{2MnOOH + Sn → 2MnO + SnO +} H 2 O (164)
4MnOOH + Sn → 4MnO + SnO ₂ + 2H ₂ O (165)
_{2MnOOH + Zn → 2MnO + ZnO +} H 2 O (166)

In one example, the reaction mixture comprises an oxygenated compound such as hydroxide, a source of hydrogen, and at least one other compound containing another element or a different anion such as a halide. .. The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst, but may include the reaction of the hydroxide with elemental or other compounds, anions or element, a hydroxide in order to form another compound of anions or elements Will be exchanged. Anions may contain halides. A typical reaction is as follows.
2NaOH + NiCl ₂ + H ₂ → 2NaCl + 2H ₂ O + Ni (167)
2NaOH + I ₂ + H ₂ → 2NaI + 2H ₂ O (168)
2NaOH + XeF ₂ + H ₂ → 2NaF + 2H ₂ O + Xe (169)
BiX ₃ (X = Halogen) + 4Bi (OH) ₃ → 3ΒiΟΧ + Bi ₂ O ₃ + 6H ₂ O (170)

Hydroxides and halides compounds, reaction to form H 2 _O and another halide as is thermally reversible, may be selected. In one example, the general exchange reaction is as follows.
_{NaOH + 1 / 2H 2 + 1} / yM x Cl y = NaCl + 6H 2 O + x / yM (171)
Here, exemplary compounds _M x Cl _{y is, AlCl 3, BeCl 2, HfCl} 4, KAgCl 2, MnCl 2, NaAlCl 4, ScCl 3, TiCl 2, TiCl 3, UCl 3, UCl 4, ZrCl 4, EuCl ₃ , GdCl ₃ , MgCl ₂ , NdCl ₃ , and YCl ₃ . Reactions of formula (171), such as those in the range of about 100 ° C to 2000 ° C, have at least one of enthalpy and free energy of about 0 kJ at elevated temperatures and are reversible. The reversible temperature is calculated from the corresponding thermodynamic parameters of each reaction. Typical temperature range, NaCl-ScCl ₃ at about _800K-900K, NaCl-TiCl ₂ at about 300K-400K, NaCl-UCl ₃ at about 600K-800K, NaCl-UCl ₄ at about 250K-300K, about 250K- NaCl-ZrCl _{4 at} 300K, NaCl-MgCl ₂ at about 900K-1300K, NaCl-EuCl ₃ at about 900K-1000K, NaCl-NdCl ₃ at about> 1000K, and NaCl-YCl ₃ at about> 1000K.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is metal oxides such as alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides, internal transition metal oxides, and rare earth metal oxides, and Al, Ga. , In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, and those of semi-metals and other metals such as those of Te, Li ₂ O ₂ , Na ₂ O ₂ , and K ₂ O _2. peroxides such as _M 2 _O 2 (M is an alkali metal) such as, and _{NaO 2, KO 2, RbO 2} , and CsO _2, (where M alkali metal) _MO 2, such as superoxide, such as Includes objects and oxides such as alkaline earth metal superoxide, and sources of hydrogen. Ionic peroxides further include those of Ca, Sr, or Ba. The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst, to form of H 2 _O, an oxide, may contain hydrogen reduction of peroxide or superoxide. A typical reaction is as follows.
Na ₂ O + 2H ₂ → ₂ NaH + H ₂ O (172)
Li ₂ O ₂ + 3 / 2H ₂ → Li ₂ O + H ₂ O (173)
KO ₂ + 3 / 2H ₂ → KOH + H ₂ O (174)

In one example, the reaction mixture is another compound or source of hydrogen, including flammable hydrogen, such as metal amides and those of the present disclosure, as well as alkali metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides, transition metal hydrogens. Includes hydrides, internal transition metal hydrides, and hydrides such as at least one rare earth metal hydride, sources of hydrogen such as at least one of H ₂ , and sources of oxygen such as O ₂ . The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst, H _2, hydrides, or might include the oxidation of hydrogen compounds, such as metal amide to form of H 2 _O. A typical reaction is as follows.
2NaH + O ₂ → Na ₂ O + H ₂ O (175)
H ₂ + 1 / 2O ₂ → H ₂ O (176)
LiNH ₂ + 2O ₂ → LiNO ₃ + H ₂ O (177)
2LiNH ₂ + 3 / 2O ₂ → 2LiOH + H ₂ O + N ₂ (178)

In one example, the reaction mixture comprises a source of hydrogen and a source of oxygen. The reaction to form of H 2 _O catalyst may include at least one of the decomposition of the source of oxygen source and hydrogen to form of H 2 _O. A typical reaction is as follows.
NH ₄ O ₃ → N ₂ O + 2H ₂ O (179)
ΝΗ ₄ ΝO ₃ → N ₂ + 1 / 2O ₂ + 2H ₂ O (180)
Η ₂ O ₂ → 1 / 2O ₂ + H ₂ O (181)
H ₂ O ₂ + H ₂ → 2 H ₂ O (182)

The reaction mixture disclosed in this section of chemical reactors further comprises a source of hydrogen to form hydrinos. Sources, the source of atomic hydrogen such as H ₂ gas and hydrogen dissociating agents, or may be a metal hydride such as disclosure of the metal hydride and dissociation agents. The source of hydrogen that provides atomic hydrogen may be a hydrogen-containing compound such as a hydroxide or oxyhydroxide. The H that reacts to form hydrinos may be the H of the nascent phase formed by the reaction of one or more reactants, where at least one is the reaction of hydroxides and oxides. Includes sources of hydrogen such as. The reaction might also be formed of H _{2 O} catalyst. Oxides and hydroxides may contain the same compounds. For example, oxyhydroxides such as FeOOH can supply of H _{2 O} catalyst was dehydrated, also can supply H nascent for hydrino reactions during dehydration.
4FeOOH
→ H ₂ O + Fe ₂ O ₃ + 2FeO + O ₂ + 2H (1/4) (183)
Here, the developing stage H formed during the reaction reacts to become hydrino. Other typical reaction, NaFeO ₂ + _{H 2} O such as alkali the metal oxides is their oxides or oxy-hydroxides and hydroxides, such as NaOH + FeOOH or _Fe 2 _{O 3} to form a Here, the nascent H formed during the reaction may form hydrinos, and H ₂ O acts as a catalyst. Oxides and hydroxides may contain the same compounds. For example, oxyhydroxides such as FeOOH supplies dehydrated, can supply of H 2 _O catalyst, and, also the H nascent for hydrino reactions during the dehydration reaction shown below be able to.
4FeOOH
→ H ₂ O + Fe ₂ O ₃ + 2FeO + O ₂ + 2H (1/4) (184)
Here, the developing stage H formed during the reaction reacts to become hydrino. Other typical reactions are those of oxides or oxyhydroxides and hydroxides such as NaOH + FeOOH or Fe ₂ O ₃ to form alkali metal oxides such as NaFeO ₂ + H ₂ O. Here, the nascent H formed during the reaction forms hydrinos, and H ₂ O acts as a catalyst. Hydroxide ions are both reduced and oxidized in forming the H 2 _O and oxide ion. Oxide ions may react with H ₂ O to form OH ⁻ . The same passage may be obtained in a hydroxide-halide exchange reaction, but is similar to the following equation.
2M (OH) ₂ + 2M'X ₂
→ H ₂ O + 2MX ₂ + 2Μ'O + 1 / 2O ₂
+ 2H (1/4) (185)
Here, typical M and M'metals are alkaline earth metals and transition metals, respectively, of Cu (OH) ₂ + FeBr ₂ , Cu (OH) ₂ + CuBr ₂ , or Co (OH) ₂ + CuBr ₂ . It's like. In one embodiment, the solid fuel may include metal hydroxides and metal halides, but at least one metal is Fe. At least one of H ₂ O and H ₂ may be added to regenerate the reactants. In one embodiment, M and M'are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Group 13 elements, It may be selected from the group of Group 14 elements, Group 15 elements, and Group 16 elements, and other cations of halides or hydroxides such as those in the present disclosure. Typical reactions that form at least one of the HOH catalyst, the nascent H, and the hydrino are:
4MOH + 4M'X
→ H ₂ O + 2M ' ₂ O + M ₂ O + 2MX + X ₂
+ 2H (1/4) (186)

In one example, the reaction mixture comprises at least one of a halide compound and hydroxide such as those of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the halide may function to facilitate at least one maintenance and formation of the HOH catalyst and H during development. In one embodiment, the mixture may function to lower the melting point of the reaction mixture.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a mixture of Mg (OH) ₂ + CuBr ₂ . The product CuBr may be sublimated to form a CuBr condensation product that is separated from the non-volatile MgO. CuBr, in order to form a CuBr _2, Shirezu may react with Br ₂ and,, MgO, in order to form a Mg _{(OH) 2,} may react with _{H 2} O. Mg (OH) ₂ may combine with CuBr ₂ to form a regenerated solid fuel.

Acid - base reaction is another approach to H 2 _O catalyst. In this way, the thermochemical reaction is similar to the electrochemical reaction that forms hydrinos. Typical halide and hydroxide mixtures include those of Bi, Cd, Cu, Co, Mo, and Cd, and Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe. , Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, and Zn group of low water-reactive metal halides and hydroxides. Is a mixture of. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a catalyst such as H ₂ O during development and H ₂ O which may function as at least one source of H. The water may be in the form of a hydrate that decomposes or reacts differently during the reaction.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel comprises an inorganic compound to form a H of H _{2 O} and nascent nascent and H _{2 O} reaction mixture. Inorganic compounds may contain a halide such as a metal halide to react with H 2 _O. The reaction product may be at least one of a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, an oxide, an oxyhalide, a hydroxyhalide, and a hydrate. Other ^{_{products, XO -, XO 2 -,}} XO 3 -, and _XO ⁴ - (X = halogen), may include an anion containing a halogen and oxygen, such as. The product may also be at least one of the halogen gas and the reduced cation. Halides include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se, N, P, As, Sb, Bi. , C, Si, Ge, and B, and other elements forming the halide, may be a metal halide such as at least one. Metal or element, in addition, those which form the hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, oxide, oxyhalide, hydroxy halides, hydrates, at least one of, ^{_{and, XO -, XO 2 -,}} XO 3 ^-, and XO 4 _- ^(X = halogen), it may be intended to form a compound having the anion containing a halogen and oxygen, such as. Reasonable typical metals and elements are alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se, N, P. , As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, Ge, and B. A typical reaction is as follows.
5MX ₂ + 7H ₂ O
→ MXOH + M (OH) ₂ + MO + M ₂ O ₃ + 11H (1/4)
+ 9 / 2X ₂ (187)
Here, M is a metal such as a transition metal such as Cu, and X is a halogen such as Cl.

In one embodiment, H ₂ O serves as a catalyst that is maintained at low concentrations to provide H ₂ O during development. In one embodiment, a low concentration is achieved by the dispersion of the H _{2 O} molecules solid, in another material such as a liquid, or gas. H 2 _O molecules, may be diluted to the limit of what was isolated of nascent molecules. The material also contains a source of H. The material may include transition metal halides such as CuBr ₂ or ionic compounds such as alkali halides such as potassium chloride such as KCl. Low concentrations for forming H during development may also be dynamically achieved where H ₂ O is formed by the reaction. The product H ₂ O may be removed at a rate relative to the rate of formation resulting in low steady-state concentrations to supply at least one of the developing H and the developing HOH. The reaction to form of H 2 _O, dehydrated, combustion, acid - base reaction and the present disclosure may include others such as those. H 2 _O might be removed by means such as evaporation and condensation. Typical reactants is a FeOOH to form H 2 _O and iron oxide, H nascent also formed by further reaction of hydrino. Other typical reaction mixtures are at least one of Fe ₂ O ₃ + (NaOH and H ₂ ) and at least one of FeOOH + (NaOH and H ₂ ). The reaction mixture may be maintained at elevated temperatures, such as in the range of 100 ° C to 600 ° C. H 2 _O The product may be removed by condensation of the reactor cold spots (cold spot) in the vapor, such as gas lines that are maintained below the 100 ° C.. In another embodiment, the compound or mixture as such is absorbed into the lattice or dispersed is H _{2 O} as that of ionic compounds, such as alkali halides, such as potassium halide such as KCl Materials containing H ₂ O as part or of an inclusion may be incident on the bombing of energy particles. The particles may contain at least one of photons, ions, and electrons. The particles may contain a beam like an electron beam. Bombing, H 2 _O catalyst, H, and may provide at least one of the activation reaction to form hydrino. In an embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell, _{H 2} O content may be higher. H ₂ O may be ignited to form a hydrino at a high speed by a high current.

The reaction mixture may further include a support such as an electrically conductive surface area support. Reasonable typical supports are borides and carbides such as TiC and WC, carbon, Ni mesh, Ni celmet, metal screens such as Ni, metal powders such as R-Ni or Ni. These are those of the present disclosure. The support may contain a dissociating agent such as Pd / C or Pd / C. The reactants may be of any desired molar ratio. In one embodiment, the stoichiometry is for supplying H to form a hydrino, and for forming of H _{2 O} catalyst, so as to favor the completion of the reaction. The reaction temperature may be in any desired range, such as in the range from ambient temperature to 1500 ° C. The pressure range may be any desired within the range of about 0.01 Torr to 500 atm. These reactions were the hydrogen-catalyzed reactor of PCT / US08 / 61455 filed for PCT on 4/24/2008 and the heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyzed reactor of PCT / US09 / 052072 filed for PCT on 7/29/2009, 3. PCT / US10 / 27828 heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyzed power system filed for PCT on / 18/2010 / PCT / US11 / 28889 electrochemical hydrogen-catalyzed power system filed for PCT on 3/17/2011, 3/30 / H ₂ O-based hydrogen catalytic power system of PCT / US12 / 31369 filed in 2012, CIHT power system of PCT / US13 / 041938 filed on 5/21/13 (these are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Is at least one of regenerative and reversible by the methods disclosed herein in Mills' previous applications, such as. The reaction forming H ₂ O may be reversible by changing reaction conditions such as pressure and temperature to allow a reverse reaction that consumes H ₂ O to occur, as known to those of skill in the art. Absent. For example, H 2 _O pressure, to reconstruct the reactants from the product by rehydration and may be increased in the reverse reaction. In other cases, the hydrogen - reduction product, may be regenerated by oxidation, such as by at least one of the reaction of H 2 _O and oxygen. In one example, the reverse reaction product may be removed from the reaction so that the reverse reaction or regeneration reaction proceeds. The reverse reaction may be advantageous even if it is not advantageous based on equilibrium thermodynamics by removing at least one reverse reaction product. In one typical example, the regenerated reactant (reverse or regenerated reaction product) comprises a hydroxide such as an alkaline hydroxide. Hydroxides may be removed by methods such as solvation or sublimation. In the latter case, the alkaline hydroxide sublimates unchanged at temperatures in the range of about 350 ° C to 400 ° C. The response may be maintained in the power plan system of Mills' previous application. The thermal energy from the cells that generate the power may supply heat to at least one other cell undergoing regeneration as previously disclosed. Alternatively, the equilibrium of the reaction and reverse regeneration reaction forms of H 2 _O catalyst, as previously disclosed, the temperature of the wall of the water system design with a temperature gradient by the coolant at selected regions of the cell It can be shifted by changing.

In one example, halides and oxides may undergo an exchange reaction. The products of the exchange reaction may be separated from each other. The exchange reaction may be carried out by heating the product mixture. Separation may be driven by at least one of applying a vacuum and heating. In one typical example, CaBr ₂ and CuO may undergo an exchange reaction by heating to a high temperature, such as in the range of about 700 ° C. to 900 ° C., to form CuBr ₂ and CaO. Any other reasonable temperature range may be used, such as within the range of about 100 ° C to 2000 ° C. CuBr ₂ may be separated and recovered by sublimation, which may be achieved by applying heat and low pressure. CuBr ₂ may form separate bands. CuBr ₂ may be reacted with H ₂ O to form Ca (OH) ₂ .

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material comprises a source of singlet oxygen. A typical reaction to generate singlet oxygen is as follows.
NaOCl + H ₂ O ₂ → O ₂ + NaCl + H ₂ O (188)

In another embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material comprises a reagent or source for the Fenton reaction, such as H ₂ O ₂ .

In one embodiment, the lower-energy hydrogen species and compounds, using a catalyst comprising at least one of O and H such as H 2 _O, is synthesized. M is alkaline and may be another metal such as alkaline earth, and the compound has the corresponding chemical ratio, H is hydrino such as hydrino hydride, and X is Where an anions such as halides, reaction mixtures for synthesizing typical lower energy hydrogen compounds MHX are sources of X and M such as alkali halides such as KCl, and alkali metals. a metal reducing agent, Ni hydrogen dissociating agent and optionally a support such as carbon, such as Ni, such as a screen or R-Ni, metal hydride such as MH that may replace the H ₂ gas and M A source of hydrogen, such as at least one of the above, and a source of oxygen, such as an oxygen-containing compound or metal oxide. Suitable typical metal oxides are Fe ₂ O ₃ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , and NiO. The reaction temperature may be maintained in the range of about 200 ° C to 1500 ° C, or about 400 ° C to 800 ° C. The reactants may be in any desired proportion. The reaction mixture forming KHCl may contain K, Ni screen, KCl, hydrogen gas, and at least one of Fe ₂ O ₃ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , and NiO. Typical weights and conditions are equal to K from metal oxides such as 1.6 g K, 20 g KCl, 40 g Ni screen, 1.5 g Fe ₂ O ₃ and 1.5 g Ni O. Oxygen, 1 atm H ₂ , and a reaction temperature of about 550-600 ° C. The reaction forms an H ₂ O catalyst by the reaction of O and H from the metal oxide, and H reacts with the catalyst to form the hydrinohydride ions and hydrinos that form the product KHCl. The reaction mixture forming KHI may contain at least one of K, R—Ni, KI, hydrogen gas, and Fe ₂ O ₃ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , and NiO. Typical weights and conditions are from metal oxides such as 1 g K, 20 g KI, 15 g R-Ni 2800, 1 g Fe ₂ O ₃ and 1 g NiO to a molar amount of oxygen equal to K, 1 atm. H _2, and a reaction temperature of about 450 to 500 ° C.,. The reaction forms an H ₂ O catalyst by the reaction of O and H from the metal oxide, and H reacts with the catalyst to form hydrino hydrides and hydrinos that form the product KHI. In one embodiment, at least one product of the CIHT cell, SF-CIHT cell, solid fuel, or chemical cell is H ₂ (1/4) that causes a high magnetic field side 1 H NMR matrix shift. In one example, the presence of a hydrino species such as a hydrino molecule or atom in a solid matrix such as a hydroxide matrix such as NaOH or KOH causes the matrix protons to shift towards a higher magnetic field. Matrix protons such as those of NaOH or KOH may be exchanged. In one embodiment, the shift causes the matrix peak to be in the range of about -0.1 to -5 ppm with respect to TMS.

In one example, the regeneration reaction of a mixture of hydroxide and halide compounds such as Cu (OH) ₂ + CuBr ₂ may be due to the addition of at least one of H ₂ and H ₂ O. Products such as halides and oxides may be separated by sublimation of the halide. In one example, H ₂ O is added to the reaction mixture under heating conditions such that hydroxides and halides such as CuBr ₂ and Cu (OH) ₂ cause the formation of reaction products. May be done. In one embodiment, regeneration may be achieved by the steps of the thermal cycle. In one example, a halide such as CuBr ₂ is H ₂ O soluble, whereas a hydroxide such as Cu (OH) ₂ is insoluble. The regenerated compound may be separated by filtering or precipitation. The species may dry out because the thermal energy may be from the reaction. Heat may be regained (recovered) by expelling water vapor. Recovery may be, for example, by generating electricity using turbines and generators, by using steam directly for heating, or by heat exchangers. In one embodiment, the playback Cu _{(OH) 2} from CuO is achieved by the use of _{H 2} O for dividing the catalyst. Suitable catalysts are CuAlO ₂ , cobalt-phosphate, cobalt-borate, cobalt-methyl borate (CuAlO ₂ , cobalt-phosphate, cobalt-borate, cobalt-methyl borate) formed by sintering Pt / Al ₂ O ₃ , and Cu O, and Al ₂ O _3. Cobalt methyl borate), nickel borate, RuO ₂ , LaMnO ₃ , SrTIO ₃ , TiO ₂ , and noble metals on supports such as WO ₃ . One exemplary method of forming of H ₂ O divided catalyst is the potential of each 0.92 and 1.15V (with respect to a normal hydrogen electrode (normal hydrogen electrode)), in pH 9.2, about 0 . Controlled electrolysis of a solution of Co ²⁺ and Ni ^{2+ in} a 1M potassium phosphate-borate electrolyte (potassium phosphorate electrolyte). A typical thermally reversible solid fuel cycle is as follows.
T 100 2CuBr ₂ + Ca (OH) ₂
→ 2CuO + 2CaBr ₂ + H ₂ O (189)
T 730 CaBr ₂ + 2H ₂ O → Ca (OH) ₂ + 2HBr (190)
T 100 CuO + 2HBr → CuBr ₂ + H ₂ O (191)

T 100 2CuBr ₂ + Cu (OH) ₂
→ 2CuO + 2CaBr ₂ + H ₂ O (192)
T 730 CuBr ₂ + 2H ₂ O → Cu (OH) ₂ + 2HBr (193)
T 100 CuO + 2HBr → CuBr ₂ + H ₂ O (194)

In one embodiment, the at least one reactant and product, one or more H ₂ or H _{2 O,} and the product as H _{2 O} and the reaction product as a solid with at least one of H ₂ The fuel reaction mixture is such that the maximum free energy of any conventional reaction is about zero within the range of -500 to + 500 kJ / mole of the limiting reagent, or preferably within the range of -100 to + 100 kJ / mole of the limiting reagent. Is selected for. The mixture of reactants and products has the lowest temperature and free energy at which the reaction is reversible so as to obtain regenerated or steady power for a duration longer than the reaction time without maintaining the mixture and temperature. It may be maintained at one or more of the optimum temperatures to be about zero. The temperature may be within the optimum conditions of about +/- 500 ° C or about +/- 100 ° C. Typical mixture and reaction temperature, Fe in _{800K, Fe 2 O 3, H} 2, and _{H 2} O stoichiometric mixture, and, Sn in 800 K, stoichiometry of SnO, _{H 2,} and _{H 2} O It is a stoichiometric mixture.

In one embodiment, an alkali metal such as K or Li and at least one of nH (n = integer), OH, O, 2O, O ₂ and H ₂ O functions as a catalyst, but H. The source of is at least one of a metal hydride such as MH and a reaction of at least one of the metal M and the metal hydride MH with a source of H to form H. One product may be an oxidized M, such as an oxide or hydroxide. The reaction that makes at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the catalyst may be an electron transfer reaction or an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction mixture is not only the support of the present disclosure such as carbon, but also other things, carbides, borides, and carbonitrides, and electrically conductive supports such as dissociators thereof and Ni screens or H ₂ dissociation agents, such as those of the present disclosure, such as R-Ni, may further comprise at least one of H _2. Typical redox of Mo or MH is as follows.
4MH + Fe ₂ O ₃
→ + H ₂ O + H (1 / p) + M ₂ O + MOH + 2Fe + M (195)
Here, at least one of H ₂ O and M may function as a catalyst to form H (1 / p). The reaction mixture may further comprise a getter for hydrinos such as compounds such as salts such as halide salts such as alkali / halide salts such as KCl or KI. The product may be MHX (M = metal such as alkali, X is counterion such as halogen, H is hydrino species). Other hydrino catalysts may replace Ms such as those in the present disclosure, such as those in Table 1.

In one embodiment, the source of oxygen is a compound with a heat of formation similar to that of water so that the oxygen exchange reaction between the reduced product of the oxygen source compound and hydrogen occurs with minimal energy release. Is. Suitable oxygen source compounds are CdO, CuO, ZnO, SO ₂ , SeO ₂ , and TeO ₂ . When H ₂ source of O catalyst is _MnO x, AlO _x, and SiO _x, also may undergo dehydration others such as metal oxides. In one embodiment, the oxide layer oxygen source may cover a source of hydrogen, such as a metal hydride, such as palladium hydride. Further reaction react to form of H _{2 O} catalyst and atomic H to form a hydrino by, by oxides such as palladium hydride metal oxide coated heats the coated hydrogen source is initiated May be. Palladium hydrides are oxygen sources by hydrogen impermeable layers such as layers of gold film that cause the selective transfer of hydrogen released to oxygen sources such as oxide layers such as metal oxides. May be coated on the other side of it. In one example, the hydrinocatalyst-forming reaction and regeneration reaction comprises an oxygen exchange reaction between the oxygen source compound and hydrogen, and an oxygen exchange reaction between water and the reduced oxygen source compound, respectively. .. Reasonable reduced oxygen sources are Cd, Cu, Zn, S, Se, and Te. In one embodiment, the oxygen exchange reaction may include those used to thermally form hydrogen gas. Typical thermal methods are iron oxide cycle, cerium (IV) oxide-cerium (III) oxide cycle, zinc-zinc oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle, and the like. Others known to traders. In one example, reactions that form a hydrino catalyst and regeneration reactions such as oxygen exchange reactions occur simultaneously in the same reaction vessel. Conditions such as temperature and pressure may be controlled to achieve reaction simultaneity. Instead, the product may be removed and regenerated in at least one other separate tank, as provided in Mills' previous application and this disclosure. It may occur under conditions different from the conditions of the reaction that forms the power.

In one embodiment, NH ₂ group of an amide such as LiNH ₂ is functioning as a catalyst, its potential energy is about 81.6eV corresponding to m = 3 in equation (5). To anhydrides, also even if the opposite, in the same manner as in the reaction of the removal or addition of a reversible of H _{2 O} between an acid or a base, a reversible reaction between the amide and imide or nitride atom to form a hydrino H The result is the formation of an NH ₂ catalyst that further reacts with. A reversible reaction between the amide, and the imide, and at least one of the nitrides, may also serve as a source of hydrogen, such as atomic hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the hydrino species such as molecular hydrino or hydrino hydride ions are synthesized by reaction of at least one and H of OH and H _{2 O} catalyst. Hydrino species include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, metals such as Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Te, LaNi ₅ of other metal hydrides and the present disclosure, such as H _6, water soluble hydroxides such as alkali hydroxides such as KOH from 0.1M up to saturation concentration, carbon, Pt / C, steam carbon May be produced by at least two from the group of carbon blacks, carbides, borides, or supports such as nitrides, and oxygen. A valid and typical reaction mixture for forming hydrino species such as molecular hydrinos is as follows. (1) Co PtC KOH (saturated) O ₂ Yes / No; (2) Zn or Sn + LaNi ₅ H ₆ + KOH (saturated), (3) Co, Sn, Sb, or Zn + O ₂ + CB + KOH (saturated), (4) Al CB KOH (saturated), (5) Sn Ni-coated graphite KOH (saturated) O ₂ yes / no, (6) Sn + SC or CB + KOH (saturated) + O ₂ , (7) Zn Pt / C KOH (saturated) O ₂ , (8) Zn R-Ni KOH (saturated) O ₂ , (9) Sn LaNi ₅ H ₆ KOH (saturated) O ₂ , (10) Sb LaNi ₅ H ₆ KOH (saturated) O ₂ , (11) Co, Sn , Zn, Pb, or Sb + KOH (saturated aqueous solution) + K ₂ CO ₃ + CB-SA, and (12) LiNH ₂ LiBr and LiH or Li and H ₂ or their sources and optionally hydrogen such as Ni or R-Ni. Dissociator. Additional reaction mixtures include molten hydroxides, hydrogen sources, oxygen sources, and hydrogen dissociators. A valid and typical reaction mixture for forming hydrino species such as molecular hydrinos is as follows. (1) Ni (H ₂ ) LiOH-LiBr air or O ₂ , (2) Ni (H ₂ ) NaOH-NaBr air or O ₂ , and (3) Ni (H ₂ ) KOH-NaBr air or O ₂ .

In one example, at least one product of the chemical, SF-CIHT, and CIHT cell reactions to form hydrinos is a hydrino such as H ₂ (1 / p) that forms a complex with an inorganic compound. Or a compound containing a lower energy hydrogen species. The compounds may include oxyanion compounds such as alkaline or alkaline earth carbonates or hydroxides or other such compounds of the present disclosure. In one example, the product comprises at least one of the M ₂ CO ₃ · H ₂ (1/4) and MOH · H ₂ (1/4) (M = alkali or other cations of the present disclosure) complex. Including. The product is a ToF as a series of ions in a positive spectrum containing M (M ₂ CO3 · H _z (1/4)) _n ⁺ ) and M (KOH · H ₂ (1/4)) _n ⁺ , respectively. -As specified by SIMS, where n is an integer, and the integer and the integer p> 1 may be replaced by 4. In one embodiment, compounds containing silicon and oxygen, such as SiO ₂ or quartz, may act as getters for H ₂ (1/4). Getters for H ₂ (1/4) include transition metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, internal transition metals, rare earth metals, metal combinations, alloys such as Mo alloys such as MoCu, and those of the present disclosure. May contain such hydrogen storage materials.

Lower energy hydrogen compounds synthesized by the methods of the present disclosure may have the chemical formulas MH, MH ₂ , or M ₂ H ₂ , where M is an alkali cation and H is a hydride with increased bond energy. An ion or a hydrogen atom with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MH _n , where n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, and H is a hydride ion with increased binding energy or a hydrogen atom with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula MHX, where M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a neutral atom or molecule such as a halogen atom, or a monovalently negatively charged anion such as a halogen anion. , And H are hydride ions with increased bond energy or hydrogen atoms with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MHX, where M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and H is a hydride ion with increased binding energy or a hydrogen atom with increased binding energy. Is. The compound may have the formula MHX, where M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a divalently negatively charged anion, and H is a hydrogen atom with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ HX, where M is an alkali cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and H is a hydride ion with increased binding energy or hydrogen with increased binding energy. It is an atom. The compound may have the formula MH _n , where n is an integer, M is an alkali cation and the hydrogen content H _n of the compound contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ H _n , where n is an integer, M is an alkali cation and the hydrogen content H _n of the compound contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ XH _n , where n is an integer, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and the compound has at least one hydrogen content H _n. Contains hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ X ₂ H _n , where n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content of the compound is H _n. Contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ X ₃ H, where M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and H is a hydride ion or increased bond with increased bond energy. It is a hydrogen atom of energy. The compound may have the formula M ₂ XH _n , where n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a divalently negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content H _n of the compound is at least. Contains one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula Μ ₂ XX'H, where M is an alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, X'is a divalently negatively charged anion, and H is. A hydride ion with increased bond energy or a hydrogen atom with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MM'H _n , where n is an integer from 1 to 3, M is an alkaline earth cation, M'is an alkali metal cation, and the compound has at least one hydrogen content H _n. Contains hydrogen species with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MM'XH _n , where n is 1 or 2, M is an alkaline earth cation, M'is an alkali metal cation, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and the compound. The hydrogen content H _n comprises at least one hydrogen species with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MM'XH, where M is an alkaline earth cation, M'is an alkali metal cation, X is a divalently negatively charged anion, and H is a hydride with increased bond energy. An ion or a hydrogen atom with increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula ΜΜ'ΧΧ'H, where M is an alkaline earth cation, M'is an alkali metal cation, X and X'are monovalently negatively charged anions, and H is increased. A hydride ion of bond energy or a hydrogen atom of increased bond energy. The compound may have the formula MXX'Hn, where n is an integer from 1 to 5, M is an alkaline or alkaline earth cation, X is a monovalent or divalently negatively charged anion, and X'is a metal. Alternatively, the hydrogen content H _n of a semi-metal, transition element, internal transition element, or rare earth element, and compound comprises at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula MH _n , where n is an integer, M is a cation such as a transition element, internal transition element, or rare earth element, and the hydrogen content H _n of the compound is at least one increased bond. Contains hydrogen species of energy. The compound may have the formula MXH _n , where n is an integer, M is a cation such as an alkali / cation, an alkaline earth cation, X is a transition element, an internal transition element, or another such as a rare earth element cation. The hydrogen content H _n of one cation and compound comprises at least one hydrogen species of increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula [KH _m KCO ₃ ] _n , where m and n are integers, respectively, and the hydrogen content H _n of the compound contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula [KH _m KNO ₃ ] _n ⁺ nX ⁻ , where m and n are integers, X is a monovalently negatively charged anion, and the hydrogen content H _m of the compound is at least. Contains one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula [KHKNO ₃ ] _n , where n is an integer and the hydrogen content H of the compound contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound may have the formula [KHKOH] _n , where n is an integer and the hydrogen content H of the compound contains at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy. The compound containing an anion or cation may have the formula [MH _m M'X] _n , where m and n are integers, respectively, M and M'are alkaline or alkaline earth cations, respectively, and X is monovalent or divalent charged anions negatively, and the hydrogen content H _m of compounds containing hydrogen species of at least one increased binding energy. The compound containing an anion or cation may have the formula [MH _m M'X'] _n ⁺ , where m and n are integers, respectively, and M and M'are alkaline or alkaline earth cations, X and X, respectively. 'comprises a monovalent or divalent charged anions negatively, and the hydrogen content H _m is at least one of the hydrogen species increased binding energy of the compound. Anions may include one of them in the present disclosure. A reasonable typical monovalently negatively charged anion is a halide ion, hydroxide ion, bicarbonate ion, or nitrate ion. A reasonable typical divalently negatively charged anion is a carbonate ion, oxide, or sulfate ion.

In one embodiment, the hydrogen compound or mixture of increased bond energy is a hydrino molecule, a hydrino hydride ion, a hydrino atom, or the like embedded in a lattice such as a crystal lattice such as a metal or ion lattice. Contains at least one of the low energy hydrogen species. In one example, the grid is non-reactive with lower energy hydrogen species. The matrix may be aprotic, as in the case of embedded hydrinohydride ions. The compound or mixture is H (1 / p), H ₂ (1 / p), and H ⁻ (1 / p) embedded in a salt grid such as an alkali or alkaline earth salt such as a halide. May contain at least one of. Typical alkali halides are KCl and KI. The salt may not have any H ₂ O in the case of embedded H ⁻ (1 / p). Other reasonable salt grids include those of the present disclosure. Lower energy hydrogen species may be formed by the catalytic reaction of hydrogen with an aprotic catalyst such as those in Table 1.

The compounds of the present disclosure are preferably pure above 0.1 atomic percent. More preferably, the compound is more than 1 atomic percent pure. Even more preferably, the compound is pure in excess of 10 atomic percent. Most preferably, the compound is pure above 50 atomic percent. In another example, the compound is pure above 90 atomic percent. In another example, the compound is pure above 95 atomic percent.

In another embodiment of a hydrino-forming chemical reactor, the cell that forms the hydrino and releases power as thermal power includes the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, rocket engine, or gas turbine. The reaction mixture contains a source of oxygen and a source of hydrogen to generate the catalyst and hydrino. The source of the catalyst may be at least one of the species containing hydrogen and one containing oxygen. Seed or further reaction products, ^H, such as O and _{H 2, H, H +,} O 2, O 3, O 3 +, O 3 -, O, O +, H 2 O, H 3 O + ^{, OH, OH +, OH -} , HOOH, OOH -, O -, O 2-, O 2 -, and _O ^{2 2-,} of it may be at least one of species, including at least one. Catalysts may include hydrogen species or oxygen such as H 2 _O. In another embodiment, the catalyst comprises at least one of nH, nO (n = integer), O ₂ , OH, and H ₂ O catalysts. Sources of hydrogen such as a source of hydrogen atoms, may contain a hydrogen containing fuel, such as H ₂ gas or a hydrocarbon. Hydrogen atoms may be produced by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons during hydrocarbon combustion. The reaction mixture may further comprise a hydrogen dissociating agent such as those of the present disclosure, and H atoms may also be formed by the hydrogen dissociating agent. The source of oxygen may further contain O ₂ from the air. The reactants may further comprise H ₂ O, which may function as at least one source of H and O. In one embodiment, the water serves as at least one further source of might be oxygen and hydrogen supplied by the thermal decomposition of of H _{2 O} in the cell. Water can be catalytically or thermally dissociated into hydrogen atoms on the surface, such as cylinders or piston heads. The surface may contain materials for dissociating water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water dissociation materials include transition elements or internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, It may contain elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), or Cs-intercalated carbon (graphite). H and O may react to form a catalyst and H to form hydrinos. Sources of hydrogen and oxygen may be drawn through the corresponding ports or intake ports such as intake valves or manifolds. The product may be exhausted through an exhaust port or outlet. Flow may be controlled by controlling the rate of inspiration and withdrawal through each port.

In one embodiment, hydrinos are formed by heating a source of hydrogen and a source of catalyst, such as the solid fuels of the present disclosure. The heating may be at least one of thermal heating and oscillating heating. Experimentally, Raman spectroscopy confirms that hydrinos are formed by ball milling solid fuels such as mixtures of halides and hydroxides, such as mixtures containing alkali metals such as Li. For example, the inverse Raman effect peak is 2308 cm ^-1 and is observed from ball milled LiOH + LiI and LiOH + LiF. In this way, a typical mixture is LiOH + LiI or LiF. In one embodiment, at least one of thermal and oscillating heating is achieved by a fast reaction. In this case, the additional energy reaction is supplied by forming a hydrino.

In one embodiment, H ₂ (1 / p) functions as an MRI paramagnetic contrast agent because one quantum number is non-zero.

For non-zero one quantum numbers that allow the selection rule of rotation of magnitude ΔJ = 0, +1 allows H ₂ (1 / p) molecular lasers.

In one embodiment, since H ₂ (1 / p) is paramagnetic, it has a higher liquefaction temperature than H 2. Bulk hydrino gas may be recovered by a freezing separation method.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material comprises rocket propellant. High current start ignition produces a rapidly expanding plasma that may provide propulsion. Another invention of the present disclosure is a thruster, which includes a cell that is closed except for a nozzle to guide an expanding plasma to provide propulsion, but in another embodiment the thruster. Includes guiding a magnetic field system known to those of skill in the art and magnetic bottles or other similar plasma confinement to cause the plasma to flow in a manner derived from an electrode that provides high current ignition. In another embodiment, the highly ionized plasma may be used in ion thrusters and ion motors known to those of skill in the art to provide propulsion.

In one embodiment, the energy plasma from the ignited solid fuel is used for material processing such as at least one of plasma etching and is doped or doped with a stable hydrogen layer such as that containing hydrogen species. The coating stabilizes the surface of the silicon and converts graphite carbon to diamond-like carbon and at least one of the diamonds. The methods and systems according to the present disclosure, which cause stabilization and convert carbon to diamond material, dope or coat silicon-like surfaces with hydrino species, are provided in my previous publications such as: R. L. Mills, J.M. Sankar, A.M. Voigt, J. et al. He, P.M. Ray, B. Dhandapani, "Role of Atomic Hydrogen Density and Energy in Low Power CVD Synthesis of Diamond Films", Thin Solid Films, 478, (2005) 77-90, R. et al. L. Mills, J.M. Sankar, A.M. Voigt, J. et al. He, B. Dhandapani, "Spectroscopic Identification of Atomic Hydrogen Energy and Density and Carbon Species During Helium-Hydrogen-Methane Plasma CVD Synthesis of Diamond Films", Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 15, (2003), pp. 1313-1321, R.M. L. Mills, B.M. Dhandapani, J. Mol. He, "Highly Stable Amorphous Silicon Hydride from Helium Plasma Reactions", Materials Chemistry and Physics, 94 / 2-3, (2005), 298-307, R. et al. L. Mills, B.M. Dhandapani, J. Mol. He, "Highly Stable Amorphous Silicon Hydride", Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 80, (2003), pp. 1-20, and R.M. L. Mills, J.M. He, P.M. Ray, B. Dhandapani, X.I. Chen, "Synthesis and Characteristics of Highly Stable Amorphous Silicon Hydride as a Product of Catalytic Helium-Hydrogen Plasma Reaction", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 28, No. 12, (2003), pp. 1401-1424, but these are incorporated herein by reference as a whole.

In one embodiment, the energy plasma from the ignited solid fuel is used to form an inverted distribution. In one embodiment, the solid fuel plasma component of the system shown in FIGS. 3 and 4A and 4B is at least one of the laser pump source and the laser laser medium. Methods and systems for forming inverted distributions to achieve laser processing are given in my previous publications. They are R.M. L. Mills, P.M. Ray, R.M. M. Mayo, "Potential of Hydrogen to Water-Plasma Laser", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 82, No. 11, (2003), pp. 1679-1681, and R.M. L. Mills, P.M. Ray, R.M. M. Mayo, "CW HI Laser Based on Steady-Inverted Riemann Distribution Formed from Glittering and Heated Hydrogen Gases with Specific Group 1 Catalysts", IEEE Transitions on Plasma Science, Vol. 31, No. 2, (2003), pp. 236-247, R.M. L. Mills, P.M. Ray, R.M. M. Mayo, "CW HI Laser Based on Steady Inversion Lehman Distribution Formed from Glittering and Heated Hydrogen Gases with Specific Group 1 Catalysts", IEEE Transitions on Plasma Science, Vol. 31, No. 2, (2003), pp. 236-247, but these are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material is reacted by heating.
The reaction mixture may contain a conductor and may be reacted on a highly conductive surface such as that which is not oxidized during the reaction so that it becomes less conductive.
A reasonable surface, such as that of a reactor, is a noble metal, such as Au and Pt.

VII. Solid Fuel Catalyzed Hydrodino Transition (SF-CIHT) Cell and Power Converter In one embodiment, the power system that produces at least one of direct electrical and thermal energy is composed of at least one tank and (a). ) at least one catalyst or catalyst source comprises of H _{2 O} nascent; (b) at least one atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source; and (c) at least one conductor and the conductive matrix; reactions containing And at least one set of electrodes to confine the hydrino reactant, an electrical power source to deliver a short burst of high current electrical energy, a refill system, and at least to regenerate the initial reactant from the reaction product. A power system comprising one system and at least one direct plasma-to-electric converter and at least one thermal-to-electric power converter. In one further embodiment, the tank is capable of at least one pressure: atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure. In another embodiment, at least one direct plasma-electric converter is a plasma dynamic power converter, (vector E) x (vector B) direct converter (Ex B direct converter), Magnetohydrodynamic power converter (magnetohydrodynamic power converter), magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converter (magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converter), charge drift converter (charge drift converter), charge drift converter (charge drift converter), charge drift converter (charge drift converter), charge drift converter (charge drift converter) (Post or Venetian Blend power converter), gyrotron, photon bunching microwave power converter (photon bunching microwave power converter), and photoelectric converter (photoelectric converter) from at least one group of plasma. Can include. In one further embodiment, at least one heat-electric converter is a heat engine, steam engine, steam turbine, generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankine cycle engine, Brayton cycle engine, Stirling engine. , Thermoelectronic power converters, and thermoelectric power converters, can include at least one from the group.

In one embodiment, H 2 _O is the thermal, plasma, and electromagnetic ignited to form a hydrino with high energy release at least one formation of power (light). ("Ignition" in the present disclosure means a very high reaction rate from H to hydrino that may be manifested as a form of burst, pulse or other high power emission.) H ₂ O is about 2000 A. May contain fuels that may be ignited by high current adaptations such as one in the range from 100,000 A. This may be achieved by applying a high voltage, such as 5,000 to 100,000 V, to a highly conductive plasma of the first form, such as an arc. Instead, a high current is H _2. It may be passed through a compound or mixture containing O, where the resulting fuel, such as a solid fuel, has a high conductivity. (In the present disclosure, it is used to mean a reaction mixture in which a solid fuel or energetic material forms a catalyst such as H and HOH that further reacts to form hydrinos. However, the reaction mixture is non-solid. It may contain physical conditions. In examples, the reaction mixture is gaseous, liquid, solid, slurry, solgel, solution, mixture, gaseous suspension, pneumatic flow, and others known to those of skill in the art. in the state of it might be at least one.) one embodiment, the solid fuel having a very low resistance comprises a reaction mixture containing H 2 _O. The low resistance may be due to the conductor components of the reaction mixture. In the examples, the resistance of the fixed fuel is about ^10-9 Ω to 100 Ω, ^10-8 Ω to 10 Ω, 10 ^-3 Ω to 1 Ω, 10 ^-4 Ω to 10 ^-1 Ω, and 10 ^-4 Ω to 10 ^{− At} least one in the ² Ω range. In another embodiment, the fuel having a high resistance, comprising of H _{2 O} containing trace amounts or less mole% of compounds or materials are added. In the latter case, a high current may be passed through the fuel to achieve ignition by causing breakdown, which forms a highly conductive state such as an arc or arc plasma.

In one embodiment, the reactant can comprise the catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen source, and a conductive matrix and H _{2 O} source, such as to form at least one of the atomic hydrogen. In one further embodiment, the reactants comprising of _{H 2} O source of the bulk _H 2 O, bulk _{H 2} O other states, at least one _{of H 2} O to the formation and release the bound _{H 2} O reaction It can contain at least one of the compounds (s) that suffer from one. In addition, the bound H ₂ O contains a compound that interacts with H ₂ O, and the H ₂ O is absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O, and hydrated. Is in at least one state of water. In an example, the reactants suffer at least one of bulk H ₂ O, absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O, and release of hydrated water 1 or It can contain more compounds or materials and conductors and can have H ₂ O as a reaction product. In another embodiment, at least one source of H _{2 O} catalyst and atomic hydrogen nascent, (a) at least one H _{2 O} source; (b) a source of at least one oxygen; and (c) at least It can contain at least one source of hydrogen;

In additional embodiments, the catalyst source, catalyst, atomic hydrogen source, and reactants that form at least one of the atomic hydrogens are with at least one of the sources of H ₂ O and H ₂ O; O ₂ , H ₂ O. , HOOH, HOOH ^-, peroxide ions, superoxide ion, a hydride, _{H 2,} halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, compounds containing a hydroxide, oxygen, (halides, oxides, oxy A hydrated compound (selected from at least one group of hydroxides, hydroxides, compounds containing oxygen) and a conductive matrix. In certain embodiments, the oxyhydroxide comprises at least one from the group of TiOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH. it is possible, include _{oxides, CuO, Cu 2 O, CoO} , Co 2 O 3, CO 3 O 4, FeO, Fe 2 O 3, NiO, and _Ni 2 _{O 3,} at least one from the group of The hydroxides are at least from the group of Cu (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₃ , Fe (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₃ , and Ni (OH) ₂ . Compounds that can contain one and contain oxygen include sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, chromium acids, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbromines. , And periodate, MXO ₃ , MXO ₄ (metals such as alkali metals such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, Nickel Magnesium Oxide, Copper Magnesium Oxide, Li ₂ O, Alkali Metal Oxide, Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , CO ₃ O ₄ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , rare earth oxides, CeO ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, It can contain at least one from the group of NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, and the conductive matrix can contain metal powders, carbons, carbides, bromides, nitrides, TiCNs. Carbonite like It can contain at least one from the group of ryl, or nitrile.

In embodiments, the reaction product is a metal, metal oxide thereof, and can comprise a mixture of H _{2 O,} the reaction of the of H _{2 O} the metal is not thermodynamically favored. In another embodiment, the reaction product is a metal, but may comprise a mixture of metal halides, and H _{2 O,} the reaction of the of H _{2 O} the metal is not thermodynamically favored. In additional embodiments, the reactants, a transition metal, alkaline earth metal halides, and can comprise a mixture of H _{2 O,} the reaction of the of H _{2 O} the metal is not thermodynamically favorable .. Then, in a further embodiment, the reactant can comprise conductive, water material, and of H _{2 O} mixtures. In an embodiment, the conductor can include metal powder or carbon powder, but the reaction of the metal or carbon with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous. In an embodiment, the water-containing material, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, carnallite, iron (III) citrate ammonium such as _{KMgCl3 · 6 (H 2 O)} , Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphoric acid, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, fertilizer chemicals, salts, desiccants, silica, activated charcoal, calcium chloride , Calcium chloride, molecular sieve, zeolite, deliquescent material, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salt, at least one from the group. In certain embodiments, the power system, the conductor may comprise water material, and H _{2 O,} a mixture of the relative molar amounts of (metal / conductors), (hydrated material), (H 2 _O) The range of is about (0.000001 to 100,000), (0.000001 to 100,000), (0.000001 to 100,000); (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000). 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100) (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10); and (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), At least one of. In certain embodiments, a metal having a thermodynamically not beneficial reactions with _{H 2} O is, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, It can be at least one of the groups Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. .. In additional embodiments, the reactant can be regenerated by addition of H 2 _O.

In a further embodiment, the reaction product is a metal, metal oxide thereof, and can comprise a mixture of H _{2 O,} the metal oxides, those capable of H ₂ reduction at temperatures below 1000 ° C. is there. In other examples, the reactants are oxides that are not easily reduced with H ₂ and mild heat, metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals with H ₂ at temperatures below 1000 ° C., and H ₂ A mixture of O, can be included. In an embodiment, the metal with an oxide which can be reduced to metal with _{H 2} at a temperature below 1000 ℃, Cu, Ni, Pb , Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, At least one of the groups Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. Can be. In Example, H ₂ and in easily reduced without metal oxide in mild heat, alumina, alkaline earth oxides, and at least one rare earth oxide.

In embodiments, the solid fuel can comprise a carbon or activated carbon and H _{2 O,} the mixture is regenerated by rehydration include additional H 2 _O. In a further embodiment, the reactants can include at least one of a slurry, a solution, an emulsion, a complex, and a compound. In an embodiment, the current of the source of electrical power to deliver a short burst of high current electrical energy is sufficient to cause the hydrino reactant to undergo a hydrino-forming reaction at a very high rate. is there. In an embodiment, the source of electrical power that delivers a short burst of high current electrical energy includes at least one of the following: Currents in at least one range of 100 A to 1,000,000 A, 1 kA to 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA, 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1000 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ^2, and DC or peak AC current density is at least within a range from ^{2000A / cm 2 50,000A / cm 2} , a high AC, DC, or the voltage selected to cause AC-DC mixed The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel or energy material, which is given by multiplying the desired current by the resistance of the solid fuel or energy material sample, and the DC or peak AC voltage is about. It may be in at least one range selected from 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV, and the AC frequency is from about 0.1Hz to 10GHz, 1Hz to 1MHz, 10Hz. It may be in the range of 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In the examples, the resistance of the solid fuel or energy material sample is in at least one range selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 100 MΩ, 0.1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ, and the activity of forming hydrinos. reasonable load conductance per electrode area, such, about ^{10 -10 Ω -1} cm ^-2 from ^{10 6 Ω -1 cm -2, 10} -5 Ω -1 cm -2 from 10 ⁶ Ω ^-1 cm ^{- 2} , 10 ^-4 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁵ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-3 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁴ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-2 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 At least one range selected from 10 ³ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ² Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , and 1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2. Is inside.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel is conductive. In the examples, the resistance of the solid fuel portion, pellet, or aliquot is about ^10-9 Ω to 100 Ω, ^10-8 Ω to 10 Ω, 10 ^-3 Ω to 1 Ω, 10 ^-3 Ω to 10 ^-1 Ω, and. At least one in the range of 10 ^-3 Ω to 10 ^-2 Ω. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction rate depends on the application or development of high currents. A hydrino catalytic reaction, such as an energy hydrino catalytic reaction, may be initiated by a low voltage, high current flow through the conductive fuel. Energy release may be very high and may form a shock wave. In one embodiment, the voltage is high AC, DC, or AC-DC that causes ignition such as high current in at least one range of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA. Selected to cause mixing. Current density, pressed 1,000,000A ^/ cm 2 pellets from 100A / cm ² of the fuel may include, such as pellets, 1000A / cm ² from 100,000 A / cm ^2, and 2000A / cm ² It may be in the range of at least one of 50,000 A / cm ² . The DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1 V to 100 kV V, 0.1 V to 1 kV, 0.1 V to 100 V, and 0.1 V to 15 V. The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The pulse time may be in at least one range selected from about ^10-6 s to 10 s, ^10-5 s to 1 s, 10 ^-4 s to 0.1 s, and 10 ^-3 s to 0.01 s. unknown. In another embodiment, at least one of the high magnetic field or magnetic flux, φ, or high velocity of magnetic field change ignites the hydrino reaction, the magnetic flux is about 10G to 10T, 100G to 5T, or 1kG to 1T. May be within the range of. dφ / dt corresponds to a magnetic field of 10G to 10T, 100G to 5T, or 1kG to 1T, and alternates at frequencies within the range of 1Hz to 100kHz, 10Hz to 10kHz, 10Hz to 1000Hz, or 10Hz to 100Hz. ..

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material may comprise an H ₂ O source or H ₂ O. Mole% content of _{H 2} O is 100% to about 0.000001%, 100% 0.00001% 100% 0.0001%, 100% 0.001% 0.01% 100 %, 0.1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10% in at least one range. Maybe. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction rate depends on the application or deployment of high current. In one embodiment, the voltage is such that it causes a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixed current that is in the range of at least one of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA. Be selected.
DC or peak AC current density, 100A / cm ² from ^{1,000,000A / cm 2, 1000A / cm} 2 from 100,000 A / cm ^2, and 2000A / cm ² from the at least one range of 50,000Acm ² May be in. In one embodiment, the voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel or energetic material. The resistance of the solid fuel or energetic sample is in the range of at least one selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 100 MΩ, 0.1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ. The conductivity of a reasonable load per active electrode area to form hydrinos is from about ^10-10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁶ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , ^10-5 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2. 10 ⁶ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-4 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁵ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-3 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁴ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-2 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ³ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ² Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , and 1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 Within at least one selected range. In one embodiment, the voltage is applied by multiplying the desired current by the resistance of a fixed fuel or energetic sample. In the typical case where the resistance is on the order of 1 mΩ, the voltage is as low as <10 V. Resistance is essentially infinite, in essentially pure H _{2 O} 1 one exemplary case, the voltage to be applied to achieve a high current to the ignition is about 5kV or more as as above the breakdown voltage of a H _{2 O,} higher. In an example, the DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV. The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In one embodiment, DC voltage is discharged is to produce a plasma containing of H _{2 O} which is ionized, current is underdamped, it vibrates with damping.

In one embodiment, a high current pulse is achieved by discharging a capacitor, such as a supercapacitor, which may be connected in at least one fashion in series and in parallel to achieve the desired voltage and current, Is tuned with circuit elements such as DCs or transformers such as constant voltage transformers known to those skilled in the art. Capacitors are charged by an electrical source such as grid power, a generator, a fuel cell (cell), or a battery (battery). In one embodiment, the battery supplies current. In one embodiment, reasonable frequency, voltage, and current waveforms may be achieved by the power that regulates the output of the capacitor or battery. In one embodiment, a typical circuit for achieving a current pulse of 500 A at 900 V is V.I. V. Nesterov, A.M. R. Donaldson, "High Current High Precision IGBT Pulse Generator", 1996, IEEE, pp. 1251-1253,
https: // accelconf. web. CERN. ch / AccelConf / p95 / ARTICLES / wAA / WAA11. PDF,
Given in, and those who achieve 25 kA are P.I. Pribyl, W. et al. Gekelman, "24 kA Solid State Switch for Plasma Discharge Experiments", Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 75, No. 3, March, 2004, pp. Given to 669-673, both are referenced and incorporated herein in their entirety, and the voltage divider may increase the current and decrease the voltage.

Solid fuels or energetic materials are supports or conductors or conductive matrices such as metals, carbons, or carbides, and compounds or bonds that react with H ₂ O or those of the present disclosure to form H ₂ O. may include of H _{2 O} source, such as a compound to release has been H _{2 O.} Solid fuel, H 2 _O, materials or compounds that interact with H 2 _O, and may include a conductor. H 2 _O may exist in a state other than bulk H _{2 O,} such as bonded or absorbed H _{2 O,} such as water or physisorption of H _{2 O} hydration. Instead, H ₂ O may be present as bulk H ₂ O in the form of a highly conductive mixture that has been made highly conductive by applying a reasonable voltage. Solid fuel, H 2 _O and facilitates H formation, carbon or metal to provide a compound or material and high conductivity such as oxides such as metal oxides to facilitate the possibility of HOH catalyst It may contain compounds or materials such as powder. A typical solid fuel may contain R-Ni alone and with additives such as those of transition metals and Al, where R-Ni is hydrated Al ₂ O ₃ and Al (OH). ) Release H and HOH by decomposition of ₃ . Reasonable typical solid fuels are oxyhydroxides such as TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, and metal powders. And a conductive matrix such as at least one of carbon powders, and optionally H ₂ O. Solid fuels are transition metal hydroxides such as Cu (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₂ , and Ni (OH) ₂ , such as Al (OH) ₃ , and the like. It may contain hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, conductors such as at least one of carbon powder and metal powder, and optionally H ₂ O. Solid _fuel, CuO, and _{Cu 2 O, NiO, Ni 2} O 3, FeO, and _Fe 2 _{O 3,} at least one oxide, such as at least one transition metal oxides, such as at least one, carbon powder And a conductor such as at least one of the metal powder, and H ₂ O may be included. Solid fuel, at least one of halides, such as metal halides, such as alkaline earth metal halides such as MgCl _2, at least one such conductor carbon powder and metal powder, and the H _{2 O} May include. Solid fuels include a mixture of solid fuels, such as those containing at least two from halides such as hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, oxides, and metal halides, and at least one conductor or conductive matrix. , And H ₂ O and may be included. Conductors are known to those skilled in the art for solid fuels, metal powders such as R-Ni, transition metal powders, Ni or Co celmet, carbon, or carbides or other conductors, or conductive supports or conductive matrices. It may include at least one of the metal screens coated with one or more of the other components of the reaction mixture, including those.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel containing carbon and H _{2 O,} such as activated carbon. In the event of ignition that forms the plasma in a vacuum or under an inert atmosphere, the plasma-to-electricity continues and the carbon condensed from the plasma is rehydrated to reshape the solid during the regeneration cycle. May be done. Solid fuel, acidic, basic, or neutral H _{2 O} and active carbon, it may include charcoal, black coal, and at least one of the metal powder mixture. In one embodiment, the carbon - the metal of the metal mixture is at least partially between H _{2 O} and nonreactive. Reasonable metal is at least partially stable to reaction with H ₂ O is, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd , Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, at least one of the groups. The mixture may be reproduced by re-hydration include additional H 2 _O.

In one embodiment, the basic required reactants are an H source, an O source, and a good conductor matrix that allows a high current to pass through the material during ignition. Solid fuel or energetic material may be housed in a sealed tank, such as a sealed metal tank, such as a sealed aluminum tank. The solid fuel or energy material undergoes a short burst of low voltage, high current electrical energy and is achieved by confinement between the two copper electrodes of the Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder. It may be reacted by low voltage, high current pulses such as those made by spot welders. A voltage of 60 Hz may be about 5 to 20 V RMS and a current may be about 10,000 to 40,000 A / cm ² .

Typical energetic materials and conditions are TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, SmOOH, Νi ₂ Ο ₃ H ₂ Ο, La ₂ O ₃ H. _At least one of ₂ O and Na ₂ SO ₄ H ₂ O is coated on a Ni mesh screen in a slurry and dry state, and for currents up to about 60 Hz, 8 V RMS, and 40,000 A / cm ² . It receives an electric pulse.

Solid fuels or energetic materials may contain cations that can have multiple stable oxidation states as oxygen-containing compounds, such as those containing at least one of Mo, Ni, Co, and Fe. is, Ni, Co, and optionally ^{2 +} and ^{3 +} oxidation state of the Fe, and, when the Mo ^{2 +,} 3 ^+, 4 +, ^{5 +,} and ^{6 +} oxidation state, a plurality of stable, such as Can have an oxidized state. These states may be present as hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, oxides, and halide compounds. Changes in the oxidation state may facilitate the propagation of the hydrino reaction by removing self-limited charge accumulation by ionization of the HOH catalyst during the reaction with the reducing cation.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material comprises H ₂ O and a dispersant and a dissociating agent that forms H ₂ O and H during development. Suitable typical dispersants and dissociators are halide compounds such as metal halides such as transition metal halides such as bromides such as FeBr ₂ , and compounds forming hydrides such as CuBr ₂ . , And compounds such as halides and oxides with metals that allow multiple oxidation states. Others are CoO, CO ₂ O ₃ , CO ₃ O ₄ , CoOOH, Co (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , NiOOH, Ni (OH) ₂ , FeO, Fe ₂ Includes hydroxides or oxyhydroxides or oxides such as those of transition elements such as O ₃ , FeOOH, Fe (OH) ₃ , CuO, Cu ₂ O, CuOOH, and Cu (OH) ₂ . In other examples, transition metals are replaced by others such as alkalis, alkaline earths, internal transition metals, and rare earth metals, and Group 13 and Group 14 metals. Valid examples are La ₂ O ₃ , CeO ₂ , and La X ₃ (X = halogen). In another embodiment, the solid fuel or energy material comprises an oxide, oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, or of H _{2 O} as a hydrate of an inorganic compound such as a halide. Other reasonable hydrates are sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chromium acids, pyrophosphates, persulfates, hypochlorites, chlorates, chlorates. , Perchlorate, hypobromite, bromite, bromine, perchlorate, hypoiodate, iodite, iodate, periodate, bicarbonate, Metal compounds of the present disclosure such as hydrogen or bicarbonate, other metal compounds with an oxyanion, and at least one of the group of metal halides. The molar ratio of dissociators and dispersants, such as metal oxides or halogenated compounds, is whatever is desired to cause an ignition event. Mol _H reasonable number of moles of at least one compound to the ₂ O from the from from about 0.000001 100000,0.00001 10000,0.0001 1000,0.01 100, 0.1 10, and 0.5 Although in at least one ranging from 1, the ratio is Teigizuke in (compound moles / H 2 _O moles). Solid fuels or energy substances can be metal powders such as transition metal powders, Ni or Co celmets, carbon powders, or conductors or conductive matrices such as carbides or other conductors, or conductive supports or conductive It may further include those known to those skilled in the art in the matrix. Reasonable ratio of moles of compounds hydrated containing _{H 2} O and at least one compound to moles of the conductor from the about 0,000001 100000,0.00001 10000,0.0001 1000,0.01 Although in the range of at least one of 100, 0.1 to 10, and 0.5 to 1, the ratio is defined as (number of moles of hydrated compound / number of moles of conductor).

In one embodiment, the reaction product is regenerated from the product by addition of H 2 _O. In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy material includes reasonable conductive matrix to the high current and constant voltage of the disclosure as flowing through the hydrated material such results in a H 2 _O and ignition. The conductive matrix material is a metal surface, metal powder, carbon, carbon powder, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitrides such as TiCN, nitriles, another of the present disclosure or at least those known to those of skill in the art. May contain 1. The addition of H _{2 O} to be reproduced from forming a solid fuel or energy substance or product it might be a continuous or intermittent.

The solid fuel or energy material is a mixture of a conductive matrix and at least one of its oxides, such as one selected from Fe, Cu, Ni, or Co, and a corresponding metal oxide and metal, such as a transition metal. and an oxide as, and may include a mixture of H _{2 O.} H 2 _O might in hydrated oxide within. In other embodiments, the metal / metal oxide reactant comprises a metal that is less reactive with water and the corresponding oxide can be easily reduced to that metal, or a metal that is not oxidizable during the hydrino reaction. Reasonable typical metal having a low _{H 2} O reactive, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, It is one selected from Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr. The metal may be converted to oxide during the reaction. The oxide product corresponding to the metal reactant may be regenerated into the first metal by hydrogen reduction by methods and systems known to those of skill in the art. Hydrogen reduction may be at elevated temperatures. Hydrogen may be supplied at the electrolysis of H _{2 O.} In another embodiment, the metal is regenerated from the oxide by electrolysis such as electrolysis in a molten salt or reduction with a reducing agent such as a more oxygen active metal and carbon reduction. The formation of metals from oxides may be achieved by methods and systems known to those of skill in the art. The molar amount of metal to metal oxide to H 2 _O, when receiving a low voltage, high current pulses of electrical as provided in the present disclosure, also be of any desired which results in a spark. (Metal), (metal oxide), a reasonable range of relative molar ratio _(H 2 O) is approximately (0.000001 100000) (0.000001 100000) (0.000001 100000); (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); (0) .001 to 100), (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100); (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100); (0.1 From 10), (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10); and (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1). The solid fuel or energetic material may include at least one of a slurry, solution, emulsion, composite, and compound.

Solid fuel or energy materials, conductive matrix may include metal halide or second metal halide corresponding to the first metal and the first metal, and a mixture of H _{2 O.} H 2 _O may be the form of a hydrated halide. The second metal halide may be more stable than the first metal halide. In one embodiment, the first metal is either reactive with H _{2 O} corresponding to the oxides that may be reduced to the metal is low, or, the metal is not oxidizing during the hydrino reaction. H ₂ O reactive low reasonable typical metals, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru , Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr. The molar amount of metal to metal halide to the H 2 _O may be one to become any desired result of ignition when subjected to high current and constant voltage pulses of electricity provided in the present disclosure. (Metal), (metal halide), a reasonable range of relative molar amounts of _(H 2 O) is approximately (0.000001 100000) (0.000001 100000), from (0.000001 100000 ); (0.00001 to 10000), (00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100); (0.01 to 100) (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100); (0. At least one of 1 to 10), (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10); and (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1) is there. The solid fuel or energetic material may include at least one of a slurry, solution, emulsion, composite, and compound.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy substance, may include conductors, such as in the present disclosure, such as metal or carbon, water-containing material, and H _{2 O.} Reasonable Typical moisture material, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, carnallite, iron citrate III ammonium such as potassium _{phosphate, KMgCl 3 · 6 (H 2} O), Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, cellulose fibers (like cotton and paper), sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, many fertilizer chemicals, salts (Including salt) and a wide variety of others known to those of skill in the art and desiccants such as silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and deliquescent such as molecular sieves (generally zeolite) or zinc chloride. Materials, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and many different deliquescent salts are known to those of skill in the art. (Metal), (hydrated material), a reasonable range of relative molar amounts of _(H 2 O) is approximately (0.000001 100000) (0.000001 100000) (0.000001 100000) (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); ( 0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100), (0,001 to 100); (0,01 to 100), (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100); (0, At least one of 1 to 10), (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10); and (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1). Is. The solid fuel or energetic material may include at least one of a slurry, solution, emulsion, composite, and compound.

In one typical energetic material, 0.05 ml (50 mg) of H ₂ O is an aluminum DSC pan (30 μl aluminum crucible, D: 6.7x3 (Setaram, S08 / HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6,7, It was added to 20 mg or Co ₃ O ₄ or Cu O sealed in stamped, non-airtight (Setaram, S08 / HBB37409). Then, using a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder, it was ignited with a current of between 15,000 and 25,000 A at about 8 V RMS. Large energy bursts were observed and the samples evaporated, but each was an energetic, highly ionized, expansive plasma. Another typical solid fuel similarly ignited with similar results contains Cu (42.6 mg) + CuO (14.2 mg) + H ₂ O (16.3 mg), although This is an aluminum DSC pan (71.1 mg) (aluminum crucible 30 μl, D: 6.7x3 (Setaram, S08 / HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6,7, stamped, airtight (Setaram, S08 / HBB37409). ) Was sealed.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy substance comprises of H _{2 O} catalyst and H source nascent. In one embodiment, the solid fuel or energy material is electrically conductive, or include a conductive matrix material, which prevents the mixture of H _{2 O} catalyst and H source nascent becomes conductive .. The source of the H ₂ O catalyst and at least one source of the H source during development is a mixture or compound of materials and compounds containing at least O and H. The material or compound containing O is at least one of oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides, such as alkalis, alkaline earths, transition metals, internal transition metals, rare earth metals, and thirteenth and fourteenth. Group metal oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides. Materials or compounds containing O include sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, chromates, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbrominates, and perioic acids. Salts, MXO ₃ , MXO ₄ (metals such as alkali metals such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, Copper magnesium oxide, Li ₂ O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , CeO ₂ and other rare earth oxides, or Oxyhydroxides such as La ₂ O ₃ , TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH. Typical H sources are H ₂ O, compounds with bound or absorbed H ₂ O such as hydrates, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides or hydrogen sulfates, hydrogen or dihydrogen phosphates, and It is a hydrocarbon. The conductive matrix material may be metal powder, carbon, carbon powder, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitriles such as TiCN, or nitriles. The conductors of the present disclosure are in different embodiments of different physical forms, such as bulk, particles, powders, fine powders, and those known to those of skill in the art in other forms, solid fuels or energies, including mixtures with conductors. It may be something that makes the material conductive.

Typical solid fuel or energy material includes at least one of H 2 _O and conductive matrix. In one exemplary embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a H 2 _O and the metal conductor. It is a wire metal such as Fe, and is in the Fe metal powder and Fe compound state such as iron hydroxide, iron oxide, iron oxyhydroxide, and iron halide. The latter might be replaced of H _{2 O,} such as hydrates which functions as H 2 _O source. Other metals are bulk, sheet, screen, mesh, wire, fine particles, powder, fine powder, and any Fe such as solid, liquid, and gaseous states, compounds and physical forms such as metals. May replace. The conductor may be one such as bulk carbon, fine carbon, carbon powder, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, activated charcoal, grime, KOH activated charcoal or nanotubes, carbides derived from carbide, carbon fiber cloth, and at least one of fullerene. It may contain carbon in more physical forms. Reasonable typical solid fuel or energetic materials are: CuBr ₂ + H ₂ O + conductive matrix; Cu (OH) ₂ + FeBr ₂ + conductive matrix such as carbon or metal powder; conductive matrix such as FeOOH + carbon or metal powder; Cu (OH) Br + carbon or metal powder Such a conductive matrix; supplied to the reaction of forming hydrinos by the reaction of Al with H ₂ O formed from the decomposition of AlOOH or Al (OH) ₃ + Al powder (additional H ₂ is AlOOH or Al (OH) ₃ ; is the); H _{2 O} (dispersing agent in the nano-particles such as the H _{2 O} and steam activated fullerenes and carbon nano-ch- part in metallized zeolite, wet hydrophobic, such as carbon Will be used for materials); NH ₄ NO ₃ + H ₂ O + NiAl alloy powder; LiNH ₂ + LiNNO ₃ + Ti powder; LiNH ₂ + LiNO ₃ + Pt / Ti; LiNH ₂ + NH ₄ NO ₃ + Ti powder; BH ₃ NH ₃ + NH ₄ NO ₃ ; BH ₃ NH ₃ + CO ₂ , SO ₂ , NO ₂ , the same applies to nitrates, carbonates, sulfates; LiH + NH ₄ NO ₃ + transition metals, rare earth metals, Al or other oxidizing metals; NH ₄ NO ₃ + Transition metals, rare earth metals, Al and other oxidizing metals; NH ₄ NO ₃ + R-Ni; P ₂ O ₅ LiNO ₃ , LiClO ₄ and S ₂ O ₈ + with each of the hydroxides disclosed. Conductive matrix; and hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, hydrogen storage materials (including one or more of the present disclosure), hydrogen sources such as diesel fuels, and CO ₂ , SO ₂ , or NO. other acid anhydrides such as ₂ and an oxygen source with might by electron acceptor such as P ₂ O _5.

The solid fuel or energetic material forming the hydrino may contain at least one of the highly reactive or energetic materials such as NH ₄ NO ₃ , tritonal, RDX, PETN, and others of the present disclosure. .. Solid fuels or energy materials are additionally conductive materials such as conductors, conductive matrices, metal powders, carbons, carbon powders, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitrides such as TiCN, nitriles, diesels. hydrocarbons, oxyhydroxides, such as fuel, including hydroxides, oxides, and H _{2 O.} In a typical embodiment, the solid fuel or energetic material is such as highly reactive or energetic materials such as NH ₄ NO ₃ , tritonal, RDX and Al or transition metal powders. Contains a conductive matrix such as at least one of a metal powder and a carbon powder. As provided in this disclosure, solid fuels or energetic materials may react at high currents. In certain embodiments, the solid fuel or energetic material further comprises a sensitizer such as a glass microsphere.

Energetic materials may be the source for hydrinogas recovery.

In one embodiment, solid fuel ignition creates at least one of an expanded gas, at least a partially ionized expanded suspension, and an expanded plasma. The expansion may be in vacuum. In one embodiment, the plasma, which may expand into a gas, suspension, or vacuum, forms nanoparticles when at least one of the gas, suspension, or plasma cools. Nanoparticles serve as novel materials in unique applications in areas such as electronics, pharmacy, and surface coatings.

A. Plasma Dynamic Converter (PDC)
The mass of positively charged ions in the plasma is at least 1800 times that of the electrons, and the orbit of the cyclotron is 1800 times larger. This result allows the electrons to be magnetically trapped on the magnetic field line where they may drift. Charge separation may occur with the supply of voltage to the plasma dynamic converter.

B. Electro-hydrodynamic (MHD) converter Charge separation based on the formation of mass flow of ions in a cross-magnetic field is well known as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power conversion. Positive and negative ions receive the Lorentz direction in the opposite direction and are received by the corresponding MHD electrodes to affect the voltage between them. A typical MHD method of forming a mass flow of ions is seeded with ions through a nozzle that creates a fast flow through a crossed magnetic field with a set of intersecting MHD electrodes for a deflecting field that receives bent ions. It is to expand the high pressure gas. In the present disclosure, the pressure is typically greater than atmospheric pressure, but not necessarily, and directional mass flow may be achieved by the reaction of solid fuels as it forms a highly ionized radiatively expanding plasma. unknown.

C. Electromagnetic Direct (Crossfield or Drift) Converter, (Vector E) x (Vector B) Direct Converter The guiding center drift of charged particles in the magnetic and crossing electric fields is partially separated. A (vector E) x (vector B) electrode may be used to collect and separate charges. Plasma expansion may not be necessary as the device extracts particle energy perpendicular to the guide field. The performance of the idealized (vector E) x (vector B) converter is the initial difference between the ions and electrons, which are the sources of charge separation, and the (vector E) x that opposes relative to the intersection direction. (Vector B) Depends on the generation of voltage at the electrodes. ∇ (Vector B) drift recovery may also be used independently or in combination with (Vector E) x (Vector B) recovery.

D. Charge Drift Converters Timofeve and Glagolev, [A. V. Timofeve, "A scheme for direct energy of plasma energy into electrical energy", Sov. J. Plasma Phys. , Vol. 4, No. 4, July-August, (1978), pp. 464-468, V.I. M. Glagolev, and A.M. V. Timofeve, "" Direct Conversion of thermonical energy a drakon system ", Plasma Phys. Rep., Vol. 19, No. 12, No. 12, December (1993), Descripted by December (1993). To extract power from the plasma, it relies on charge injection into the drifting separated positive ions. This charge-drift converter has a magnetic flux (curvature) with field lines. Includes a source of magnetic flux B (vector B) and a magnetic field gradient in a direction crossing the original direction of magnetic flux B (vector B). In both cases, drift. Negatively and positively charged ions oppose a plane in which B (vector B) has a curvature or a plane perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field gradient and the plane formed by B (vector B). Moving in a direction. In each case, the separated ions generate a voltage in the opposite capacitor that is parallel to the plane with a simultaneous decrease in the thermal energy of the ions. The electrons are one charge drift converter. • Received at the electrode, and positive ions are received at the other. Since the mobility of the ions is much lower than that of the electrons, the electron injection is either performed directly or heated. It is done by boiling away from the charged drift converter electrode. The power loss is small at no significant cost in power balance.

E. Consider blasting or ignition events when the catalytic reaction of H forming a magnetically confined hydrino accelerates to a very high rate. In one embodiment, the plasma produced from the blast or ignition event is an expansive plasma. In this case, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a reasonable conversion system and method. Instead, in one embodiment, the plasma is confined. In this case, the conversions are plasma dynamic converters, magnetohydrodynamic converters, electromagnetic direct (intersection or drift) converters, (vector E) x (vector B) direct converters, and charge drift converters. It may be achieved by at least one of the charge drift converters. In this case, in addition to the SF-CIHT cell and the balance of the plant including ignition, refilling, fuel handling, and plasma to the electric power conversion system, the power generation system is also a plasma confinement system. including. Confinement may be achieved with a magnetic field such as a solenoid field. The magnets are a compressor that may be powered by the power output of a hydrino-based power generator and a corresponding cryogenic control system that includes at least one of a cryopump, radiating baffle, liquid nitrogen dewar, and liquid helium dewar. (Cryogenic management system) may include at least one of a superconducting magnet, cooled water, an electromagnet such as at least one uncooled and a permanent magnet. The magnet may be an open coil, such as a Helmholtz coil. The plasma may be confined in a magnetic bottle and by another system and method known to those of skill in the art.

Two magnetic mirrors or more may form a magnetic bottle that traps the plasma formed by the catalytic reaction of H forming the hydrino. The theory of confinement is given in my previous application. For example, Microwave Power Cell, Chemical Reactor, And Power Controller, PCT / US02 / 06955, filed 3/7/02 (short version), PCT / US02 / 06945 filed 3/7/02 (loon) / 469,913 filed 9/5/03, which is referenced here and incorporated in its entirety. The ions created in the bottle in the central region will spiral along the axis, but will be reflected by the magnetic mirror at each end. Larger energy ions with high velocity components parallel to the desired axis will escape at the end of the bin. Thus, in one embodiment, the bottle may generate an essentially linear flow of ions from the edge of the magnetic bottle to the magnetohydrodynamic converter. Voltages are developed in the plasma dynamic examples of the present disclosure because electrons may be preferentially confined due to their lower mass compared to positive ions. Power flows between the anode in contact with the confined electrons and the cathode, such as the wall of the confinement tank, which collects positive ions. Power may be dissipated by an external load.

F. Solid Fuel Catalyzed Hydrino Transition (SF-CIHT)
The chemical reactants of the invention may refer to solid fuels and / or energetic materials. Solid fuels contain energetic materials when conditions are created and maintained to cause very high reactive kinetics to form hydrinos. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction rate depends on the development or application of high currents. In one embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell, the reactants forming hydrinos are exposed to constant voltage, high current, high power pulses that cause very fast reaction rates and energy release. The velocity may be sufficient to create a shock wave. In a typical embodiment, the 60 Hz voltage is less than the 15 V peak, the current is between 10,000 A / cm ² and 50,000 A / cm ² peaks, and the power is 150,000 W / cm ² and 750. It is between 000 W / cm ² . Other frequencies, voltages, currents, and powers are about 1/100 to 100 times that of which these parameters are valid. In one embodiment, the hydrino reaction rate depends on the application or development of high currents. It is selected to cause high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixed currents (within at least one range of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA). The DC or peak AC current density is at least 1 of 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1000 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , and 2000 A / cm ² to 50,000 A / cm ² . It may be one. The DC or peak AC voltage is in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 1000V, 0.1V to 100V, 0.1V to 15V, and 1V to 15V. The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The pulse time may be in at least one range selected from about ^10-6 s to 10 s, ^10-5 s to 1 s, 10 ^-4 s to 0.1 s, and 10 ^-3 s to 0.01 s. unknown.

The plasma power formed by the hydrino may be directly converted into electricity. During the catalytic reaction of H to hydrino, electrons are ionized from the HOH catalyst by the energy transferred from H to HOH, which is catalyzed by. These electrons are carried out at high circuit currents applied so that the catalytic reaction is not self-limited by charge accumulation. Blasts are produced at high kinetics, which in turn cause enormous electron ionization. The high rate of radiatively outward expansion of the exploding solid fuel, including the essentially 100% ionized plasma in the surrounding high magnetic field due to the applied current, results in a magnetic hydrodynamic power conversion. The magnitude of the voltage increases in the direction of the applied polarity. This is because it is the Lorentzian deflection direction due to the direction of the current and the corresponding magnetic field vector and radial flow direction. In one embodiment using magnetohydrodynamic power conversion, the high current applied is DC and the corresponding magnetic field is also DC. The space charge electric field in the high magnetic field and expanding plasma from the applied current may also include a (vector E) x (vector B) direct converter, which produces a DC. Voltage and current (in the example, the applied high current is DC). Moreover, the high magnetic field generated by the high current traps enormous lighter electrons on the lines of magnetic force, while the plasma dynamic voltage is generated between the electrodes if there is electrode bias in this effect. , Heavy positive ions drift. In another embodiment, the plasma is powered by using at least one dedicated plasma-to-electric converter, such as at least one of the MHD, PDC, and (vector E) x (vector B) direct converters. Gives to the electrical power converted from the ignition of solid fuel. Details of these and other plasma-electric power converters can be given in my previous publications, eg, R.M. M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, M.M. Nansteel, "Direct Plasmamatic Conversion of Plasma Thermal Power to Electricity", IEEE Transitions on Plasma Science, October, (2002), (2002). 30, No. 5, pp. 2066-2073, R.M. M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, M.M. Nansteel, "On the Potential of Direct and MHD Conversion of Power from Power from Plasma Source Application to Electricity for MicrodistributionEss. 30, No. 4, pp. 1568-1578; R.M. M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, "Direct Plasma Dynamic Conversation of Plasma Thermal Power to Electricity for Microdistributed Power Applications", 40th Annual Power (Power) Application, New Jersey 1-4, ("Mills Prior Plasma Power Conversion Publications"), my previous application, eg, "Microwave Power Cell, Chemical Reactor, And Power / US02 / 69", PCT / US02 / 069. version), PCT / US02 / 06945 filed 3/7/02 (long version), US case number 10/469,913 filed 9/5/03; "Plasma Reactor And Process Power Technology / Power Technology" US04 / 010608 filed 4/8/04, US / 10 / 552,585 filed 10/12/15; and "Hydrogen Power, Plasma, and Reactor for Easing, and Power Conversion", PCT / US02 / 3587 / 02, US / 10 / 494,571 filed 5/6/04 (“Mills Prior Plasma Power Conversion Publications”), which is referenced herein and incorporated in its entirety.

The plasma energy converted into electricity is dissipated in the external circuit. More than 50% of plasma energy can be returned to electricity, as calculated and experimentally shown in Mills' previous Plasma Power Conversion publications. Not only plasma but also heat is produced by each SF-CIHT cell. Heat is used directly or using converters known by those skilled in the art such as steam engines or steam or gas turbines and generators, Rankin or Brayton cycle engines, or thermal engines such as Stirling engines. Converted to mechanical or electrical power. For power conversion, each SF CIHT cell is a mills as well as converters known to those skilled in the art such as thermal engines, steam or gas turbine systems, Stirling engines, or thermoelectron or thermoelectric converters. It may be connected to any of the thermal energy or plasma to mechanical or electrical power converters described in previous publications of. Further plasma converters include plasma dynamic converters, (vector E) x (vector B) direct converters, magnetohydrodynamic power converters, magnetohydrodynamic power converters (magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converters), and charges. Drift converter, post or Venetian blind power converter, gyrotron, photon bunching microwave power converter, photon bunching microwave power converter, photon bunching microwave power converter -Includes at least one of the magnetohydrodynamic converters. These will be disclosed in Mills' previous publications. In one embodiment, the cell is at least one of the internal combustion engines, as provided in Mills' previous publication "Thermal Power Conversion", Mills' previous publication "Plasma Power Conversion", and Mills' previous application. Includes one cylinder.

The solid fuel-catalyzed hydrino transition (SF-CIHT) cell and power converter shown in FIG. 3 are aliquots of the electrical power source 4 and the solid fuel 3 that deliver a short burst of constant voltage, high current electrical energy through the fuel 3. Includes at least one SF-CIHT cell 1 with a structural support frame 1a, each having at least two electrodes 2 that enclose a portion, pellet, or sample. The electric current ignites the fuel to release energy from forming hydrinos. The power is in the form of the thermal power of the fuel 3 and the highly ionized plasma, which can be directly converted into electricity. (Here, "igniting or forming a blast" means the establishment of high reaction kinetics due to the high current applied to the fuel.) A typical source of electrical power is , Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder and EM test model CSS500N10 current surge generator, 8/20 US 10KA or less. In one embodiment, the electrical power source 4 is DC and the plasma-electric power converter is adapted for a DC magnetic field. Suitable converters operating in a DC magnetic field are magnetohydrodynamic, plasma dynamic, and (vector E) x (vector B) power converters. In one embodiment, the magnetic field may be supplied by the solid fuel pellets 3 as well as the light bulbs of FIG. 3, which may flow through additional electromagnets, and the electrical power sources 4 of 4A and 4B (FIG. 3). , And 4A and 4B). In one embodiment of the PDC plasma-electric converter, the radial magnetic field due to the current in the electrode 2 may magnetize at least one of the PDC electrodes shaped to follow the contours of the lines of magnetic force. At least one PDC electrode perpendicular to the radial lines of magnetic force includes a non-magnetized PDC electrode. A voltage is generated between one non-magnetized PDC electrode of the PDC converter and at least one magnetized electrode.

In one embodiment, the electrical power source 4 can supply or receive high currents such as those given in the present disclosure, but by receiving the currents, the accumulation of self-limited charges from the hydrino reaction It may be improved. Sources and sinks of current relate to transformer circuits, LC circuits, RLC circuits, capacitors, ultracapacitors, inductors, batteries, and how to receive and generate large currents that may be in the form of at least one burst or pulse. It may be an electrical energy storage element or device and circuit element or low impedance or low resistance circuit known in the field of ceramics. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, the ignition power source 4, which may function as a startup power source, achieves a low voltage bank-like capacitor, a high capacitance capacitor that supplies a low voltage, and ignition. Includes at least one of the high currents required to do so. Capacitor circuits may be designed to avoid noise or vibration during discharge to extend the life of the capacitor. Lifespan may be long, in the range of about 1 to 20 years.

In one embodiment, the geometric region of the electrode is greater than or equal to that of the solid fuel to provide a high current density to ignite the entire sample. In one embodiment, the electrode is carbon to avoid loss of conductivity due to oxidation on the surface. In another embodiment, the ignition of the solid fuel occurs in vacuum so that the electrodes are not oxidized. The electrodes may be regenerated continuously or intermittently with metal from the components of solid fuel 3. The solid fuel melts during ignition so that something on the surface adheres, welds, welds, or alloys to replace the electrode 2 of a material such as metal that has been corroded or consumed during operation. It may contain metals in such a form. The SF-CIHT cell power converter may also include means of repairing the shape of the tooth-like electrodes of gear 2a. The means may include at least one of a cast mold, a grinder, and a milling machine.

The power system also removes the fuel product used so as to trap another solid fuel pellet for ignition, and refits the electrode 2 so as to refit the electrode 2. Includes system 5. In one embodiment, the fuel 3 comprises a strip that supports ignition where the current flows. And in the present disclosure, the solid fuel pellet 3 means a part of a piece of solid fuel in a general sense. Electrode 2 may open and close during reattachment. Mechanical actions may be influenced by systems known to those of skill in the art, such as pneumatic, solenoid, or electric motor action systems. The transporting refit system may include a linear conveyor belt that moves the product out and puts fuel in a position confined by the electrode 2. Instead, the transport refitting system comprises positioning a rotary conveyor 5 that rotates between each ignition to remove the product and a fuel 3 that should be confined by the electrode 2 for another ignition. The rotary conveyor 5 may contain high temperature stainless steels such as those skilled in the art, high temperature oxidation resistant alloys such as TiAlN, and melt and corrosion resistant metals such as heat resistant alloys. In one embodiment, the SF-CIHT cell power generator shown in FIG. 3 produces an intermittent burst of hydrino-generated power from SF-CIHT cell 1. Instead, the power generators include multiple SF-CIHT 1s, which superimpose the hydrino-generated power of the individual cells during the timed blast event of the solid fuel pellets 3. Output. In one embodiment, the timing of events within multiple cells may provide more continuous output power. In another embodiment, the fuel is continuously supplied with a high current between the electrodes 2 to produce continuous power. In one embodiment, the two electrodes 2 trap solid fuel, but are stretched to cause fast reaction kinetics and a continuum of high current flow along a set of 2 electrodes. Contact can be made at opposite points along the length of the set 2 of electrodes. Opposing contact points on the opposing electrodes 2 may be created by electrically switching the connections or by mechanically moving the connections corresponding to the positions. The connections can be made in a synchronized manner to achieve a more steady power output from the cell or cells. The fuel and ignition parameters are those given in the present disclosure.

To suppress any interruptions, some power may be stored in capacitors and optionally in high current transformers, batteries, or other energy storage devices. In another embodiment, the electrical output from one cell can deliver a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy that ignites the fuel in another cell (deliver). The output electrical power can be further adjusted by the output power conditioner 7 connected by the power connector 8. The output power conditioner 7 may include elements such as batteries or supercapacitors, DC-AC (DC / AC) converters or inverters, and power storage such as transformers. DC power can also be converted to another form of DC power, such as that of higher voltage, but that power can also be converted to AC, or a mixture of DC and AC. The output power can be adjusted to a desired waveform, such as 60Hz AC power, and is supplied to the load through the output terminal 9. In one embodiment, the output conditioner 7 converts from a plasma-electric or thermal-electric converter at the desired frequency and waveform (eg, AC frequency, other than 60 or 50 Hz, which is standard in the United States and Europe, respectively). .. Different frequencies are for loads designed at different frequencies such as motors, aircraft, ships, household appliances, tools, and machinery, electrical heating and spatial conditioning, telecommunications, and pictorial retrox for driving. Applies to match. The portion of the output power at the power output terminal 9 may be used to power an electrical power source 4 such as about 5-10V. The MHD and PDC power converters may output low voltage high current DC power that is well adapted to repower the electrode 2 that causes the ignition of the fuel subsequently supplied. The constant voltage and high current output may be supplied to the DC load. DC may be regulated by a DC / DC converter. Typical DC loads include electrically rectified motors such as those for drives, aircraft, ships, household electrical equipment, tools, and machinery, and DC motors such as DC electronics.

Power transmission is not required as the power is distributed, and high voltage DC transmission is optional with minimal loss, but transmission is desired in rural grids. And the power application may be powered by high current DC, and DC power may be advantageous over AC. In fact, in most, if not most, motors, electrical equipment, lighting, and electronics operate on DC power converted from the transmitted AC grid power. Another application that may benefit from the DC high current DC power output of the SF-CIHT cell is electric drive power using a DC brush, brushless, electrically rectified DC motor. DC / AC converters are often AC / DC converters, and the corresponding conversions are removed at the DC high current DC power output of the SF-CIHT cell. This results in a reduction in capital equipment and power costs by eliminating conversion losses between DC and AC.

In one embodiment, the supercapacitor or battery 16 (FIGS. 3 and 4A) is used to start the SF-CIHT cell by supplying power for the first ignition, but in that way, Power for subsequent ignition is supplied by the output power conditioner 7, and in turn, power is applied to the electric power converter 6 by plasma. In one embodiment, the output of the power conditioner 7 flows to the energy storage device 16 to restart the power generator. Storage may supply or store power to level out rapid changes in load, thereby providing load leveling. The power generator is a power that can be changed by controlling the speed at which fuel is consumed by controlling the speed supplied into the electrode 2 by controlling the changeable or interruptable rotation speed of the rotary conveyor 5a. May provide output. Instead, the rate at which the electrode 2 is ignited is variable and controlled.

Ignition produces output plasma and thermal power. Plasma power may be converted to choxetsu electricity by the plasma-electric power converter 6. The cell may be open to the atmosphere and manipulated. In one embodiment, cell 1 can maintain a vacuum, or pressure below atmospheric pressure. The vacuum or pressure below atmospheric pressure is maintained by the vacuum pump 13a so that the ions for the expanding plasma of the ignition of the solid fuel 3 do not collide with the atmospheric pressure gas. In one embodiment, a vacuum or pressure below atmospheric pressure is maintained within the system including the plasma generating cell 1 and the connected plasma-electric converter 6. Vacuum or pressure below atmospheric pressure eliminates gas collisions that interfere with the plasma-electric converter. In one embodiment, cell 1 may be filled with an inert gas so that the solid fuel or ignition product does not react with oxygen. Oxygen-free cell 1 is preferred for fuel regeneration because the cell is under vacuum or filled with an inert gas, but the reaction of the fuel with H ₂ O to oxidation is particularly unfavorable. This is especially true when it contains conductors such as metal or carbon. Such metals include Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, It is at least one of the groups Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. Cells under vacuum are advantageous for plasma-electric conversion. This is because plasma ion-gas collisions and thermalization due to plasma ion velocity energy (kinetic energy) can be avoided.

The thermal power is at least one of the MHD heat exchanger 18, the electrode coolant discharge line 12, and the electrode heat exchanger 10 through which the coolant flows through the MHD coolant discharge line 20 and the MHD coolant suction line 19. May be extracted by. Other heat exchangers, such as hydrinos, such as water wall type designs, are further applied to at least one wall of the tank 1, at least one other wall of the MHD converter, and the back of the electrode 17 of the MHD converter. It may be used to receive thermal power from the reaction. Designs of these and other heat exchangers that cost-effectively and efficiently remove heat from the reaction are known to those of skill in the art. Heat may be transferred to the heat load. In this way, the power system may include a heat exchanger that transfers heat to the heat load or a heater with heat supplied by at least one of the coolant drain lines 12 and 20 going to the heat load. The coolant to be cooled may be returned by at least one of the coolant suction lines 11 and 19. Heat supplied by at least one of coolant discharge lines 11 and 20 may flow to thermal engines, steam engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, Rankin cycle engines, Brayton cycle engines, and Sterling engines. This translates into mechanical power such as that of rotation with at least one of shafts, wheels, generators, aircraft turbofans or turboprops, marine propellers, impellers, and rotary shaft machinery. Alternatively, thermal power may flow from at least one of the coolant drain lines 12 and 20 to something like those of the present disclosure in a thermal-electric power converter. Reasonable typical heat-electric converters are thermal engines, steam engines, steam turbines and generators, gas turbines and generators, Rankin cycle engines, Brayton cycle engines, Sterling engines, thermoelectronic power converters. , And thermoelectric power converters, including at least one of the groups. The output power from the thermal-electric converter may be used to power the load, and some may power parts of the SF-CIHT cell power generator, such as the electrical power source 4. unknown.

Ignition of the reactants of a given pellet produces power and a product, which power may be in the form of a plasma of the product. The plasma-electric converter 6 generates electricity from the plasma. Following the transition through it, the plasma-electric converter 6 may further include a conveyor to the remounting system 5 and a condenser of plasma products. The product is then transported from the remounting system 5 to the product removing fuel charging device 13 that carries the product to the regeneration system 14 by a remounting system such as a rotary conveyor 5. In one embodiment, the SF-CIHT cell power generator further includes a vacuum pump 13a that may remove any product oxygen and molecular hydrino gas. In one embodiment, at least one of oxygen and molecular hydrino is recovered in the tank as a commercial product. The pump may further include selective membranes, valves, sieves, cryofilters, or other means known to those skilled in the art for the separation of oxygen and hydrinogas, and additionally H. ₂ O vapor may be recovered and H ₂ O may be pumped to the regeneration system 14 and recycled into the recycled solid fuel. Here, the fuel used is replenished with H ₂ O from the H ₂ O source 14a and regenerated and returned to the initial reactant or fuel along with the H or H ₂ O depleted in the formation of hydrino. Water source tank, it may include a cell or tank 14a,, the bath 14a, the bulk or gaseous H _{2 O,} or the material or compound containing H _{2 O,} or with one or more reactants, Form H ₂ O such as H ₂ + O ₂ . Instead, sources, steam at atmospheric pressure, or, may include means for extracting of H _{2 O} from the atmosphere. It is, for example, like a water-containing material, e.g., lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium _{phosphate, KMgCl 3 · 6 (H 2} O) carnallite like, Iron III ammonium citrate, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, cellulose fibers (like cotton and paper), sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, many Fertilizers Chemicals, salts (including salt) and a wide variety of others known to those of skill in the art and desiccants such as silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves (generally zeolite) or chloride. Deliquescent materials such as zinc, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and many different deliquescent salts are known to those of skill in the art.

In another embodiment, the refitting system, such as the rotary conveyor 5, includes a hopper filled with solid fuel regenerated from the regeneration system 14 by the product removal fuel charging device 13. Fuel flows from the bottom between the electrodes 2. Electrodes 2 may be opened and closed to ignite each portion of the fuel so placed by the spreader or flowing into a position for ignition between the electrodes 2. In one embodiment, the fuel 3 comprises a fine powder that may be formed by ball milling a recycled or reprocessed solid fuel, whereas the regeneration system 14 is a ball mill, grinder, or field. It may further include other means of converting larger particles to finer particles, such as those of known grinding means. Typical solid fuel mixture, conductors, their oxides such as conductive metal powder such as a powder of a transition metal, silver or aluminum, and a H _{2 O.} In another embodiment, the fuel 13 may contain pellets of solid fuel that may be pressed in the regeneration system 14. Solid fuel pellets is further directed to a thin foil of powder metal or another metal, the oxide and H _{2 O} of the metal and the metal powder as an optional, may include a thin foil encapsulating .. In this case, the regeneration system 14 is a metal leaf by at least one means of heating in vacuum, heating under reduced pressure hydrogen pressure, and electrolysis from an electrolyte such as a molten salt electrolyte. To play. The regeneration system 14 further includes a metal processing system such as a rolling or milling machine that forms foil from recycled foil metal stock. The jacket may be formed by a stamping machine or press, but the solid fuel encapsulated is stamped or pressed inward.

In one embodiment, a typical solid fuel mixture comprises a transition metal powders, oxides thereof, and the H _{2 O.} The fine powders may be sprayed when they are opened, pneumatically within the gap formed between the electrodes 2. In another embodiment, the fuel comprises at least one of powder and slurry. The fuel may be injected into the desired region confined between the electrodes 2 to be ignited by a high current. To better confine the powder, the electrode 2 may include a male-female halves that form a chamber to hold the fuel. In one embodiment, the fuel and the electrodes 2 may be electrostatically charged facing each other so that the fuel flows into the intra-electrode region and electrostatically adheres to the desired region of each electrode 2. The fuel is ignited there.

In one embodiment of the power generator as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the electrode surface 2 may be parallel to the axis of gravity, and the solid fuel powder 3 is overhead as an intermittent flow. The timing of the intermittent flow streams, which may be flowed by weight from the hopper 5, matches the dimensions of electrode 2, they open to receive the flowing powdered fuel 3, and ignite the fuel stream. Close to do. In another embodiment, the electrodes 2 further include rollers 2a at their ends separated by small gaps filled with fuel flow. The electrically conductive fuel 3 completes the circuit between the electrodes 2 and a high current flows through it to ignite the fuel. The fuel stream 3 may be intermittent so that the expanding plasma does not interfere with the flow of the fuel stream.

In another embodiment, the electrode 2 includes a set of gears 2a supported by a structural element 2b. The gears in the set may be powered by the drive gear motor 2d and rotated by the drive gear 2c. The drive gear 2c may further function as a heat sink for each gear 2a, the heat of which may be removed by an electrode heat exchanger such as 10, which receives heat from the drive gear 2c. A gear 2a, such as a herringbone gear, each contains an integer n teeth of a gear in which fuel flows into the gap between the nth teeth or the bottom of the teeth and the fuel between the n-1th teeth is paired. It is compressed by the n-1st tooth. Other geometries or gear functions for gears are known to those of skill in the art, such as polygonal or triangular-gear-cutting gears, spiral gears, and spiral cutting edges that mesh with each other and are within the scope of this disclosure. It is in. In one embodiment, the fuel and the desired region of the gear of the electrode 2a, such as the tooth bottom, are conversely electrostatically charged so that the fuel is electrostatically desired for one or both electrodes 2a. When the teeth mesh with each other, the fuel is ignited there. In one embodiment, the fuel 3, such as fine powder, is pneumatically sprayed into the desired region of gear 2a. In another embodiment, the fuel 3 is injected into a desired region confined between the electrodes, such as a region where the teeth of the gear 2a mesh with each other so that it is ignited with a high current. In one embodiment, the rollers or gears 2a maintain tension with each other by means such as springs that are pneumatically or hydraulically filled. Teeth engagement and compression cause electrical contact between the combined teeth through conductive fuel. In one embodiment, the gears are conductive in each other's meshing regions in contact with the fuel during meshing and insulating in the other regions so that current selectively flows through the fuel. In one embodiment, the gear 2a comprises an electrically isolated or metal-coated ceramic gear that does not have a ground and is electrically conductive within meshing regions. Also, the drive gear 2 is non-conductive or electrically isolated or non-conductive without grounding. Electrical contact and supply from the electrode 2 to the mutually meshing regions of the teeth are provided by the brush 2e, as shown in FIG. 4A. Typical brushes include carbon bars or rods. It is then pushed, for example, by a spring to come into contact with the gear.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 4B, electrical contact and supply from electrode 2 to the meshing region of the teeth may be provided directly by the corresponding gear hubs and bearings. The structural element 2b of FIG. 4A may include an electrode 2. As shown in FIG. 4B, each electrode 2 of the pair of electrodes is centered on each gear and connected to the center of each gear, both acting as structural element 2b and electrode 2 of FIG. 4A, respectively. The gear bearing that connects the gear 2a to its shaft or hub acts as an electrical contact, and the only ground contact is between the contacting teeth of the opposing gear. In one embodiment, the outer portion of each gear rotates around the central hub so that it has more electrical contact through additional bearings with a larger radius. The hub may also act as a large heat sink. The electrode heat exchanger 10 may also stick to the hub to remove heat from the gear. The heat exchanger 10 may be electrically separated from a hub with a thin layer of insulation, such as an electrical insulator with high thermal conductivity, such as diamond or diamond-like carbon film. Gear charging can be timed using switching transistors and computers such as those used in brushless DC electric motors. In one embodiment, the gears are intermittently energized so that a high current flows through the fuel when the gears engage. The fuel flow is timed to match the delivery of the fuel to the gears as the gears engage and current is allowed to flow through the fuel. The resulting high current flow causes the fuel to ignite. The fuel may flow continuously through gears or rollers 2a that rotate to push the fuel through the gap. The fuel may be continuously ignited when rotated to fill the space between the electrodes 2 containing the opposing sides of a set of rollers or the meshing area of a set of gears. In this case, the output power may be stable. In one embodiment, the resulting plasma expands from the side of the gear and flows into the plasma-electric converter 6. The plasma expansion flow may be along the axis, perpendicular to the flow direction of the fuel stream 3 and parallel to the shaft of each gear. The axial flow may be through an MHD converter. Further directional flow may be achieved with confining magnets such as those in magnetic bottles or Helmholtz coils.

The power generator further includes methods and means for variable power output. In one embodiment, the power output of the power generator is a fuel ignition rate that can be varied or interrupted by the power source 4 and a variable or interrupted fuel 3 into the electrode 2 or roller or gear 2a. It is controlled by controlling the flow speed obtained. The speed of rotation of the rollers or gears may also be controlled to control the fuel ignition speed. In one embodiment, the output power conditioner 7 includes a power controller 7 that controls an output that may be DC. The power controller may control the rotation speed of the gear and the fuel flow speed by controlling the gear drive motor 2d, which rotates the gear 2a and the drive gear 2c. Response times based on at least one mechanical or electrical control of ignition rate or fuel burning rate may be very fast, such as in the range of 10 ms to 1 us. Power may also be controlled by controlling the connectivity of the converter electrodes of the plasma-electric converter. For example, connecting the MHD electrodes 17 or PDC electrodes in series increases the voltage, and connecting the converter electrodes in parallel increases the current. Selectively connecting to a set of MHD electrodes 17 or changing the angle of the MHD electrodes 17 at different angles relative to at least one of the plasma propagation direction and the magnetic field direction changes at least one of the voltage and current. It changes the power collected by doing so.

The power controller 7 further includes sensors for input and output parameters such as voltage, current, and power. The signal from the sensor may be fed to the processor that controls the power generator. At least one of ramp up time, ramp down time, voltage, current, power, waveform, and frequency may be controlled. The power generator may include a resistor, such as a diversion resistor, through which excess power than desired or required for the power load may be dissipated. The diversion resistor may be connected to the output power conditioner or power controller 7. The power generator may include a system and an embedded processor that provide remote monitoring that may have additional capacity to cause the power generator to malfunction.

The hopper 5 may be refilled with fuel regenerated from the regeneration system 14 by the product removal fuel filling device 13. Any of H or _{H 2} O is consumed as in the formation of hydrino, might be compensated with _{H 2} O from _{H 2} O source 14a. In one embodiment, the fuel or fuel pellet 3 is partially to substantially evaporated into a gaseous physical state such as plasma during a hydrino reaction blast event. The plasma passes through the plasma-electric power converter 6, and the recombined plasma forms gaseous atoms and compounds. These are condensed by the condenser 15, recovered, and transported to the regeneration system 14 by the product removal fuel filling device 13. This device includes a conveyor that connects to the regeneration system 14 and also includes a conveyor that connects to the hopper 5. The condenser 15 and the product removal fuel filling device 13 are such as a conveyor or pneumatic system such as a vacuum or air intake system for recovering and moving materials, at least one of spiral cutting edges and at least one of an electrostatic recovery system. May include a system. A reasonable system is known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, a plasma-electric converter 6 such as a magnetohydrodynamic converter includes a chute or channel 6a for transporting the product to the product removal fuel filling device 13. At least one of the floor, chute 6a, and MHD electrode 17 of the MHD converter 6 may be sloped by gravity flow to at least partially result in product flow. At least one of the floor, chute 6a, and MHD electrode 17 of the MHD converter 6 may be mechanically rocked or vibrated to assist the flow. The flow may be assisted by a shock wave formed by the ignition of solid fuel. In one embodiment, the floor of the MHD converter 6, the chute 6a, and at least one of the MHD electrodes 17 have a conveyor or mechanical scraper that moves the product from the direction corresponding to the product removal fuel filling device 13. Including.

In one embodiment, the SF-CIHT cell power generator further comprises a vacuum pump 13a that may remove any product oxygen and molecular hydrino gas. Pumps, selective membrane, the valve further comprises a sieve, frozen filter, or other means known to those skilled in the oxygen and the field of separation of Haidorinogasu and additionally collected of H _{2 O} vapor, H _In one embodiment where ₂ O is supplied to the reclaimed system and recycled into the reclaimed solid fuel, the fuel 3 may be formed in a ball mill and may be a reclaimed or reprocessed solid fuel. Although including fine powders, the regeneration system 14 further includes ball mills, grinders, or other means known to those of skill in the art for forming smaller particles from larger particles such as polishing or body ring means. In one embodiment, part of the electrical power output at terminal 9 is an electrical power source 4, a gear (roller) drive motor 2d, a rotary conveyor 5a with a drive motor (FIG. 3), product removal. It is supplied to at least one of a fuel filling device 13, a pump 13a, and a regeneration system 14 that supplies energy and electrical power to propagate a chemical reaction that regenerates the original solid fuel from the reaction product. In one embodiment, some of the heat from at least one of the electrode heat exchanger 10 and the MHD heat exchanger 18 provides the energy and thermal power to propagate the chemical reaction to regenerate the original solid fuel from the reaction product. Therefore, it is input to the solid fuel regeneration system by at least one of the coolant input lines 11 and 19 and by at least one of the coolant discharge lines 12 and 20 having a coolant return circulation. Some of the output power from the thermal-electric converter 6 may be used to power the regeneration system as well as other systems of the SF-CIHT cell generator.

In one exemplary embodiment, solid fuel, additional H _2, additional H 2 _O, is regenerated by thermal regeneration, and at least one such means as provided in the present disclosure of the electrical regeneration .. Compared to the input energy to initiate the reaction, such as 100 times in the case of NiOOH (3.22 kJ output, whereas 46 J input, given in the section of typical SF-CIHT cell test results). Due to the very large energy gain of the hydrino reaction, products such as Ni ₂ O ₃ and Ni O can be converted to hydroxides, and then, as given in the present disclosure, and also by those skilled in the art. As is known, it can be converted to oxyhydroxide by an electrochemical reaction as well as a chemical reaction. In other embodiments, other metals such as Ti, Gd, Co, In, Fe, Ga, Al, Cr, Mo, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Sm, and the corresponding oxides, hydroxides, And oxyhydroxides such as those in the present disclosure may replace Ni. In another embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a corresponding metal, such as metal oxides and H _{2 O} and the conductive matrix. The product may be a metal oxide. The solid fuel may be regenerated by hydrogen reduction of some of the metal oxides into metals that are later mixed with the rehydrated oxides. Suitable metals with oxides that can be immediately reduced to metals by mild heating and hydrogen, such as below 1000 ° C., are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. In another embodiment, the solid fuel, and (1) alumina, alkaline earth oxides, and at least one, such as rare earth oxides, it is not easily reduced in mild heat and H ₂ oxide, (2 ) Includes metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals at H ₂ at mild temperatures below 1000 ° C., and (3) H ₂ O. The typical fuel is MgO + Cu + _{H 2} O. Then, the product mixture of the non-reducing oxide and the H _2- reducing oxide is treated with H ₂ and heated under mild conditions so that only the reducing metal oxide is converted into a metal. .. This mixture may be hydrated to contain regenerated solid fuel. A typical fuel is MgO + Cu + H ₂ O, and the product MgO + CuO undergoes an H ₂ reduction treatment to produce MgO + Cu, which is hydrated to become a solid fuel.

In another embodiment, the oxide product, such as CuO or AgO, is regenerated by heating under at least one condition of vacuum and an inert gas stream. The temperature may be in the range of at least one of about 100 ° C to 3000 ° C, 300 ° C to 2000 ° C, 500 ° C to 1200 ° C, and 500 ° C to 1000 ° C. In one embodiment, the regeneration system 14 has a particle size within at least one range of about 10 nm to 1 cm, 100 nm to 10 mm, 0.1 um to 1 mm, and 1 um to 100 um (u = micro). A powder such as a fine powder such as may further include at least one of a ball mill and a grinding / polishing mill to powder at least one of the bulk oxides and metals.

In another embodiment, the regeneration system may include an electrolysis cell such as a molten salt electrolysis cell containing metal ions, but the metal of the metal oxide product is well known in the art. It may be coated over the electrolyzed cell cathode by electrodeposition using methods and systems. The system may further include a mill or grinder to form metal particles of the desired size from the electroplated metal. Metals, may be added to other components of the reaction mixture such as H _{2 O} to form a regenerated solid fuel.

In one embodiment, cells 1 in FIGS. 3 and 4A and 4B can maintain a pressure below vacuum or atmospheric pressure. Vacuum or pressure below atmospheric pressure is maintained in cell 1 by pump 13a and may also be maintained in the connected plasma-electric converter 6 which receives high energy plasma ions from the plasma source, cell 1. .. In one embodiment, the solid fuel is made of a metal is fairly thermodynamically stable to become metal oxide towards the reaction with H _{2 O.} In this case, the solid fuel metal does not oxidize during the reaction to form a product. Typical solid fuels include metals, a mixture of metal and H _{2 O} to oxidize. Then, the product such as a mixture of the first metal and a metal oxide, MAY be removed by product removal fuel filling apparatus 13, it may be regenerated by the addition of H 2 _O. H A reasonable material with considerable thermodynamically not beneficial reaction of ₂ O, may be selected from the following group: Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, AS, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. In another embodiment, the solid fuel, H 2 _O inert metal and H _{2 O,} metal oxides, oxy hydroxide which may contain the same or at least one different metal hydroxides least 1 Including one.

In one embodiment, the method of H ₂ reduction, reducing the rehydration under vacuum, efficient, being performed to reproduce quickly solid fuel is a cost-effective manner possible.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a mixture of water vapor absorption material comprising of H 2 _O and the conductor. Typical fuels are alkaline earth metal halides such as MgX ₂ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and transition metals such as Co, Ni, Fe, or Cu.

In one embodiment, the solid fuel comprises of H _{2 O} source is encapsulated in an electrically conductive jacket. H 2 _O source might comprise a material with the reaction mixture of the present disclosure. The conductive jacket comprises at least one of metal, carbon, carbides, and other conductive matrix materials of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a corresponding metal material as a thin foil encapsulating the metal oxide and H ₂ O and the metal oxide and H ₂ O. Other materials such as hygroscopic materials, MAY an alternative to metal oxides, or tie H 2 _O, to absorb, might the role of the matrix. Encapsulated source with H 2 _O conductors may include pellets. A typical solid fuel pellet is such as one containing a source of transition metal, silver or H ₂ O, or aluminum encapsulating a material having H ₂ O (eg, a reaction mixture with the materials of the present disclosure). Includes a thin metal foil jacket. Following energy release, by means (eg, cyclone separation, centrifugal sedimentation, sieving and other means known in the art), conductors such as foil may be recovered. Foil may be made from metal stock that has been reclaimed by a metal processing system such as a rolling or milling machine. The jacket may be made by a stamping machine or a press where the encapsulated material may be stamped or pressed inside. When a conductor such as a metal oxidizes, the metal may be regenerated by the reduction of the oxide. Foil metals may be regenerated by heating in vacuum, heating under reducing hydrogen air and electrolysis from electrolytes such as molten salt electrolytes.

In some embodiments, the solid fuel may be used only once and may not regenerate. Carbons containing H and O, such as activated carbon and H ₂ O wet carbon, are suitable typical reactants or solid fuels that may be consumed without regeneration.

Plasma power may be converted to electricity using a plasma dynamic power conditioner 6 based on magnetic space charge separation. Due to its lower mass compared to positive ions, the electrons are preferentially confined to the magnetic field lines of the magnetizing PDC electrode, such as a cylindrical PDC electrode or PDC electrode in a magnetic field. In this way, the positive ions are relatively unlikely to collide with the PDC electrode, which is magnetized essentially or externally. Both electrons and positive ions have sufficient collisions with the unmagnetized PDC electrode. Plasma dynamic conversion extracts the power source directly from the thermal and potential energy of the plasma and is independent of the plasma flow. Instead, by driving the current with an external load, and thereby between the magnetized and unmagnetized PDC electrodes that are immersed in the plasma to extract power directly from the stored plasma thermal energy, by PDC. Power extraction uses a potential difference (potential difference, voltage). Plasma dynamic conversion (PDC) of thermal plasma energy to electricity is achieved by inserting at least two floating conductors directly into the body of the hot plasma. One of these conductors is magnetized by an external electromagnetic field or a permanent magnet, or it is magnetic in nature. Others are not magnetized. The potential difference (potential difference, voltage) occurs due to the huge difference in charge mobility between heavy positive ions and light electrons. This voltage is applied over the electrical load.

In an embodiment, the power system contains additional internal or external electromagnets or permanent magnets, or is essentially magnetized and magnetized, such as a cylindrical PDC electrode such as a pin PDC electrode. Includes non-PDC electrodes. A source of uniform magnetic field B may be provided in parallel with each PDC electrode by an electromagnet, for example by a Helmholtz coil. The electromagnet may be a water and superconducting electromagnet that is cooled by at least one of the permanent magnets (eg, uncooled, Halbach array magnets). Typical superconducting magnets may include NbTi, NbSn or high temperature superconducting materials. Magnet current may be supplied to the solid fuel pellets to initiate ignition. In one embodiment, the high current magnetic field product of the power 4 source is augmented by flowing through multiple applications of electromagnets before flowing through the solid fuel pellets. The strength of the magnetic field B is adjusted so that the PDC electrode produces optimal positive ions with respect to the electron gyration to maximize power. In one embodiment, at least one magnetized PDC electrode is parallel to the applied magnetic field B. On the other hand, at least one corresponding pair of PDC electrodes is perpendicular to the magnetic field B, where it is not magnetized due to orientation relative to the direction of B. Power can be delivered to the load through leads connected to at least one pair of PDC electrodes. In one embodiment, the cell wall may act as a PDC electrode. In one embodiment, the PDC electrode comprises a heat resistant metal that is stable in a high temperature atmospheric environment, such as high temperature stainless steel, and other materials known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the plasma dynamic converter further comprises a plasma confinement structure (eg, a magnetic bottle or source of solenoid fields that confine the plasma and extract more of the power of energetic ions as electricity). The plasma dynamic output power is dissipated by the load.

The plasma electric power converters of FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4B may further include a magnetohydrodynamic power converter containing a source of magnetic flux 101 perpendicular to the z-axis (direction of ion flow 102 shown in FIG. 5). unknown. In this way, the ions have a preferred velocity along the z-axis due to the confinement magnetic field 103 provided by the Heimholtz coil 104.
In this way, the ions propagate in the region of the transverse magnetic flux. The Lorentzian curvilinear force of propagating electrons and ions is given by the following equation.
F = ev (vector v) xB (vector B) (196)

The force is lateral to the ion velocity and magnetic field, and the opposite direction for positive and negative ions. In this way, a transverse current can be generated. In order to optimize the cross-bending of flow ions with parallel velocity dispersion (Equation (196)), components of the orthogonal magnetic field that provide different strengths of orthogonal magnetic fields as a function of position along the z-axis. Sources may include.

The magnetohydrodynamic power converter shown in FIG. 5 further includes at least two MHD electrodes 105 that may be lateral to the magnetic field (B) it receives, with Lorentzian curve bends across the MHD electrodes 105. Diverted the ions that create the voltage. MHD power may be dissipated by the electrical load 106. A schematic diagram of the magnetohydrodynamic converter is shown in FIG. The MHD set of Heimholtz coils or the set of magnets 110 provides a Lorentz curve field for the plasma flowing in the magnetic expansion section 120 to generate a voltage at the MHD electrode 105 applied across the load 106. With reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the MHD electrode is shown as 17. The electrodes 2 and 4B of FIGS. 3 and 4A may also serve as MHD electrodes with a sufficient applied magnetic field in the lateral direction to the axis connecting the electrodes 2 and the direction of plasma expansion. The radiated magnetic field for the current along the electrode 2 from the source of power 4 may provide Lorentz bending. Magnetohydrodynamic generation is described in Walsh [E. M. Walsh, Energy Conversion Electromechanical, Direct, Nuclear, Ronald Press Company, NY, NY, (1967), pp. 221-248], which is referenced and incorporated herein.

Electromagnets 110 (FIG. 6) and 6f (FIGS. 4A and 4B) are superconducting electromagnets with cryogenic management corresponding to at least one of the permanent magnets (eg, uncooled, Halbach array magnets) cooled water. In some cases. The superconducting magnet system 6f shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B includes: (I) The superconducting coil 6b includes a superconductor wire winding of NbTi or NbSn, a high temperature superconductor (HTS) such as YBa ₂ Cu ₃ O ₇ , commonly referred to simply as YBCO, or YBCO-123. (Ii) A liquid helium dewar providing liquid helium 6c on both sides of the coil 6b. (Iii) Liquid helium and liquid nitrogen Dewar may contain radiation baffles and heat shields that may be wall constituent copper and high vacuum insulation 6e Liquid with liquid nitrogen 6d in inner and outer radii of solenoid magnets Nitrogen Dewar. And (iv) a magnet 6f that may have a cryopump and an inlet 6g for a compressor that may be driven by the power output of the SF CIHT cell power generator at the output power terminal 9.

The protective barrier to the MHD electrode 105 or MHD electrode 105 of FIG. 6 is a fairly harmful contamination of the outer layer of refractory material, the material that is a component of solid fuel, and the MHD electrode or barrier corrosion product of solid fuel or energetic material. It may contain carbon, which may not be a substance. Plasma-electric converters such as MHD also remove power, which is in the form of heat, through the MHD cooling water outlet 140, such as power contained in expanded plasma that is not 100% converted to electricity, and MHD. It may include an MHD heat exchanger 135 that receives cooling water at the cooling water inlet 130. The heat exchanger 135 may be water-wall type, as shown in FIG. 6, or coil-type, as shown by another type known to those of skill in the art. With reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the MHD heat exchanger 18 receives cooling water at the MHD cooling water inlet 19 and removes power in the form of heat through the MHD cooling water outlet 20. This thermal power may be combined with that from the electrode heat exchanger 10 flowing out of the electrode cooling water outlet line 12. Heat is applied to at least one of the thermal loads, the regeneration of solid fuels by the regeneration system 14 of FIGS. 3, 4A, and 4B and the conversion of mechanical or electrical power by the system to the methods of the present disclosure. May be done.

In one embodiment, the magnetohydrodynamic power converter is a Faraday generator. In another embodiment, the lateral current created by the Lorentz bending of the ion flow produces a Hall voltage between the first MHD electrode and the second MHD electrode that moves relative to the z-axis. It undergoes Lorentz bending in a direction parallel to the input flow (z-axis) of the ions. Such a device is known in the art as a Hall generator embodiment of a magnetohydrodynamic power converter. A similar device with MHD electrodes that can be angled with respect to the z-axis of the xy-plane is referred to as a diagonal generator with a "window frame" construction, including another embodiment of the present invention. Examples of subdivided Faraday generators, hall generators, and diagonal generators are described in Petrick, [J. et al. F. Louis, V. I. Kovbassuk, Open-cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation, M.D. Petrick, and B.I. Ya Shumyatsky, Editors, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, (1978), pp. 157-163], the whole is referenced and incorporated.

In a further embodiment of the magnetohydrodynamic power converter,
The flow of ions along the z-axis with the may then enter a compression section containing an increasing axial magnetic field gradient. Component of electron movement parallel to the z-axis direction
Is converted to the component ν _⊥ of electron motion that is at least partially vertical. This is because of the following adiabatic invariants. ν _⊥ ² / B = constant. The azimuth current due to ν _⊥ is formed around the z-axis. To generate a Hall voltage between the inner ring and the outer ring MHD electrode of the disk generator magnetohydrodynamic power converter, the current is bent radially in the plane of operation by the magnetic field of the shaft. The voltage may carry current through the electrical load. Using the (Vector E) x (Vector B) direct converter 10 or other plasma-electric devices of the present disclosure, plasma power may be converted to electricity.

In one embodiment having time changing the current, such as alternating current (AC) supplied by the power supply 4 to the electrode 2, the power system further includes: A magnetic shield, such as a mumetal shield, shields the DC magnetic field of a plasma-electric power converter from a magnetic or plasma dynamic, time-varying magnetic field due to a time-varying current from source 4. It is a DC magnetic field. The plasma may expand outward from the time-varying magnetic field region through the penetration of the magnetic shield to the DC field region where power conversion may occur. Suitable magnetic shields are those known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment with a significant DC source of current from source 4, plasma confinement for a converter such as a PDC converter, plasma-electric conversion via PDC conversion at a reasonably aligned PDC electrode, and plasma. It may be used for at least one purpose to control the direction of the flow. For example, the field can cause the plasma to flow fairly linearly. The linear flow may be due to the MHD plasma-electric converter. Alternatively, the DC magnetic field may be shielded from a region with another desired magnetic field by a magnetic shield. The plasma may flow through a magnetic shield in a region with another magnetic field.

Each cell also outputs the thermal power that may be extracted from the electrode heat exchanger 10 by the inlet and outlet coolant lines 11 and 12, respectively, and from the MHD heat exchanger 18, the inlet and outlet, respectively. According to outlet coolant lines 19 and 20. Thermal power may be used directly as heat or converted to electricity. In an embodiment, the power system further comprises a thermal-electric converter. The conversion may be accomplished using conventional Rankin or Brayton power equipment (eg, boilers, steam plants with steam turbines and generators or those containing gas turbines such as externally hot gas turbines and generators). unknown. Suitable reactants, regeneration reactions and systems, and power plants may include those of the present disclosure, those in previous US applications. The applications are, for example, Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT / US08 / 61455, filed PCT4 / 24/2408; Heterogeneous Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor, PCT / US09 / 052072, filled PCT7 / 29/2009; , PCT filed 3/18/2010; Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT / US11 / 28889, filed PCT3 / 17/2011; H 2 O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT / US12 / 3369 filed 3/30 / 2012, and CIHT Power System, PCT / US13 / 041938 filed 5/21/13 (Mills Prior Applications), and my previous publications are, for example, R. et al. L. Mills, M.M. Nansteel, W. et al. Good, G.M. Zhao, "Design for a BlackLight Power Multi-Cell Therapy Coupled Reactor Based on Hydrogen Catalyst Systems", Int. J. Energy Research, Vol. 36, (2012), 778-788; doi: 10.1002 / er. l834; R. L. Mills, G.M. Zhao, W. et al. Good, "Continuous Thermal Power Systems," Applied Energy, Vol. 88, (2011) 789-798, doi: 10.016 / j. aperture. 2010.08.024, and R.M. L. Mills, G.M. Zhao, K.K. Akhtar, Z.M. Chang, J.M. He, X. Hu, G.M. Wu, J.M. Lotoski, G.M. Chu, "Thermally Reversible Hydrino Catalyst Systems as a New Power Source", Int. J. Green Energy, Vol. 8, (2011), 429-473 (Mills Prior "Thermal Power Conversion" Publications), which are referenced and incorporated in their entirety. In other embodiments, to thermal-electric power converters known to those of skill in the art, such as direct power conditioners (eg, thermionic and thermoelectric power conditioners such as Stirling engines and other heat engines). , The power system consists of the other one.

In a typical embodiment, the SF CIHT cell power generator outputs a continuous output of 10 MW with the desired waveform (eg DC or 120 V 60 Hz AC as well as thermal power). Solid fuels may contain metals such as one in a group consisting of: It is Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, a V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and an in,, those that will not be oxidized with _{H 2} O between the ignition and plasma expansion in vacuum. In another embodiment, the solid fuel may contain a metal such as Ag in which the oxide AgO can be reduced by heating in vacuum. Alternatively, the solid fuel may contain a metal such as Cu in which the oxide CuO can be reduced by heating with hydrogen air. Solid fuel consider the case containing Cu + CuO + _{H 2} O. In one embodiment, the plasma is formed under vacuum so that the Cu metal does not oxidize. And the regeneration of the fuel after ignition requires the addition of H ₂ O to make up for what it lost to make hydrino, but of H ₂ O → H ₂ (1/4) and _1/2 O ₂ . The energy is 50 MJ / moleH ₂ O. In this way, the reaction product is hydrated at 0.2 moles of H ₂ O / s. When Cu oxidizes, the typical mass flow rate of CuO is 50 g CuO / s, which corresponds to 200 kJ / g producing 10 MJ / s or 10 kJ / ms. The 0.625 moles H ₂ / s CuO that may be produced by electrolysis of H2O using an electrolytic cell may be reduced. This requires approximately 178 kW of power returned as heat during the cycle. In another embodiment, so as not to react with CuO to Cu is making Cu ₂ O, Cu ₂ O is alternative to CuO. If Ag is used as a metal for solid fuels, H ₂ is not required for the reduction of AgO to the metal Ag (only the heat returned during each cycle).

Ignition of solid fuels that produce hydrinos at very high speeds begins with a 20 kHz power source with a repetition frequency of 0.2 kHz. The power source may be a commercial welding machine source such as Miyachi, ISA-500CR / IT-1320-3 or ISA-1000CR / IT-1400-3, Miyachi ISA-500CR / IT-1320- The volume of the transformer of 3 or ISA-1000CR / IT-1400-3 is 34 liters. And it can be further miniaturized by means such as manipulating the transformer at higher frequencies. The power controller volume must also be considered. However, it is expected that the controller can be miniaturized to limit transformer substitution. This power source may serve at least part of the output power conditioner. Moreover, once the system is started, a small portion such as 1% of the electrical output of an SF-CIHT cell power generator such as that of an MHD or PDC converter is sufficient to maintain fuel ignition. In some cases. As such, the fuel-initiated high-current power sources may be cell SF CIHT cells and power converters that essentially have their respective volume contributions to the scale of the SF CIHT cell power generator. A charged supercapacitor with an amount of approximately 1 liter can be used to start the unit. In another embodiment, the ignition power source as well as the startup power source has at least one capacitor (eg, a low voltage bank, a high capacitance capacitor that supplies a low voltage, a high current required to provide ignition). Including. In another embodiment, the ignition power source as well as the startup power source has at least one capacitor (eg, a low voltage bank, a high capacitance capacitor that supplies a low voltage, a high current required to provide ignition). Including. The generator power output may be a low voltage DC so that little output adjustment is required. The former may be achieved using a DC / DC converter.

Consider the typical case of 60-tooth gears, such as ceramic gears whose surface is metal coated during ignition. While operating at 200 RPM, the corresponding ignition speed is 0.2 kHz or 5 ms per ignition. The SF-CIHT cell with this ignition system has a volume of approximately 2 liters. The MHD volume conversion density of RLN2 is 700 MW / m ³ ([Yoshihiro Okuno, "Research activities on MHD power generation at Tokyo Institute of Technology, December 19th", Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo
http: // vips. es. tick. ac. jp / pdf / 090325-meeting / Okuno. Considering that a pdf]), the scale on the order of a higher ion density and supersonic particle hydrino driving the plasma is given, conversion density, MHD substitution of at least 10 GW / ^{m 3} or ¹⁰ 7 W / liter Must. Superconducting magnets and Dewar / cold storage management systems may replace another 6 liters. Finally, product recovery and regeneration system is supposed to replace the minimum of approximately 2 liters but if reproduction requires of H ² reduction is like a 20 liter, substitutions be higher Can be done.

Consider that the system includes: (1) A capacitor-based source of power to a 20 kA electrode with a repetition frequency of 0.2 kHz, which also serves as the first power source and replaces approximately 1.5 liters. (2) A small portion of the electrical output of an SF-CIHT cell power generator, such as that of an MHD or PDC converter, sufficient to maintain fuel ignition. (3) SF-CIHT cell replacing approximately 2 liters with an ignition system containing 60-teeth, meshing gears moving at 200 RPM. (4) An MHD converter with two sections, where a 2 liter conservative replacement separates the superconducting magnets, and a cryogenic management system replaces 3 times this volume (another 6 liters). (5) A product recovery and regeneration system in which approximately 2 liters of product is rehydrated into a reactant. And (6) DC output directly from the MHD converter. The total volume of the 10 MW system in this typical example is 1.5 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 13.5 liters (approximately 24 cm x 24 cm x 24 cm or approximately 9.4 inches x 9.4 inches x 9.4 inches). is there.

In one embodiment, the SF CIHT cell power generator may act as a modular unit for multiple SF-CIHT cell power generators. Modular units may be connected in parallel, in series or in parallel to increase voltage, current and power to the desired output. In one embodiment, multiple modular units may provide power to replace the central grid power system. For example, multiple units of 1 MW to 10 MW of electricity may replace substations or central power stations. SF-CIHT cell power generators interconnect with each other and other power regulation and storage systems and power infrastructures such as those of electrical power systems using systems and methods known to those of skill in the art It may be.

G. Applied SF-CIHT cells can be used to replace traditional electrical power sources with advantageous autonomous power grids and fossil fuel infrastructures. Typical common examples are heating (both space heating and process heating), electrical power for residential, commercial and industrial use, electric vehicles, trucks and trains, ships such as electric boats and submarines, electric airplanes. And aviation such as helicopters, and aerospace power such as electric satellites. Specific examples are household and business electronics, lighting, electric vehicles, generation of H ₂ by electrolysis of H 2 _O, trucks refrigerated vehicle, communication repeaters, brine desalination, remote mining and refining, household and business Electric heating such as heating, alarm system, refrigerator / freezer, dishwasher, oven, washing machine / dryer, lawn mower, planting trimmer, snow remover and other home appliances, as well as personal computers, TVs, stereos and video players It is a household electronic device such as. Various suitable sized SF-CIHT cells may be used as a dedicated power source for specific appliances such as heaters, washing machines / dryers, and air conditioners.

Many power applications can be realized by SF-CIHT cells that output at least one of AC and DC power to the corresponding load. A schematic diagram of the system integration of Application 200 of the electrical SF-CIHT cell is shown in FIG. In certain embodiments, the SF-CIHT cell 202 is controlled by the SF-CIHT cell controller 201. The SF-CIHT cell receives H ₂ O from source 204, adds H ₂ O to the regenerated fuel, converts H to hydrino, and emits an extremely large amount of power, which is converted to electric power. The by-product heat may be sent to a heat load or may be removed as exhaust heat by the thermal cooling system 203. The output electrical power may be stored in a storage means 205 such as a battery or supercapacitor and then sent to the distribution center 206. Alternatively, the output power may be sent directly to the distribution center 206. In embodiments where there is a DC output from the plasma to an electrical converter such as an MHD or PDC converter, the electrical power is then tuned from DC to AC by the DC / AC converter 207, or another form by the DC / DC converter 221. It is changed to DC power of. After that, the adjusted AC or DC power flows into the AC power controller 208, or the DC power controller 222, and the AC power load 209, or the DC power load 223, respectively. Examples of mechanical loads powered by AC or DC motors 215 include power power applications such as home appliances 216, motorcycles, scooters, golf carts, automobiles, trucks, trains, tractors and bulldozers, and other excavators. 217, an aviation electric propeller or electric fan 218 such as an aircraft, a ship propeller 219 such as a ship and a submarine, and a rotary shaft machine 220. Examples of other AC loads include AC telecommunications 210, AC appliances 211, AC electronics 212, AC lighting 213, and AC spaces and process conditioners 214 such as heaters and air conditioners. Examples of corresponding suitable DC loads include DC telecommunications 224s such as data centers, DC appliances 225, DC electronics 226, DC lighting 227, and DC spaces and process conditioners 228 such as heating and air conditioning.

By SF-CIHT cell, that such hydrino from H 2 _O, using at least one of electrical and thermal power derived from the conversion of H from the source, and outputs the mechanical power in the form of rotation of the shaft Therefore, many power applications can be realized. FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the system integration of Application 300 for thermal and electrical-thermal hybrid SF-CIHT cells. In certain embodiments, the SF-CIHT cell 302 is controlled by the SF-CIHT cell controller 301. The SF-CIHT cell 302 receives H ₂ O from the source 303, adds H ₂ O to the regenerated fuel, converts H to hydrino and emits an extremely large amount of plasma power, which is the plasma / electrical conversion. It may be converted directly to electric power using a device, indirectly converted to electric power using a thermal / electrical converter, or the thermal power may be output directly. This power may be sent to heat or an electric heater 304 capable of heating the external heat exchanger 305. Alternatively, heat may be sent directly from the SF-CIHT cell 302 to the external heat exchanger 305. A working gas, such as an air stream, is introduced into the unfired turbine 306 and heated by the high temperature external heat exchanger 305 to receive thermal power from the SF-CIHT cell 302. The heated working gas performs pressure / volume work on the blades of the non-combustion turbine 306, rotating its shaft. The rotating shaft can drive multiple types of mechanical loads. Examples of suitable mechanical loads include wheels 307 for power power applications, generators 308 for power generation, aviation electric propellers for aircraft, or electric fans 309, ship propellers 310 for ships and submarines, and rotating shafts. Machine 311 is included. The electrical power from the generator 308 may be used for other purposes such as electrical power power and stationary electrical power. These and other uses can be achieved using the integrated system shown in FIG. 7, or a portion of the integrated system.

In certain embodiments, electrical power from the SF-CIHT cell is used to drive the antenna in a desired frequency band that can be received by an antenna capable of receiving the transmitted power. This power may be used to operate an electronic device such as a mobile phone of a personal computer or an entertainment system such as an MP3 player or a video player. In another embodiment, the receiving antenna may collect the transmitted power and charge the battery for operating the electronic device.

The present disclosure further relates to a battery or fuel cell system that generates electromotive force (EMF) from hydrogen from a catalytic reaction to a lower energy (hydrino) state and directly converts the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity. There,
Reactants that make up hydrino reactants during cell operations with separate electron flow and ion mass transport,
With the cathode compartment, including the cathode,
With the anode compartment, including the anode,
With respect to the system, including a hydrogen source.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a battery that generates electromotive power (EMF) from hydrogen from a catalytic reaction to a lower energy (hydrino) state and directly converts the energy released from the hydrino reaction into power, or a battery. With respect to fuel cell systems, the system is one or more that initiates catalytic action of catalysts or catalyst sources, atomic hydrogen or hydrogen sources, catalysts or catalyst sources, and reactants that form atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen sources. The battery or fuel cell system for forming the hydrino, which comprises at least two components selected from the reactants of the catalyst and the support which enables catalytic action, includes a cathode compartment including a cathode and an anode. It further comprises an anode compartment, optionally a salt bridge, and a catalyst that constitutes a hydrino reactant during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, and a hydrogen source.

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the reaction mixture and the reaction for initiating a hydrino reaction, such as the exchange reaction of the present disclosure, are the basis of a fuel cell in which electrical power is generated by the reaction of hydrogen to form hydrino. The reaction mixture that produces hydrinos by the oxygen-reducing half-cell reaction consists of the transfer of electrons through an external circuit and the ion mass transport via another route to complete the electrical circuit. The entire reaction that produces the hydrinos obtained by the sum of the half-cell reactions, and the corresponding reaction mixture, may include the thermal power reaction types of the present disclosure and the chemical formation of hydrinos.

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, different reactants, or the same reactants under different conditions or conditions, such as at least one of different temperatures, pressures, and concentrations, are fed into different cell compartments. Connected to separate electron and ion conduits, the electrical circuit between the compartments is completed. The potential and electrical power gain between the electrodes of the separate compartments, or the thermal gain of the system, occurs depending on the mass flow rate of the hydrino reaction from one compartment to another. The mass flow rate provides information on the reaction mixture that reacts to produce hydrino and at least one of the conditions under which the hydrino reaction can occur at a considerable rate. Ideally, the hydrino reaction would not occur at an appropriate rate without electron flow and ion mass transport.

In another embodiment, the cell produces at least one of an electrical and thermal power gain that is greater than or equal to the gain of electrolytic power applied through the electrodes.

In certain embodiments, the reactants forming the hydrino are at least one that is thermally reproducible or electrolytically reproducible.

One embodiment of the present disclosure is an electrochemical power system that produces electromotive force (EMF) and thermal energy, with a cathode, an anode, and separate electron flow and ion mass transport. Containing reactants constituting the hydrino reactant in operation, (a) catalyst source, or nH, OH, OH, -H ₂ O, H ₂ S, or MNH ₂ (where n is an integer in the formula). , M is an alkali metal), and (b) an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen, and (c) at least a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and atomic hydrogen. It relates to a system comprising at least two components selected from a reactant that forms one, one or more reactants that initiate the catalytic action of atomic hydrogen, and a support. In an electrochemical power system, the following conditions are: (a) atomic hydrogen and a hydrogen catalyst are formed by the reaction mixture, (b) one reactant activates the catalyst by undergoing a reaction, and ( c) The reactions that cause catalysis are (i) exothermic reaction, (ii) conjugate reaction, (iii) free radical reaction, (iv) redox reaction, (v) exchange reaction, and (vi) getter, support, or At least one of, including a reaction selected from matrix-assisted catalytic reactions, can occur. In certain embodiments, (a) different reactants, or (b) the same reactants under different conditions or conditions are fed into different cell compartments, which are connected to separate electron and ion conduits and between the compartments. The electric circuit is completed. At least one of the internal mass flow rate and the external electron flow rate must have the following conditions: (a) formation of a reaction mixture that reacts to produce hydrino, and (b) conditions that can cause a hydrino reaction at a considerable rate. It can result in at least one of the formations. In certain embodiments, the reactants that form the hydrino are thermally or electrolytically reproducible. At least one of the electrical and thermal energy outputs can exceed the output required to regenerate the reactants from the product.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to electrochemical power systems that produce electromotive force (EMF) and thermal energy. It includes a cathode, anode, and reactants that constitute a hydrino reactant during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport. It then includes at least two components selected from: (A) Catalyst source or catalyst, O ₂ , O _3, ,, O, O ⁺ , H2O, H ₃ O ⁺ , OH, OH ⁺ , OH ⁻ , HOOH, OOH ⁻ , O ⁻ , O ₂ ⁻ Contains at least one oxygen species selected from, undergoes an oxidative reaction with H species to form OH and H ₂ O, and H species are H ₂ , H, H ⁺ , H ₂ O, H ₃ Includes at least one from O ⁺ , OH, ΟH ⁺ , OH ⁻ , HOOH, and OOH ⁻ ;. (B) Atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen. (C) Catalytic sources, catalysts, atomic oxygen sources, and atomic oxygen, and one or more reactants initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen. And it is a support. The O-source may contain at least one compound or mixture, including: It is O, O ₂ , air, oxide, NiO, CoO, alkali metal oxide, Li ₂ O, Na ₂ O, K ₂ O, alkaline earth metal oxide, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO, Cu. , Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, and W, Oxides, peroxides, alkali metal peroxides, superoxides, alkali or alkaline earth metal superoxides, hydroxides, alkalis, alkaline earths, transition metals, internal transition metals, and first Group III, IV, or V group, hydroxide, oxyoxide, AlO (OH), ScO (OH), YO (OH), VO (OH), CrO (OH), MnO (OH) (-MnO (-MnO) OH) grout stone and -MnO (OH) submanganate), FeO (OH), CoO (OH), NiO (OH), RhO (OH), GaO (OH), InO (OH), Ni _1/2 Co _1/2 O (OH) and Ni _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 o (OH). The H species source may contain at least one compound or mixture, including: It is H, metal hydride, LaNi ₅ H ₆ , hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, H ₂ , H ₂ source, H ₂ , and hydrogen permeable membrane, NiPt (H ₂ ), Ni (H ₂ ), V. With stainless steel (SS), such as (H ₂ ), Ti (H ₂ ), Nb (H ₂ ), Pd (H ₂ ), PdAg (H ₂ ), Fe (H ₂ ), and 430SS (H ₂ ). is there.

In another embodiment, the electrochemical power system comprises at least one of a hydrogen anode, a molten salt electrolyte containing hydroxides and an O ₂ and H ₂ O cathode. The hydrogen anode may include at least one hydrogen permeable electrode from: It is NiPt (H ₂ ), Ni (H ₂ ), V (H ₂ ), Ti (H ₂ ), Nb (H ₂ ), Pd (H ₂ ), PdAg (H ₂ ), Fe (H ₂ ), and 430SS _(H 2), a porous electrode that may scatter the H2, and hydrides _{(e.g., R-Ni, LaNi 5 H} 6, La 2 Co 1 Ni 9 H 6, ZrCr 2 H 3. 8, LaNi _3.55 Mn _0.4 Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , Zrmn _0.5 Cr _0.2 V _0.1 Ni _1.2 , and other metal hydrides, AB ₅ (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl), or AB ₂ ( VTiZrNiCrCoMnAlSn) type ( "AB _X" is, a-type element (LaCePrNd or TiZr), the ratio of B-type element _{(VNiCrCoMnAlSn)), AB 5 -type} :. MmNi 3 2 Co 1.0 Mn 0.6 Al 0. ₁₁ Mo _0.09 (Mm = Mish metal: 25 wt% La, 50 wt% Ce, 7 wt% Pr, 18 wt% Nd), AB _2- type: Ti _0.51 Zr _0.49 V _0.70 Ni _1.18 Cr _0.12 alloy, magnesium-based alloy, Mg _1.9 Al _0.11 Ni _0.8 Co _0.1 Mn _0.1 alloy, Mg _0.72 Sc _0.28 (Pd _0.012 + Rh _0.012 ), And Mg ₈₀ Ti ₂₀ , Mg ₈₀ V ₂₀ , La _0.8 Nd _0.2 Ni _2.4 Co _2.5 Si _0.1 , LaNi _{5. x} M _x (M = Mn, Al), (M = Al) , Si, Cu), (M = Sn), (M = Al, Mn, Cu) and LaNi ₄ Co, MmNi _3.55 Mn _0.44 Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , LaNi _3.55 Mn _{0. 44} Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , MgCu ₂ , MgZn ₂ , MgNi ₂ , AB type compound, TiFe, TiCo, and TiNi, AB _n type compound (n = 5, 2, or 1), AB _3-4 type Compound, AB _x (A = La, Ce, Mn, Mg; B = Ni, Mn, Co, Al), ZrFe ₂ , Zr _0.5 Cs _0.5 Fe ₂ , Zr _0. gSc _0.2 Fe ₂ , YNi ₅ , LaNi ₅ , LaNi _4.5 Co _0.5 , (Ce, L a, Nd, Pr) Ni ₅ , Mischmetal-nickel alloy, Ti _0.98 Zr _0.02 V _0.43 Fe _0.09 Cr _0.05 Mn _1.5 , La ₂ Co ₁ Ni ₉ , FeNi, and A hydride selected from Timn ₂ ). To at least one other salt, such as one selected from one or more other hydroxides, halides, nitrates, sulphates, carbonates and phosphates, the molten salt may contain hydroxides. .. The molten salt may contain at least one salt mixture selected from: _{It, CsNO 3 -CsOH, CsOH-KOH} , CsOH-LiOH, CsOH-NaOH, CsOH-RbOH, K 2 CO 3 -KOH, KBr-KOH, KCl-KOH, KF-KOH, KI-KOH, KNO 3 -KOH , KOH-K ₂ SO ₄ , KOH-LiOH, KOH-NaOH, KOH-RbOH, Li ₂ CO ₃ -LiOH, LiBr-LiOH, LiCl-LiOH, LiF-LiOH, LiI-LiOH, LiNO ₃ -LiOH, LiOH- NaOH, LiOH-RbOH, Na ₂ CO _3- NaOH, NaBr-NaOH, NaCl-NaOH, NaOH-NaOH, NaI-NaOH, NaOH _3- NaOH, NaOH-Na ₂ SO ₄ , NaOH-RbOH, RbCl-RbOH, RbNO _3- RbOH, LiOH-LiX, NaOH-NaX, KOM-KX, RbOH-RbX, CsOH-CsX, Mg (OH) _2- MgX ₂ , Ca (OH) _2- CaX ₂ , Sr (OH) _2- SrX ₂ , Or Ba (OH) _2- BaX ₂ , where X = F, Cl, Br, or I, and LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Mg (OH) ₂ , Ca (OH) ₂ , Sr (OH). ) ₂ , or Ba (OH) ₂ , and 1 or more: AlX ₃ , VX ₂ , ZrX ₂ , TiX ₃ , MnX ₂ , ZnX ₂ , CrX ₂ , SnX ₂ , InX ₃ , CuX _{2 , NiX 2, PbX 2, SbX} 3, BiX 3, CoX 2, CdX 2, GeX 3, AuX 3, IrX 3, FeX 3, HgX 2, MoX 4, OsX 4, PdX 2, ReX 3, RhX 3, RuX ₃ , SeX ₂ , AgX ₂ , TcX ₄ , TeX ₄ , TIX, and WX ₄ , where X = F, Cl, Br, or I. The molten salt may contain a cation that is common to the anion of the salt-mixed electrolyte, or the anion is common to the cation, and the hydroxide is stable to the other salts of the mixture.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the electrochemical power system is [M'' (H ₂ ) / MOH-M'halide / M'''], and [M'' (H ₂ ) / M. (OH) ₂ -M'halide / M'''], contains at least one. M is an alkaline or alkaline earth metal. M'is a metal that is less stable and less reactive with water than those of alkaline or alkaline earth metals. M ″ is a hydrogen permeable metal. M'''is a conductor. In one embodiment, M'is Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Te. , Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. Instead, M and M'are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, It may be a metal such as one independently selected from Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, and W. Other typical systems include [M'(H ₂ ) / MOH M''X / M'''], where M, M', M'', and M''', are metal cations or metals. X is an anion such as one selected from hydroxides, halides, nitrates, sulfates, carbonates and phosphates, and M'is hydrogen permeable. In one embodiment, the hydrogen anodes are V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo. , Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, and W, consisting of at least one metal selected from, reacts with the electrolyte during discharge. In another embodiment, the electrochemical power system can form at least one of a hydrogen source, OH, OH ⁻ , and H ₂ O catalyst to provide H hydrogen anodes; O ₂ and A cathode capable of reducing at least one of H ₂ O, at least one of H ₂ O or O ₂ , a source of alkaline electrolyte; collecting at least one of H ₂ O steam, N ₂ , and O ₂ . recycle options for a system, and collects H _2, including systems, recirculating.

The present disclosure further relates to an electrochemical power system that includes an anode that includes at least one of the following: It is V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sn, In, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Al, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, and W, is one metal such as selected _{from, R-Ni, LaNi 5 H} 6, La 2 Co 1 Ni 9 H 6, ZrCr 2 H It is a metal hydride selected from _3.8 , LaNi _3.55 Mn _0.4 Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , Zrmn _0.5 Cr _0.2 V _0.1 Ni _1.2 , and is AB ₅ (LaCePrNdNiCoMnAl) and AB ₂ (VTiZrNiCrComnAlSn) types, where "AB _X " means the ratio of A type elements (LaCePrNd and TiZr) to B type elements (VNiCrComnAlSn), AB ₅ -type, MmNi _3.2. Co _1.0 Mn _0.09 Al _0.11 Mo _0.09 (Mm = Mish metal: 25 wt% La, 50 wt% Ce, 7 wt% Pr, 18 wt% Nd), AB ₂ -Type: Ti _0.51 Zr _{0 .49} V _0.70 Ni _1.18 Cr _0.12 alloy, magnesium alloy, Mg _1.9 Al _0.1 Ni _0.8 Co _0.1 Mn _0.1 alloy, Mg 0. ₇₂ Sc _0.28 (Pd _0.012 + Rh _0.012 ), and Mg ₈₀ Ti ₂₀ , Mg ₈₀ V ₂₀ , La _0.8 Nd _0.2 Ni _2.4 Co _2.5 Si _0.1 , LaNi _{5 -X} M _x (M = Mn, Al), (M = Al, Si, Cu), (M = Sn), (M = Al, Mn, Cu), and LaNi ₄ Co, MmNi _3.55 Mn _{0. 44} Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , LaNi _3.55 Mn _0.44 Al _0.3 Co _0.75 , MgCu ₂ , MgZn ₂ , MgNi ₂ , AB type compound, TiFe, TiCo, and TiNi, AB _n type Compounds (n = 5, 2, and 1), AB _3-4 type compounds, AB _X (A = La, Ce, Mn, Mg; B = Ni, Mn, Co, Al), ZrFe ₂ , Zr _0.5 Cs _0.5 Fe ₂ , Zr _0.8 Sc _0.2 Fe ₂ , YNi ₅ , LaNi ₅ , LaNi _4.5 Co _0.5 , (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) Ni ₅ , Mischmetal-nickel alloy , Ti _0.98 Zr _0.02 V _0.43 Fe _0.09 Cr _0.05 Mn _1.5 , La ₂ Co ₁ Ni ₉ , FeNi, and Timn ₂ ; It is a storage alloy, a separator, a water-soluble alkaline electrolyte, at least one O ₂ and H ₂ O reducing cathode, and at least one of air and O 2. The electrochemical system may further include an electrolysis system that charges and discharges the cell intermittently so that the gain is in the net energy balance. Alternatively, the electrochemical power system may or may further include, from the regenerating hydrogenation system, that the power system rehydrogenates the hydride anode beside it.

Another embodiment includes an electrochemical power system that generates an electromotive force (EMF) and thermal energy that includes a molten alkali metal anode; including beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and hydroxides. Includes a molten salt cathode. Molten salt cathode may consist of a eutectic mixture (e.g. a source of their one hydrogen in Table 4 (for example, a hydrogen permeable membrane and H ₂ gas)). The source of catalyst or _{^{catalyst, OH, OH -, H 2}} O, NaH, Li, K, Rb +, and Cs, molten salt cathode may be chosen from, may include alkali hydroxide. The system may further include a hydrogen reactor and a metal-hydroxide separator in which the alkali metal cathode and alkali hydroxide cathode are regenerated by the hydrogenation of the oxidation product and the resulting separation of alkali metal and metal hydroxide. Absent.

Another embodiment of the electrochemical power system comprises an anode consisting of a hydrogen permeation membrane and a source of hydride containing further hydrogen and molten hydroxide, such as one selected from H2 gas. A cathode containing at least one or a mixture of beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and molten elements and molten halogen salts. Suitable cathodes include molten elemental cathodes containing one from In, Ga, Te, Pb, Sn, Cd, Hg, P, S, I, Se, Bi, and As. Alternatively, the cathode, NaX (X is a halide) _{and, NaX, AgX, AlX 3,} AsX 3, AuX, AuX 3, BaX 2, BeX 2, BiX 3, CaX 2, CdX 3, CeX 3, CoX _{2, CrX 2, CsX, CuX} , CuX 2, EuX 3, FeX 2, FeX 3, GaX 3, GdX 3, GeX 4, HfX 4, HgX, HgX 2, InX, InX 2, InX 3, IrX, IrX 2 _{, KX, KAgX 2, KAlX 4} , K 3 AlX 6, LaX 3, LiX, MgX 2, MnX 2, MoX 4, MOX 5, MoX 6, NaAlX 4, Na 3 AlX 6, NbX 5, NdX 3, NiX 2 _{, OsX 3, OsX 4, PbX} 2, PdX 2, PrX 3, PtX 2, PtX 4, PuX 3, rbX, ReX 3, RhX, RhX 3, RuX 3, SbX 3, SbX 5, ScX 3, SiX 4, One or more from the group SnX ₂ , SnX ₄ , SrX ₂ , ThX ₄ , TiX ₂ , TiX ₃ , TlX, UX ₃ , UX ₄ , VX ₄ , WX ₆ , YX ₃ , ZnX ₂ , and ZrX ₄ . May be a thawed salt cathode containing.

Another embodiment of an electrochemical power system that produces electromotive force (EMF) and thermal energy includes an anode containing Li and an electrolyte containing at least one of an organic solvent and an inorganic Li electrolyte and LiPF ₆ . , Olefin separator and cathode, the cathodes of which are oxyhydroxide, AlO (OH), ScO (OH), YO (OH), VO (OH), CrO (OH), MnO (OH). (Α-MnΟ (ΟH) grout ore and γ-MnO (OH) manganate), FeO (OH), CoO (OH), NiO (OH), RhO (OH), GaO (OH), InO ( OH), Ni _1/2 Co _1/2 O (OH), and Ni _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 O (OH), including at least one.

In another embodiment, the electrochemical power system comprises an anode containing at least one of the species Li, lithium alloy, Li ₃ Mg, and Li—NH system, and a molten salt electrolyte. It contains a hydrogen cathode, and the cathode is one of H ₂ gas and porous cathode, H ₂ and hydrogen permeable membrane, and metal hydride, alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal, internal transition metal, and rare earth element hydride. Including one.

The present disclosure further relates to an electrochemical power system, which includes at least one of cells (a) to (h).
(A) (i) NiPt (H ₂ ), Ni (H ₂ ), V (H ₂ ), Ti (H ₂ ), Fe (H ₂ ), b (H ₂ ) or LaNi ₅ H ₆ , Timn ₂ An anode containing a hydrogen permeable metal and hydrogen gas, such as one selected from H _x , and one selected from La ₂ Ni ₉ CoH ₆ (where x is an integer), and ( ii) a M'X or M'X ₂ MOH or M _{(OH) 2} comprises, or MOH or M _(OH) molten electrolyte selected from _2, wherein, M and M ', Li, Na, K , Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, a metal selected from, X is an anion such as one selected from hydroxides, halides, sulfates and carbonates, and (iii) anode. the same metal comprises further air and O _{2 and;} made of, a cathode comprising.
(B) (i) R-Ni, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Approximately (ii) saturated with an anode containing at least one metal such as selected from Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. electrolyte containing a water-soluble alkali hydroxide in a concentration range of 10M; and, (iii) an olefin-separator and, (iv) further and carbon cathode comprising air and O _2, comprising those from.
(C) (i) An anode containing molten NaOH and a hydrogen permeable film (eg Ni and hydrogen gas), (ii) an electrolyte containing a β-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), and (iii) NaCl-. Contains melted eutectic salts such as MgCl ₂ , NaCl-CaCl ₂ , or MX-M'X ₂ '(M is alkaline, M'is alkaline earth, and X and X'are halides). Including the existing cathode.
(D) (i) An anode containing molten Na, (ii) an electrolyte (BASE) containing a β-alumina solid electrolyte, and (iii) a cathode containing molten NaOH.
_{(E) (i) LaNi 5} H 6, an anode comprising a hydride such as, an electrolyte containing a (ii) a water-soluble alkali hydroxide in a concentration range of about 10M to those saturated, (iii ) Olefin separator, and (iv) a carbon cathode containing air and O ₂ ;.
(F) (i) an anode containing Li, (ii) an olefin separator, (iii) an organic electrolyte such as one containing LP30 and LiPF ₆ , and (iv) CoO (OH). Those containing cathodes, such as those containing oxyhydroxides.
(G) (i) An anode containing a lithium alloy such as Li ₃ Mg and (ii) LiCl-KCl or MX-M'X'(M and M'are alkalis, X and X'are halides). And a cathode containing a metal halide such as one selected from (iii) CeH ₂ , LaH ₂ , ZrH ₂ , and TiH ₂ , with a molten salt electrolyte such as, and one further containing carbon black. Including.
(H) (i) Anodes containing Li and (ii) molten salt electrolytes such as LiCl-KCl or MX-M'X'(M and M'are alkalis, X and X'are halides). , And a cathode containing a metal halide such as one selected from (iii) CeH ₂ , LaH ₂ , ZrH ₂ , and TiH ₂ , further comprising carbon black.

In a suitable embodiment, the hydrogen electrode comprises a metal such as nickel that is ready to have a protective oxide coat such as NiO. The oxide film may be formed by anodizing or oxidation in an oxidative atmosphere, such as one containing oxygen.

The present disclosure further relates to an electrochemical power system, which includes at least one of cells (a) to (d).
(A) (i) Anode containing a hydrogen electrode labeled with Ni (H ₂ ) containing at least one of hydrogen permeation, diffusion and intermittent electrolysis sources, and (ii) M'X. or MOH or M _{(OH) 2} comprises M'X _2, or a molten electrolyte which is selected from the MOH or M _{(OH) 2,} where, M and M ', Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs , Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, X is an anion such as one selected from hydroxides, halides, sulfates and carbonates, the same metal as the (iii) anode. Containing, further consisting of a cathode containing air and O ₂ .
(B) (i) Anode containing a hydrogen electrode called Ni (H ₂ ) containing at least one of hydrogen permeation, dispersal and intermittent electrolysis sources, and (ii) LiOH-LiBr. , NaOH-NaBr, or a molten electrolyte such as NaOH-NaI, and (iii) a cathode containing the same metal as the anode, further containing air and O ₂ .
(C) (i) Anodes containing precious metals such as Pt / Ti and (ii) H ₂ SO ₄ or H ₃ PO ₄ which may be in the concentration range of 1M to 10M and 5M to 15M, respectively. Such a water-soluble acid electrolyte, and a cathode containing the same metal as the (iii) anode, and further containing air and O ₂ .
(D) (i) Ni (H ₂ ) containing a hydrogen permeation source, an anode containing a hydrogen electrode and melted NaOH, and (ii) an electrolyte containing a β-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). ), And (iii) Melting such as NaCl-MgCl ₂ , NaCl-CaCl ₂ , or MX-M'X ₂ '(M is alkali, M'alkaline earth, and X and X'are halides). Including the cathode containing the salt of the eutectic.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure initiates a reaction with a hydrogen catalyst capable of bringing an atomic H in the n = 1 state into a lower energy state, an atomic hydrogen source, and lower energy hydrogen. With respect to catalytic systems such as catalytic systems for electrochemical cells, including other species that can be propagated and propagated. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a reaction mixture comprising at least one atomic hydrogen source and at least one catalyst or catalyst source that supports the catalytic action of hydrogen to form hydrinos. The reactants and reactions to solid and liquid fuels disclosed herein are also reactants and reactions of heterogeneous fuels, including a mixture of multiple phases. The reaction mixture comprises at least two components selected from a hydrogen catalyst or a hydrogen catalyst source and an atomic hydrogen or an atomic hydrogen source, and at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst may be formed by the reaction of the reaction mixture. In a further embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a support, a reducing agent, and an oxidant which may be conductive in certain embodiments, activating catalysis by undergoing a reaction of at least one reactant. .. The reactants may be regenerated by heating for any non-hydrino product.

This disclosure is also a source of power,
Reaction cells for catalysis of atomic hydrogen and
Reaction tank and
With a vacuum pump
Atomic hydrogen source that communicates with the reaction tank,
A hydrogen catalyst source containing a bulk material that communicates with the reaction vessel,
Containing at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst and a reaction mixture containing at least one reactant comprising an element (s) forming at least one other element, thereby at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst. Is formed from the source of at least one of the atomic hydrogen source and the hydrogen catalyst source, and
With at least one other reactant that causes catalysis,
Including a heater for the tank,
It relates to a power source that thereby releases energy in an amount of about 300 KJ or more per mole of hydrogen by catalysis of atomic hydrogen.

Reactions that form hydrinos can be activated, initiated, or propagated by one or more chemical reactions. These reactions are, for example, (i) hydride exchange reactions, (ii) halide-hydride exchange reactions, (iii) exothermic reactions that provide activation energy for hydrino reactions in certain embodiments, (iv). A conjugated reaction that provides at least one of a catalyst or an atomic hydrogen source that supports the hydrino reaction in a particular embodiment, (v) a free radical reaction that functions as an electron acceptor from the catalyst during the hydrino reaction in a particular embodiment. (Vi) A redox reaction that functions as an electron acceptor from a catalyst during a hydrino reaction in certain embodiments, (vii) ionized when receiving energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos in certain embodiments. Other exchange reactions, such as anion exchange, including exchange of halides, sulfides, hydrides, hydrides, oxides, phosphorus oxides, and glass oxides, which facilitate the action of such catalysts, and (viii) (a ) The chemical environment for the hydrino reaction, (b) the action of moving electrons to promote the function of the H catalyst, (c) reversible phase changes, or other physical changes, or changes in electronic state. Also (d) from a getter, support, or matrix-assisted hydrino reaction that may provide at least one of binding to a lower energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the degree or rate of the hydrino reaction. You can choose. In certain embodiments, the conductive support allows the activation reaction.

In another embodiment, the reaction to form hydrinos involves at least one of hydride exchanges and halide exchanges between two types, such as at least two types of metals. At least one kind of metal may be a catalyst or a catalyst source for forming a hydrino such as an alkali metal or an alkali metal hydride. Hydride exchange is between at least two hydrides, between at least one metal and at least one hydride, between at least two metal hydrides, between at least one metal and at least one metal hydride. It may also be between two or more species, or any other combination of such exchanges containing these species. In certain embodiments, the hydride exchange is a mixture of (M ₁ ) _x (M ₂ ) _y H _z (where x, y, and z are integers and M ₁ and M ₂ are metals). Form metal hydrides.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a reaction in which the catalyst in the activation and / or propagation reaction is a reaction between the catalyst or catalyst source and a hydrogen source containing a material or compound for forming an interlayer compound. Containing and relating to the reactants being regenerated by removal of the intercalated species. In certain embodiments, the carbon may function as an oxidant, and the carbon may be produced from the alkali metal intercalated carbon, for example by heating, using a substitution agent, electrolytically, or by using a solvent.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure is a power system,
(I) Catalysts or catalyst sources, atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen sources, catalysts or catalyst sources, and reactants that form atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen sources, one or more reactants that initiate the catalytic action of atomic hydrogen, and catalysts. A chemical fuel mixture containing at least two components selected from a support that allows the action, and
(Ii) One or more thermal systems that include a plurality of reaction vessels to invert an exchange reaction and thermally regenerate fuel from a reaction product.
A regeneration reaction, including a reaction to form an initial chemical fuel mixture from the reaction product of the mixture, is carried out in at least one of the plurality of reaction tanks with at least one other reaction tank undergoing a power reaction.
Heat from at least one power generator is sent to at least one reaction vessel undergoing regeneration to provide energy for thermal regeneration.
The tank is embedded in a heat transfer medium to achieve heat flow,
The at least one chamber further comprises a vacuum pump and a hydrogen source, and the temperature maintained between the hotter chamber and the cooler chamber so that the seeds preferentially accumulate in the cooler chamber. There may be two additional chambers with a difference,
With a thermal system, the hydride reaction is carried out in a cooler chamber to form at least one initial reactant that is returned to the hotter chamber.
(Iii) A heat sink that receives heat from the power generation reaction tank through the thermal barrier,
(Iv) A power conversion system that may include a thermal engine such as a Rankine or Brayton cycle engine, a steam engine, a Stilling engine, and a power conversion system that may include a thermoelectric or thermionic converter. Regarding. In certain embodiments, the heat sink may transfer power to a power conversion system to generate electric power.

In certain embodiments, the power conversion system receives the flow of heat from the heat sink, and in certain embodiments, the heat sink comprises a steam generator and the steam is sent to a thermal engine such as a turbine to generate electric power.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure is a power system,
(I) Catalysts or catalyst sources, atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen sources, catalysts or catalyst sources, and reactants that form atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen sources, one or more reactants that initiate the catalytic action of atomic hydrogen, and catalysts. A chemical fuel mixture containing at least two components selected from a support that allows the action, and
(Ii) A thermal system for reversing an exchange reaction to thermally regenerate fuel from a reaction product, including at least one reaction vessel, from which the reaction product of the mixture forms an initial chemical fuel mixture. The regeneration reaction, including the reaction, is carried out in at least one reaction vessel together with the power reaction, and the heat from the power generation reaction is sent to the regeneration reaction to supply energy for thermal regeneration, and at least one vessel. However, on one part it is insulated and on the other part it comes into contact with a heat conductive solvent to achieve a thermal gradient between each of the hotter and cooler parts of the tank. The seeds are preferentially accumulated in the cooler part, at least one tank further comprises a vacuum pump and a hydrogen source, and the hydride reaction is returned to the hotter part at least one initial stage. With a thermal system carried out in a cooler part to form a reactant,
(Iii) A heat sink that receives heat from a power generation reaction that is optionally transferred through a thermally conductive medium and through at least one thermal barrier.
(Iv) A power conversion system that may include a thermal engine such as a Rankine or Brayton cycle engine, a steam engine, a Stilling engine, and may include a thermoelectric or thermoelectron converter, the conversion system. Concers power systems, including power conversion systems, which receive heat sink heat flow.

In one embodiment, the heat sink is sent to a steam generator and a thermal engine such as a turbine to generate electric power.

H. Electrochemical SF-CIHT Cell In the electrochemical embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell, in the presence of high current flows, HOH reacts with H to produce hydrinos at a rate that is greatly enhanced by a catalytic reaction. Due to the high current flow that causes, at least one of the excess voltage, current and power to them that is applied or internally generated is generated by the formation of at least one of the HOH catalyst and H. In another electrochemical embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell, the reaction of HOH to H in the presence of HOH-catalyzed, H and high current flows to produce hydrinos at a rate that is greatly enhanced by some catalytic reaction. Voltage and power are generated by the formation of at least one conductor that can carry high currents by at least one electrochemical reaction that causes. The electrochemical reaction may involve electron transfer at at least one electrode in the cell. In one such embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the cell contains a cell component, a tank 400 capable of containing a reactant and an electrolyte, a cell component containing a cathode 405 and an anode 410, a source of HOH catalyst and H. It contains a reactant containing a source of and an electrolyte containing a source of a highly conductive medium capable of transmitting at least one of an ion and electron stream. Cathodes may include nickel oxide, lithium oxide nickel oxide, nickel and others of the present disclosure. The anode may contain a Ni, Mo or Mo alloy (eg MoCu, MoNi or MoCo). The source of HOH may be the source of H. The HOH catalyst and at least one source of H are oxygen and hydrogen such as hydrous compounds or materials such as hydrate oxides or halides of hydrates such as CuO of hydrates and hygroscopic substances of hydrates of the present disclosure. CoO, and MX ₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X = F, Cl, Br, I), oxides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, which may be at least one source of , O ₂ , H ₂ O, HOOH, OOH ⁻ , peroxide ion, superoxide ion, hydride and H ₂ . The H ₂ O mol% content of the hydrous compound is from about 0.000001% to 100%, 0.00001% to 100%, 0.0001% to 100%, 0.001% to 100%, 0.01%. In at least one range of 100%, 0.1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%. Maybe. In one embodiment, the electrochemical reaction produces HOH that reacts with the H present in the cell. The cell may further include a bipolar plate 500 such as that shown in FIG. To achieve at least one of higher voltage, current and power supply, the bipolar plates may be stacked in series or in parallel or in combination and may be connected.

In the embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrochemical power system comprises a bath, at least one cathode containing the tank, at least one anode, at least one electrolyte, and (a) at least one source of catalyst. Alternatively, a catalyst containing H ₂ O in the developing stage, (b) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen, and (c) a conductor (source of conductive matrix, conductor and conductive matrix). At least one of the current source and the electron current and the external current source selected from the internal current source, which produces a current containing at least one of the source and the high ion, where the electrochemical power. The system produces at least one of electrical and thermal energy, but can include at least two reactants selected from these; in certain embodiments, to an electric current between each cathode and the corresponding anode. Cathode combinations, anodes, reactants and external current sources allow the catalytic action of atomic hydrogen to create hydrinos in propagation that sustains their contribution. In a further embodiment, the cell current may increase and the catalytic reaction with atomic hydrogen may cause a decrease in cell voltage.

In certain embodiments, it may be the electrolyte contains oxygen, a source of hydrogen, H 2 _O, at least one source of source and H of HOH catalyst. The electrolyte may include a melting electrolyte such as those of the present disclosure, such as a mixture of a melting hydroxide and a melting halide (eg, a mixture of alkali hydroxides and an alkali halide such as LiOH-LiBr). Absent. The electrolyte may further comprise a matrix material such as one of them in the present disclosure, such as an oxide such as alkaline earth such as MgO. Electrolytes may further comprise additives such as those of the present disclosure. Alternatively, the electrolyte is water-soluble, such as one containing a base such as KOH or a hydroxide such as alkali hydroxide such as acid (eg HCl, H ₃ PO ₄ , or H ₂ SO ₄ ). May contain electrolytes. Moreover, the electrolyte can include at least one electrolyte selected from: It is at least one water-soluble alkali metal hydroxide; saturated water-soluble KOH; at least one melted hydroxide; at least one eutectic mixture; melted hydroxide and at least one other compound. At least one mixture of melted hydroxides and salts; at least one mixture of melted hydroxides and halogen salts; at least one mixture of alkali hydroxides and alkali-halides; In the group of LiOH-LiBr, LiOH-NaOH, LiOH-LiBr-NaOH, LiOH-LiX-NaOH, LiOH-LiX, NaOH-NaBr, NaOH-NaL, NaOH-NaX and KOH-KX (X represents a halide) At least one; with at least one acid; at least one of HO, H ₃ PO ₄ , and H ₂ SO ₄ .

In one embodiment, at least one source of H2O catalyst and source of atomic hydrogen in the nascent phase can include: It is (a) at least one source of H2O; (b) at least one oxygen, and (c) at least one hydrogen. In a further embodiment, the electrochemical power system further comprises one or more solid fuel reactants to make at least one of a conductor, a source of catalyst, a catalyst, a source of atomic hydrogen and atomic hydrogen. Can be done. In a further embodiment, the reactants can undergo a reaction during cell operation with separate electron streams in the transport of electron and ion mass with an external circuit within the reactants. In the examples, at least one of the excess voltage, current and power to them applied or generated internally can be produced by the high current flow and by the formation of at least one of the HOH catalyst and H. it can. In a further embodiment, the voltage and power can be produced by the formation of a HOH catalyst, at least one conductor capable of transmitting high current by at least one electrochemical reaction with H, and further embodiments. In, the high current increases the reaction rate of the catalyst with atomic hydrogen. In an example, the electrochemical reaction can involve electron transfer at at least one electrode in the cell.

In one embodiment, at least one of high current and high current density is applied to cause the hydrino reaction to occur at a high rate. At least one source of high current and high current density may be at least one of the external and internal sources. At least one of the internal and external current sources contains a voltage selected to generate a DC, AC or AC-DC mixed current, the current being at least 1A to 50kA, 10A to 10kA, and 10A to 1kA. In one range, the DC or peak AC current density is in at least one range of 1 A / cm ² to 50 kA / cm ² , 10 A / cm ² to 10 kA / cm ² , and 10 A / cm ² to 1 kA / cm ² . is there. The voltage may be measured by the conductivity of the electrolyte given by applying the resistance of the electrolyte, which may include the conductor, to the desired current. The DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 100V, 0.1V to 10V, and 1V to 5V, and the AC frequency may be from 0.1Hz to 10GHz, 1Hz. It may be in at least one range selected from 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In some embodiments, the electrodes may be very close together and spaced, as a discharge arc may form between them. In one embodiment, the electrolyte resistance is in the range of at least one selected from approximately 0.001 milliohms to 10 ohms and 0.01 ohms to 1 ohm, and the resistance of the electrolyte per active electrode region to create hydrinos. is at least one range selected from about 0.001 milliohms / cm ² to 10 ohm / cm ² and 0.01 ohms / ^cm 2 to 1 ohm / cm ^2.

In certain embodiments, the current containing at least one of the ion and electron streams is transmitted by the electrolyte. Electric current may be transmitted by an electrochemical reaction between at least one of the electrolyte, the reactant and the electrode. In certain embodiments, the at least one species of electrolyte may optionally include at least one reactant. The current may flow through the conductor of the electrolyte. The conductor is an electrode, such as a cathode, which may be produced by a reduction reaction. The electrolyte may contain metal ions that are reduced to form a conductive metal. In an embodiment, metal ions can be reduced during the flow of electric current to form a conductive metal. In other embodiments, the current carrying the reducing electrochemical reaction is at least one of the metal ions to the metal. H ₂ O + O ₂ → OH ⁻ ; metal oxide + H ₂ O → metal oxyhydroxide and metal hydroxide and OH ⁻ ; and metal oxyhydroxide + H ₂ O → OH ⁻ , where the ion current carrier is OH ⁻ ,. In an example, the anode can contain H, H ₂ O can be made by oxidation of the reaction with OH ⁻ at H at the anode, and / or the source of H at the anode is at least one of the metal hydrides. One comprises LaNi ₅ Hx, _{H 2} produced by electrolysis on the anode, _{H 2} supplied through the _{H 2} and the hydrogen permeable membrane to be supplied as a gas.

In certain embodiments, the at least one reactant with the electrolyte, including the disclosure or nascent includes at least one source of catalyst H _{2 O} (at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen) Includes reactants that make up the hydrino reactants of the catalyst, further comprising at least one of a conductor and a conductive matrix. In certain embodiments, at least one of the electrolytes and reactants comprises at least one of the sources of solid fuels or energetic materials of the present disclosure and solid fuels or the energetic materials of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a typical solid fuel comprises a source of H2O and a conductive matrix to make at least one of a catalyst, a catalyst, a source of atomic hydrogen and a source of atomic hydrogen. H ₂ O source, bulk _H 2 O, bulk _{H 2} O other states, creating a compound or _{H 2} O, comprising at least one of the compounds undergoing at least one of the reaction in order to release the bound _{H 2} O It may be. _H 2 O to H2O is absorbed, bound _H 2 O, and _{H 2} O in at least one state of physisorbed _{between H 2} O and water of hydration, a compound that interacts, binds _{H 2} O is also contain unknown. The reactants are bulk H ₂ O, absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O and a conductor that receives at least one of the hydration water divergence and one or more compounds or materials. It may contain and may have H ₂ O as a reaction product. Further typical solid fuel, hydrated by moisture absorption material and the conductor, hydrates carbon; carbon and metal hydrates; metal oxides, metal or carbon, a mixture of H 2 _O; and metal halides, metal or carbon, a mixture of _{H 2} O. Metals and metal oxides may include transition metals (eg Co, Fe, Ni and Cu). Halide metals may include Mg or Ca and alkaline earth metals such as halides (eg F, Cl, Br or I). Metal, might have a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction with _{H 2 O, Cu, Ni,} Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, It is like at least one of the groups Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. , the reactants may be regenerated by the addition of H _{2 O.} The reactants that make up the hydrino reactant may include at least one of a slurry, solution, emulsion, complex and compound.

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the reactants, catalysts, atomic hydrogen sources and atomic hydrogens that make up at least one of the catalyst sources can include at least one of the following: It, _H 2 _O of _{H 2} O and _{nascent; O 2, H 2 O,} HOOH, OOH -, peroxide ions, superoxide ion, a hydride, H2, halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides , Hydroxide, oxygen-containing compound, hydrous compound, hydrous compound selected from at least one group of halides, oxide, oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, oxygen-containing compound and conductive matrix. As in a typical example, the oxyhydroxide can include at least one from the following groups: It is TiOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOFL, FeOOH, GaOOI, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH; but _{it, CuO, Cu 2 O, CoO} , Co 2 O 3, CO 3 O 4, FeO, Fe 2 O 3, NiO, and _Ni 2 _{O 3;} a and, hydroxides, Cu _{(OH) 2} , Co (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₃ , Fe (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₃ , and Ni (OH) ₂ ; which can contain at least one of the oxygen-containing compounds. It can include at least one from the following groups, which are sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, acidic carbonates, chromates, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbromines. Acids and Periodates, MXO ₃ , MXO ₄ (metals such as alkali metals such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide , Nickel magnesium oxide, Copper magnesium oxide, Li ₂ O, Alkali metal oxide, Alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , Co ₃ O ₄ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , rare earth oxides, CeO ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH , NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, and the conductive matrix is of metal powder, carbon, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitriles (eg TiCN) or nitriles. group , At least one can be included.

In embodiments, the reactants constitute hydrino reactant containing a metal, a mixture of metal halides and H _{2 O.} In another embodiment, the reactants form a hydrino reaction comprising a mixture of a transition metal, an alkaline earth metal halide and H _{2 O.} In a further embodiment, the reactants constitute conductors, hydrino reaction comprising a mixture of a hygroscopic substance and H _{2 O.} Non-limiting examples of conductors include metal powders or carbon powders, and non-limiting examples of hygroscopic materials include at least one from the following groups. It, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, carnallite (e.g. _{KMgCl 3 · 6 (H 2 O} )), iron (III) citrate ammonium, potassium hydroxide and water Sodium oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, fertilizer chemicals, salt, desiccant, silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, molecular sieve, Zeolite, deliquescent material, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salts. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrochemical power system conductors, here it can comprise a mixture of hygroscopic substances and H _{2 O,} the (metal), (hygroscopic material), (H 2 _O) relative molar charge ranges from about (100000Metal 0.000001), (100000Hydroscopic Material from 0.000001), (100000H ₂ O 0.000001): about (10000Metal 0.00001) (0.00001 From 10000 hydroscopical material), (0.00001 to 10000H ₂ O); about (0.0001 to 1000 metric), (0.0001 to 1000 hydroscopic material), (0.0001 to 1000 H ₂ O); about (0.001 to 100 metric). ), (0.001 to 100 hydroscopical material), (0.001 to 100H ₂ O); about (0.01 to 100 metric), (0.01 to 100 hydroscopic material), (0.01 to 100 H ₂ O); about (0.1 to 10 metric), (0.1 to 10 hydroscopical material), (0.1 to 10H ₂ O); and about (0.5 to 1 metric), (0.5 to 1 hydroscopical material), (0.5) From 1H ₂ O) to at least one.

Typical cathode materials that can undergo a reduction reaction to generate an ionic current are oxygen and H2O metal oxyhydroxides, metal oxides, metal ions, oxygen and mixtures. At least one of the metal oxides, metal oxyhydroxides and metals hydroxide may contain transition metals. Metal oxides, metal oxyhydroxides and metals hydroxide may include one of the present disclosures. A typical current transfer reduction electrochemical reaction is metal ion → metal; H ₂ O + O ₂ → OH ⁻ ; metal oxide + H ₂ O → at least one of metal oxyhydroxide and metal hydroxide + OH ⁻ , and Metal oxyhydroxide + H ₂ O → OH ⁻ . The ion current carrier may be OH ⁻ , and the anode may contain H to produce H ₂ O by oxidation of OH ⁻ . The source of the anode H is, LaNi ₅ H _x, metal hydrides such as, _{H 2} produced by electrolysis on the anode, at least one of _{H 2} through _{H 2,} and hydrogen-permeable membrane, which is supplied as a gas May include one. In other embodiments, at least one of oxygen-containing ions, oxygen- and hydrogen-containing ions, OH ⁻ , OOH ⁻ , O ^2- , and O ₂ ^2- , conveys the ionic current, but the ions. The transport reaction is given by formula (61-72).

In certain embodiments, the present electrochemical power system of disclosure, (a) a porous electrode, (b) a gas diffusion electrode, at least one cathode of the (c) hydrogen permeable anode (oxygen and H _{2 O} is supplied, and, H ₂ is supplied to the anode), (d) oxyhydroxide, oxide, nickel oxide, lithiated nickel oxide, the cathode includes at least one of nickel and, (E) At least one of a Ni, Mo, Mo alloy (for example, MoCu, MoNi or MOCO) and an anode containing a hydride can be included. In a further embodiment, the hydride can be a LaNi ₅ H _x, cathode, TiOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH , FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, SmOOH, And MnO ₂ , which can be at least one. In another embodiment, the electrochemical power system of the present disclosure may include a manifold connected to an electrode, a gas line and at least one gas supply system including at least one gas channel. ..

In one embodiment, used by the power released by the formation of hydrinos, the cell produces an excess of current in it. In one embodiment, the formation of hydrinos from H releases the energy that causes the ionization of at least one species, such as at least one of the reactants, electrolytes and electrodes. Ionization may cause excess current beyond that applied. Due to the higher mobility of electrons compared to ions, the ionized species causes a current contribution in the direction of the applied current. In some embodiments, the applied current may depend on at least one of an external voltage and current source, or an internally produced electrochemically. 2 cm OD cell [Ni, Ni powder + LaNi ₅ H _x / KOH (saturated aqueous solution) / Ni powder + NiOOH, Ni], (mixed with 50 wt% Ni powder cathode and anode material. Electrode current collector was Ni) In a typical embodiment including, the cell operated while supplying voltage limited high current DC power. (Kepco ATE6-100M, 0-6V, 0-100A) The voltage limit was set to 4V. The cell current was initially 20A and 3.8V, then increased to 100A and the voltage dropped to 2.25V. The cell showed anomalous negative resistance (higher current decreasing voltage). And it is a characteristic of power contribution from the formation of hydrinos, which identifies it. Cell temperature also increased above that, as expected due to the release of heat energy from the hydrino reaction.

In one embodiment, at least one magnet is applied to the cell to cause Lorentz bending of the electrons created by the energy released from the catalytic action of H to hydrino. In some embodiments, the electrons are bent or biased in preference to the negative electrode, and the positive ions are bent or biased in preference to the positive electrode. In one embodiment, preferential bending is due to greater energy release at bending in the direction of current flow.

In certain embodiments, the electrochemical SF-CIHT cell further comprises an electrolysis system. Electrolysis may be applied intermittently to regenerate at least one of the electrolytes, reactants and electrodes. The system may be supplied with reactants to be consumed during the formation of hydrino and power. The supplied reactant may replace at least one of the sources of HOH and H. A suitable typical fed reactant is one or more of the groups H ₂ O, H ₂ , and O ₂ . In one embodiment, at least one of the electrolyte and the solid fuel is regenerated in situ. Alternatively, it may be supplied to the cell continuously or intermittently. Here, the product of the cell reaction may be regenerated to become the first reactant. Regeneration, the heat of the regeneration, H ₂ reduced is disclosed in rehydration or methods or previous application of the present disclosure, it is referenced, incorporated herein. Electrodes are regenerated by electrolysis of anode materials such as Mo alloys, metals such as Ni, Mo, which may include regeneration schemes for reactions such as those of the present disclosure, such as those of equation (53-60). May do.

In some embodiments, the ion carrier may contain H ⁻ and the electrolyte conducts hydride ions such as a molten halogen salt mixture such as a molten alkali halide mixture such as LiCl-KCl. May be possible. The catalyst may contain at least one H atom by the reactions of equations (6-9) and (24-31). The cell may include a hydrogen gas containing a reactant capable of forming a metal-like hydride such as an alkali metal such as Li and a hydrogen permeable membrane cathode supplied with an anode. The metal may be in a hydrogen permeable anode. Typical hydrogen permeable metals are Ni, V, Ti, Nb and Ta. Cells and methods of hydride ions conducting cells to create power by hydrino formation are disclosed here and in Mills' previous application. For example, Hydrogen Catalyst Treator, PCT / US08 / 61455, filed PCT 4/24/2008; Heaterogeneus Hydlogen Catalyst Treator, PCT / US09 / 052072, filed PCT7 / 29/2009; Heater , PCT filed 3/18/2010; Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT / US11 / 28889, filed PCT 3/17/2011; H 2 O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT US12 / 31369 filed 3/30 / 2012 and CIHT Power System, PCT / US13 / 041938 filed 5/21/13. These are referenced herein and incorporated as a whole. In one embodiment, power from external or internal sources is applied to the cell to release it, and surplus output is created by creating a hydrino. The current can be as high as one of those in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the cell moves, conversely, intermittently to recharge it. In one embodiment, the metal is regenerated at the anode and the hydrogen gas is regenerated at the cathode.

Heat and electricity are produced by the electrochemical examples of SF-CIHT cells. The electrochemical embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell further comprises a heat exchanger that may be on the outer cell surface to remove the heat produced in the cell and deliver it to the load. In another embodiment, the SF-CIHT cell comprises a boiler. The heat exchanger or boiler contains a cooling water input to supply or return hot cooling water and to receive cold cooling water from the cooling water outlet to the load. Machines using converters where heat may be used directly or as known by those skilled in the art (eg, heat engines and generators such as steam engines or steam or gas turbines), Rankin or Brayton cycle engines or Stirling engines. It may turn into electric power. Machines with converters known to those of skill in the art (eg heat engines, steam or gas turbine systems, Stirling engines or thermoelectric or thermoelectric converters) described in Mills' previous publications for power conversion. To target or electrical power, the heat output from each electrochemical embodiment of the SF-CIHT cell may flow out the cooling water outlet line to any of the thermal energy converters. In one embodiment, the electrochemical SF-CIHT cell is operated as an electrolytic cell. Hydrogen may be produced at the negative electrode, and oxygen may be produced at the positive electrode. The cell may consume H ₂ O. H ₂ O may be electrolyzed into H ₂ and O ₂ . H ₂ O may be supplied to the cell from a source such as a tank, from an H ₂ O steam supply, or from air. The formation of hydrinos may produce heat that may be used directly or converted into mechanical or electrical power.

I. Internal SF-CIHT Cell Engine In a mechanical embodiment of an SF-CIHT cell, including an SF-CIHT cell engine, at least one of heat and gas pressure is generated by ignition of solid fuel, or the energy material of the present disclosure. Ignition is achieved by the formation of at least one of the HOH catalyst and H by the applied high current flow, where HOH catalyzes the reaction of H and the rate is significantly increased by the catalytic reaction in the presence of high current. It rises to form hydrino. Particular embodiments of the present disclosure, a mechanical power system, and at least one piston-cylinder internal combustion engine engine, a catalyst containing at least one catalyst source or nascent H _{2 O} (a) , (B) a fuel containing at least one of the atomic hydrogen sources or atomic hydrogen, (c) at least one of the conductor and the conductive matrix, at least one fuel inlet having at least one valve, and at least one valve. For a power system comprising at least one exhaust outlet, at least one piston, at least one crankshaft, a high current source, and at least two electrodes that constrain and conduct high current through the fuel. ..

The power system provides at least one piston cylinder capable of at least one atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure during phases with different reciprocating cycles, and high current and optionally high voltage. An acceptable high power source, a solid fuel, or an energy material source of the present disclosure, at least one fuel inlet having at least one valve, at least one exhaust outlet having at least one valve, and at least one piston. At least two shafts, such as a crankshaft for transmitting the mechanical motion of at least one piston to a mechanical load, and at least two that constrain and conduct high currents through the fuel to ignite the fuel. One electrode can be provided, and at least one of the piston or cylinder can act as a counter electrode to the other electrode. In addition, the power system is further equipped with at least one brush for electrical contact between at least one piston and a high current source. In one embodiment, the internal SF-CIHT cell engine further comprises a generator that operates on the mechanical power of the engine to generate electrical power to drive the high current source, which is solid. It supplies a high current through the fuel to ignite it. The generator may be rotated by a shaft, such as the crankshaft of an engine, or may be actuated by a gear or other mechanical coupling member to the crankshaft. The engine may also be equipped with a fuel regenerator that converts or regenerates the product back to the initial solid fuel.

The engine pistons (s) may be reciprocated. The engine may include a two-stroke cycle that includes the induction and compression, and ignition and exhaust steps, or a four-stroke cycle that includes the power, exhaust, intake, and compression steps. Other engines known to those of skill in the art, such as rotary engines, are within the scope of this disclosure. Solid fuel flows into the piston chamber due to the displacement of the piston. During the power stroke of the reciprocating cycle, the compressed fuel is ignited with a high current corresponding to the high transition rate of the hydrino, which heats the product and additional added gas or gas source and pressures the piston Volumetric work (PV) is performed, the piston is moved in the cylinder, and a shaft such as a crankshaft is rotated. When the piston is displaced, the fuel flows into the cylinder, the fuel is compressed by the return of the piston before ignition, and the product is exhausted after the power step by the return of the displaced piston. Alternatively, the exhaust gas is vented while the fuel is flowing into the cylinder and the piston compresses it before the next ignition. The evacuated product may be sent to a regeneration system and recycled as initial fuel. Any added gas, or gas source, may be recovered, regenerated, or recirculated to improve the conversion of heat from solid fuel ignition to PV work.

In one embodiment, the fuel comprises a H ₂ O (at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen) of the present disclosure or nascent phase containing at least one source of catalyst, a conductor and a conductive matrix. Containing reactants constituting the hydrino reactant of the catalyst further comprising at least one of. In certain embodiments, the fuel comprises at least one of the sources of solid fuels or energetic materials of the present disclosure and solid fuels or the energetic materials of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the catalyst, the catalyst, to make at least one source of sources and atomic hydrogen atomic hydrogen, a typical solid fuel, comprising of H 2 _O and the conductive matrix source. H ₂ O source, bulk _H 2 O, bulk _{H 2} O other states, creating a compound or _{H 2} O, at least one of at least one receiving compound in the reaction to release the bound _{H 2} O May include. _H 2 O to H ₂ O is absorbed, bound _H 2 O, and _{H 2} O in at least one state of _{between H 2} O and water of hydration which is physisorbed, a compound that interacts, bound _{H 2} O may be included. The reactants are bulk H ₂ O, absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O and a conductor that receives at least one release of hydrated water and one or more compounds or materials. May contain H ₂ O as a reaction product. More typical solid fuel is water vapor absorption material and conductor hydrates; hydrated carbon; hydrated carbon and metal; metal oxide, a metal or carbon, and a mixture of H _{2 O;} and metal halides a mixture of a metal or carbon, and _{H 2} O. Metals and metal oxides may include transition metals (eg Co, Fe, Ni, Cu). The metal of the halide may include Mg or Ca and an alkaline earth metal such as a halide (eg F, Cl, Br, or I). The metals are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn. , W, Al, V, Zr , Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and in, but might have a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction with _{H 2} O, such as at least one group of, here, reactant may be regenerated by the addition of H 2 _O. The reactants that make up the hydrino reactant may include at least one of a slurry, solution, emulsion, complex and compound.

In certain embodiments, at least one source of H ₂ O catalyst and source of atomic hydrogen during development is (a) at least one H ₂ O source; (b) at least one oxygen source, and (c). At least one of at least one hydrogen source can be included: in a further embodiment, the fuel can produce at least one of a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and atomic hydrogen (a). ) H ₂ O and H ₂ O sources; (b) O ₂ , H ₂ O, HOOH, OOH ⁻ , peroxide ions, superoxide ions, hydrides, H ₂ , halides, oxides, oxyhydroxide Hydrated compounds selected from at least one group of substances, hydroxides, oxygenated compounds, hydrous compounds, (halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygenated compounds), and (C) Includes at least one of the conductive matrix. Non-limiting examples of oxyhydroxides include at least one selected from the following groups, which are TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH; a is, non-limiting examples of oxide comprises at least one selected from the following groups, _{which, CuO, Cu 2 O, CoO} , CO 2 O 3, CO 3 O 4, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , NiO, and Ni ₂ O ₃ , and non-limiting examples of hydroxides include at least one selected from the following groups, which are Cu (OH) ₂ , Co. (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₃ , Fe (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₃ , and Ni (OH) ₂ ; non-limiting examples of oxygen-containing compounds are selected from the following groups. Contains at least one of which is sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, carbonate, acidic carbonate, chromate, pyrophosphate, persulfate, perchlorate, perbromate and perioic acid. Salts, MXO ₃ , MXO ₄ (alkali metals such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, copper magnesium oxide , Li ₂ O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ Os, B ₂ O ₃ , NbO, NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , CO ₃ O ₄ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , rare earth oxides, CeO ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, and conductive The matrix comprises at least one selected from the group of metal powders, carbons, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitriles (eg TiCN) or nitriles.

In certain embodiments, the fuel is (a) a metal, a mixture of its metal oxide and H ₂ O, where the reaction of the metal with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous; (b) the metal, its metal. A mixture of halides and H ₂ O, where the reaction of the metal with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous; and (c) a transition metal, a mixture of alkaline earth metal halides and H ₂ O, where the metal The reaction with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous. In a further embodiment, the metal reaction with _{H 2} O is not thermodynamically advantageous, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, It is selected from at least one of Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. To a further embodiment, the fuel can include conductors, a mixture of water vapor absorption material and H _{2 O.} In a further embodiment, the conductor is a metal powder or may comprise a carbon powder, wherein the metal carbon by reaction or of H _{2 O} is thermodynamically not advantageous, and hygroscopic material, the following can include at least one of the group, it is, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, carnallite (e.g. _{KMgCl 3 · 6 (H 2 O} ), iron citrate (III) Ammonium, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide and concentrated sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, fertilizer chemicals, salts, desiccants, silica , Activated charcoal, calcium chloride, calcium chloride, molecular sieve, zeolite, deliquescent material, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and deliquescent salt. In one embodiment, the fuel is a conductor, a hydrous. Materials and mixtures of H ₂ O can be included, with relative molar amounts of (metals), (hygroscopic materials), (H ₂ O) ranging from about (0.000001 to 100,000 metal), (0.000001). From 100,000 Hygroscopic Materials), (0.000001 to 100,000 H ₂ O); (0.00001 to 10000 Metals), (0.00001 to 10000 Hygroscopic Materials), (0.00001 to 10000 H ₂ O); (From 0.0001 (1000 metals), (0.0001 to 1000 hygroscopic materials), (0.0001 to 1000H ₂ O); (0.001 to 100 metals), (0.001 to 100 hygroscopic materials), (0.001 to 100H ₂₎ O); (0.01 to 100 metals), (0.01 to 100 hygroscopic materials), (0.01 to 100H ₂ O); (0.1 to 10 metals), (0.1 to 10 hygroscopic materials) , (0, 1 to 10H ₂ O); and (0.5 to 1 metal), (0.5 to 1 hydrous material), (0.5 to 1H ₂ O), at least one.

In additional embodiments, the fuel is a metal, its oxides and H _{2 O} mixture can contain, its oxide being reduced to metal with H ₂ at a temperature of less than H ₂ and 1000 ° C. Can be done. In an embodiment, the metal with an oxide which can be reduced to metal with _{H 2} at a temperature below 1000 ℃, Cu, Ni, Pb , Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Select from at least one of Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. it can.

In other embodiments, the fuel is an oxide that is not easily reduced with H ₂ and mild heat, a metal with an oxide that can be reduced to a metal with H ₂ at temperatures below 1000 ° C, and H ₂ O. , Can be included. In the examples, H ₂ and metal oxides that are not easily reduced by mild heat include at least one of alumina, alkaline earth oxides, and rare earth oxides. In a further embodiment, the fuel may include a carbon or activated carbon and H _{2 O,} the mixture is regenerated by rehydration include additional H 2 _O.

In some embodiments, _{H 2} O mol% content in the power system, 100% to about 0.000001% to 100% 0.00001%, 100% 0.0001%, 100% 0.001% , 0.01% to 100%, 0.1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%. Can be in at least one range of.

In certain embodiments, such as those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4A and 4B, as given in Mills' previous thermal power conversion publications, Mills' previous plasma power conversion publications, and Mills' previous applications. The cell l includes at least one cylinder of an internal combustion control engine. The internal SF CIHT cell engine shown in FIG. 9 cylinders a passage between at least one cylinder 52 that receives fuel from the fuel source 63 to the fuel inlet 56 and the fuel intake phase of the reciprocating cycle. Includes a suction valve assembly 60 that opens into the chamber. For example, a gas such as air or a rare gas such as a noble gas such as argon that may be recycled may also flow into the cylinder 52 by means through the fuel inlet 56 and the intake valve assembly 60. Absent. In another embodiment, during the power generation, such as H 2 _O, the gas source, such as a fluid that can been evaporated it is injected. Fluids such as H 2 _O, it may at least partially comprise a fuel, such as a source of catalyst and H.

As provided by the electrical connection 65 in the present disclosure, such as those capable of providing approximately 1 kA to 100 kA to provide a high current to ignite a solid fuel to produce a hydrino at a very high rate. Connected to the high current power supply 58, each cylinder 52 comprises at least two electrodes 54 and at least one of 62 and 52. In one embodiment, the fuel flows between at least two electrodes and hydrinos in expansion of any fluid with the release of thermal energy that causes at least one of the release of heat gas and heat and the gas that may evaporate in the cylinder. Is ignited to make. In another embodiment, as provided in the present disclosure, the electrodes cause H ₂ O or an arc plasma of H ₂ O containing gas to ignite H ₂ O to form hydrinos. In some embodiments, one electrode comprises an insulated through connection, and the other comprises at least one of a piston and a cylinder. The electrical connection 65 may be made directly between the high current power supply 58, the through connection 54 and the cylindrical electrode 52. In the embodiment in which the piston 62 is a counter electrode, the cylinder 52 is non-conductive. Typical non-conducting cylinders include ceramics. There may be electrical contact from the high current power supply 58 to the piston electrode 62 by a brush 64, such as one that contacts the shaft 51, which is an electrical connection to the piston electrode 62. When the fuel is compressed during the compression phase or the stroke of the reciprocating cycle, contact between the conductive fuel 61 and the through-connection electrode 54 and at least one of the piston 62 and the cylindrical electrode 52 may be created. .. At the same time as the fuel ignition of the compressed H2O or solid fuel 53 to make the hydrino at a very high speed, the hot cylinder gas expands to perform the pressure volume work. The hot cylinder gas exerts pressure on the top of the piston 62 because it causes it to move to match the positive displacement during the power phase. The action of the piston 62 is transferred to the rotating crankshaft 51, and this action applies to mechanical loads such as those done in the art. In one embodiment, the engine further comprises an internal generator 66 connected to the shaft 51 with output electricity connected to the high power supply 58 at the generator power connector 67. Thus, turning at least one of the other shafts, wheels, external generators, aviation turbofans or turbopropellers (ship propellers like machines, impellers and rotating shafts) applies the rest to the mechanical load. Meanwhile, some mechanical energy is used to provide high power to maintain ignition.

A high current power supply that delivers short bursts of high current electrical energy is sufficient to be caused by the hydrino reactants that undergo the reaction to produce hydrinos at very high speeds. In certain embodiments, the high current power supply, in order to achieve of H 2 _O arc plasma, it is possible to a high voltage. Arc plasma is provided in the sections of arc and high current hydrino plasma cells with DC, AC, and mixing of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a high current power supply that delivers a short burst of high current electrical energy includes the following, which is a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixed current (100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA). A voltage selected to cause (in the range of at least one of 100,000 A, 10 kA to 50 kA), the voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel, and the voltage is the desired resistance of the fixed fuel. When given by current, 100A / cm ² from ^{1,000,000A / cm 2, 1000A / cm} 2 from 100,000 a / cm ^2, and 2000A / cm ² from 50,000A / cm ^2, at least one range of DC or peak AC current density within, 0.1 V to 500 kV, 0.1 V to 100 kV, and 1 V to 50 kV DC or peak AC current density within at least one range, with an AC frequency of approximately 0.1 Hz. May be within 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In a particular embodiment, the resistance of the fuel can be in at least one range selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 100 MΩ, 0.1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ, and the active electrode area to make the hydrino. Appropriate load conductivity is about ^10-10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁶ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , ^10-5 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁶ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-4 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁵ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-3 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ⁴ Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-2 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ³ Ω Must be in at least one range selected from ^-1 cm ^-2 , 10 ^-1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 ² Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 , and 1 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 to 10 Ω ^-1 cm ^-2 . Can be done.

In the embodiment, the power stroke corresponding to the expansion of the cylinder gas is followed by the exhaust stroke of the compression, but the piston moves in the opposite direction and the negative movement compresses the cylinder gas and the exhaust port or It may be forced out of the cylinder 52 through the exhaust valve assembly 59. Hot cylinder gas may transport products from the cylinder 52 through at least one exhaust valve 59. Fuel evaporating products and optionally gas or fluid is regenerated into the first fuel and then returned to the fuel source to the fuel regenerator 55, where the products and gas may be. At least one may be transported out of the exhaust valve assembly 59 through the exhaust gas outlet 57. In certain embodiments, with the exception of the oxygen of H ₂ emissions _O added to the exhaust gas 57 to be consumed to create hydrino might be issued by the regenerator (regenerator) 55, may the system is closed. In one embodiment, the engine further includes a conveyor to drive the regenerated fuel from the regenerator 55 into the fuel source 63. A suitable conveyor may be at least one of a conveyor belt, a spiral or screw, an air conveyor or a moving machine. And the gravity assist flow path and others are known to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the engine is a reciprocating type with positive and negative displacement pressures. At least two cylinders may move out of phase with each other to assist each other in a reciprocating cycle. Fuel, such as carbon containing H 2 _O, it may be at least fairly flammable. The fuel may be a pneumatically injected fine powder in some embodiments. The fuel may contain H ₂ O, which may form conductors and gaseous products where the conductors may perform pressure volume work, and may be discharged immediately from the cylinder. In certain embodiments, the SF-CIHT engine comprises a modified internal combustion engine replacing fossil fuels with solid fuels or energetic materials of the present disclosure, and low voltage or one of them of the present disclosure. 62 and 52, which may be such arc plasma power sources, and at least one electrode 54 of the high current power source 58, and the spark plug and corresponding power source are replaced.

The balance between an internal combustion engine plant and a power load system is well known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, a rotary engine in which pressure volume (PV) work is performed by at least one of the heated gases produced by the energy released by the hydrino reaction, which can be explosive kinetic. The engine may include another type, such as. The systems and methods correspond to those of conventional piston engines. Fuel flows into the compression chamber, is ignited, expands, performs PV work, and the gas is compressed and discharged to start a new cycle. Exhaust gas may be recycled and recycled.

Heat and mechanical power are produced by mechanical examples of SF-CIHT cells. The SF-CIHT cell engine further includes a heat exchanger where it may be on the surface of the outer cylinder to remove the heat source produced in the cell and deliver it to the load. In another embodiment, the SF-CIHT cell comprises a boiler. The heat exchanger or boiler includes a coolant input that receives cold coolant from the load and a coolant outlet that supplies or returns hot coolant to the load. On machines where heat may be used directly or using a converter as identified by a person skilled in the art (eg, a heat engine and generator such as a steam engine or steam or gas turbine), a Rankin or Brayton cycle engine or a Stirling engine. Maybe it turns into electric power. For power conversion, in Mills previous publications known to those of skill in the art (eg heat engines, steam or gas turbine systems, Stirling engines or thermoelectron or thermoelectric converters) and machines described by converters. There is electrical power, the heat output from the mechanical embodiment of the SF CIHT cell may flow out the cooling water outlet line to any of the thermal energy converters.

VIII. Hydrino Plasma Cell In one embodiment, the CIHT cell includes a plasma cell in which plasma is intermittently formed in an intermittent application of external input power, and the externally distantly input power into the phase. During that time, power is drawn or output. The plasma gas contains hydrogen, hydrogen, a catalyst source and at least two catalyst sources that produce hydrinos by the reaction of H in the catalyst to supply power to an external load. The input plasma power creates at least a hydrino-forming reactant during the external power-off phase. Plasma cells may include barrier electrode reactors (RF plasma reactors) rt-plasma reactors, pressurized gas energy reactors (gas discharge energy reactors) microwave cells. Energy reactors, and glow discharge cell combinations and microwaves, or RF plasma reactors.
For example, catalysts and systems may be those of this disclosure and those of those disclosed in my earlier US patent application. For example, Hydrogen Catalyst Treator, PCT / US08 / 61455, filed PCT 4/24/2008; Heaterogeneus Hydlogen Catalyst Treator, PCT / US09 / 052072, filed PCT7 / 29/2009; Heater , PCT filed 3/18/2010; Electrochemical Hydrogen Catalyst Power System, PCT / US11 / 28889, filed PCT 3/17/2011; H 2 O-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen-Catalyst Power System, PCT / US12 / 31369 filed 3/30 / 2012, and CIHT Power System, PCT / US13 / 041938 filed 5/21/13 (“Mills' previous application”), which is referenced herein and incorporated in its entirety.

The hydrino reaction rate is greatly increased by the application of high current through the reactants containing H and the catalyst (eg HOH). By application or H _{2 O} source of high current to the solid fuel that contains H 2 _O, or, by forming an arc plasma which contains H 2 _O, by maintaining, H 2 _O ignition Is achieved. Arc plasma may be achieved in microwave cells powered by a mixture of DC and AC, cells powered by DC, and cells and cells powered by AC. In another embodiment, a high current is achieved using a flow in which the plasma plasma is electrostatic and may be limited in at least one of the magnetic fields. Typical examples of childbirth include a solenoid field such as that provided by a Helmholtz coil, magnetic bottle or mirror provided in a previous application by Mills, and a hot fusion study whose composition is known to those of skill in the art. Used in. Plasma flow can be increased by RF coupling, particle injection and other methods and means known to those skilled in the art of plasma.

In the embodiments of the present disclosure, the water arc plasma power system can include at least one closed reactor and reactant, which is at least one of the sources of H ₂ and H ₂ O. including at least one set of electrodes, and delivers the initial high breakdown voltage of H 2 _O, and supplies the high current that follows, a source of electrical power, and a heat exchanger system, and the A water power system produces arc plasma, light, and thermal energy. In an embodiment, an arc plasma can be generated and cause the reactants to undergo a reaction to form hydrinos at a very high rate. In certain embodiments, H ₂ O functions as a reactant comprising a) a catalyst or catalyst source containing H ₂ O in the nascent phase, b) an atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source, and c) a plasma medium. Arc plasma power system further includes a plasma medium comprising at least one of H 2 _O and traces of ions. In certain embodiments, H ₂ O can be the source of the H and HOH catalysts formed by the arc plasma. H ₂ O is in the range of 1 ° C to 2000 ° C and 0.01 to 200 atm, respectively, according to the H ₂ O phase diagram for operating temperature and pressure, in the standard state of a liquid and gaseous mixture, liquid. And can exist as at least one of the gaseous states. In a further embodiment, the plasma medium may contain at least one of a salt compound and decomposed ions that make the medium more conductive to achieve arc breakdown at a lower voltage. it can.

In the embodiment, the high breakdown voltage is in at least one range of about 50V to 100kV, 1kV to 50kV, and 1kV to 30kV, and the high current is 1kA to 100kA, 2kA to 50kA, and 10kA to 30kA. You can have a limit within at least one range of. High voltage and current may be at least one of DC, AC and a mixture thereof. In addition, the sources of electrical power are 0.1 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 10 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A. High discharge currents can be delivered in at least one range of / cm ² , 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , and 1 kA / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² . In an embodiment, the source of electrical power forming the arc plasma provides a bank of capacitors capable of supplying high currents that increase as the resistance and voltage decrease and high voltages in the range of about 1 kV to 50 kV. Includes multiple capacitors. In a further embodiment, the water arc plasma power system further comprises a secondary power source. In addition, the water arc plasma power system can include at least one of additional power circuit elements and secondary high current power sources. In such an embodiment, the source of electrical power can include multiple banks of capacitors that sequentially supply power to the arc, and each discharged bank capacitor is a charged bank capacitor. Since it has been discharged, it is charged by a secondary power source.

In a further embodiment, the closed tank further comprises a boiler containing a steam outlet, a return, and a recirculation pump, and at least one H2O phase contains at least one of the hot water, overheated water, steam. And superheated steam flows out of the steam outlet to provide a thermal or mechanical load. Then, at least one is the cooling stroke of the exhaust port flow, and steam condensation occurs in the transfer of thermal power to the load, and the cooled steam or water is returned to the cell through the return. In a further embodiment, the water arc plasma power system further includes at least one heat-electric converter to receive heat power from at least one of the boiler and heat exchanger. At least one thermal-electric converter is from heat engine, steam engine, steam turbine and generator (gas turbine and generator) to Rankine-cycle engine, Brayton-cycle engine, Stirling engine, thermoelectronic power converter and thermoelectronic power. It can include at least one of the groups chosen for the converter.

A. Microwave hydrino plasma cell In one embodiment, the plasma cell comprises a microwave plasma cell such as one of Mills' previous applications. Microwave cells include a tank (plasma gas source, gas inlet, gas outlet and pump that maintains the flow of plasma gas and pressure gauge) capable of retaining at least one of vacuum, pressure and pressure above. And at least one antenna, and a microwave cavity, a microwave oscillator and a coaxial cable connect from the microwave oscillator to at least one of the antenna and the microwave cavity. The plasma gas may contain at least one of H ₂ and H ₂ O. The plasma cell may further include a grounded conductor immersed in the plasma, such as a metal rod on the central shaft to provide a short circuit to the grounding of the voltage generated in the antenna or cavity. The short causes a high current to ignite the hydrino reaction. A short may create an arc between the antenna and the grounded conductor. High currents in the arc can cause a significant increase in the hydrino reaction.

In the microwave plasma cell embodiment, the plasma gas comprises at least nitrogen and hydrogen. The catalyst may be an amide ion. The pressure may be in the range of at least approximately 0.001 Torr to 100 atm, 0.01 Torr to 760 Torr, and 0.1 Torr to 100 Torr. The ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen may be whatever desired. In some embodiments, the nitrogen percentage of the nitrogen hydrogen plasma gas is in the range of approximately 1% to 99%.

B. Arc and high current hydrino plasma cells with DC, AC, and mixing In some embodiments, CIHT cells include hydrino-molded plasma cells called hydrino plasma cells. The high current may be DC, AC or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the cell is a dielectric barrier, such as a barrier containing a Garolite insulator, comprising a high pressure dielectric barrier gas discharge cell containing an electrode that is wrapped and useful and a conductive counter electrode. The conductive electrode may be cylindrical around the barrier electrode at the center of the shaft. The plasma gas may include at least one source of HOH catalyst such as sources and of H _{2 O} H. Further suitable plasma gases are inert gases such as at least one mixture of H ₂ O, a source of H, H ₂ , a source of oxygen, O ₂ and a noble gas. The gas pressure may be in the range of at least one of about 0.001 Torr to 100 atm, 1 Torr to 50 atm, and 100 Torr to 10 atm. For example, the voltage may be as high as in at least one of about 50V to 100kV, 1kV to 50kV, and 1kV to 30kV. The current may be in the range of at least one of about 0.1 mA to 100 A, 1 mA to 50 A, and 1 mA to 10 A. The plasma may contain arcs with much higher currents, such as at least one range of about 1A to 100kA, 100A to 50kA, and 1kA to 20kA. In some embodiments, the high current accelerates the hydrino reaction rate. In one embodiment, the voltage and current are AC. The drive frequency may be, for example, an audible frequency in the range of 3 kHz to 15 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequencies are in the range of at least one of about 0.1 Hz to 100 GHz, 100 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 kHz to 10 GHz, 1 MHz to 1 GHz, and 10 MHz to 1 GHz. A typical barrier electrode plasma cell is described below. J. M. Nowak, "Examination of the Strontium Catalysis of the Hydrino Reaction in an Audio-Frequency, Capacitively Coupled, Cylindrical Plasma Discharge", Master of Science Thesis, North Carolina State University, Nuclear Engineering Department, (2009),
http: // repository. lib. ncsu. edu / ir / bitstream / 1840.16 / 31/1 / etd. pdf
This is referenced here and incorporated in its entirety. In another embodiment, the dielectric barrier is removed to better support the arc plasma. The conductor exposed by it to the plasma gas provides thermionic electrons and field emission to support the arc plasma. Maybe.

In one embodiment, the cell comprises a high voltage power source applied to achieve breakdown in a plasma gas containing a source of H and a source of HOH catalyst. The plasma gas may contain at least one of the noble inert gases such as water vapor, hydrogen, sources of oxygen and argon. High voltage power may include direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) and their mixture. The breakdown of the plasma gas causes a significant increase in conductivity. The power source can have a high current. High currents at voltages lower than the breakdown voltage are applied because the HOH catalyst causes hydrinos to catalyze H at a high rate. High currents may include direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) and their mixture.

In an example, a high current, plasma cell comprises a molded HOH catalyst and a plasma gas capable of forming H. The plasma gas includes a source of HOH and a source of H (eg, H ₂ O and H ₂ gas). The plasma gas may further contain a HOH catalyst and additional gas that allows, enhances, or maintains H. Another suitable gas is a rare gas. The cell contains at least one set of electrodes, at least one antenna, at least one RF coil and antenna and at least one breakdown such as one capable of producing voltage or electrons. At least one microwave cavity that may include additional ionic energy sufficient to cause an electrical breakdown of the power source or plasma gas. The voltage may be in at least one range of about 10V to 100kV, 100V to 50kV, and 1kV to 20kV. The plasma gas may not only be gaseous in the first place, but also liquid. Plasma, or a liquid H _{2 O,} may be formed in a medium comprising liquid H _{2 O.} The gas pressure may be in the range of at least one of about 0.001 Torr to 100 atm, 0.01 Torr to 760 Torr, and 0.1 Torr to 100 Torr. Once breakdown is achieved, the cell may contain at least one secondary source of power that provides high current. High currents may also be provided by breakdown power sources. Each of the power sources may be DC or AC. Both frequency ranges may be in at least one range of about 0.1 Hz to 100 GHz, 100 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 kHz to 10 GHz, 1 MHz to 1 GHz, and 10 MHz to 1 GHz. The high current may be in at least one range of about 1A to 100kA, 10A to 100kA, 1000A to 100kA, 10kA to 50kA. High discharge current densities are 0.1 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 10 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , and 1 kA / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² . It may be in at least one range of. In some embodiments, the breakdown and at least one of the secondary high current sources may be applied intermittently. Intermittent frequencies may be in at least one range of about 0.001 Hz to 1 GHz, 0.01 Hz to 100 MHz, 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, and 10 Hz to 100 kHz. The duty cycle may be in the range of at least one of about 0.001% to 99.9%, 1% to 99%, and 10% to 90%.
In one embodiment, the DC power source is separated from the AC power source by at least one capacitor, including an RF power source and an AC such as a DC power source. In some embodiments, one desirable cell gains, such as the hydrino power component exceeds the input electrical power, the hydrino components of the output power gives viz, at a rate claims, for example with H ₂ at least 1 The source of H, which makes hydrino and H ₂ O, is supplied to the cell.

In some embodiments, there may be pure, and the liquid H _{2 O,} which may include a water-soluble salt solution, such as saline, plasma gas is replaced. The solution is such high-frequency radiation (eg RF or microwave excitation) which may be an incident due to AC excitation. An excitation medium containing H ₂ O, such as salt water, may be placed between the RF transmitter and receiver. From the high frequency oscillator capable of producing an RF signal having a frequency and power that can be absorbed in the medium containing the H 2 _O, RF transmitter or antenna receives RF power. The cell and excitation parameters may be one of them in the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the RF frequency may be in the range of approximately 1 MHz to 20 MHz. The RF excitation source may further include a tuning circuit or matching network to match the impedance of the load with the transmitter. Metal particles, may be suspended with H 2 _O or a salt solution. Incident power is about 0.1 W / cm ² to 100 kW / cm ² , 0.5 W / cm ² to 10 kW / cm ² , to cause an arc in the plasma due to the interaction of metal particles and incident radiation, And at least one in the range of 0.5 W / cm ² to 1 kW / cm ² , and may be high. The size of the metal particles may be adjusted to optimize arc formation. Suitable particle sizes are in the range of about 0.1 μm to 10 mm. The arc carries the high currents that cause kinetics with high hydrino reactions. To another embodiment, the plasma gas comprises of H _{2 O} as H _{2 O} vapor and cell includes a high station wave radiation (e.g. RF or microwave) metal compounds which are also incidents by. With plasma gases containing H2O with a large enhancement of hydrino kinetics, field concentrations above sharp points of metal objects cause arcs.

In certain embodiments, the high current plasma comprises an arc. The arc plasma may have distinctive properties above the glow discharge plasma. In the former case, the electron and ion temperatures may be similar, and in the latter case, the electron thermal energy may be much higher than the ion thermal energy. In certain embodiments, the arc plasma cell comprises a pinch plasma. One plasma gas, such as containing of H 2 _O is maintained at a pressure sufficient to form the arc plasma. For example, the pressure may be high in the range of about 100 Torr to 100 atm. In some embodiments, breakdown and high current power supplies may be the same. Power supply containing multiple capacitors including a bank of capacitors capable of supplying high voltage such as voltage in the range of approximately 1kV to 50kV Power supply and resistance and voltage decrease and increase with arc formation and maintenance by high current, such as those that may include, but arc may be made of high pressure _{H 2} O containing liquid _{H 2} O, currents, may be in the range of approximately 0.1mA to 100,000 a Absent. The voltage may be increased by connecting capacitors in series, and the capacitance may be increased by connecting capacitors in parallel to achieve the desired high voltage and current. The capacitance may be sufficient to sustain the plasma for long periods of time, such as over 0.1 s to 24 hours. Power circuits may have additional elements to maintain the arc that was once created, such as a secondary high current power source. In one embodiment, the charge charged in a bank of capacitors may be released, sequentially supplying power to an arc in which each discharged bank of the capacitor may be recharged by a charging power source. The power supply includes multiple banks of capacitors. Multiple banks may be sufficient to maintain steady-state arc plasma. In another embodiment, the power supply that provides at least one of plasma breakdown and high current to the arc plasma comprises at least one transformer. In one embodiment, for example, the arc is established at a high DC repetition rate in the range of approximately 0.01 Hz up to 1 MHz. In some embodiments, the roles of cathode and anode may be reversed periodically. The speed of reversal may be low to maintain the arc plasma. The alternating current cycle speed may be at least one of 0 Hz to 1000 Hz, 0 Hz to 500 Hz, and 0 Hz to 100 Hz. The power supply may have a maximum current limit that keeps the hydrino reaction rate at the desired rate. In one embodiment, the high current is variable to control the power produced by the hydrino to provide variable output. The high current limit controlled by the power supply may be in the range of at least one of about 1 kA to 100 kA, 2 kA to 50 kA, and 10 kA to 30 kA. The arc plasma may have a negative resistance that contains a voltage behavior that decreases with increasing current. Plasma arc cell power circuits may include a form of positive impedance, such as an electric ballast, to establish a stable current at the desired level. The electrodes may be in the desired geometry and electric field provided between the two. Suitable geometries are at least one of the central cylindrical electrode and the outer concentric electrode, a pin or cylinder facing the parallel plate electrode. The electrode may provide at least one of thermionic electrons and field emission at the cathode to support the arc plasma. High current density as approximately 10 6 ^{A /} cm ² and as high as might be made. The electrode may consist of at least one material with a high melting point, such as one from a group of refractory metals such as W or Mo and carbon, and a material with low reactivity with water. For example, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Ti, Sn, It is one from the group of W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. In some embodiments, the electrodes may be movable. Direct contacts with each other and then may be mechanically separated to initiate and maintain the arc plasma, or electrodes may be placed close together. In this case, the breakdown voltage may be much lower than in cases where the electrodes are permanently disconnected at a constant gap. The voltage applied to create an arc with movable or clearance adjustable electrodes may be in at least one range of about 0.1V to 20kV, 1V to 10kV, and 10V to 1kV. The electrode spacing may be adjusted to maintain a stable arc at the desired current or current density.

In one embodiment, a catalyst containing at least one of OH, HOH, O ₂ , nO and nH (where n is an integer) is generated in a water-arc plasma. Schematic representation of the H ₂ O arc plasma cell power generator 700 is shown in FIG. 10. Two electrodes, such as the outer cylindrical electrode 706, and an arc plasma chamber of cell 709 with cell cap 711 and insulation base 702 capable of at least one of greater vacuum, pressure and pressure than that of the atmosphere can be defined. The arc plasma cell 709 includes a central shaft electrode 703, such as a central rod. Cell 709 is supplied with arc plasma gas or liquid (eg H2O). Alternatively, the electrodes 703 and 706 are immersed in an arc plasma gas or liquid (eg, H ₂ O contained in tank 709). H ₂ O may become more conductive to achieve arc breakdown at lower voltages due to the addition of sources of ions such as ionic compounds that may dissolve, such as salts. The salt may include hydroxides or halides (eg alkali hydroxides or halides or others of the present disclosure). In a source such as tank 707 with valve 708 and an exhaust line 726 and pump with at least one pressure gauge 715, 717 is from cell 709 to maintain at least one of the desired flows and pressures. There may be supply from the cell 709 and the line 710 where the gas or liquid flow rate to the exhaust gas flows out of the cell by the degassing valve 716. In one embodiment, the plasma gas is maintained at high pressures such as atmospheric pressure and high flow conditions such as supersonic flow, providing the desired level of product hydrino-based power for hydrino reactions and sufficient mass flow of the reactants. Higher to do. A suitable typical flow rate achieves hydrino-based power above the input power. Alternatively, the liquid moisture may be in cell 709, for example in a reservoir with electrodes as boundaries. Electrodes 703 and 706 are connected to the high voltage-high current power supply 723 by a cell power connector 724. The connection to the center electrode 703 may be through the base plate 701. In one embodiment, the power supply 723 may be supplied by the connector 722 by another power supply, such as the charged power supply 721. The high voltage-high current power supply 723 may contain banks of capacitors that may be supposed to provide high voltage and parallel in series to provide high capacitance and high current, and each may contain time. The power supply 723 may include a plurality of such capacitor banks that may be charged to provide a power output that may be emitted in a sensible manner and may approach a continuous output. The capacitor bank or bank may be charged to the power supply 721 by charge.

In some embodiments, electrodes such as 703 may be moved with an AC power supply 723, which may be high frequency and may be as high power as that provided by a high frequency oscillator such as a Tesla coil. Absent. In another embodiment, the electrode 703 includes an antenna for a microwave plasma torch. The power and frequency, respectively, are one of the present disclosures ranging from, for example, about 100 kHz to 100 MHz, or 100 MHz to 10 GHz and 100 W to 500 kW per liter. In some embodiments, the cylindrical electrode may include only the cell wall and may consist of an insulator (eg quartz, ceramic or alumina). The cell cap 711 may further include electrodes such as grounded or ungrounded electrodes. The cell may be manipulated to create an H2O plasma arc or streamer that at least partially covers the electrode 703 in the arc plasma cell 709. Ark or steamer greatly increases the hydrino reaction rate.

In one embodiment, the arc plasma cell 709 is closed to limit the energy release of heat. As known to those skilled in the art, is a standard state of the liquid and gas mixture by H _{2 O} phase diagram for water desired operating temperature and pressure in the heat sealing the cell at that time. The operating temperature may be in the range of about 25 ° C to 1000 ° C. The operating working pressure may be in at least one range of about 0.001 atm to 200 atm, 0.01 atm to 200 atm, and 0.1 atm to 100 atm. At least one phase containing hot water, highly heated water, steam and an outwardly overheated steam flow steams the exhaust port 714 and creates a thermal or mechanical load such as a steam turbine to generate electricity. Cell 709 may include a boiler to supply. Condensation of steam with at least one flowing exhaust stroke occurs in the transfer of thermal power to the load, and the cooled steam or water is returned to the cell through return 712. Alternatively, make-up steam or water is returned. System is performed, closed and may further comprise pump 713 (e.g. the in physical phase turning the H _{2 O} H _{2 O} recirculation or the return pump used as coolant). The cell may further enter the heat exchanger 719, which may be inside or cold into the coolant inlet 718 and may be on the outside cell wall to remove heat energy into the coolant present hot at the coolant exhaust port 720. May include. The hot coolant is then transferred to a thermal load (eg a pure thermal load or thermal to a mechanical power converter or electric power converter (eg a steam engine and optionally a steam or gas turbine or heat engine such as a generator)). Flows. More typical converters from thermal to mechanical or electrical power are Rankin or Brayton cycle engines, Stirling engines, thermoelectronic and thermoelectric converters and other systems known in the art. Systems and methods of heat to at least one of mechanical and electrical conversions are disclosed in Mills' previous publications, referred to herein and incorporated in their entirety.

In some embodiments, they may corrode due to plasma and metal electrodes such as carbon-like electrodes 703 and 706 or tungsten or copper electrodes may be fed to cell 709. Electrodes may be replaced when they are sufficiently eroded or replaced continuously. Corrosion products may be collected from the cell in the form of precipitates and may be recycled to new electrodes. As such, the arc plasma cell power generator further includes an electrode corrosion product recovery system 705, an electrode regeneration system 704 and a continuous electrode supply 725 for regeneration. In some embodiments, at least one electrode prone to most corrosion, such as the cathode, such as the center electrode 703, may be regenerated by the system and the methods of the present disclosure. For example, the electrodes, _{H 2} treatment, heating, and with the corresponding oxides may be reduced by heating in vacuum, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Selected from Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. May contain one metal. The regeneration system 704 may include a furnace to melt at least one of the oxide, metal and cast, or to extrude the electrodes from the recycled metal. Systems and methods for metal refining and shaving or milling are well known to those of skill in the art. Another embodiment is a well-known technique of electrolysis cells (eg, molten salt electrolysis cells containing metal ions in which the electrode metal may be plated onto the electrodes by electrodeposition using a system). ) May be included in the reproduction system 704.

A typical plasma system reported in the laboratory includes an energy storage capacitor in which the rods of the base plate and rod electrodes are connected to the water under the water column, and between the base plate and rod electrodes and concentric electrodes. The rod is embedded between a base plate and a cylinder with a nylon or cylindrical section and an insulator or ceramic block such as a nylon ceramic sleeve. The circuit further contains a resistor and an inducer to cause a vibrating discharge in water between the rod and the cylindrical electrode. Capacitors may be charged to the power supply by high voltage and discharged at switches that may contain spark gaps in the atmosphere. The electrodes may be made of copper. High voltage may be in the range of approximately 5-25 kV. The discharge current may be in the range of 5-100 kA. H ₂ O ignition, which produces hydrinos at high velocities, is achieved by a HOH catalyst that reacts to produce hydrinos with a water arc discharge that causes the arc to form atomic hydrogen and the release of high power. The power from the formation of hydrinos may be in the form of thermal, plasma and light energy. In one embodiment, all energy emissions may be captured in a sealed cell and converted to thermal energy that may be used directly in thermal applications such as space and process heating, or use a heat engine. It may be converted to mechanical energy that was used, or to electricity that uses thermal for electric converters (eg steam turbines and generators known to those of skill in the art as well as other systems). The system may also be used to form compounds with increased binding energy hydrogen species such as molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p). The product may be removed at the exhaust ports 705 and 726.

In one embodiment, the hydrino cell comprises a pinch plasma source to produce hydrino continuous light emission. The cell contains at least one source of hydrogen and a source of HOH catalyst, a cathode, an anode, and a power supply to form a pinch plasma. The plasma system may include a dense plasma focusing source as known in the art. The plasma current may be very high, exceeding 1 kA. The plasma may be arc plasma. A striking feature is that the H-catalyst and plasma conditions may be optimized for continuous hydrogen light emission, or the plasma gas contains at least one of H and HOH. Emissions may be used as a light source for EUV lithography.

IX. Additional Electrical Power Generation Examples The exemplary power generation systems of the present disclosure include two or more electrodes configured to supply energy to a fuel source and electrical configurations to supply energy to the electrodes. It may include a power source and a plasma power converter. The fuel may be charged into a region defined by two or more electrodes, and when an electrical power source supplies power to the electrodes, the electrodes can ignite the fuel and release energy. By-products from fuel ignition may contain heat and plasma. Thus, the power produced by ignition of the fuel may be in the form of thermal power or may be a highly ionized plasma of the fuel source, which may be directly or indirectly convertible into electric power. .. Once the plasma is formed, it may be directed to a plasma power transducer to capture the energy of the plasma.

The term "ignition" as used herein refers to the achievement of high reaction rates caused by the high current applied to the fuel. Ignition may occur at approximately atmospheric pressure or under vacuum, for example under vacuum at pressures up to about ^10-10 tolls or higher. Therefore, the electrodes and / or plasma transducers may be in a vacuum environment. Further, one or more of these components may be in a suitable vacuum chamber to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a vacuum environment.

The chemical reactants of the present disclosure are used to facilitate fuel ignition by conducting a large amount of H ₂ O, or solid fuel, or energy material (eg, H ₂ O, or H ₂ O source, and high applied current). It may be referred to as an aqueous reactant which may further contain a material) or a combination thereof. Solid fuel 1003 comprises any material capable of forming a plasma, eg pellets, sachets, aliquots, powders, droplets, streams, vapors, mists, gases, suspensions, or any suitable combination thereof. It may be included. The solid embodiment may be of any suitable shape, for example the solid fuel 1003 may be molded to increase the surface area of the solid fuel 1003 in order to promote ignition. The term "solid fuel" may include liquid or vapor fuels. Examples of suitable solid fuels are described in the Chemical Reactor section of the present disclosure and in the Solid Fuel Catalyzed Hydrino Transition (SF-CIHT) Cell and Power Converter section, but for the required basic reactants. In particular, at least one of an H source, an O source, and an H ₂ O, or H ₂ O source, and a conductor may be included. Solid fuel and / or energy material nascent H _{2 O} catalyst, H source, and may include a conductor. An exemplary solid fuel may contain, for example, a transition metal oxide: transition metal: water with a molar ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1, but the ratio of any material to any other material is approximately 2: 1. It may be included so as to be 1 or 10: 1. The aqueous fuel containing much H _{2 O,} water, or an aqueous mixture or solution, for example may contain water containing one or more impurities. Water may be absorbed by another material or may contain conductive elements dissolved or mixed therein. Although many of the exemplary embodiments are referred to as being used with "solid fuels", devices are also considered herein for use with all chemical reactants, including aqueous fuels.

The fuel or energy material may be, for example, a metal, a metal oxide, or a conductive element. In some embodiments, a conductive matrix may be used to allow a high current to conduct to the solid fuel 1003 during ignition and / or to make the mixture conductive. For example, the chemical reactants may be sprayed or coated on the mesh as a slurry and dried before receiving an electrical pulse. The chemical reaction product may not be contained in a container, or may be contained in a sealed container such as a sealed metal container such as a sealed aluminum container. Some fuels, such as alkaline earth halides, magnesium chloride, some transition metals or metal oxides, activated carbon, or any suitable material, or certain fuel pellets made from combinations thereof, may be used. Cannot be used with conductive containers.

In one embodiment, the fuel 1003 comprises a disclosed or nascent H ₂ O (at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen) containing at least one source of catalyst and is conductive with a conductor. Includes reactants that make up a catalytic hydrino reactant that further comprises at least one of the matrices. In certain embodiments, the fuel 1003 comprises at least one of the sources of solid fuel or energetic material of the present disclosure and solid fuel or the energetic material of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the catalyst, the catalyst, to make at least one source of sources and atomic hydrogen atom hydrogen, typical solid fuel 1003 includes a source of matrix is between H 2 _O conductivity force. H ₂ O source, bulk _H 2 O, bulk _{H 2} O other states, creating a compound or _{H 2} O, at least one of at least one receiving compound in the reaction to release the bound _{H 2} O May include. _H 2 O to H ₂ O is absorbed, bound _H 2 O, and _{H 2} O in at least one state of _{between H 2} O and water of hydration which is physisorbed, a compound that interacts, bound _{H 2} O may be included. Fuel 1003 is a conductor and one or more compounds or materials that receive at least one of bulk H ₂ O, absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O and release of hydrated water. May contain H ₂ O as a reaction product. More typical solid or energetic material fuels 1003, hygroscopic substance and conductor hydrates; hydrated carbon; hydrated carbon and metal; metal oxide, metal, or a mixture of carbon and H _{2 O;} and , metal halides, metal or a mixture of carbon and H _{2 O;} a. Metals and metal oxides may include transition metals (eg Co, Fe, Ni and Cu). Metals of halides may include halides (eg F, Cl, Br or I) and alkaline earth metals such as Mg or Ca. The metal may have a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction with H ₂ O, such as Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Must be at least one of the Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In groups. It can be, fuel 1003, fuel 1003 constituting the hydrino reactants which may be regenerated by the addition of H 2 _O might include slurry, solution, emulsion, at least one of the composite and the compound.

As shown in FIG. 12, some electrodes 1002 define a space 1017 between the electrodes to receive and / or include the solid fuel 1003. Electrodes 1002 may be configured to deliver power to the solid fuel 1003 (eg, in a short burst of low pressure, high current electrical energy). For example, in an embodiment where some solid fuel is used, lower voltage and higher current may be applied to the fuel to facilitate ignition. For example, less than 10V (eg 8V) and approximately 14,000 A / cm ² may be applied to solid fuels. In embodiments where higher voltages are applied to solid fuels, conductors may not be needed to facilitate ignition. When a low voltage is applied to the fuel, the conductor may be used to facilitate ignition. In some examples, the rate of reaction that transforms a chemical reactant into a plasma may depend, at least in part, on the application or development of high currents in the reactants. For example, in some embodiments where water-based fuels are used, approximately 4.5 kV and approximately 20,000 A / cm ² may be applied to the fuel. For solid fuel 1003, which causes a very rapid reaction rate and energy release, electrodes 1002 may apply low voltage, high current, high power pulses. The energy release can be very high and may produce a flow of plasma flowing out in the opposite direction at a high initial velocity, such as supersonic speed.

In a typical example, electrode 1002 may apply a voltage of 60 Hz with less than a peak of 15 V, and the current is between approximately 10,000 A / cm ² and 50,000 A / cm ² peaks. And the power may be between approximately 50,000 W / cm ² and 750,000 W / cm ² . A wide range of frequencies, voltages, currents and powers may be appropriate, for example in the range of about 1/100 to 100 times the above parameters. For example, a low pressure, high current pulse (such as one made by a spot welder) may ignite a solid fuel or energetic material. It is then accomplished by confinement between the two copper electrodes of the Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder. In some embodiments, the voltage at 60 Hz may be an RMS of approximately 5 to 20 V, and the current may be about 10,000 to 40,000 A.

The voltage may be selected to cause a high current of AC, DC or AC-DC mixture, for example, in the range of about 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, or 10kA to 50kA. Absent. The DC or peak AC current density is, for example, about 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1,000 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , 2,000 A / cm ² to 50,000 A / cm. cm ² , 10,000 A / cm ² to 50,000 A / cm ² , or 5,000 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , for example 5,000 A / cm ² , 10,000 A / cm ² , 12, It may be in the range of 000 A / cm ² , 14,000 A / cm ² , 18,000 A / cm ² , or 25,000 A / cm ² . For high conductivity fuels, the DC or peak AC voltage may be in the range, for example, 0.1V to lkV, 1V to 100V, 1V to 20V, or 1V to 15V. High resistance of the solid fuel, such as water-based solid fuel containing most _{H 2} O is, DC or peak AC voltage, for example, from about 100 V 50 kV, 30 kV from 1 kV, 15kV from 2 kV, or from 4 kV 10 kV, the It may be within range. The AC frequency may be, for example, in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, or 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The pulse time may be, for example, in the range of about ^10-6 s to 10 s, ^10-5 s to 1 s, 10 ^-4 s to 0.1 s, or 10 ^-3 s to 0.01 s.

In some embodiments, the current, voltage, frequency or pulse time is determined, at least in part, by the solid fuel 1003 or the type of energetic material used, or by the conductivity of that fuel or energetic material. May be done. The voltage is determined by applying the desired current to the resistance of the fuel or energetic material sample. For example, if the resistance of the solid fuel or energetic material sample is on the order of 1 mΩ, the applied voltage may be as low as <10 V, for example. Fuel, in the case of 100% or essentially 100% of _{H 2} O _{H 2} O with very high resistance of 1MΩ greater than voltage Shirezu be higher, in some _{embodiments, H} 2 O It may be above the breakdown voltage (eg> 5 kV). In two extreme cases, the DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV. .. The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, or 100 Hz to 10 kHz. In one embodiment, DC voltage, might be discharged to produce a plasma, such as arc plasma containing of H _{2 O} which is ionized, current, vibration attenuation insufficient when it decays To do.

In some embodiments, using the discharge of capacitors, which may be connected in series or in parallel (eg, supercapacitors), high current pulses with the desired voltage and current may be achieved. The current may be DC or may be regulated by a circuit element containing a transformer (eg, a constant voltage transformer). Capacitors may or may be charged by power source 1004. And, for example, it may include, for example, the power grid, generator, fuel cell, battery or some electrical output of the power generator system 1020 or one power generator system. In a typical example, the appropriate frequency, voltage and current waveforms may be achieved by the power regulating the output of the capacitor or battery. In one embodiment, a typical circuit achieves a current pulse of 15,000 A at 8 V.

To some typical aqueous fuel EXAMPLE most that contains H _{2 O,} high current plasma was generated, might be in the form of an arc plasma. Plasma gas, such as including of H 2 _O might be maintained at a pressure sufficient to form the arc plasma. The arc is in high voltage (eg, in the range of about 100 Torr to 100 atm) in H ₂ O (including liquid H ₂ O), with high current (eg, in the range of about 0.1 mA to 100,000 A) and high voltage (eg, in the range of about 0.1 mA to 100,000 A). It may be made by a power supply capable of supplying (in the range of approximately 1 kV to 50 kV), but the current increases as resistance and voltage decrease with arc formation and maintenance. A typical power supply may include a series of capacitors that may be connected in series to increase voltage and may be in parallel to increase capacitance and current. The capacitance of the capacitor's optional dynamic recharge may be sufficient to sustain the plasma for a longer duration (eg, greater than approximately 0.1s to 24 hours). In some embodiments, the breakdown and high current power supplies may be the same. The system may include a second power supply to dynamically recharge the capacitors.

To help maintain an arc once created (eg, a secondary high current power source), a typical power generation system may contain additive elements. In some embodiments, the power supply may include multiple capacitors in series or in parallel, which may sequentially power the arc. Multiple capacitors may be sufficient to maintain steady-state arc plasma. In some embodiments, the arc may be established with a higher DC repeat frequency (eg, in the range of about 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz), and the roles of the cathode and anode may be cyclically reversed. .. The frequency of reversals may be low to maintain the arc plasma.
The AC cycle frequency may be at least one of about 0 Hz to 1000 Hz, 0 Hz to 500 Hz, and 0 Hz to 100 Hz. The power supply may have a maximum current limit that significantly maintains the plasma reaction rate at the desired rate. In some embodiments, the high current may be variable to control the power produced by the plasma to provide a variable power output. The high current limit controlled by the power supply may be in the range of at least one of about 1 kA to 100 kA, 2 kA to 50 kA, and 10 kA to 30 kA.

The catalyst for the aqueous fuel embodiment may contain at least one of OH, H ₂ O, O ₂ , nO, and nH (where n is an integer) to facilitate the generation of water-arc plasma. Absent. A typical power generation system may include an energy storage capacitor. Capacitors may be charged to the power supply by high voltage and may be discharged by a switch that may contain a spark gap in the air at atmospheric pressure. For example, high voltage may be in the range of approximately 4-25 kV. For example, the discharge current may be in the range of 5-100 kA. H ₂ O ignition, which forms a plasma at a high velocity, is triggered and achieved by a water arc discharge, where the arc forms an atomic hydrogen and a HOH catalyst, which forms a plasma with a high power release. The power from the reaction may be in the form of thermal, plasma, and light energy. All energy emissions may be converted to thermal energy that may be used directly in thermal applications (eg heating space and processing) or to electricity using a heat engine (eg steam turbine). It may be.

The electrode 1002 may be made of any suitable material to significantly withstand fuel ignition and the resulting heat generation. For example, electrode 1002 may be made of carbon. And it may be reduced or significantly prevent the loss of conductivity that may be caused by oxidation on the surface. Electrodes of refractory metals that are stable in hot air environments (eg, hot stainless steel, copper or any other suitable material or combination of materials) may be made. Electrode 1002 may include a coating to protect electrode 1002 from the ignition process. The electrode 1002 may be coated or surface formed with a suitable conductive material and suitable combination such as a refractory alloy resistant to melting and corrosion, a high temperature, oxidation resistant alloy [eg TiAlN] or high temperature stainless steel. Moreover, the electrode 1002 may be made of a material that is fairly non-reactive in a water-soluble environment. One or more electrodes include, for example, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Includes one or more of Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In.

The geometric area of the electrodes can promote high current densities for the fuel sample being ignited, and in some cases for the entire fuel sample. Although two electrodes 1002 are shown in the exemplary diagram, any number of electrodes may be used, eg, three or more electrodes may both define a region that receives the solid fuel 1003. , Or a plurality of sets of electrodes 1002 may be included in the power generation system 1020, or a plurality of regions for receiving fuel may be defined.

The space between the electrodes that receive the solid fuel 1003, shown as the fuel charge region 1017 in FIG. 12, may be smaller than or equal to the size of each of the electrodes defining that region. Well, it can be longer. As shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, the size of the fuel charging area 1017 may be changed. For example, the electrodes 1002 may be configured to move further apart from each other (FIG. 13A) or closer to each other (FIG. 13B). As shown in FIGS. 13C and 13D, the power generation system 1020 may include a plurality of electrodes defining a plurality of fuel charge regions 1017, which may also be movable or fixed to each other. You may be. For example, a set of electrodes may be movable and one set may be fixed, or both electrode sets may be movable, or both electrode sets may be fixed. In a movable embodiment, the size change of the fuel charging region 1017 may be fixed, for example, the electrodes 1002 may move at a fixed distance from each other. In another embodiment, the size of the fuel charge region 1017, for example to accommodate different sized fuel samples, or to generate power or increase or decrease the amount of voltage or current supplied to the solid fuel 1003 by the electrodes 1002. You may change the change.

As shown in FIGS. 13A and 13C, when receiving the solid fuel 1003, the electrodes 1002 may be moved so as to be further separated from each other, and as shown in FIGS. 13B and 13D, the solid fuel 1003 is fuel-loaded. After entering the entry area 1017, they may move closer to each other. As described above, the electrodes 1002 may cooperate to define the fuel charging region 1017. The electrode 1002, for example, increases or decreases the size of the fuel charging area 1017 to feed and hold the fuel to the fuel charging area 1017, and / or facilitates the placement of the solid fuel 1003 in the fuel charging area 1017. May be moved away from each other or close to each other. In some embodiments, one electrode moves closer to or further away from the other electrode, but the other electrode may be in the same position, in another embodiment. , Both electrodes 1002 may be movable. The reciprocal movement of the electrodes 1002 may facilitate the ignition of the solid fuel 1003 within the fuel charge region 1017. For example, ignition may be promoted by collision of electrode surfaces, or ignition may be promoted by rotation or friction-generating movement of one or both electrodes. In another embodiment, the electrodes 1002 may be fixed respectively.

As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, one of the electrodes 1002 includes a male portion shown as region A and one of the electrodes 1002 is a female shown as region B in order to more tightly constrain the solid fuel 1003. It may include a portion. As shown in FIG. 14B, the male portion and the female portion may be configured to cooperate with each other to form a chamber capable of accommodating the solid fuel 1003. The chamber, and thus the fuel charging area 1017, may be open, or part or all of it may be closed from the surrounding environment. In addition, the chamber may be configured to move the electrodes 1002 apart from each other or close to each other, or to open and / or close without moving. For example, the male or female portion may include an opening, a movable panel, or a door for charging the solid fuel 1003 into the chamber defined by the electrode 1002.

In addition, the pressure obtained at charging region 1017 can also facilitate fuel ignition and / or plasma generation and manipulation. The plasma generated from the ignition of the solid fuel 1003 is highly reactive, and putting this plasma in a vacuum environment can enhance the controllability of the plasma generation and conversion process. For example, a vacuum environment can reduce collisions between ions and ambient air and / or control the reaction of plasma with ambient oxygen. In various embodiments, the charging region 1017 may be encapsulated in a suitable vacuum chamber, or the electrodes 1002, plasma-electric converter 1006, and / or any other component of the system 1020 may be encapsulated in the vacuum chamber. May be housed in. In some embodiments, the entire system 1020 may be included in a vacuum chamber. Suitable pressures may range from approximately atmospheric pressure to about ^10-10 tolls and above. To generate and maintain vacuum pressure, the power generation system 1020 may include, for example, any suitable vacuum pump, valve, inlet, outlet. In addition, the vacuum chamber may be substantially rigid or substantially flexible (eg, bag, or other deformable material) and may be formed from any suitable material, including, for example, metal or plastic. Suitable containers may create or retain an oxygen-reduced or anoxic environment, a gas-reduced, or a gaseous environment, or an amount of inert gas that aids in controlling the reaction of the plasma, such as argon, nitrogen, or the like. It may contain the rare gas of.

In FIG. 15A, the fuel charging region 1017 is sandwiched on both sides by the electrodes 1002, and the electrodes 1002 and the solid fuel 1003 are open to the surrounding environment. In FIG. 15B, each of the electrodes 1002 includes a semi-circular portion configured to work together to form a more closed fuel charge region 1017. The electrode 1002 may completely close the fuel charge region 1017, or may include an open portion (eg, a portion from which the expanded plasma can escape). The electrodes 1002 may be moved closer to each other and further separated from each other in order to open and close the fuel charging region 1017, or may be kept fixed. In FIG. 15C, the electrode 1002 and the fuel charging region 1017 may both be partially or wholly surrounded by the cell 1001. The cell 1001 may be configured to open and close so that the solid fuel 1003 can be fed into the fuel charging area 1017. As described above, the cell 1001 may include a vacuum chamber, and the electrode 1002 and the fuel charging region 1017 may be exposed to negative pressure. As shown in FIG. 15D, cell 1001 may enclose the fuel charge region 1017, the electrodes 1002, and the plasma-to-electric converter 1006. The pressure in cell 1001 may be close to atmospheric pressure, or may be negative so as to expose the fuel charge region 1017, electrodes 1002, and plasma-electric converter 1006 to vacuum pressure. As in the case of FIG. 15C, the cell 1001 may enclose a part or all of the internal components, and may be configured to open and close so that the solid fuel 1003 can be fed into the fuel charging area 1017. ..

Electrodes 1002 may be stand-alone or part of a larger component within the power generation system 1020. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 12, the electrode 1002 may be included as part of the catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell. The power generation system may include one or more cells. Each battery may include at least two electrodes 1002. As shown in FIG. 12, in the cell 1001, two or more electrodes 1002 may cooperate with each other to define the fuel charging region 1017. In some embodiments incorporating cell 1001, the electrode 1002 may apply a low voltage, high current, high power pulse to the solid fuel 1003 that results in a very rapid reaction rate and energy release. In addition, the pressure in cell 1001 may be negative to facilitate plasma generation and manipulation and to control the reactivity of the generated plasma. For example, the fuel charge region 1017 and / or the electrode 1002 may be under vacuum at a pressure slightly below atmospheric pressure to about ^10-10 tolls or more. Therefore, vacuum pumps, valves, inlets, outlets, etc. may be included in the system 1020 to generate and maintain vacuum pressure.

In some embodiments, the fuel 1003 and the electrode 1002 may be electrostatically and reversely charged to facilitate charging of the solid fuel 1003 into the fuel charge region 1017, whereby the solid fuel 1003 may be charged. , The fuel can be electrostatically attached to a predetermined region of each electrode 1002 to be ignited. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the surface of the electrode 1002 may be parallel to the axis of gravity. As a result, the solid fuel 1003 can be fed from the region above the electrode 1002 to the fuel charging region 1017. Further, the region of the electrode 1002 that defines the fuel charging region 1017 may be smoothed or undulated, for example, to facilitate ignition of the solid fuel 1003.

In some embodiments, the electrode 1002 may include moving parts, for example to facilitate ignition of the solid fuel 1003. One electrode may include moving parts configured to interact with the surface of one or more other electrodes, or the electrodes may interact with moving parts of one or more other electrodes. It may include a movable part configured in.

In the embodiment of FIG. 16, the electrode 1002 may include a movable compression mechanism 1002a configured to interact with each other to apply a compressive force to the solid fuel 1003. For example, one or more electrodes 1002 may include gears in the vicinity of the fuel charge region 1017. Suitable gears may include, for example, bevel gears, spur tooth gears, helical gears, double helical gears (eg herringbone gears), and cross gears, the gears containing any suitable number or orientation of teeth. Good. As shown in FIG. 17A, the solid fuel 1003 may be received within the fuel charge region 1017 between the gears. The solid fuel 1003 may be deposited in the gap formed between the gear teeth or may be compressed by the mating teeth of the mating gear. For example, as shown in FIG. 17B, the gears may interact and the gear with n teeth (n is an integer) may accept the solid fuel 1003 in the nth intertooth gap. The fuel in the n-1st interdental gap may be compressed by the teeth n-1 of the mating gear. In some embodiments, the fuel receiving regions of the gear teeth of the solid fuel 1003 and the electrode 1002 are electrostatically and reversely charged so that when the solid fuel 1003 is fed to the electrode, the solid fuel 1003 is charged. One or both electrodes may be electrostatically attached to the region where the fuel is ignited when the teeth mesh.

In FIGS. 17A and 17B, the compression mechanism 1002a is shown as a region of the electrode 1002. In another compression mechanism, the compression mechanism 1002a may form all of the electrodes 1002. Such embodiments are shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B. Further, the compression mechanism 1002a may move (rotate in this case), and the electrodes 1002 are also closer to and further separated from each compression mechanism as shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B and 18A and 18B. You may move like this. Alternatively, the compression mechanism 1002a may move (rotate in this case) and the electrode 1002 may be kept in a fixed state.

In some embodiments, the one or more electrodes 1002 may include rollers as the compression mechanism 1002a instead of or in addition to the gears. For example, the embodiment shown in FIG. 24 includes rollers instead of gears. The rollers may be located in the end region of the electrodes 1002, may be separated by a gap to facilitate feeding of the solid fuel 1003 between the electrodes, and may be separated by a gap to apply compressive force to the fuel. When 1003 is fed to the fuel charging area 1017, it may move so as to be close to each other. In another embodiment, the electrodes 1002 and rollers may be configured to stay in the same position, with the solid fuel 1003 on one side without the electrodes 1002 moving in either direction or away from each other. May be fed from (eg downward) to the rollers. When the solid fuel 1003 is fed to the electrodes by reversely charging the fuel receiving regions of the rollers of the solid fuel 1003 and the electrodes 1002, the solid fuel 1003 comes into contact with the rollers of one or both electrodes and fuels. May be electrostatically attached to the ignited region.

In a mobile embodiment, the electrodes 1002 may be urged toward each other or away from each other. For example, in some mobile embodiments, the rollers or gears of electrode 1002 may be urged toward each other. The urging of the electrode 1002 or the moving part of the electrode 1002 may be achieved using, for example, a spring, or a pneumatic or hydraulic mechanism.

Compressing the solid fuel 1003 against the rollers or gears helps in ignition, and in embodiments that include gears, the meshing of the teeth and the compression of the solid fuel 1003 results in electrical contact between the teeth that mesh through the conductive fuel. In some embodiments, the gear may include a conductive material in the meshing region that comes into contact with the fuel during meshing and an insulating material in the other region so that the current selectively flows through the fuel. You may be. For example, the gear may be formed or coated with a non-conductive or insulating material such as ceramic, quartz, diamond thin film, or any other suitable material, or a combination of these materials, and the meshing region. It may be coated with a conductive material such as a conductive metal. In another embodiment, the gear may be formed of a conductive material and the outside of the meshing region may be coated with a non-conductive material or an insulating material. The high current generated by the electrical contact between the meshing teeth can facilitate the ignition of the solid fuel 1003. The gears or rollers may be undulated to increase friction and facilitate ignition, for example. In some embodiments, the feed of solid fuel 1003 may be timed with the movement of gears or rollers.

The plasma formed by the ignition of the solid fuel 1003 can expand outside the side of the gear, roller or end region of the electrode 1002, and a plasma-electric converter is placed in the flow path to receive the plasma. It may be arranged. In the embodiment in which two or more plasma streams are ejected from the electrode 1002 on opposite sides in the axial direction, the converter may be arranged in each flow path. Axial flow may be generated by a magnetohydrodynamic (HDM) transducer, or the plasma may contact the plasma dynamics (PDC) power transducer in a fixed or flowing state. Further, the directional flow may be achieved by a constraining magnet such as a Helmholtz coil or a magnetic bottle.

For example, in a mobile embodiment, the expanding flow of plasma may occur along an axis parallel to the shaft of the gear (if included), which is within the fuel charge region 1017. It may be a direction that crosses the direction in which fuel is supplied. The solid fuel 1003 may be continuously fed to rotating gears or rollers to advance the fuel through the gap. The solid fuel 1003 may be continuously ignited as it is rotated to fill the meshing region of the gear set or the space between the electrodes along the opposing surfaces of the roller set. The conductive solid fuel 1003 completes the circuit between the electrodes 1002, and the high current flowing through the solid fuel 1003 can ignite the fuel. In some embodiments, the output power can be at a generally steady state. In some embodiments, the solid fuel 1003 may be fed intermittently to prevent the expanded plasma from interfering with the stream of fuel flow. For example, the feed of the solid fuel 1003 may be performed at time intervals, or may be started automatically or manually based on the output power, for example by using a feedback mechanism. An exemplary feeding mechanism is further described in detail below.

In an exemplary embodiment, electrode 1002 (acting as part of a power generator) may generate intermittent bursts of power from cell 1001. Alternatively, the power generation system 1020 may include a plurality of cells 1001 that output the superposition of the powers of the individual cells during the timed blast event of the solid fuel 1003. By timing events across multiple cells, more continuous output power can be provided.

Electrodes 1002 are in contact with each other at opposite points along the longitudinal direction of the electrodes to cause a sequence of high current flow and rapid chemical kinetics along the electrodes set in place. May be placed. Opposing contact points of opposite electrodes may be created by mechanically moving the connection corresponding to the contact position or by electronically switching the connection. Connections may be made in a synchronized manner to achieve a more stable power output from the cell or majority cell.

After ignition, the plasma power formed may then be converted to electricity with a suitable plasma converter. The plasma converter converts the plasma into any suitable non-plasma power, including, for example, mechanical, nuclear, chemical, thermal, electrical, electromagnetic power or any suitable combination thereof. It may be converted into a form. Typical suitable plasma power converter descriptions are Plasma Dynamic Converter (PDC) section, Magnetic Hydrodynamic (MHD) Converter section, Electromagnetic Direct (Intersection or Drift) Converter, E (Vector). × B (Vector) Direct converter section, charge drift converter section, magnetic confinement section, and solid fuel catalyst induced hydrino transition (SF-CIHT) cell section. Details of these and other plasma-electric power converters are given in my previous publications, eg, R.M. M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, M.M. Nansteel, "Direct Plasmamatic Conversation of Plasma Thermal Power to Electricity," IEEE Transitions on Plasma Science, October, (200). 30, No. 5, pp. 2066-2073; M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, M.M. Nansteel, "On the Potential of Direct and MHD Conversion of Power from Power from Plasma Source To Electricity for MICRODISTRIVES after Application, Electricity for MicrodistributionA. 30, No, 4, pp. 1568-1578; R.M. M. Mayo, R.M. L. Mills, "Direct Plasma Dynamic Conversation of Plasma Thermal Power to Electricity for Microdistributed Power Applications," 40th Anniversary, New Jersey, New Jersey, New Jersey, New Jersey, New Jersey, New Jersey, New Jersey 1-4, (“Mills Prior Plasma Power Conversion Publications”), my previous application, eg Microwave Power Cell, Chemical Reactor, And Power Converter, PCT / US02 / 069 , PCT / US02 / 06945 filed 3/7/02 (long version), US case number 10/469, 913 filed 9/5/03; Plasma Reactor And Process For Production Lower / Engine / Engine / Engine 4/8/04, US / 10 / 552,585 filed 10/12/15; and Hydrogen Power, Plasma, and Reactor for Lasing, and Power Conversion, PCT / US02 / 35872 filed 11/8/02, US / 10 / 494,571 filed 5/6/04 (“Plasma Power Conversion”, Mills' previous publication), which is referenced herein and incorporated in its entirety. Heat (not just plasma) may be produced in each cell as a by-product of fuel ignition. The heat is used directly or with a suitable converter or combination, such as a heat engine (eg, a steam engine or steam or gas turbine and generator), a Rankin or Brayton cycle engine or a Stirling engine. It may be converted into mechanical or electrical power. For power conversion, each cell mechanically produces thermal power or plasma power, such as, for example, a plasma-electric converter, thermal engine, steam or gas turbine system, Stirling engine, or thermoelectron or thermoelectric converter. It may be interfaced (connected) to any converter that converts it into a plasma or electrical power. Typical plasma converters are plasma dynamic power converters, E (vector) x B (vector) direct converters, magnetic hydrodynamic power converters, magnetic mirror magnetic magnetic power converters, and charge. Drift converters, post or Venetian blind power converters, gyrotrons, photon bunching microwave power converters, photoelectric converters, electrific direct (crossroads or drift) converters, or whatever else May include suitable converters or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cell may include at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Typical cells are described further here in detail.

Plasma energy that translates into electricity may be dissipated in external circuits in some embodiments. As shown by calculation and experimentally, a larger 50% conversion of plasma energy to electricity may be accomplished in some examples.

In some embodiments, the power-formed plasma may be converted directly into electricity. During H-catalysis, electrons are ionized from the HOH catalyst by the energy transferred from the H being catalyzed to HOH. These electrons may be conducted in an applied high current circuit to prevent the catalytic reaction from being self-limited by charge accumulation. Bursts are created by fast kinetics that in turn trigger large electron shock ionizations. In some embodiments, the high rate of radial outward expansion of the exploding fuel may include a plasma that is essentially 100% ionized in the surrounding high magnetic field due to the applied current, and Magnetohydrodynamic power conversion may occur at the intersecting electrodes. Since this is the Lorentz bending direction for the magnetic field vector and radial flow direction corresponding to the current direction, the magnitude of the voltage may increase in the direction of the applied polarity. Using magnetohydrodynamic power conversion and DC current in some embodiments, the high DC current applied may be such that the corresponding magnetic field is DC.

In some embodiments using the principle of magnetic space charge separation, the plasma dynamic power converter 1006 may be used. Due to its lower mass compared to positive ions, electrons may be confined to the magnetic field lines of a magnetizing electrode (eg, a cylindrical magnetizing electrode or an applied magnetic field electrode). Thus, electrons are limited in mobility, whereas positive ions are relatively unlikely to collide with electrodes that are magnetized internally or externally. Both the electron and the positive ion are sufficiently abutting against the unmagnetized counter electrode, which may contain a conductor oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field applied to the extrinsically magnetized electrode. Plasma dynamic transformation (“PDC”) extracts power directly from the thermal and potential energy of the plasma and is independent of the plasma flow. Instead, PDC power extraction utilizes a potential difference (potential difference, voltage). Its potential difference is between magnetized and unmagnetized electrodes immersed in the plasma, driving an electric current to an external load, thereby extracting electrical power directly from the stored plasma thermal energy. To do. PDC of thermal plasma energy to electricity may be achieved by inserting at least two floating conductors directly into the body of the hot plasma. One of these conductors may be magnetized by an external electromagnetic field or permanent magnet, or it may be magnetic in nature. Others may not be magnetized. The potential difference occurs due to the difference in charge mobility between heavy positive ions and light electrons. This voltage is applied over the electrical load.

The power generation system 1020 may also include added internal and external electromagnetic or permanent magnets, as well as multiple endogenously magnetized and unmagnetized electrodes such as pin electrodes (eg, cylindrical electrodes). May include. An electromagnet (eg, one or more Helmholtz coils, which may be superconducting or permanent magnets) may provide a uniform source of magnetic field B in parallel with each electrode.

Magnet current may be supplied to solid fuel 003 to initiate ignition. The source of the electrical power 1004 may supply power to the electrode 1002 to ignite the solid fuel 1003, as shown in FIG. In such an embodiment, the magnetic field produced by the high current of the power source 1004 may be augmented through multiple turns of the electromagnet before flowing through the solid fuel 1003. The strength of the magnetic field B may be adjusted to produce a predetermined positive ion with respect to the electron turning radius to maximize power at the electrode, at least one in some embodiments. One magnetizing electrode may be placed in the correct position parallel to the applied magnetic field B, and for magnetic field B where it is not magnetized due to policy compared to the direction of B. Vertical and at least one corresponding counter electrode may be placed in the correct position. Power may be delivered to the load through the leads connected to at least one pair electrode. In some embodiments, the cell wall may function as an electrode.

In some embodiments, the plasma produced from the ignition event may be expanding the plasma. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) may be a suitable method of conversion when expansive plasmas are produced. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the plasma may be confined. In addition to the plasma power conversion system, the power generation system may also include a plasma confinement system (eg, solenoid field or magnetic bottle) to confine the plasma and extract more of the power of energetic ions as electricity. unknown. Magnets may include one or more electromagnets and permanent magnets. The magnet may be an open coil, for example a Helmholtz coil. The plasma may also be confined within the magnetic bottle, and by any other system and method known to those of skill in the art.

The plasma-electric power converter 1006 of FIGS. 12, 15A-15C, and 16 may include a magnetohydrodynamic power converter. Positive and negative ions are received by the corresponding electrodes to receive the opposite Lorentz bending direction and affect the voltage between them. Therefore, two magnetohydrodynamic power converters may be used, each placed in each ion path. A typical MHD method of creating a mass flow of ions is that the ions are seeded through a nozzle to create a fast flow in a magnetic field that intersects a set of electrodes with respect to the bending field to receive the bent ions. It is to expand the high pressure gas. In the present disclosure, the pressure is typically higher than that of the atmosphere, but this is not always the case, and the directional mass flow of the solid fuel is due to the formation of a highly ionized, radially expanding plasma. May be achieved by ignition.

In one embodiment, the magnetohydrodynamic power converter is a segmented Faraday generator. In another embodiment, the lateral current created by the Lorentz bending of the ion flow produces a Hall voltage between the first and second electrodes that are moved relative to the z-axis. , Is subjected to Lorentz bending in the direction parallel to the ion input flow (z-axis). Such a device is known in the art as an example of a Hall generator for a magnetohydrodynamic power converter (magnetohydrodynamic power converter). In some embodiments, the power generation system 1020 may include a diagonal generator, with a "window frame" structure in which the electrodes are angled with respect to the z-axis of the xy-plane.

In each case, the voltage may carry current through the electrical load. As shown in FIG. 19, the magnetohydrodynamic converter 1006 may include a source of ferrofluid 1101 perpendicular to the z-axis, and ions may flow in direction 1102. Thus, the ions may have a preferred velocity along the z-axis due to the confinement magnetic field 1103 provided by the Helmholtz coil 1104. Then, it causes the ions to spread in the region of the lateral magnetic flux. The Lorentz bending force of propagating electrons and ions is given by F = ev (vector) × B (vector). The force is lateral to the ion velocity and magnetic field and opposite to the positive and negative ions. This may create a lateral current. The source of the orthogonal magnetic field may include components that provide different strengths of orthogonal magnetic fields as a function of position along the z-axis to optimize the crossed deflection of the flow ions with parallel velocity dispersion.

The magnetohydrodynamic power converter 1006 shown in FIG. 19 may also include at least two electrodes 1105, which receive Lorentz laterally bent ions that create a voltage across the ejectodes 1105. It may be lateral to the magnetic field. MHD power may be dissipated with an electrical load of 1106. The electrode 1002 of FIG. 12-16 may also function as an MHD electrode. The magnetohydrodynamic power converter 1006 shown in FIG. 19 provides a Lorentz bending field for the plasma flowing in the magnetic expansion section such that the voltage applied across the load 1106 is generated at the electrode 1105. May include a set Helmholtz coil (not shown).

In some embodiments of the magnetohydrodynamic power converter 1006,
The flow of ions along the z-axis with the may then enter the compression section. The compression section may contain an increasing axial magnetic field gradient, but here it is a component of electron movement parallel to the z-axis direction.
Is adiabatic invariant ν _⊥ ² / B = constant, so it is converted to vertical movement ν _⊥ , at least in part. The azimuth current due to ν _⊥ may be formed around the z-axis. The current is generated in the plane of motion by an axial magnetic field, for example, between the inner and outer ring electrodes of a disk generator magnetohydrodynamic power converter. It may be bent radially. The voltage may drive the current through an electrical load. In some embodiments, the plasma power is also converted to electricity using an E (vector) x B (vector) direct converter, or using any other suitable plasma converter device. May be.

As mentioned above, some or all of the magnetohydrodynamic power transducer 1006 may be in vacuum to facilitate the manipulation and conversion of plasma and ions. For example, the pressure in the magnetohydrodynamic power transducer 1006 ranges from approximately atmospheric pressure to a negative pressure of about ^10-10 tolls or more. In some embodiments, for example, the constraining magnetic field 1103 and / or the Helmholtz coil 1104 may be in a vacuum environment.

The magnetic field of the magnetohydrodynamic power converter 1006 may be provided by the current of an electrical power source 1004 that can flow through an additional electromagnet in addition to flowing through the solid fuel 1003. In some embodiments, the magnetic field of the magnetohydrodynamic power transducer 1006 may be excited by a separate power source.

As briefly described above, the power generation system 1020 includes an electrical power source 1004 configured to send a short burst of low voltage, high current electrical energy through the electrodes 1002 to the solid fuel 1003. You may be. Any suitable electrical power source 1004, or a combination of electrical power sources 1004, may be used, eg, power grids, generators, fuel cells, solar, wind, chemical, nuclear, tidal, thermal, hydro, etc. Alternatively, there is a mechanical power source, a battery, a power source 1020, or another power source 1020. The power source 1004 may include a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder and an EM test model CSS500N10 current surge generator up to 10KA, 8/20 US. In some embodiments, the electrical power source 1004 is direct current and the plasma power transducer is suitable for a direct current magnetic field with, for example, a magnetohydrodynamic transducer or an E (vector) x B (vector) power converter. There is.

The electrical power source 1004 may supply a high current to the electrode 1002 (and cell 1001 if included) to convert the product of solid fuel ignition back into a reusable initial solid fuel. For this purpose, power may be supplied to other components of the power generation system 1020, eg, to any plasma converter, or regeneration system.

In some embodiments, the electrical power source 1004 may also receive currents such as the high currents described in the present disclosure. By receiving an electric current, self-limiting charge accumulation due to the reaction can be improved. One or more current sources and current sinks may be included. For example, the power generation system 1020 may include transformer circuits, LC circuits, RLC circuits, capacitors, ultracapacitors, inductors, batteries, and other low impedance or low resistance circuits, or circuit elements and electrical energy storage elements, or currents. It may include any other device suitable for receiving the device, or one or more of a combination of devices.

Next, referring to the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 20 and 21, the power generation system 1020 is separate from the electrodes, electrical power sources, and plasma-electric converter 1006 described with reference to FIGS. 12-19. It may include components. For example, the power generation system 1020 may include a feeding mechanism 1005 for feeding the solid fuel 1003 to the fuel charging region 1017 between the electrodes 1002. The type of feed mechanism included in the power generation system 1020 may at least partially depend on, for example, the condition, type, size or shape of the fuel fed to the fuel charging area 1017. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 20, the solid fuel 1003 is shown in the form of pellets. A suitable feeding mechanism 1005 for feeding fuel pellets may include a carousel configured to rotate to feed the pellets to the fuel charging area 1017. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 20, the feed mechanism 1005 may carry a number of fuel pellets spaced apart along the perimeter region of the carousel. As the carousel rotates, continuous pellets can be fed to the fuel charge region 1017 between the electrodes 1002.

In some embodiments, the carousel may be preloaded with a predetermined number of fuel pellets. Although the carousel of FIG. 20 is shown to be preloaded with eight pellets, any number of pellets may be preloaded into the feed mechanism 1005. The carousel may take the form of a disposable cartridge configured for removal and replacement. In such an embodiment, the feeding mechanism 1005 may further include an indicator for notifying the number of remaining pellets, the number of pellet pellets used, or when the cartridge needs to be replaced. In some embodiments, the cartridge may be preloaded with pellets in place at one time, or may be preloaded and then reloaded when the pellets are used. For example, when pellets are used, a separate storage and / or loading mechanism may operate in conjunction with the feeding mechanism 1005 to replace it. In such reloadable or loadable embodiments, the cartridge may be replaceable, disposable, or permanently usable.

In addition, feeding the pellets of solid fuel 1003 to the fuel charging area 1017 may include detaching the pellets from the carousel, or simply placing the pellets between the electrodes 1002 while the pellets remain on the carousel. May include installation in. Further, although the pellets on the carousel are shown in FIG. 20 as uncovered, the pellets may be housed in the carousel, or, for example, by an outer wall, individually partitioning between the pellets, or overhanging. May be partially enclosed by. Feeding the pellets to the fuel charging area 1017 may include, for example, removing the cover of the fed pellets or dispensing the pellets from the carousel. In another embodiment, the carousel containing the pellets of FIG. 20 may be housed in a vacuum chamber that also houses the electrodes 1002, the fuel charge region 1017, and the plasma-to-electric converter 1006.

In some embodiments, one pellet may be fed to the fuel charging area 1017 at a time. In another embodiment, one or more pellets may be fed to the fuel charge region 1017 prior to ignition of the solid fuel 1003. The solid fuel 1003 may be fed at a constant speed or at a variable speed. The feed rate can be changed manually, for example, to change the power output or to keep a substantially constant output, or automatically (based on feedback or a timed schedule). May be good. Fuel feed is when the electrode 1002 opens and closes to receive the fuel, or when the electrode 1002 moves to ignite the fuel (in one or more movable embodiments having a movable compression mechanism 1002a). The timing may be adjusted to the movement of the electrode 1002.

In the embodiment of FIG. 21, the feeding mechanism 1005 is shown as a hopper or storage tank for feeding the solid fuel 1003. The hopper may feed fuel samples such as the pellets shown in FIG. 20, or may feed granules of solid fuel 1003, for example, in embodiments where the solid fuel 1003 is in powder form. The powdered fuel may be delivered in individual capsules as in the pellet feeding method, or may be delivered as powder that is not in a certain amount of container. The liquid fuel may be delivered in capsules or, for example, as a stream, vapor, spray, or droplet. The hopper may feed one or more pellets to the fuel charging area 1017, or may supply a measured amount or powder or liquid as a stream to the fuel charging area 1017. As described above with reference to FIG. 20, the amount or rate of fuel feed to the fuel charge region 1017 may be constant or variable and may be controlled by any suitable means. ..

The hopper may include any suitable structure (s) for directing or adjusting the flow of the chute, valve, dropper, or solid fuel 1003 to or regulate the fuel charge region 1017. In some embodiments, the hopper may take the form of a fluid dispenser and may dispense a liquid or gas from the solid fuel 1003. In addition, the hopper, or any feed mechanism 1005, may include one or more sensors for detecting solid fuel, or parameters of the feed mechanism. For example, the feed mechanism 1005 may be operably coupled with one or more sensors that detect, for example, pressure, temperature, filling level, movement, flow velocity, or any other suitable parameter. The sensor may be operatively coupled to a display, meter, control system, or means of communicating measurement data with an external reader, or means of adjusting the power generation system 1020 based on the measured parameters. One or more sensors determine the amount of fuel delivered to the fuel charging area 1017, for example, to detect the total amount of remaining or used solid fuel 1003, or the state of the internal solid fuel 1003. , Or can help control.

In some embodiments, the hopper is placed above the charging area 1017 so that when a sample of solid fuel 1003 is fed, gravity causes the solid fuel to fall into the fuel charging area 1017. Good. In another embodiment, the hopper may be located near or below the fuel charge region 1017, and a solid fuel sample may be placed laterally or below to feed the solid fuel 1003 to the fuel charge region 1017. It may be configured to eject or push upward against gravity. For example, the hopper actively drops the lever, piston, spring, pneumatic, auger, conveyor, hydraulic or electrical device, or trigger device, or solid fuel 1003 (rather than passively dropping it by gravity) in the fuel charge area 1017. It may include any suitable other mechanism or combination of mechanisms for pushing into.

In some powder embodiments, the solid fuel 1003 may be flushed from the overhead hopper as an intermittent stream, with the electrodes 1002 moving away from each other to receive the powdered or liquid solid fuel 1003. The timing of the intermittent stream streams may be synchronized to match the dimensions of the electrodes as they move closer to each other to ignite the fuel streams. Alternatively, the fuel may be continuously supplied.

In some powder embodiments, the solid fuel 1003 may be a fine powder, eg, a regenerated or reprocessed fuel in the form of a powder formed by a ball mill (or any other suitable technique). Exemplary fuel mixture, such as transition metals, their oxides, and H _{2 O} may be included. In such embodiments, the feeding mechanism 1005 may include a nebulizer (eg, pneumatic, aerosol, mechanical or electrical sprayer), fueled by a fine powder solid fuel 1003 (eg, suspension or spray). It may be sprayed on the charging area 1017.

In the embodiment of FIG. 22, the solid fuel 1003 may be fed using a conveyor belt. For example, the conveyor belt, rather than the carousel, may move the fuel to the charging area 1017. The conveyor belt may be preloaded or loaded from the fuel source 1014 by the solid fuel chargeer 1013 and the solid fuel 1003 may be conveyed from the source to the fuel charge region 1017. For example, the chargeer 1013 may deposit a sample of solid fuel 1003 from the source 1014 on the conveyor belt 1005, or the conveyor belt 1005 interacts with the fuel source and passes by the source or or A certain amount of solid fuel 1003 may be withdrawn from the source as it penetrates the source. The conveyor belt may extend laterally to the fuel charging area 1017 (in line with, above, or below the fuel charging area 1017), or may extend perpendicular to the fuel charging area 1017. In a vertical embodiment, the conveyor belt may include a series of compartments, scoops, or protrusions configured to convey a sample of solid fuel 1003 along the belt to the fuel charge region 1017. In addition, for the delivery of the solid fuel 1003 to the fuel charging area 1017, the solid fuel 1003 is fed so as to be able to stay on the belt, or the solid fuel 1003 is separated from the belt and sent to the charging area. It may include a feed that moves with.

In yet another embodiment, the feed mechanism 1005 may include a threaded screw conveyor configured to move the solid fuel 1003, or a gear, valve, lever, pulley, atomizer, liquid dispenser. , Droppers, or one or more of other suitable feeding mechanisms.

Further, the solid fuel 1003 may be fed to the fuel charging region 1017 using any suitable feeding mechanism 1005 or a combination of feeding mechanisms 1005. For example, a hopper may be used with the carousel or conveyor belt to load or reload the carousel or conveyor belt to replace the fed fuel, or the conveyor belt hopper or carousel the solid fuel 1003. May be delivered to.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 23, for example, in an embodiment where the system 1020 includes a set of plurality of electrodes 1002 and / or a plurality of cells 1001, the feeding mechanism 1005 transfers the fuel 1003 to the plurality of fuel charging regions 1017. You may send it. In another embodiment, the plurality of feeding mechanisms 1005 may correspond to a plurality of fuel charging regions 1017, or the plurality of feeding mechanisms 1005 may correspond to a single fuel charging region 1017. Some embodiments may allow the system 1020 to generate more power.

The power generation system 1020 may also include a removal system for removing by-products of consumed fuel from the fuel charge region 1017. By-products may include consumed fuel, unreacted fuel, or any product formed during the reaction of solid fuel 1003. The removal system may be separated from the feed mechanism 1005, or the feed mechanism 1005 may serve the function of removing the consumed fuel in addition to charging the ignition fuel into the electrodes.

In an embodiment in which the feeding mechanism 1005 also serves a removal function, the feeding mechanism 1005 may take, for example, the form of a conveyor belt that moves consumed fuel from the fuel charging area 1017, and the conveyor belt fuels the fuel. It may be a conveyor belt that moves into region 1017. In some embodiments, the solid fuel 1003 and the conveyor belt may be in the form of a continuous strip that is ignited only where current flows. In such an embodiment, the solid fuel 1003 can be generally referred to as a part of the solid fuel strip, and a new unignited portion of the strip is moved into the fuel charging region 1017 and ignited before fuel charging. It may move out of region 1017. In another embodiment of the strip, the strip may contain a packet of powdered fuel, or may contain fuel pellets attached to the strip, the packet or pellet being the fuel charge area for ignition. It may move into the 1017 and move out of the charging area 1017 when consumed.

In some embodiments, the feeding mechanism 1005 rotates to feed the solid fuel 1003 into the fuel charging area 1017, stops for ignition, and then rotates to charge the consumed fuel into the charging area. It may include a carousel that is removed to the outside and a new solid fuel 1003 is placed in the fuel charge region 1017 between the electrodes 1002 for the next ignition process. Carousels, or conveyor belts, or optional feeding mechanisms that perform both removal and feeding functions are, for example, ceramics, quartz, diamond thin films, or metals (fire resistant alloys, high temperature resistant, oxidation resistant alloys (eg TiAlN) Etc.), or high temperature stainless steel, etc.), or any suitable combination thereof, which may be coated or formed with a suitable material having solubility resistance or corrosion resistance. Such a material may allow the solid fuel 1003 to remain on the feed mechanism 1005 during ignition without compromising the integrity of the feed mechanism 1005. Feeding and / or removing mechanisms having only one of the feeding or removing functions may also be formed of similar coatings or materials, eg, to provide additional protection or reduce wear.

In embodiments where the removal system is separated from the feed mechanism 1005, the stripping system may include a carousel, a conveyor belt, or any of the mechanisms described in connection with the feed mechanism 1005. It may interact with 1005 or operate separately from the feeding mechanism 1005. In some embodiments, the removal system may direct the fluid blast (eg, water or air) so that the consumed fuel is discharged from the fuel charge area 1017. In another embodiment, the vacuum may draw the consumed fuel from the fuel charge area 1017, the magnet may repel or draw the consumed fuel from the fuel charge area 1017, or the electrostatic collection system. May move the consumed fuel from the charging area 1017. The electrode 1002 may also be moved so that the consumed fuel falls from the fuel charging region 1017, for example, by gravity. A lever, sweeper, rake, hook, scraper, or other mechanical device may push, draw, or lift the consumed fuel out of the fuel charge area 1017. Consumed fuel or products may also be removed from the plasma-electric transducer 1006, such as the MHD transducer, by a similar mechanism.

In yet another embodiment, the consumed fuel 1003 is substantially destroyed, evaporated, or otherwise exhausted, leaving only a small amount or very little consumed fuel after ignition of the solid fuel 1003. Since there is no removal system, it may not be necessary.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 20, the carousel may act as a partial removal system that moves the consumed fuel out of the fuel charge area 1017, but the consumed fuel has been removed from the fuel charge area 1017. Later, it may work with an additional removal system 1013 to remove it from the carousel. The removal system 1013 may also be used with a conveyor belt, or any of the other feeding mechanisms 1005 described above. The removal system 1013 may also reload the carousel or other feeding mechanism 1005 to charge the unused solid fuel 1003 into the charging area 1017.

The removal system 1013 may also operate with a regeneration system 1014 that can reuse the consumed fuel (eg, for usable components such as fuel and energy materials). In addition, the feeding mechanism 1005 may operate with the removal system 1013 and the regeneration system 1014, as shown in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. Consumed solid fuel may be removed from the fuel charge area 1017 by the feed system 1005, may be removed from the feed system 1005 by the removal system 1013, may be processed by the regeneration system 1014, and subsequently. For example, the feed system 1005 may be refilled with recycled fuel from the recycling system 1014 via a removal system 1013 that may also serve as a refilling system. Alternatively, the recharge system may be separated from the removal system 1013.

In the embodiment of FIG. 21, the solid fuel 1003 may be distributed from the hopper feeding mechanism 1005 to the fuel charging zone 1017. When the solid fuel 1003 is ignited by the electrode 1002, it can partially or completely evaporate into a physical gas phase state and form a plasma during the resulting burst or blast reaction event. Once the plasma is formed, it may pass through the plasma-electric power transducer 1006 and the recoupled plasma may form gas phase atoms and compounds. These gas phase atoms and compounds are condensed by the condenser 1015, collected by the removal system 1013 and transported to the regeneration system 1014. For example, the removal system 1013 may include a conveyor connection to a regeneration system 1014 that may be further connected to the hopper feeding mechanism 1005. The consumed fuel may move from the fuel charge zone 1017 to the condenser 1015 and / or the removal system 1013, the regeneration system 1014, the storage component and / or the feeding mechanism 1005 and return to the zone 1017. The condenser 1015 and removal system 1013 is any suitable system, or combination of systems, that collects and moves materials, including, for example, electrostatic collection systems, augers, conveyors, carousels, or pneumatic (eg vacuum or positive pressure) systems. May include.

In some embodiments, the electrical power source 1004 may power the removal system 1013 and / or the regeneration system 1014. The power generation system 1020 may further include an output power terminal 1009 configured to direct the power generated by the plasma-electric power converter 1006. Some electrical power outputs at terminal 1009 provide electrical power and energy to propagate the chemical reactions required to regenerate the first solid fuel 1003 from the reaction product, so that the removal system 1013 and / Or may be supplied to the regeneration system 1014 and / or the condenser 1015. The power from the output terminal 1009 may also be used to supply any suitable component of the power generation system 1020. Metal oxides, metal resistant to reaction with H 2 _O, and in the exemplary embodiment of the solid fuel containing H _{2 O,} reproducing includes rehydration of the product.

The power generation system 1020 may also include a temperature control system. For example, a cooling system may remove heat from a system 1020 produced by ignition of solid fuel 1003. As shown in FIGS. 20-25, the system 1020 includes an optional heat exchanger 1010. In a typical embodiment of FIG. 24, some of the heat from the heat exchanger 1010 may be transferred to the regeneration system 1014 by coolant lines 1011 and 1012. The heat in the regeneration system 1014 may provide thermal power and energy so that the chemical reaction propagates to regenerate the first solid fuel 1003 from the reaction product. In some embodiments, some of the output power from the plasma-electric converter 1006 may also be used for the power regeneration system 1014.

Reproduction system 1014, for _example, the addition of H 2, _{H 2} O, thermal regeneration, or, such as electrolyte recycle, as described in the section chemical reactor section and solid fuel catalyst derived Hydrinos transition (SF-CIHT) cells Including them, solid fuel 1003 may be regenerated using any suitable reaction or combination of reactions. Very large energy gain of the reaction relative to the input energy to initiate the reaction (in some examples, in the case of NiOOH (eg, the output is 5.5 kJ compared to 46 J) is 100 times higher. Because of (which may be), the product (eg, Ni ₂ O ₃ and MO) may be converted to hydroxides by electrochemical and / or chemical reactions and then oxyhydroxide. It may be converted into a thing. In other examples, metals such as Ti, Gd, Co, In, Fe, Ga, Al, Cr, Mo, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Sm, and the corresponding oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. Things may replace, for example, Ni. Solid fuel 1003 also may include a metal oxide and H _{2 O,} further, may include the corresponding metal as a conductive matrix. The product may be a metal oxide. In solid fuels, some of the metal oxides may be regenerated by hydrogen reduction so that they become metals mixed with the rehydrated oxides. Suitable metals with oxides that can be immediately reduced to metals by mild heating and hydrogen, such as below about 1000 ° C., are, for example, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir. , Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, or these. It is a combination of.

In another embodiment, the solid fuel 1003, (1) For example, alumina, alkaline earth oxides, and oxides such, not immediately reduced to the metal with a mild heating and H ₂ as rare earth oxide, (2 ) For example, it may contain metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals at H ₂ at mild temperatures, such as below about 1000 ° C., and (3) H ₂ O. The typical fuel is MgO + Cu + _{H 2} O. Mixtures of oxides of H ₂ reduced capable and non-reduced is treated with H ₂ and mild heating, oxides which can be reduced is converted into metal. This mixture may be hydrated to contain regenerated fuel. The typical fuel is MgO + Cu + _{H 2} O. Here, product MgO + CuO receives and _{H 2} reduction treatment, produce MgO + Cu, it will be hydrated in the fuel.

In another embodiment, the reactants may be by the addition of H _{2 O,} it is reproduced from the product. For example, the fuel or energetic material may contain H ₂ O and a conductive matrix, and regeneration may involve adding H ₂ O to the spent fuel. By reproducing the spent fuel, the addition of H _{2 O} to make a solid fuel 1003 may be continuous or intermittent. In another embodiment, the metal / metal oxide reactant may include a metal having a low reactivity with H _{2 O,} which correspond to the oxide, which can be a metal. H ₂ O reactive low reasonable Typical metals are, for example, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh , Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr or a combination thereof. The metal may be converted to oxide form during the ignition reaction. The oxide product associated with the metal reactant may be regenerated into the first metal by a regeneration system 1014 and other suitable systems that may include hydrogen reduction by the system. Hydrogen may be supplied by electrolysis of H 2 _O. In another embodiment, the metal is regenerated from the oxide by carbon reduction, reduction with a reducing agent (eg, a more oxygen active metal), or electrolysis (eg, electrolysis in a molten salt). The formation of metals from oxides may be achieved by any suitable system and method known to those of skill in the art.

In another embodiment, the hydrated metal / metal oxide solid fuel corresponds to the oxide not in the form between the ignition, may include a metal having a low reactivity with H 2 _O. H ₂ O reactive low reasonable typical metals, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru , Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, or a combination thereof. The product containing unreacted metals and metal oxides is rehydrated to produce a regenerated solid fuel. In another embodiment, the solid fuel comprises a carbon containing H 2 _O. The carbon product condensed from the plasma may be rehydrated to modify the solid in the regeneration cycle.

It may be possible to use the solid fuel 1003 only once and not use the regeneration step. For example, carbon containing H and O (eg, vapor carbon or activated carbon) may be a suitable typical reactant or solid fuel 1003 that may be consumed without regeneration. In such an embodiment, the power generation system 1020 may not include a regeneration system 1014 or a condenser 1015.

As mentioned above with respect to delivery mechanism 1005, removal system 1013 or regeneration system 1014, for example by any suitable system known to those of skill in the art, including air, solenoids, or electrical motor action systems. Mechanical action may be brought about. Moreover, the delivery mechanism 1005, removal system 1013 or regeneration system 1014 can be used for any of the other components in the power generation system 1020, from the power source 1004, the output power terminal 1009 and any additional power sources, or , May be supplied separately in combination with it.

A typical power generation process may proceed as follows. Ignition of the reactants of a given solid fuel 1003 produces a plasma. The plasma-electricity converter 1006 may generate electricity from the plasma. The plasma-electric converter 1006 further includes a condenser for the plasma product and a conveyor to the delivery mechanism 1005. The product may then be transported by delivery mechanism 1005 (eg, a circular conveyor) to a removal system 1013 that carries the product from delivery mechanism 1005 to regeneration system 1014. In the regeneration system 1014, the exhausted solid fuel may be regenerated into the first reactant or solid fuel 1003 and then led to the delivery mechanism 1005 through the removal system 1013 or a separate refill component.

Ignition of solid fuel 1003 produces output plasma and thermal power. As discussed above, plasma power may be directly converted to electricity by the plasma-electric power converter 1006. As shown in the examples of FIG. 25, at least some power may be redirected and stored in the storage device 1018 included in the system 1020. For example, the storage device 1018 may store in any suitable form of energy, including electrical, chemical, and mechanical energy. The storage device 1018 may include, for example, a capacitor, a high current transformer, a battery, a flywheel, or any other suitable one is a power storage device or a combination thereof. For example, what intermittent to store the power generated by the plasma power converter 1006 to electricity for later use by the system 1020 for later use in another device (eg, external load). But to slow it down, the storage device 1018 may be included in the system 1020. The system 1020 may be configured to recharge or fill the storage device 1018. And then it is filled and connected to a separate device to the supply power, which may be removed once. The system 1020 optionally includes a storage device that accepts and stores some or is configured by the system 1020 to cause a power failure (eg, as a backup power supply) for later use. Maybe. As shown in FIG. 25, the storage device 1018 may be an electrical connection to the output power conditioner 1007 and the power source 1004. This is partly caused by the power electrode 1002 or any other suitable component of the system 1020, for example, by the system 1020 being fed back to the system 1020 through the power source 1004 (which may be used). Power supply may allow. In another embodiment, the storage device 1018 may not accept the power generated by the system 1020 and may instead supply power only to the system 1020. In addition, instead of or in addition to the storage device 1018, the power generated by the system 1020 may be a direct source of power for separate devices, or may directly power separate grids. In addition, the system 1020 may be an electrical connection to an external device or power grid. In some embodiments, the electrical output from cell 1001 of system 1020 may deliver a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy that ignites the fuel in another cell. Then, the power generated in the fuel system 1020 is reused without using the storage device 1018. Further, as in the example of FIG. 25, when powering the system 1020, the power source 1004 may include its own storage device 1018 to receive power from the system 1020 utilized.

Each electrode 1002 and / or cell 1001 also outputs thermal power that may be extracted from the heat exchanger 1010 by inlet and outlet coolant lines 1011 and 1012. Thermal power may be used directly as heat or may be converted to electricity. The power generation system 1020 may further include a thermal-electric converter. The conversion may be accomplished using any suitable power converter (eg, a power plant (eg, a conventional Rankin or Brayton), a steam plant with a boiler, a steam turbine, a generator or a gas turbine with a generator). Typical reactants (regeneration reactions), systems, and power converters are described below. For example, with international application numbers PCT / US08 / 61455, PCT / US09 / 052072, PCT / US10 / 27828, PCT / US11 / 28889, PCT / US12 / 31369, and PCT / US13 / 041938, which are referenced herein. The whole is incorporated. Other suitable power converters may include, for example, thermionic thermoelectric power converters and heat engines (eg, Stirling engines). The heat exchanger 1010 may be used to cool the electrodes 1002 of the system 1020, the plasma converter 1006 to electricity, the fuel loading area 1017 or any suitable component.

The power generated by the power generation system 1020 at the output power conditioner 1007 connected to the plasma converter 1006 to electricity at the power connector 1008 may be further regulated. The output power conditioner 1007 may change the quality of the generated power that is compatible with the internal and external electrical load devices in which the power is delivered. The quality of power generated may include current, voltage, frequency, noise / consistency or any other suitable quality. For example, the output power conditioner 1007 from the plasma to the electrical converter 1006 connected by the power connector 1008 to change the equipment or power adjusting the power to reflect the changes in the electrical load produced by the system 1020. And power flow may be adjustable. Conditioners may perform one or more functions. And it includes, for example, power levels (voltage regulation, power factor correction, noise suppression or temporary impulsive protection).
In a typical embodiment, the output power conditioner 1007 adjusts the power generated by the system 1020 to the desired waveform (eg, 60 Hz AC power) in order to maintain more steady-state voltage over various loads. It may be.

Once regulated, the generated power may be passed from conditioner 1007 to load by output terminal 1009. Although two power connectors 1008 to two plasmas to the electric converter 1006 and one output power conditioner 1007 are typically represented by numbers, any suitable number and arrangement of these devices will be incorporated into the system 1020. May be In addition, any number and arrangement of output power terminals 1009 may be included in the power generation system 1020.

In some embodiments, as shown above, some power outputs of the power output terminal 1009 may be used, for example, to power the electrical power source 1004. And it provides about 5-10V (10,000-40,000A DC power supply). The MHD and PDC power converters may output a low voltage, high current DC power source with a repowering electrode 1002 to trigger the ignition of the fuel subsequently supplied. In some embodiments, a supercapacitor or battery is used to start cell 1001 by supplying power to the first ignition so that power for subsequent ignition is provided by the output power conditioner 1007. May be done. And it may be driven in sequence by the plasma power converter 1006 to electricity.

Moreover, with the coolant flowing through the inlet line 1011 and the exhaust line 1012, thermal power may be extracted by the heat exchanger 1010. Further heat exchangers are expected, such as one or more, in an electrical converter such as the MHD converter 1006, in a tank 1001 or a wall of plasma. Each heat exchanger may include a water-wall mounted type, or may include a type in which coolant is contained and turned in a line, pipe or communication path. Heat may be transferred to a heat load or to a heat-electric power converter. The output power from the thermal-electric converter may be used to power the load, and some may be used for the power source 1004.

The power generation system 1020 may further include a control system 1030. And it may be part of the system 1020, it may be separate and / or it may remove the 1020 from the system. The control system 1030 may monitor the system 1020 and / or automate parts or all of the system 1020. For example, the control system 1030 may be positioned within the timing of ignition, the amount of current or voltage used to trigger the ignition, the speed or delivery of the delivery mechanism 1005 or timing, or the fuel filling region 1017, within the range of system 1020. And electrodes 1002, fuel regeneration, may control the amount of fuel removed from changes in the generated power flow. The flow of power generated from the system 1020 (for example, to drive one or more components or to store the storage device in it) to initiate cooling or heating of the system 1020 (system). To monitor one or more parameters of 1020) (eg, power generation parameters such as temperature, pressure, full level, current and voltage, magnetic fields, operation, maintenance indicators or any other suitable parameters). Turn the on / off operating system 1020, enter the safety mechanism or standby mode, or control any other suitable function of the system 1020. In some embodiments, the control system 1030 may only monitor the system 1020.

The power generation system 1020 may also include one or more measuring instruments 1025 that are available and coupled to one or more components of the system 1020 to measure the appropriate parameters. While FIG. 20 represents one measuring instrument 1025 placed in the power output terminal 1009, one or more measuring instruments 1025 may be used and coupled in any suitable co-Western system at any suitable location. It may be located in or near any suitable co-Western power generation system 1020. The measuring instrument 1025 may be used and coupled to a display, 1 meter, control system 1030 or any suitable means for transmitting measurement data to an external reader. The instrument 1025 may include sensors (such as those who find temperature, pressure, full level, power generation parameters (eg, current (voltage)), magnetic fields, operation, maintenance indicators or any other suitable parameter). Absent. These sensors may be configured to alert the operator about the system 1020 or control system 1030 under certain conditions that are present or possible with respect to the system 1020 (eg, by voice or visual alarm). .. In some embodiments, the sensor working with the system 1020 may create a feedback system to facilitate automation of the system 1020 based on one or more perceived parameters. If, in some embodiments, one or more parameters can be found above and below the entrance of a predetermined segment, for example, one or more parameters measured by measuring instrument 1025 are emergency rocket shuts. May turn off or enter standby mode. It then prevents damage to the system 1020 or the surrounding area, or facilitates maintenance or repair.

There may be a control system 1030 or instrument 1025 in a control mechanism within the range of the system 1020 that facilitates automation, or in a processor or display, in contact with any suitable co-western system 1020. The control system 1030 may include a processor that is effectively connected to the power generation system 1020. Processors include, for example, Programmable Logical Control (Company), Programmable Logical Relay (PLR), Remote Thermal Unit (RTU), Distributed Control System (DCS), Distributed Control System (DCS), PC board (PCB), PC board (PCB), etc. A device that can control the power generation system 1020 with any processor and the A display can be used and connected to the control system 1030 and can represent information visually (eg, CRT monitor, etc.) May include arbitrary types (such as LCD screens). The instrument 1025 and control system 1030 may be directly connected to each other or to components of the system 1020 (eg, by hard wiring) or may be connected wirelessly (eg, WiFi (Bluetooth®). ))). In addition, the power generation system 1020, instrument 1025 and control system 1030 may be configured to communicate with remote devices (eg, highly automated functional telephones or distant power control equipment). He acknowledges that if the power generation system 1020 is fully or partially automated, the system 1020 may also include manual overrides for remote monitoring and control of the system 1020. And it may be launched away and / or in the field.

In some embodiments, the power generation system 1020 may operate autonomously or semi-autonomously. For example, system 1020 may produce enough power for the power itself for continued operation. System 1020 may generate enough power to power the storage devices included in system 020. It may then be used as a backup power supply when the power supplied is low or when the mains are beginning to volute. The system 1020 may also generate enough power to power an external load device while supplying itself enough power to continue operation for some time without receiving power from an external power source. Absent. Such an embodiment of the system 1020 is partially or completely self-sufficient, especially when combined with the control system 1030, making the power generation system 1020, as required, as an independent grid or traditional fossil fuel infrastructure. , And may be autonomous.

This self-sufficient embodiment may be useful for powering other stand-alone or private use, or to hard-to-access locations or locations where power delivery is inconsistent or unpredictable. For example, if it is all while the system 1020 continues to operate over time, the power generating system 1020 may be remotely installed and may be prepared on the left side and monitored away, moving. Produces sufficient power (as needed or continuously, intermittently) and also produces extra power for liquid supply to the load. The control system 1030 may control one or more components of the system 1020 that protects power generation, for example, may operate independently of an external power source. In such autonomous and / or semi-autonomous embodiments, all or most of the fuel, as shown above, is not so much reactant if all, but needs to be replenished. The power generation system 1020 may include a regeneration system in order to allow the reactants to be reused. Moreover, in embodiments that require water as a fuel or reactant for the regeneration of solid fuels or energetic materials, the power generation system 1020 is configured to collect water, for example, from the surrounding environment to the fuel system 1020. May include water collection components. Water collection component, in order to extract the H 2 ₀ from the atmosphere, may contain one such water vapor absorption material of the disclosure.

Autonomous or semi-autonomous, non-autonomous embodiments of the present disclosure may be used to drive external loads. Examples of the present disclosure may be used for industrial use with local power. As a station or generator, for telecommunications such as data centers, or for any suitable application, royal items (eg heating or cooling systems, equipment, electronics, etc.) (vehicles (eg cars) , Trucks, planes, forklifts, trains, boats, motorcycles, etc.)) may be used to move. To produce the appropriate amount, various exemplary embodiments of the power for a variety of external different applications has become a driving force of the load, the fuel (e.g., majority contains H _{2 0} aqueous Solid fuels and solid fuels that are very conductive for the Commonwealth), power generation systems 1020 that may use different types of different ignition parameters and different configurations of system components are configured in the output To show the typical range of power that may be done, some typical devices and their general typical power usage are provided below. Moreover, an autonomous or semi-autonomous power generating system 1020 provides more power than is required for its use to provide surplus power directed to the system 1020 for system power operations. May occur. A larger power system can be achieved by configuring or connecting multiple modular power generation systems 1020. The connections may be in series, in parallel or in combination to achieve the desired voltage, current and power of the coagulation unit.

X. Additional Mechanical Power Generation Examples In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a system for generating mechanical power is provided. The system supplies an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, and the solid fuel of the present disclosure into the ignition chamber. Can include a fuel feeder configured in. Water (referred to in the present disclosure as a solid fuel or energy material) for generating mechanical power, or an exemplary solid fuel suitable for igniting an aqueous fuel source, is described in the section on the internal SF-CIHT cell engine of the present disclosure. Have been described. Each embodiment disclosed in this section can use the solid fuel of the present disclosure. The system is also coupled to a power source, with a pair of electrodes configured to power the solid fuel to generate plasma, and an ignition chamber located within the ignition chamber to output mechanical power. It can include a piston that is configured to move relative to.

In another embodiment, an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, and the solid fuel of the present disclosure are fed into the ignition chamber. It can include a fuel feeder configured to do so. The system is also coupled to an electrical power source, with a pair of electrodes configured to supply electrical power to the solid fuel to generate plasma, and fluid communication to the exhaust port, rotating and rotating mechanical power. Can include turbines configured to output.

In another aspect, the system can include an electrical power source capable of at least about 5,000 A and an impeller configured to rotate and output mechanical power, the impeller being plasma and thermal. It can include a hollow region configured to generate at least one of the target powers, which can include an inlet configured to receive the working fluid. The system is further coupled with a fuel feeder configured to deliver the solid fuel of the present disclosure to the hollow region and an electrical power source, supplying power to the hollow region to ignite the solid fuel and plasma. Can include a pair of electrodes configured to produce.

In another embodiment, the system can include an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and a moving element configured to rotate and output mechanical power, the moving element being plasma and. Defines at least a portion of the ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of the thermal powers. In addition, the system consists of a fuel feeder configured to deliver solid fuel to the ignition chamber and a pair configured to be coupled to an electrical power source to power the solid fuel and generate plasma. Electrodes and can be included.

In another embodiment, the system can include an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and a plurality of ignition chambers, each of which produces at least one of plasma and thermal power. It is configured as follows. The system also includes a fuel feeder configured to feed solid fuel to multiple ignition chambers and multiple electrodes coupled to a power source, at least one of the plurality of electrodes being plural. It is associated with at least one of the ignition chambers and is configured to power the solid fuel to generate plasma.

In another embodiment, the system feeds an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power, and an aqueous fuel to the ignition chamber. A fuel feeding device configured as described above can be included. The system is coupled to a power source and fluidly coupled to the ignition chamber with a pair of electrodes configured to power the fuel to generate arc plasma and to the ignition chamber to output mechanical power. Further can include a piston configured to move relative to it.

In another embodiment, the system can include an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. It includes an exhaust port and a fuel feeder configured to feed aqueous fuel to the ignition chamber. It also has a pair of electrodes that are coupled to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate arc plasma, and fluid communication to the exhaust to rotate and output mechanical power. Can include turbines configured in.

In another embodiment, the system is an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an impeller configured to rotate and output mechanical power, with at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power. A hollow region configured to produce, the hollow region containing an inlet configured to receive the working fluid, and a fuel feed configured to deliver aqueous fuel to the hollow region. It includes a device and a pair of electrodes coupled to an electrical power source that are configured to supply power to a hollow region to ignite an aqueous fuel to generate an arc plasma.

In another embodiment, the system consists of an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and a plurality of ignition chambers, each of which is configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. At least a plurality of electrodes, including an ignition chamber, a fuel feeding device configured to feed aqueous fuel to the plurality of ignition chambers, and a plurality of electrodes coupled to an electrical power source. One is associated with at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers and is configured to supply electrical power to the aqueous fuel to generate arc plasma.

In another embodiment, the ignition chamber has a shell defining a hollow chamber configured to generate at least plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and fluid communication with the hollow chamber, electrically to a pair of electrodes. It can include a coupled fuel receptacle and a moving element that communicates fluidly with the hollow chamber.

In another embodiment, the ignition chamber can include a shell defining the hollow chamber and an injection device configured to communicate fluid with the hollow chamber and inject fuel into the hollow chamber. The chamber is further configured to be electrically coupled to the hollow chamber to provide the fuel with sufficient electrical power to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power in the hollow chamber. It can include a pair of electrodes and a moving element that communicates fluidly with the hollow chamber.

In another embodiment, the method of generating mechanical power is to feed the solid fuel to the ignition chamber, conduct a current of at least about 5,000 A to the solid fuel, and apply a voltage of less than about 10 V to the solid fuel. Can include igniting solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. The method can also include mixing thermal power with the working fluid, sending the working fluid to the moving element to move the moving element, and outputting mechanical power, where plasma and arc in the present disclosure. It is assumed that the power of the plasma is naturally attenuated or converted into thermal power. Target power may be converted to mechanical power by pressure / volume work or the like. The plasma may be directly converted to electrical power by a plasma-electric converter of the present disclosure, such as an MHD or PDC converter. Electrical power may be converted to mechanical power by means such as an electric motor, or plasma or plasma arc power may be thermalized, and thermal power converts heat into pressure / volume work. It may be converted to mechanical power by means such as a heat engine that can be coupled.

Another method is to feed the aqueous fuel to the ignition chamber, conduct a current of at least about 10,000 A to the aqueous fuel, apply a voltage of at least about 4 kV to the aqueous fuel to ignite the aqueous fuel, arc plasma and It can include generating at least one of the thermal powers. Further, the method can include mixing thermal power with the working fluid and sending the working fluid to the moving element to move the moving element and output mechanical power.

Another method is to supply the solid fuel to the ignition chamber, to supply at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically coupled to the solid fuel, and to ignite the solid fuel and plasma in the ignition chamber. And to generate at least one of the thermal powers and to convert at least a portion of the plasma and at least one of the thermal powers into mechanical power.

Another method is to supply the aqueous fuel to the ignition chamber, to supply at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically coupled to the aqueous fuel, and to ignite the aqueous fuel and arc in the ignition chamber. It can include generating at least one of the plasma and thermal power and converting at least a portion of the arc plasma and the thermal power into mechanical power.

A further embodiment of the present disclosure provides a machine for ground transportation. The machine supplies fuel to the ignition chamber with an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. It may include a configured fuel feeder. The machine also has a pair of electrodes that are coupled to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and a fluid in the ignition chamber. It can include a moving element that is coupled and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and a drive shaft that is mechanically coupled to the moving element and configured to provide mechanical power to the transport element. ..

A further embodiment of the present disclosure provides a machine for air transport. The machine supplies fuel to the ignition chamber with an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. It may include a configured fuel feeder. The machine also has a pair of electrodes that are coupled to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and a fluid in the ignition chamber. It can include a moving element that is coupled and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and an aviation element that is mechanically coupled to the moving element and configured to provide propulsion in an aviation environment.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a machine for marine transportation. The machine supplies fuel to the ignition chamber with an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A and an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. It may include a configured fuel feeder. The machine also has a pair of electrodes that are coupled to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and a fluid in the ignition chamber. It can include a moving element that is coupled and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and a maritime element that is mechanically coupled to the moving element and configured to provide propulsion in a maritime environment.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure comprises an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A, an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and a fuel ignition chamber. Provided are a fuel feeding device configured to feed to, and a working machine which may include. The work machine also has a pair of electrodes coupled to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power, and an ignition chamber. It can include moving elements that are fluid-coupled and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and working elements that are mechanically coupled to the moving elements and configured to provide mechanical power.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrical power source may be at least about 10,000 A, for example at least about 14,000 A. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the electrical power source may be less than about 100V, such as less than about 10V, or less than about 8V. In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the electrical power source may be at least about 5,000 kW. In a further embodiment, the solid fuel can contain water, a water absorbing material, and a conductive element, with non-limiting examples being at least about 30 mol% of water in the solid fuel, at least about about 30 mol% of the solid fuel. It contains 30 mol% of water absorbing material and at least about 30 mol% of conductive elements of solid fuel.

In a further embodiment, the system can include an intake configured to feed the working fluid to the ignition chamber. In certain embodiments, the working fluid is air, it can include at least one of H 2 _O and an inert gas, the working fluid below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and at atmospheric pressure or at least one pressure It can be fed to the ignition chamber. In addition, the system can include at least a pair of electrodes electrically coupled to at least one of the piston and the ignition chamber. In certain embodiments, the fuel feeder injects at least a portion of the solid fuel into the ignition chamber, such as an injector configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid and solid particles into the ignition chamber. Includes an injection device configured to inject. In addition, the fuel feeder can include a carousel. In certain embodiments, at least one of the fuel feeder and the pair of electrodes can include a receptacle configured to receive solid fuel.

Specific embodiments of the present disclosure further include at least one of a cooling system, a heating system, a vacuum system, and a plasma transducer. In addition, certain systems may further include a regeneration system configured to capture, regenerate, and reuse at least one of the components produced by the ignition of solid fuel. it can.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the pair of electrodes may be electrically coupled to at least one of the turbine and ignition chamber. In addition, the fuel feeder may include an injector configured to inject at least a portion of the solid fuel into the ignition chamber, or the injector may be at least of gas, liquid and solid particles. One may be configured to inject into the ignition chamber. In certain embodiments, the impeller may comprise at least one blade configured to divert the flow of hydraulic fluid, the working fluid comprises air, H 2 _O, and at least one inert gas .. In another embodiment, the working fluid can be fed into the hollow region at at least one pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the pair of electrodes is electrically coupled to at least one of the impeller and the hollow region. In addition, the fuel feeder may include an injector configured to inject at least a portion of the solid fuel into the hollow region, the injector being at least one of gas, liquid and solid particles. Can be configured to inject one into a hollow region.

In certain embodiments, the movable element can form at least a portion of the first electrode of the pair of electrodes, and the second movable element is at least a portion of the second electrode of the pair of electrodes. Can be formed. In a plurality of embodiments, the moving element comprises a receptacle configured to receive fuel, the moving element being fluidly coupled to the ignition chamber and configured to direct the flow of at least one of plasma and thermal power. The moving nozzle can include a nozzle, the moving element is configured to move in at least one direction in a straight line, an arc, and a direction of rotation, and the moving element includes at least one of a gear and a roller.

FIG. 26 shows a mechanical power generation system 2010 according to an exemplary embodiment. The system 2010 can be configured to produce at least one type of mechanical output. Such an output can include one or more straight lines, or translational motions in the direction of rotation. For example, the generation of mechanical power is associated with a system 2010 such as a piston (see FIG. 28), a turbine (see FIG. 29), a gear (see FIG. 30), or an impeller (see FIGS. 33A, 33B). Can include the movement of moving elements. Movable elements can be configured to move in a straight line, arc, direction of rotation or a combination thereof, or in one or more other directions. Other types of moving elements may provide mechanical power using the ignition processes and components described herein.

The system 2010 includes hydrogen, oxygen, water or aqueous fuel 2020 (internal SF-CIHT cell engine sections, chemical reactor sections, and solid fuel catalyst-induced hydrino transition (SF-CIHT) cells of the present disclosure, and power converters. It can be configured to ignite) (referring to the solid fuels of the present disclosure, as described in the section. Fuel 2020 can include solid fuels such as those disclosed in the present disclosure, where it is assumed in the present disclosure that the fuel may contain other physical states. In a plurality of embodiments, the fuel, or solid fuel, may be in at least one state of gas phase, liquid phase, solid, slurry, solgel, solution, mixture, gas phase suspension, and air flow. The fuel 2020 can be configured to ignite to form a plasma. As described above, the solid fuel can contain water, a water absorbing material, and a conductive element. The molar content of these components may range from about 1% to about 99%. In some embodiments, the molar content may each be about 30% of the solid fuel. In another embodiment, the fuel 2020 can include an aqueous fuel that can be ignited to form an arc plasma and at least one of the thermal powers. Aqueous fuels can include materials containing at least 50% water, at least 90% water, or water in the range of about 1% to 100% mol / mol, volume / volume, or weight / weight. Fuel 2020 may include various forms of material, including gases, liquids, and solids. The liquid can further include viscosities ranging from very low to very high viscosities and may include slurry or gel type viscosity liquids. Although FIG. 27 shows a solid elongated form of fuel 2020, other forms of fuel 2020 may be used in the system 2010. Fuel 2020, which is a combination of various forms of gas, liquid, or gas, liquid, or solid, may be used in the system 2010 as described below. For example, fuel 2020 may include pellets, sachets, aliquots, powders, droplets, streams, vapors, mists, gases, suspensions, or any suitable combination thereof. In particular, the basic reactants may include H and O sources, which can form H ₂ O or H as products or intermediate reaction products.

The fuel 2020 may also contain one or more energy materials of the present disclosure that are also configured to undergo an ignition process (in the present disclosure, solid fuels have high energy yields and high motility, and It is also called an energy material because of its corresponding power). Further, the fuel 2020 of the energy material may be conductive. For example, energy material may include at least one, and conductive elements of H _{2 O,} and metals and metal oxides. The energy material fuel 2020 may include multiple physical forms, such as slurry, solution, emulsion, composite material, and at least one compound, or state of matter.

In one embodiment, the fuel 2020 comprises the present disclosure or nascent H ₂ O (at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen) containing at least one source of catalyst and has a conductor and conductivity. Includes reactants that make up a catalytic hydrino reactant that further comprises at least one of a matrix. In certain embodiments, the fuel 2020 comprises at least one source of solid fuel or energetic material of the present disclosure and solid fuel or energetic material of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the catalyst, the catalyst, to make at least one source of sources and atomic hydrogen atom hydrogen, typical solid fuel 2020 includes a source of matrix is between H 2 _O conductivity force. H 2 _O source, bulk H _{2 O,} bulk H _{2 O} other states, also contain at least one compound or at least one receiving compound in the reaction to make of H _{2 O} and releasing bound H _{2 O} unknown. _H 2 O to H ₂ O is absorbed, bound _H 2 O, and _{H 2} O in at least one state of _{between H 2} O and water of hydration which is physisorbed, a compound that interacts, bound _{H 2} O may be included. The fuel 2020 is a conductor and one or more compounds or materials that receive at least one of bulk H ₂ O, absorbed H ₂ O, bound H ₂ O, physically adsorbed H ₂ O and release of hydrated water. May contain H ₂ O as a reaction product. More typical solid or energetic material fuels 2020, hygroscopic material and the conductor of the hydrates is (hydrates carbon); hydrate of carbon and metal, metal oxide, a mixture of metal or carbon and H _{2 O;} Then, metal halide, metal or carbon and H _{2 O} mixtures. Metals and metal oxides may include transition metals (eg Co, Fe, Ni and Cu). Halide metals may include Mg or Ca and alkaline earth metals such as halides (eg F, Cl, Br or I). The metals are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn. , W, Al, V, Zr , Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and in, but might have a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction with _{H 2} O, such as at least one group of, here, fuel 2020, it may be regenerated by the addition of _{H 2} O. The fuel 2020 constituting the hydrino reactant may contain at least one of a slurry, a solution, an emulsion, a complex and a compound.

The system 2010 may also include one or more electrodes. For example, the system 2010 can include a pair of electrodes 2030. The other components are rotatable, arched or configured for movement in one or more directions including linear motion, or the electrode 2030 includes movable components (eg gears, gears, rollers). Can be done. Electrodes 2030 can also include one or more non-moving electrodes and one or more moving electrodes. All electrodes may not move or may move. For example, the electrode 2030 can be configured to allow the fuel 2020 to move linearly or rotate relative to the electrode 2030 while the electrode 2030 remains stationary. Electrodes 2030 may also be configured to wear.

In general, the electrodes 2030 can be configured to interact with the fuel 2020 so that the current can be applied throughout the fuel 2020. The fuel may be very conductive. Fuel 2020 may be ignited by applying a high current in the range of about 2,000 A to 100,000 A. For example, the voltage may be below a range, such as in the range of approximately 1V to 100V. Alternatively, the fuel such as H _{2 O} with or without minor additives include non-H _{2 O} substances, there may be a high resistance. Ignition may be achieved by applying a sufficiently high voltage and current to the electrode 2030. For example, something like 1kV to 50kV between electrodes 2030. Such an ignition process may produce at least one of plasma, arc plasma, similar forms of material, and heated material. Light, heat and other reaction products may be formed.

Electrodes 2030 are configured to apply electrical pulses to fuel 2020. Specifically, application of high-intensity current flow (application), low or high-intensity voltage suitable for the resistance of the fuel to achieve high current, or other high-intensity other power during fuel 2020. The electrode 2030 may be designed to allow flow. As described below, one or more electrodes 2030 may be coupled to a movable or stationary component. For example, one or more electrodes may be coupled to a piston, turbine, gear, impeller or other operating element. One or more other electrodes may be coupled to the ignition chamber or hollow region (the conduit associated with the ignition chamber or hollow region, or another fixed portion of the system 2010).

Electrode 2030 may be made from a suitable material with specific dimensions to accommodate one or more electrical pulses. Electrode 2030 may require insulation, cooling, and control mechanisms to operate as needed. It is believed that a high current AC, DC or AC-DC mixture can be applied throughout the electrode 2030. Currents range from approximately 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, or 10kA to 50kA, and DC or peak AC current densities are approximately 100A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm. ^2, 1,000A / cm ² from 100,000 a / cm ^2, or 2,000 a / cm ² from 50,000A / cm ^2, may be in the range of. The DC or peak AC voltage may be in the range of approximately 0.1V to 50kV, 1kV to 20kV, 0.1V to 15V, or 1V to 15V. The AC frequency may be in the range of approximately 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, or 100 Hz to 10 kHz. And the pulse time may be in the range of approximately ^10-6 s to 10 s, ^10-5 s to 1 s, 10 ^-4 s to 0, ls, or 10 ^-3 s to 0.01 s.

Electrode 2030 applies 60 Hz at a voltage less than the peak of 15 V, the current is between about 10,000 A / cm ² and 50,000 A / cm ² peaks, and the power is about 10,000 W / cm ² and 750. It may be between 000 W / cm ² . A wide range of frequencies, voltages, currents and powers may be applied. For example, an approximate range from multiplying the above parameters by 1/100 to multiplying by 100 may also be appropriate. In particular, low pressure, high current pulses (such as one created by spot welders) may ignite the fuel. It is then accomplished by confinement between the two copper electrodes of the Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder. A voltage of 60 Hz may be an RMS of approximately 5 to 20 V, and currents and current densities through fuel 2020 are approximately 10,000 A to 40,000 A, and 10,000 A / cm ² to 40,000 A /. It may be cm ² .

The system 2010 may also include other systems, devices, or components. For example, the system 2010 can include a cooling system 2040, a fuel delivery device 2050, a regeneration system 2060, and a power source 2070. The cooling system 2040 may be configured to cool one or more components of the system 2010 (eg, electrodes 2030). The fuel delivery device 2050 may be configured to deliver fuel 2020 to electrode 2030. The regeneration system 2060 may be configured to regenerate one or more materials associated with fuel 2020. For example, metal forms contained within the range of fuel 2020 may be captured, recycled, or returned to the fuel delivery device 2050.

The power source 2070 may be configured to supply power (eg, power) to the electrodes 2030. In some respects, the power source 2070 can be configured to provide sufficient power to produce the plasma. For example, the power source 2070 can be at least about 10,000 A, at least about 14,000 A, less than about 100 V, less than about 10 V, less than about 8 V, or at least about 5,000 kW. On the other side, the power source 2070 can be configured to provide sufficient power to produce arc plasma. For example, the power source 2070 can be at least about 10,000 A, at least about 12,000 A, at least about 1 kV, at least about 2 kV, at least about 4 kV, or at least about 5,000 kW.

As shown in FIG. 27, the system 2010 may also include an ignition chamber 2080 where the 2020 reacts to form at least one of plasma, arc plasma, or thermal power. As described below, the system 2010 can include one or more ignition chambers 2080. The chamber 2080 can be made of at least one of plasma and thermal power formation or a metal or other suitable material capable of withstanding the forces and temperatures associated with water ignition. Chamber 2080 can include a generally cylindrical conduit configured to provide an environment suitable for igniting water. Chamber 2080 can be variously shaped, sized, or configured for different applications.

As described below, the chamber 2080 can be configured to move with one or more operating elements configured to output mechanical power. Chamber 2080 may also include one or more ports, cams, injection devices, or other components configured to allow fluid to enter or exit chamber 2080. In particular, the chamber 2080 can include an air intake configured to allow fluid delivery to the chamber 2080. Chamber 2080 may also include an outlet port configured to allow fluid to exit chamber 2080. Such ports may be configured to move in a working fluid to move with at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power to provide mechanical power. The working fluid may include at least one of plasma, arc plasma and thermal power, operating air, an inert gas, or another fluid. Working fluids or any other type of fluid may be delivered to chamber 2080 under pressure. In particular, the fluid can be delivered to chamber 2080 at pressures below 1 atmosphere, 1 atmosphere, or above 1 atmosphere. For example, various component exhaust turbine turbochargers or turbochargers can be used to apply pressure to the fluid before supplying it to chamber 2080.

The ignition chamber 2080 may also include a shell defining a hollow chamber configured to create at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power. Chamber 2080 is a hollow chamber that can also include fuel receptacles in fluid communication. The fuel receptacle may be electrically coupled to a pair of electrodes. The chamber 2080 may also include a hollow chamber that allows fluid communication of moving elements.

According to a typical embodiment, FIG. 28 represents an ignition chamber 2080. As shown, the chamber 2080 includes a piston 2090 configured to change some of its energy-provided by ignition of fuel 2020 to mechanical power. Piston 2090 can be configured for reciprocating motion in a combustion chamber (eg, chamber 2080). In another embodiment, in a combustion chamber that is fluidly connected to chamber 2080, the piston 2090 can undergo reciprocating motion. Piston 2090 can also be dimensioned and designed to operate in different combustion environments and with different flammable fuels. In addition, the piston 2090 can be made from a range of materials, depending on the type and requirements of the incineration process. Other types of moving elements may also be used to provide mechanical power, as described in more detail below. Moreover, the system 2010 can be modified to run as a Stirling engine.

For example, as shown in FIG. 29, the turbine 2100 may include one or more additional turbines or compressors, mixing chambers, expander blowers, air intakes, superchargers, reformers, coolers, motors, generators, recovery heat exchangers. May include recirculators, heat exchangers, dampers, or exhaust. As such, the system 2010 can be configured as a Brayton-type engine or a modification thereof. Other components, devices, and systems may be integrated with the system 2010 or may be used with the system 2010 to provide mechanical power.

According to a typical embodiment, FIG. 30 represents an electrode 2030 including an anode 2110 and a cathode 2120. As shown, the anode 2110 and the cathode 2120 are configured to rotate. Therefore, electrode 2030 can include gear 2125. The cathode 2120 is also shown in the fuel 2020 pellet 2130 associated with the gear teeth 2140. The fuel delivery device 2050 can place pellets 2130 relative to the teeth 2140 (eg, the tips of the teeth 2140). In another embodiment (not shown), pellets 2130 can be at least partially located between adjacent teeth 2140 or can be placed at anode 2110.

The cathode 2120 or fuel 2020 can be coupled to each other using any suitable mechanism. For example, a mechanical gripping device (not shown) can be used to bond pellets 2130 to teeth 2140. The liquid fuel 2020 can be coupled to the cathode 2120 by surface tension. Magnetism and other forces can also be used.

Fuel 20 or pellet 2130 may be moved around a system 2010 with various transfer mechanisms. For example, mechanical mechanisms (eg, spirals, rollers, spirals, gears, conveyor belts, etc.) may be used. It is possible that air, hydraulics, electrostatics, electrochemicals, or other mechanisms may be used. The desired region of the fuel 2020 and the teeth 2140 of the electrode 2030 is anti-electrostatically charged so that the fuel 2020 flows into the desired region of one or both electrodes 2030 and electrostatically supports it. May be. When the opposing teeth 2140 engage, the fuel 2020 can then be ignited. In another embodiment, for example, by spring loading, or by pneumatic engineering or actuation, the rollers or gears 2125 maintain tension towards each other by biasing the mechanism. The meshing force of the teeth 2140 and the compression of the fuel 2020 in between may cause electrical contact between the meshing teeth 2140 through the conductive fuel 2020.

Once coupled to the cathode 2120, the pellet 2130 can rotate to bring the pellet 2130 closer or contact the anode 2110. Once placed, high intensity currents may be applied between the electrodes 2030 to cause water ignition in fuel 2020. The expansion gas 2135 resulting from the ignition treatment of pellets 2130 may cause rotation of the electrode 2030. Such rotation may be coupled to a shaft (not shown) to provide rotational power.

One or more gears 2125 may include a set of bevel gears, each having an integer n teeth, and the fuel 2020 is the n-1 of the n-1 th intertooth fuel meshing gear. It flows into the nth interdental gap or bottom land so that it is compressed by the second tooth. According to the present disclosure (eg, inter-digitized polygonal or triangular toothed gears, worm gears, and spirals known to those of skill in the art), other geometric shapes of gears 2125 or gears 2125. The function is conceivable.

Electrode 2030 can include conductive and non-conducting regions. For example, the teeth 2140 of the anode 2110 may be non-conducting, whereas the teeth 2140 of the cathode 2120 may contain a conductive material. Instead, the material between the teeth 2140 of the anode 2110 may be conductive. It then provides a conduction path between the anode 2110 and the cathode 2120 through the pellet 2130. If the gear 2125 has a conductive forcing region in which the contacts engage to activate the 2020 and insulate in the other region, it is selectively in the flow through the current fuel 2020. At least a portion of the gear 2125 may contain a non-conductive ceramic material, where the forcing region can be a covered metal due to its conductivity.

In operation, the gear 2125 may be urged intermittently so that a high current flows through the fuel 2020 as the gear 2125 engages. As they engage, the flow of fuel 2020 may be adjusted to match the delivery of pellets 2130 with gear 2125, and the current is triggered through the pellets 2130. The associated high current flow causes the fuel 2020 to ignite. The resulting plasma expands out on the side of gear 2125. There may be a plasma expansion flow along an axis parallel to the gear 2125 and the shaft of the transverse in the direction of the flow of fuel 2020. In addition, one or more streams of plasma can be targeted to synchronous converters (eg, in MHD converters (discussed in more detail below)). Further flow directions of the plasma may be achieved by confining magnets such as those in Helmholtz coils or magnetic bottles.

The process of removing material was deposited on the gear teeth 2140 by the ignition process, or the electrode 2030 may include a regeneration system. A heating or cooling system (not shown) may also be included.

Every tooth 2140 of the cathode 2120 may bind to the pellet 2130 in the accompanying figure, but in some embodiments one or more teeth 2140 may not bind to the pellet 2130. Moreover, other forms of fuel 2020 (eg, different numbers of pellets 2130) may be placed on each of the different teeth 2140, or the anode 2110, cathode 2120 or both electrodes 2030 are various of pellets 2130. May include distribution.

Gears 2125 (or rollers) that may rotate to propel fuel 2020 in the gap may flow continuously into operating fuel 2020. The fuel 2020 may be continuously ignited, rotating to fill the space between the electrodes 2030 containing the meshing regions of the set of gears 2125. Such operations may generally output a constant mechanical or power output.

Where the anode 2110 moves (eg, rotates) while the cathode 2120 remains stationary, FIG. 31 represents the electrode 2030 by another typical embodiment. In other embodiments, the cathode 2120 may move and the anode 2110 may remain stationary.

As shown, the fuel delivery device 2050 delivers pellets 2130 between the teeth 2140. The rotation of the anode 2110 can then bring the pellet 2130 into contact with or close to the cathode 2120. Then, in the same manner as described above, the ignition of the water in the pellets 2130 likely to cause rotation of the anode 2110.

A configuration in which another electrode 2150, which may include an anode 2110 or a cathode 2120, includes one or more ignition flow inlets 2160 placed around the electrode 2150 to provide rotational force (thrust). FIG. 32 is an example. For example, as shown in FIG. 32, the flow inlet 2160 can be angled relative to the circumference of the electrode 2150 such that the ignition gas exits the flow inlet 2160 at an angle. Thrust with such an angle can provide rotation to the electrode 2150. Others (not shown) (eg baffles, conduits or other mechanisms) may be used to create rotational forces on the electrode 2150. It can then allow the shaft (not shown) or other component to output rotational power thereafter.

33A, 33B illustrate examples of systems 2010 such that the ignition process is used to rotate the impeller 2170. Such a radial flow impeller may be driven by the ignition process using the fuel 2020 described above. As shown in FIG. 33A, the fuel delivery device 2050 may extend towards the central hollow region 2180 of the impeller 2170. As shown in FIG. 33B, the pellet 2130 may typically be placed in the hollow region 2180. When the pellet 2130 is located in the hollow region 2180, the electrode (not shown) can also be located in the hollow region 2180 and may be configured to be electrically coupled to the pellet 2130. Once properly placed, the pellet 2130 can be ignited. Then, it produces ignition gas and plasma that expand radially. These gases may be guided by one or more blades 2190 of the impeller 2170. The blade 2190 may direct the ignition gas flow at an angle to the impeller 2170. Then, a rotational motion is applied on the impeller 2170.

FIG. 34 represents another typical embodiment of the system 2010 (fuel delivery device 2050 includes circular conveyor 2200). The circular conveyor 2200 can be configured to generally move fuel 2020 between electrodes 2030 through rotational motion. For example, a high intensity electrical pulse can be applied to pellets 2130 once properly placed in the ignition chamber 2080. Other components of system 2010 are described above.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure, in which the fuel delivery device 2050 is movably coupled to the ignition chamber 2080, is shown in FIGS. 35A and 35B. In particular, the circular conveyor (carousel) 2200 can be configured to receive pellets 2130 in the receptacle 2210. Once the pellet 2130 is coupled to the receptacle 2210, the circular conveyor 2200 may rotate to place the pellet 2130 around the opening 2220 of the ignition chamber 2080. For example, the pellet 2130 can be placed in the aperture 2220 or in fluid communication with the opening 2220. Once properly placed, a high intensity electrical pulse may be applied between the electrodes 2030 and may pass through pellets 2130. The ignition gas may expand, and in doing so, pressure may be applied to the piston 2090 to drive the piston 2090.

FIG. 36 represents another typical embodiment of the system 2010, where the circular conveyor 2200 cooperates with the chamber array 2230. The chamber array 2230 can include a collection of two or more ignition chambers 2080. In operation, the chamber array 2230 can move relative to another form of circular conveyor 2200 or fuel delivery device 2050. For example, array 2230 may rotate and move relative to the stationary fuel delivery device 2050. Alternatively, the chamber array 2230 may remain stationary while the circular conveyor 2200 is in motion, or the array 2230 and the circular conveyor 2200 may be in motion.

Fuel from the fuel delivery device 2050 may be loaded sequentially or simultaneously into one or more ignition chambers 2080 of the array 2230. Once loaded, one or more pellets 2130 in one or more chambers 2080 may power one or more pistons, turbines, gears, or other moving elements (not shown). Where the system 2010 is shown with a single circular conveyor 2200, multiple circular conveyors 2200 can be used to fuel the array 2230. Such a system can include a single circular conveyor 2200 associated with a single ignition chamber 2080, so that four circular conveyors (not shown) fuel the four ignition chambers 2080 of array 2230. Will supply. Such an embodiment could take into account the higher firing frequency with a single circular conveyor 2200.

As mentioned earlier, the water-based fuel 2020 may be supplied in one or more forms, including gas, liquid, or solid. Solid pellets 2130 may be provided in various forms, and the hockey pack shown in the figure above is a typical example. In other embodiments, the pellet 2130 can be cubic, spherical, tablet-shaped, irregular, or at least any other suitable shape. In addition, pellets 2130 can be made in any suitable size, including particles of mm, micron, and nanometer sizes.

The shape and dimensions of the pellet 2130 may affect the configuration of the electrode 2030. For example, as shown in FIG. 37A, 37B, pack-type pellets can be received by a well-shaped receptacle 2240. Part of the receptacle 2240 may be made by the wall element 2250. And it may or may not work. And it may or may partially surround the pellet 2130 that was once received. Part of the receptacle 2240 may also be made with one or more electrodes 2030. As further shown in FIGS. 37A and 37B, different configurations of electrodes 2030 and wall elements 2250 can create different force directions (arrows shown as "F"). Further, the differently shaped electrodes 2030 and wall element 2250 can be configured to form differently shaped receptacles (eg, spherical receptacle 2240) as shown in FIG. 37C.

As explained above, solid, liquid, or fuel 2020 gas forms may be used. As shown in FIGS. 38A and 38B, such fuel may be injected into the ignition chamber 2080 with one or more injection devices 2260. For liquids, slurries, gels, or gases, the first injection device 2260 may be configured to supply a water or aqueous material with a fine stream of granular material. As mentioned earlier (the latter comprising a number of H _{2 O} or form H _{2 O} to some embodiments of the present disclosure), so as to supply the solid fuel or energy material, the second injection device 2260 may be configured. One or more material flows may be directed to chamber 2080 to provide proper mixing and positioning of the material relative to the electrode 2030.

In another embodiment, one or more injection devices 2260 can be configured to deliver working fluid to chamber 2080. The working fluid can include air, an inert gas, another gas or a combination of gases or a liquid. The working fluid can be injected at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, at atmospheric pressure, or above atmospheric pressure.

FIG. 38A represents two injection devices 2260 associated with a single ignition chamber 2080, but one or more injection devices may be associated with one or more chambers 2080. It is also conceivable that the injection device 2260 may include one or more electrodes 2030. One or more electrodes may or may not move relative to the ignition chamber 2080. For example, as shown in FIG. 38B, piston 2090 may include a cathode, and chamber 2080 may include an anode. Relative motion between the electrodes 2030 and chamber 2030 may allow the fuel 2020 to regenerate, reducing maintenance or extending the operating life of the system 2010. In addition, one or more injection devices 2260 may be movable relative to the ignition chamber 2080 and may be similar to the fuel delivery device 2050 described above. Moving the injection device 2260 relative to the ignition chamber 2080 before ignition of the fuel 2020 may reduce maintenance and may extend the operating life of the injection device 2260.

On the other side, one or more injection devices 2260 can be used in the system 2010 described above. For example, fuel 2020 in the form of fine powder may be sprayed into the area of teeth 2140. Fuel trapped between adjacent electrodes 2030 may be ignited. Then, the force is transferred to the movable element. Then, the mechanical power is output. On the other side, fuel 2020 may be injected into the hollow region 2180, as shown in FIGS. 38A and 38B.

FIG. 39 represents another typical embodiment of the system 2010 (the ignition chamber 2080 includes at least a partial vacuum). Specifically, the hollow region of chamber 2080 containing the piston 2090 may include at least a partial vacuum. The vacuum may be in the range of approximately 10 ^-1 Torr to approximately ^10-10 Torr. Atmospheric pressure may be used in some embodiment. In other embodiment pressures above atmospheric pressure may be used.

In motion, the piston 2090 may move from side to side, as shown in FIG. For example, ignition of fuel 2020 on the left side of chamber 2080 may drive piston 2090 to the right. The ignition of fuel 2020 on the right side of chamber 2080 may then move the remaining piston 2090. During the ignition cycle, the fuel delivery device 2050 may replenish the fuel 2020. The piston 2090 may be coupled to a mechanical member (not shown) and is configured to output mechanical power. Such closed-loop embodiments could be adapted to operate as Stirling engines, including Alpha-type, β-type, gamma-type, free-piston, flat, and other types of Stirling engines.

Closed-loop systems can also operate with one or more operating elements. And, in general, one or more components of the system 2010 can form part of a closed loop system. For example, chamber 2080 can be part of a closed loop system configured to recirculate the working fluid. Such a system can operate as a heat exchanger. For example, the system 2010 can operate a refrigeration cycle in which the working fluid circulates between the heating and cooling elements. Such systems may optionally include periodic fuel injection 2020, at least to keep power formation in plasma, arc plasma and thermal.

In some embodiments, it comprises at least a pair of conductive elements 2270 that act as MHD electrodes, or a pair of electrodes 2270 and magnets 2270 are transverse to each other and both. One or more containing magnets 2270 to produce a lateral (orthogonal) magnetic field along the axis of the flow shown as the longitudinal axis of the combustion chamber 2080 where both are transverse in the direction of the plasma flow. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converters can be included in the system 2010 of FIG. In another embodiment, similar devices are configured to generate electric power. For example, in a plasma dynamic converter (PDC), a corresponding unmagnetized conductive element (not shown) placed in chamber 2080 to generate electric power, placed in chamber 2080. One or more magnetized conductive elements (not shown) may be used. In other embodiments, an electromagnetic (electromagnetic) direct converter, a charge drift (drift) converter or magnetic confinement may also be used to generate electric power.

MHD power conversion relies on moving the flow of ions or plasma over a magnetic field. Depending on the electrode arrangement, positive and negative ions may be guided along different orbits, and a voltage may be applied between the electrodes. A typical MHD method of creating a mass flow of ions involves expanding a high pressure gas seeded with ions through a nozzle. A set of electrodes located with respect to the deflection field to receive deflected ions, which can create a fast flow in the crossed magnetic field. In system 2010, the pressure of the ignition reaction is typically higher than atmospheric pressure, but this is not always the case. Directional mass flow may be achieved by ignition of fuel 2020 to form an ionized expansion plasma.

Such a configuration can take into account the generation of mechanical and electrical power from the ignition of water. In addition, at least some of the electrical energy produced up to the ignition process can be used for the power electrodes 2030 of the system 2010 or other electrical components.

FIG. 40 represents another typical embodiment of the system 2010, where one or more turbines 2280 are located in the flow chamber 2290. One or more injection devices 2260 may also be guided to the flow chamber 2290.

As mentioned earlier for chamber 2080, the flow chamber 2290 can be configured to ignite fuel 2020. The flow chamber 2290 can also be configured to receive working fluid passing through the flow chamber 2290. As shown, the turbine 2280 may receive a flow of working fluid upstream of the injection device 2260 and may at least partially compress the working fluid. The injection device 2260 may then inject one or more materials into the compression working fluid, as described above. Ignition may expand the working fluid by a second downstream turbine 2280 and create propulsion (thrust). Alternatively, the mechanical power may be the output via a shaft (not shown) or other mechanical device coupled to the turbine 2280.

FIG. 41 represents another typical embodiment of the system 2010, where the thruster 2320 is configured to provide thrust as indicated by the arrows. For example, fuel 2020 may be supplied to passage 2300. In some embodiments, the fluid of fuel 2020 or passage 2300 may be directed at least partially to nozzle 2330 by element 2310. Moreover, the passage 2300 may be configured to compress or guide the fuel 2020 or fluid in the passage 2300. As described above, the fluid in passage 2300 can include working fluid. One or more electrodes 2030 may be associated with passage 2300 or element 2310. Such an arrangement can be used to provide the thruster 2320.

In operation, the fuel 2020 can be ignited as described above. For example, high current start ignition can create an expansive plasma that may provide thrust. The thruster 2320 may include a closed cell, with the exception of the nozzle 2330, which is configured to direct the expansion plasma to provide thrust. In another embodiment, the thruster 2320 may be magnetic or include other plasma confinement regions. The added components can be guided to cause plasma in the flow in a manner derived from electrode 2030 after igniting the magnetic field with a high current. In another embodiment, highly ionized plasmas may be used in ion motors and ion thrusters known to those of skill in the art to provide thrust.

In a wide range of applications that require mechanical power, the systems, engines, and ignition processes described herein may find use. For example, current systems, equipment, and methods may be used or quickly configured to work with ground-based ones (aviation, ocean, submarines or space environment). Mechanical power generation using the principles described here may find use in transportation, mining, agricultural or industrial equipment. For example, large output motors may be used in industrial processing, power generation, HVAC or manufacturing equipment. Intermediate output applications may include use in cars, trucks, trains, boats, motorbikes, scooters, jet skis, snowmobiles, outboard engines, forklifts, and more. White goods that require a small output motor (eg refrigerators, washing machines, washers, etc.), gardening equipment (eg lawnmowers, snowplows, cheeky cutters, etc.) or other applications are also described here. Features may be used.

For example, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be used by configuring the machine for ground-based transportation . One or more aspects of the system 2010 described above may be mechanically coupled to other components or drive shafts configured to output mechanical power to the transport element. The transport element can include at least one of wheels, trucks, gear assemblies, hydraulic members, or other devices to provide movement over the land surface. Various machines are conceivable for ground-based transportation, including automobiles, motorcycles, snowmobiles, trucks or trains. Other types of personal, recreational and commercial vehicles are also conceivable.

In another embodiment, one or more aspects of the system 2010 can be used by machines configured for air transport. Such a machine can include one or more aviation elements that are configured to provide propulsion. It is believed that aviation elements can include aviation propellers, compressors or other elements that are configured to produce propulsion in the aviation environment. Such machines can include turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, turboshafts, propfans, ramjets, scramjets or another type of aero engine.

Aspects of the present disclosure can also be configured to operate in a marine environment. For example, marine elements can provide propulsion in a marine environment and may include marine propellers. Other types of marine elements are considered by those with ordinary knowledge and can form parts of acceleration jets, hydro jets, water jets or other types of water engines.

Yet another aspect of the present disclosure includes a work machine having a work element configured to provide mechanical power. Working elements can include rotating shafts, reciprocating rods, gears, spirals, blades or other components known in the art. Work elements can form part of refrigerators, washing machines, washers, lawnmowers, snowplows, brush cutters or other types of work machines.

XI. Experiment
A. In an experimental test included in a typical SF-CIHT cell test result sample for energy and solid fuel regeneration , a 1 cm ² nickel screen conductor was made of NiOOH, 11 wt% carbon and 27 wt% Ni powder. Painted with thin (thickness <1 mm) tape cast coaching. The material was confined between the two copper electrodes of the Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder and subjected to a short burst of low pressure, high current electrical energy. The applied 60 Hz voltage had a peak of approximately 8 V, and the peak current was approximately 20,000 A. After about 0.14 ms with an energy input of about 46 J, the material was evaporated in about 1 ms. Some gauges of wire to determine if 8V was sufficient to cause the explosive line phenomenon observed in the capacitors, high capacitance, high energy, which is a circulating short circuit, multi-kilovolt charging. Was tested. Only known resistance heating to glowing red and heating to melting in the case of 0.25 mm diameter Au wire was observed.

The thermodynamically calculated energy for evaporating a net 350 mg NiOOH and 50 mg Ni metal was 3.22 kJ or 9.20 kJ / g NiOOH. Since the NiOOH decomposition energy is essentially zero, this experiment showed a large energy release. An explosion initiated after 40J of insignificant total energy was applied. The explosion caused a thermal energy of 3.22 kJ to be released in 3 ms, corresponding to a thermal output of 1,100,000 W (1.1 MW). With an area of 1 cm ² and sample dimensions <1 mm thick, the volumetric power density exceeded 11 x 10 ⁹ W / l thermal. From visible spectrum seizures recorded by the Ocean Optics Visible Spectrometer to the blackbody radiation curve, the gas temperature was 25,000 K.

Upon examination, the calculated thermal energy that provides the observed evaporation of 350 mg of NiOOH and the 50 mg Ni mesh component of the reaction mixture is 3.22 kJ. The number of moles of H ₂ in 350 mg of NiOOH solid fuel is ₂ mmoles. 2/3 stoichiometry of H is HOH catalyst, and 1/3 is hydrino _H 2 (1/4), due to, for hydrino reaction from _{H 2 H} 2 to (1/4) The corresponding maximum theoretical energy due to the formation of H ₂ (1/4), based on the calculated enthalpy of H ₂ (1/4) at 50 MJ / mole, is 33 kJ; thereby approximately the effective hydrogen. 10% changed to H ₂ (1/4). The corresponding hydrino reaction yield is 64.4 umoles H ₂ (1/4).

Another embodiment of the solid fuel contained 100 mg of Co powder and 20 mg of MgCl _2, which were hydrates. The reactants were compressed into pellets and ignited by a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder by subjecting the pellets to a short burst of low pressure, high current electrical energy. The applied 60 Hz voltage had a peak of approximately 8 V, and the peak current was approximately 20,000 A. The explosion occurred in a glove bag filled with argon, releasing about 3 kJ of plasma energy. The plasma particles were condensed as nano-powder. The product was a hydrate with 10 mg H ₂ O, and ignition was repeated. The repetitive blast of regenerated solid fuel was stronger than it was at the beginning. And released about 5kJ of energy.

B. The calorific value measurement was performed using a par 6774 calorimeter thermometer in a fixed fuel SF-CIHT cell with a jacketed calorimeter optional on solid fuel pellets. The calorimeter's par 1108 oxygen combustion chamber was modified to allow the initiation of chemical reactions at high currents. Graphite pellets (~ 1000 mg, L × W × H = 0.18) as controlled resistance type loads for solid fuel pellets that had a copper clamp with a calorimeter thermal capacity calibration or end tightly confined each sample Copper rod ignition electrode "outer diameter (OD) containing 1/2 in 12 length copper cylinders is supplied through a sealing chamber containing inches x 0.6 inches x 0.3 inches). Was done. The calorimeter bath was loaded with 2,000 g of deionized water (according to the par manual). The power supply for calibration and ignition of solid fuel pellets is a Taylor-Winfield model with a short burst of electrical energy in the form of a low voltage of 60 Hz at an RMS of approximately 8 V and a high current of approximately 15,000 to 20,000 A. It was an ND-24-75 spot welder. Calibration input energy and solid fuel ignition were given as the products of voltage and current accumulated during the input era. Voltage was measured on a data acquisition system (DAS) that includes a PC with the National Instruments USB-6210 data acquisition module, and Lab looks at the VI. Current was also measured with a DAS using the Rogowski coil (model CWT600LF with 700 mm cable), which was as accurate as the signal source to 0.3%. Data input and voltage attenuator obtained 10 kS / s, was used bring the input voltage of the analog to the range of +/- 10V the USB-6210 is V and I in.

The adjusted heat capacity of the calorimeter and electrode device was measured to be 12,000 J / ° C. using graphite pellets with an energy input of 995 J by a spot welder. A solid fuel sample containing Cu (45 mg) + CuO (15 mg) + H ₂ O (15 mg) encapsulated in an aluminum DSC pan (70 mg) (aluminum crucible 30 μl (D) tight, 6.7x3 (Setaram, S08 /) HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6,7 (marked) :( Setaram, S08 / HBB37409)) Ignition was performed at a voltage of 3V and a peak current of approximately 11,220A at a peak of 60Hz. The input energy measured from voltage and current over time was 46J to ignite the sample, and with adjusted heat capacity, as indicated by a confusing spike in the waveform with a total of 899J inputs by the power pulse of the point welder. The total output energy calculated for the heat capacity measurement thermal response to the energy freed from the ignited solid fuel was 3,035.7J. By subtracting the input energy, the net energy was 2,136.7J for a 0.075g sample. The control experiments with H 2 _O, alumina pan did not receive another reaction than is evaporated in the blast. XRD also showed no aluminum oxide formation. Thus, the theoretical chemical reaction energy was zero, and the solid fuel produced 28,500 J / g of excess energy in the formation of hydrinos.

C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for solid fuels
Solid fuels were tested using a Setaram DSC131 differential scanning calorimeter with an Au-plated crucible to find excess energy above the theoretical maximum, with representative results shown in Table 8.

D. Spectroscopic identification aluminum DSC pan 20mg or both _Co 3 _{O 4,} even or CuO was heat-sealed in the molecule hydrino, _{H 2} O of 0.05 ml (50 mg) was added (aluminum crucible 30 [mu] l (D) Not airtight, 6.7x3 (Spectram, S08 / HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6,7 (marked) :( Setaram, S08 / HBB37409)), and 15,000 to 25,000. The 8V RMS with Taylor-Winfield, ignited by a current between, models an ND-24-75 spot welder. High-power bursts were observed, each evaporating the sample as energy, high ionization, expansive plasma. MoCu foil Witness plate (50-50at%, AMETEK, 0.020 thickness) is placed 3.5 inches from the center of the ignited sample, whereby expansion plasma is embedded in the surface H _The surface was irradiated with ₂ (1/4) molecules.

Using a Thermoscientific DXR Smart Raman with a 780 nm diode laser in macro mode, a 40 cm- ¹ broad absorption peak was observed on the MoCu foil after exposure to H ₂ (1/4) -containing plasma. No peaks were observed in the virgin alloy, and peak intensities were increased by increasing plasma and laser intensities. Any other element or compound capable of absorbing a single 40 cm ^-1 (0.005 eV) near the infrared emission line at H ² of 1.33 eV (1950 cm ^-1 subtracted 780 nm laser energy) Also not known, so (1/4) was considered. The absorption peak starting at 1950 cm ^-1 combined the free space rotational energy of H ₂ (1/4) (0.2414 eV) with four significant figures, and the width of 40 cm ^-1 is in orbit. Matches nuclear coupling energy splitting [Mills GUTCP].

The absorption peak that matches the rotational energy of H ₂ (1/4) is the actual peak and cannot be explained by any known species. Excitation of hydrino rotation may cause absorption peaks due to the inverse Raman effect (IRE). Here, the continuum resulting from the laser is absorbed and shifted to the laser frequency, where the continuum maintains the excited-state density of rotation to allow anti-Stokes energy contributions. Maintained strong enough. Typically, the laser output light is very high due to IRE, but the MoCu surface has been found to cause surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Absorption was assigned to the inverse Raman effect (FIRE) for H ₂ (1/4) rotational energy for the transition from J'= 1 to J'' = 0. This result shows that H ₂ (1/4) is a free rotor in the case of H ₂ in the silicon matrix. As reported, the results of MoCu foil exposed to plasma match those previously observed on the CIHT cell. Mills' previous publication: R.M. Mills, J.M. Lotoski, J. et al. Kong, G Chu, J. et al. He, J. Trevey, High-Power-Density Catalyst Induced HydroTransition (CIHT) Electrochemical Cell, (2014), referred to herein in its entirety.

MAS ^l H NMR, electron beam excitation emission light analysis, Raman spectroscopy and on a sample of the reaction product containing the CIHT electrolyte, the CIHT electrode and the inorganic compound getter KClKOH mixture placed in a sealed container of the closed CIHT cell. Photoluminescence emission light analysis was performed.

MAS NMR of molecular hydrinos trapped in a protic matrix represents a means of utilizing the unique characteristics of molecular hydrinos in the matrix through their interactions for their identification. A unique consideration for NMR spectra is the possible molecular hydrino quantum states. Similar to the H ₂ excited state, the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1 / p) has l (handwritten) = 0, 1, 2, ... .. .. It has a state including p-1. Even in the l (handwritten) = 0 quantum state, the relatively large quadrupole momentum and, additionally, the angular momentum (moment) of the corresponding orbital l (handwritten) ≠ 0 are high. It produces a magnetic moment [Mills GUT] that can cause a magnetic field matrix shift. When the matrix contains exchangeable H (eg, a matrix with hydrated water or an alkaline hydroxide solid matrix whose local interaction with H ₂ (1 / p) affects a higher density for rapid exchange). This effect is particularly favorable. The CIHT cell getter KOH-KCl showed a shift of the MAS NMR active components of the matrix (KOH) from +4.4 ppm to about -4 to -5 ppm after air exposure in the sealed CIHT cell. For example, [MoNi / LiOH-LiBr / NiO], which outputs 2,5 Wh, 80 mA at 125% gain, and 6.49 Wh, 150 mA, at 186% gain, respectively, and [CoCu (H palm (perm)). The MAS NMR spectrum of the same KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter, the first KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter from a CIHT cell containing [)) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] is a known downfield of the OH matrix. It was shown that the peak of was shifted from about +4 ppm to the high magnetic field region of about -4 ppm. The molecular hydrinos produced in the CIHT cell shifted the matrix from positive to significantly higher magnetic fields. The possible different quantum numbers for the p = 4 state can result in different high field matrix shifts consistent with the observations of such multiple peaks in the region of -4 ppm. The KOH matrix high magnetic field MAS NMR peaks form a complex with molecular hydrinos that can be sharp when the high magnetic field shifted hydroxide ions (OH ⁻ ) act as a free rotor consistent with previous observations. Shifted. MAS-NMR results are consistent with the ToF-SIMS spectrum of conventional positive ions showing a multimer cluster of matrix compounds with dihydrogen as part of the M: H ₂ (M = KOH or K ₂ CO ₃ ) structure. .. Specifically, conventional CIHT cell getter containing _K 2 CO _3, such as KOH and _{K 2 CO 3 -KCl (30:70 wt} % ) of as complex in _structure, H 2 (1 / p) K ⁺ [H ₂ : KOH) _n and K ⁺ (H ₂ : K ₂ CO ₃ ) _n consistent with [R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Lotoski ("Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries") (2014), International Energy Research Journal].

The direct identification of the molecular hydrino by its characteristic very high rotational vibrational energy was determined using Raman spectroscopy. Another striking property is that the selection rules for molecular hydrinos differ from those of ordinary molecular hydrogen. Similar and H ₂ excited state, the molecule hydrinos, l (cursive) = 0, 1, 2,. .. .. p-1, there is a state, but here, p = 1, 2, 3, ... .. .. The spherical photon field of the 137 H ₂ (1 / p) prolate spheroid has a quantum number l (handwritten) spherically harmonious angular component (component) relative to the semimajor axis [Mills GUT]. .. Transition between the conditioning state of the spheroid of these polarized lengths, .DELTA.J = 0 between the electron transition is not a pure vibrational transitions as observed for H ₂ excited state, the rotational transitions of ± 1 to approve. The lifetime of the angular state is long enough that H ₂ (1 / p) may uniquely undergo a pure rotation-oscillation transition with a selection rule ΔJ = 0, ± 1.

Rotational vibration molecule hydrino state radiation rotation might be excited by or by laser high energy electron bombardment, which here is excited by 0.01509EV [Mills GUT] of ^p 2 of rotational energy (J + 1) The state cannot be distributed as a thermodynamic density at ambient temperature because the corresponding thermal energy is less than 0.02 eV. Thus, the rotational vibration density of states distribution reflects the excitation probability of an external source. Furthermore, because of the higher than 35 times the p ² 0.515eV exceeding rotational energy vibrational energy, only the first level (ν = 1), is expected to be excited by an external source. The molecular hydrino state can undergo l (cursive) quantum number changes at ambient temperature, and the J quantum state may change during electron beam or laser irradiation as the power is heated. .. The initial state may be any one of l (cursive) = 0, 1, 2, 3 independent of the J quantum number. Thus, the rotational and rotational vibration transitions are Raman and infrared (IR) active at the allowed R, Q, P branches, where the angular momentum is of rotational and electrical states. Saved between changes. Up-conversion (J'-J "= -1), down-conversion (J'-J" = + 1) of rotational energy, and no change, allowed by changes in the l (cursive) quantum number. De-excited vibration transition (de-excitation vibration transition) υ = 1 → υ = 0 with (J'-J'' = 0) gives rise to P, R, and Q branches. The Q branch peak corresponding to pure vibrational transition v = 1 → υ = 0; ΔJ = 0 is at the highest intensity with a rapid decrease in intensity for the P and R series of higher order transition peaks. As expected, here, due to the available energy of internal conversion, more peaks of higher intensity are expected for the P branch relative to the R branch. The effect of the matrix is to cause an oscillating energy shift from that of the free vibrator, and the energy barrier of the matrix rotation is manifested as a nonzero intercept of the linear energy separation of the series of rotation peaks P and R. It produces about the same energy shift to each of the branches.

Rotational vibration radiation (emission) of H ₂ (1/4) trapped in the getter crystal lattice of the CIHT cell gas is emitted by an incident voltage 6 KeV electron gun with a beam current of 8 μA in a pressure range of 5 × ^10-6 Torr. It was previously reported that it was excited and recorded by windowless UV spectroscopy [R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Lotoski, “Catalyst induced hydrotransition (CIHT) electrochemical cell”), (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. By this method, H ₂ (1/4) trapped in the metal crystal lattice of MoCu was observed by electron beam excitation emission light analysis. Decomposed rotation of H ₂ (1/4) recorded from the MoCu anode of a CIHT cell [MoCu (50/50) (H transmission) / LiOH + LiBr / NiO] that outputs 5.97 Wh, 80 mA at 190% gain. An example of the vibration spectrum (the so-called 260 nm band) showed peak peaks at 258 nm with equal spacing of 0.2491 eV and typical peak positions at 227, 238, 250, 263, 277, and 293 nm. .. The result is a matrix of υ = 1 → υ = 0 and Q (0), R (0), R (1), P (1), P (2), and P (3) -shifted oscillations and It shows a very good match with the expected value for H ₂ (1/4) for the transition of the free rotation transition, where Q (0) is identifiable as the highest intensity peak in the series. The peak width (FWHM) was 4 nm. Broadening of the rotational oscillation transition of H ₂ (1/4) relative to normal H ₂ in the crystal lattice results in resonance broadening because the energy contained is very large, exceeding 16 times. It is expected because it binds significantly to the phonon band of the lattice. The 260 nm band was not observed on the MoCu starting material. The 260 nm band was observed as a secondary Raman fluorescence spectrum from a KOH-KCl crystal that acted as a getter for H ₂ (1/4) gas when encapsulated in a CIHT cell as previously described [R. .. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Rotski, "Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries", (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. The 260 nm band was also observed on the CoCu anode.

H ₂ (1/4) was further confirmed using Raman spectroscopy, where the latter is expected to dominate the density due to the large energy difference between ortho and para. Assuming that the paras are even, the typical selection rule for pure rotational transitions is ΔJ = ± 2 for even integers. However, the orbit-rotation angular momentum coupling causes a change in the l (writing) quantum number with respect to the conservation of the angular momentum of the photons that excite the rotation level, where the resonant photon energy is l (writing). The orbital-nuclear ultrafine energy relative to the transition in the absence of quantum number shifts in frequency. Further, for l (cursive) ≠ 0, Ref. The nuclei are aligned along the internuclear axis, as given in Chapter 12 of [Mills GUT]. The selection rule of rotation for the Stokes spectrum defined as the initial state minus the final state is ΔJ = J'-J'' = -1, and the selection rule of the angular momentum of the orbit is ΔJ = ± 1. The transition is then allowed by the conservation of angular momentum between rotational and orbital angular momentum excitation couplings [Mills GUT]. And the intensity dependence on nuclear spins is not expected.

Using a Thermo Scientific DXR Smart Raman with a 780 nm diode laser in macro mode, a wide absorption peak of 40 cm ^-1 was observed on the MoCu hydrogen permeation anode after excessive electricity production. No peaks were observed in the virgin alloy and the peak intensity was increased by increasing excess energy and laser intensity. Furthermore, since the sources were Mo, Cu, H, and O as confirmed by SEM-EDX, the only possible elements were shown before and after sonication. Substitution of the control compound did not reproduce its peak. A cell [CoCu (H transmission) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] that outputs 6.49 Wh, 150 mA with a gain of 186% and a cell [MoNiAl (45.5 / 45) that outputs 2.40 Wh, 80 mA with a gain of 176%. The peak was also observed in cells with Mo, CoCu, and MoNiAl anodes such as .5 / 9 wt%) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO]. In separate experiments, gas KOH-KCl getter from these cells, assigned to H 2 _(1/4) rotational vibration, gave a fluorescent or peak photoluminescence series of very strong intensity. H ₂ because no other element or compound capable of absorbing a single 40 cm ^-1 (0.005 eV) of near infrared light of 1.33 eV (laser minus 2000 cm ^-1 at 780 nm) is known. (1/4) was considered. Absorption peak begins from 1950cm ^-1 is _H 2 (1/4) there were four significant digits of free space rotational energy of the (0.2414eV), and the width of 40 cm ^-1 nuclear cup raceway Matches ring energy splitting [Mills GUT].

The absorption peaks that match the rotational energy of H ₂ (1/4) are actual peaks and cannot be explained by any known species. Excitation of hydrino rotation may cause absorption peaks by two mechanisms. First, Stokes light is absorbed by the lattice due to the strong interaction of the rotating hydrinos as the inclusion of the lattice. This is similar to the resonance spread observed in the 260 nm electron beam band. The second includes the known inverse Raman effect. Here, the continuum resulting from the laser is absorbed and shifted to the laser frequency, where the continuum maintains the excited density of states of rotation to allow anti-Stokes energy contributions. Strong enough for. Typically, laser power is very high relative to IRE, but molecular hydrinos may be a special case due to their non-zero l (cursive) quantum numbers and the corresponding selection rules. MoCu is expected to cause Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) due to the small dimensions of the Mo and Cu grain boundaries of the metal mixture. So the results are discussed in the context of later mechanisms.

Since the absorption shifts from J'= 1 to J''= 0, it was assigned to the inverse Raman effect (IRE) on the rotational energy of H ₂ (1/4) [Mills GUT]. This result showed that H ₂ (1/4) is a free rotor, which is the case for H ₂ in the silicon matrix. Furthermore, _{H 2,} (1/4) is Shirezu may form a complex with a hydroxide as shown by MAS NMR and ToF-SIM, then the matrix shifts _H 2 (1/4) at lattice sites Observed in electron beam excitation emission spectrum and photoluminescence spectrum due to the influence of the local environment. Similarly in different matrices, and also in the presence of pressure, IRE is expected [R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Lotoski, "Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries", (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. Similarly, the Raman peak of H ₂ as matrix inclusion shifts with pressure. Some examples were observed by Raman spectral screening of metal and inorganic compounds. Ti and Nb showed small absorption peaks of approximately 20 counts starting at 1950 cm- ¹ . Al showed a much larger peak. Examples of the inorganic compound, respectively, containing LiOH and LiOH-LiBr which showed a peak in ^{cm -1} of 2308Cm ^-1 and 2608. In ball mill ground LiOH-LiBr, the reaction greatly enhanced the IRE peak, shifting it around 2308 cm ^-1 , like LiOH, and forming a peak around 1990 cm ^-1 . A particularly strong absorption peak was observed at 2447 cm ^-1 from Ca (OH) ₂ which produces H ₂ O. The latter may act as a catalyst to form H ₂ (1/4) by dehydration of Ca (OH) ₂ at 512 ° C. or by reaction with CO ₂ . As previously reported, this is a solid fuel type reaction for the formation of hydrinos [R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J He, J Lotoski, "Catalysts induced hydrino migration (CIHT) electrochemical batteries", (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. LiOH and Ca (OH) ₂ show H ₂ (1/4) IRE peaks, and LiOH is commercially produced from Ca (OH) ₂ by reaction with Li ₂ CO ₃ . Thus, the Ca (OH) ₂ + Li ₂ CO ₃ mixture was made to react by ball mill milling, and the very strong H ₂ (1/4) IRE peak was centered at 1997 cm ^-1. It was seen.

As a product of the solid fuel reaction, H ₂ (1/4) was previously reported [R. Mills, X Yu, Y, Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Lottoski, "Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries", (2014) International Energy Research Journal; R.M. Mills, J.M. Lotoski, W. et al. Good, J.M. He states that "the solid fuel is its HOH-type catalyst", (2014)]. It was shown that the energy released by forming the hydrino by equation (6-9) causes a high kinetic energy H ⁻ . Al _(OH) with the decomposition and _{between H 2} O and solid fuel Li + LiNH ₂ + dissociator _Ru-Al 2 _{O 3} which can form H and HOH catalyzed by reaction of Li by LiNH ₂ of _3, formula (9) energy release high kinetic energy H ^- ions that appear as by ToF-SIMS was confirmed, has arrived in front of the m / e = 1, it was observed. Other ions, such as oxygen (m / e = 16), did not show an early peak. The relationship between the flight time T, the mass m, and the acceleration voltage V is as follows.
Here, A is a constant that depends on the ion escape distance. From the observed initial peak of m / e = 0.968 with an acceleration voltage of 3 kV, the energy imparted to the H species from the hydrino reaction is the partner of the HOH catalytic reaction given by equation (6-9). It is approximately 204 eV. The same early spectrum was observed in the positive mode corresponding to the proton, but the intensity was lower.

XPS was performed on solid fuel. On the reaction products of two different experiments that could not be assigned to any known element, Li (LiBr, LiNH ₂ , dissociator R-Ni (approximately 2 wt% Al (OH) ₃ ). LiHBr of XPS made by reaction included) and 1 atm _{H 2)} showed a peak at 494.5eV and 495.6eV for XPS range. The only possible Na, Sn, and Zn were easily excluded due to the lack of corresponding other peaks for these elements, but this was observed only for the Li, Br, C, and O peaks. This is because the. The peak matched the theoretically acceptable double ionization energy of the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) [R. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Rotski, "Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries", (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. The molecular hydrino was further identified as a product of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Raman spectra of the solid fuel product LiHBr is, _H 2 (1/4) centered at 1994cm ^-1 showed an inverse Raman effect absorption peak. The FTIR spectrum of the solid fuel product LiHBr showed a new sharp peak at 1988 cm- ^1, which closely matched the free rotor energy of H ₂ (1/4). Furthermore, MAS NMR produced [CoCu (H permeation) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] that showed high magnetic field shift matrix peaks at -4.09 and -4.34 ppm and output 49 Wh, 150 mA at a gain of 186%. Outputs 2.5Wh, 80mA at 125% gain showing high field shift matrix peaks at -4.04 and -4.38ppm and one from the including CIHT cell [Mo / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] ] Consistent with that shown for KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter samples of other CIHT cells, such as one from a CIHT cell containing.

[MoCu (H transmission) LiOH-LiBr / NiO] (189% gain, 1.56Wh, 50mA), and [MoNi (H transmission) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] (190% gain, 1.53Wh, XPS was also performed on the anode of the CIHT cell, such as 50 mA). A peak of 496 eV was observed as well. The peak was assigned to H ₂ (1/4), as other possibilities were ruled out. In particular, in each case, the peak at 496 eV is associated with the Mo 1s peak because its intensity will be much lower than the Mo 3p peak and its energy will be higher than observed. It was not obtained and was not assigned to Na KLL because there was no Na 1s in its spectrum.

Successful mutual confirmation techniques in the search for hydrino spectra include the use of Raman spectroscopy, where H ₂ (1/4) rotational oscillations matching a 260 nm electron beam are observed as secondary fluorescence. This is because the. Cell [Mo, 10 bipolar plate / LiOH-LiBr-MgO / NiO] (2550.5Wh, 1.7A, 234% gain, 9.5V), [MoCu / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] ( Gas from 3.5Wh, 120% gain, 80mA), [MoNi / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] (1.8Wh, 140%, 80mA) is a KOH-KCl (50-50 at%) getter. And [CoCu (H transmission) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] (6.49Wh, 186% gain, 150mA), and Raman spectra at 40X magnification in microscope mode with a HeCd 325nm laser. , Holiva Johann Yvon LabRAM Aramis Raman was recorded using a Raman spectrometer. In each case, a series of Raman peaks with equal energy spacing of 1000 cm ^-1 (0.1234 eV) were observed within the 8000 cm ^-1 to 18,000 cm ^-1 region. The conversion of the Raman spectrum to a fluorescence or photoluminescence spectrum has been found to match the first 260 nm band observed by the electron beam as a secondary rotational vibration spectrum of H ₂ (1/4) [R]. .. Mills, X Yu, Y. Lu, G Chu, J. et al. He, J.M. Rotski, "Catalysts Derived Hydrino Transition (CIHT) Electrochemical Batteries", (2014), International Journal or Energy Research]. The peak assignments for the Q, R, and P branches of the spectrum are Q (0), R (0), R (1), R (2), R (3), R (4), P (1), P. (2), P (3), P (4), P (5), and P (6) are 12,199,11,207,10,191,9141,8100,13,183,14, respectively. It was observed at 168, 15, 121, 16, 064, 16, 993 and 17,892 cm ^-1 . The excitation was due to the high energies of the laser He and Cd emission, UV and UV, where the laser optics were transparent to at least 170 nm and the grating (1024 x 26 μm ^2- pixel CCD Labram Aramis 2400 g / The mm 460 mm focal length system) is a dispersion system, and short wavelengths in the same range and spectral range as the 260 nm band have its maximum efficiency in air. For example, cadmium has a high intensity line at 214.4 nm (5.8 eV) in the Cl matrix based on electron beam excitation data that matches the rotational vibration excitation energy of H ₂ (1/4). The CCD is also the most sensitive at 500 nm (secondary region in the 260 nm band concentrated at 520 nm).

The photoluminescence band also correlated with high field-shifted NMR peaks. For example, a KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter from a MoNi anode CIHT cell containing a high magnetic field with [Mo / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] has matrix peaks at -4.09 and -4.34 ppm. The KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter from the CoCu H transmissive anode CIHT cell containing the high magnetic field that was transferred and has [CoCu (H permeation) / LiOH-LiBr / NiO] was -4.09. The matrix peaks were shifted, and -4.34 ppm showed a series of optical luminescence peaks corresponding to the 260 nm electron beam.

Overall, Raman results, such as the observation of the 0.241 eV (1940 cm ^-1 ) Raman inverse Raman effect, peak and are 0.2414 eV spaced to match the 260 nm electron beam spectrum. The sense band is a strong confirmation of the molecular hydrino having an internuclear distance that is 1/4 of H ₂ . Evidence is further substantiated in the latter case by the possible allocation of the matrix peaking at the coincidence of four significant figures with the theoretical prediction, or in the region where there is no known primary peak.

Each aluminum DSC pan CuO encapsulated in _{(30mg) + Cu (10mg)} + H 2 O 15 consecutive joining centers of the fuel pellet separate solid 15 that contains (14.5 mg), have two inches of clearance Raman spectra were performed on 1 g of KOH-KCl (1: 1) getter sample (aluminum crucible 30 μl (D) tight, 6.7x3 (Setaram, S08 / HBB37408) and Aluminum cover D: 6, 7 (marked): (Setaram, S08 / HBB37409)). Each sample of solid fuel was ignited on a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder that provided a short burst of low pressure, high current electrical energy. The applied 60 Hz voltage had a peak of approximately 8 V, and the peak current was approximately 20,000 A. A getter sample was included in the alumina crucible, which was covered with a polymer mesh wire tied to the crucible. The mesh prevented any solid reaction products from entering the sample while the gas was allowed to pass through. Fifteen separate solid fuel samples were ignited quickly and continuously, and the getter sample with 15 exposure times was transferred to an Ar glove box where it was mixed with a mortar and pestle. It was. H2 (I / 4) rotational emission within the υ = 1 → υ = 0 transition is observed using a Horiba Joban Yvon LabRAM Aramis Raman spectrometer with a HeCd 325 nm laser at a magnification of 40X. A series of 1000 cm ^-1 equal energies were spaced to the Raman peak that matched the second command that it was done. Specifically, they ensured that the molecular hydrino H ₂ (1/4) was the source of the ignited solid fuel energetic blast, 12, 194, 11, 239, 10, 147, respectively. At 13,268,14,189,15,127,16,065,17,020, and 17,907 cm- ¹ , Q, R, and P branch peaks Q (0) (R (0), R (1)). , R (2), P (1), P (2), P (3), P (4) and P (5)) were observed.

EUV spectroscopy was performed on a solid fuel sample containing a 0.08 cm ² nickel screen conductor covered with a thin (thickness <1 mm) tape cast coaching of NiOOH (11 wt% carbon). And 27% by weight of Ni powder is added to the inclusions emptied by the vacuum chamber to 5 × X 10 ^-4 Torr. Between the two copper electrodes of the Acme Electric Welder Company model 3-42-75 (75 KVA spot welders where the horizontal plane of the sample was aligned with the optics of the EUV spectrometer as confirmed by the alignment laser). , The material was trapped. The sample was subjected to a short burst of low pressure, high current electrical energy. The applied 60 Hz voltage had a peak of approximately 8 V, and the peak current was approximately 20,000 A. Using a McPherson obliquely incident EUV spectrometer (model 248 / 310G) with a platinum-plated 600 g / mm grid and an Aluminum (Al) (800 nm thickness, Luxel) filter for block visible light, the EUV spectrum was It was recorded. The angle of incidence was 87 °. The wavelength resolution with an incident slit width of 100 μm was approximately 0.15 nm at the CCD center and 0.5 nm, which is the limit of the 50 nm CCD wavelength band window. The distance from the ignited solid fuel plasma source to the spectroscope inlet was 70 cm. EUV light was found in a CCD detector (Andor iDus) cooled to -60 ° C. The CCD detector was concentrated at 35 nm. Continuum radiation was observed at approximately 10-40 nm. The Al window was confirmed to be intact after recording the explosion spectrum. An explosion outside the quartz window that cuts any EUV light with pass visible light shows a flat spectrum confirming that the short wavelength continuous wave spectrum was not due to scattered visible light passing through the Al filter. The high voltage helium pinch discharge spectrum showed only atomic He, and the ion beam used for the wavelength regulates the spectrum. In this way, it was confirmed that the high energy light is a real signal. Since the maximum applied voltage was less than 8V, radiation with an energy of approximately 125 eV is not possible due to field acceleration; in addition, chemical reactions cannot emit more than a few eV. _{H 2} O molecules of ^nascent, 9 2 · 13.6eV = ^122.4eV, and the emission of a continuous band with an energy cutoff of the short wavelength cut-off, so as to form an intermediate which decays, 81.6EV It may function as a catalyst by receiving (m = 3).
Going to the continuum radiation band in the 10 nm region and longer wavelengths matched the theoretically predicted transition of H to the hydrino state H (1/4) by equation (43-47).

E. Plasma dynamic power conversion aluminum DSC pan 20mg or both _Co 3 _{O 4,} even or CuO was heat sealing of, _{H 2} O of 0.05 ml (50 mg) was added (aluminum crucible 30 [mu] l (D) Tight, 6.7x3 (Setaram, S08 / HBB37408) and aluminum cover D: 6,7 (marked) :( Setaram, S08 / HBB37409)). Using a Taylor-Winfield model ND-24-75 spot welder, each sample has an A of 15,000 to 25,000 around 8V RMS applied to the ignition electrode containing 5/8. The outer diameter (outer diameter) of the three copper cylinders in which the fixed end column "ignited by an electric current between" contained the sample. Large power bursts that evaporated each sample as an energetic, highly ionized, expanding plasma were observed. The PDC electrode contained two 1/16 inch outer diameter copper wires. In the plane of the fuel sample, the magnetizing PDC electrode was shaped as an open loop with a diameter of 1 inch placed circumferentially around the ignition electrode. Since the current was the axis, the magnetic field from the high current was radial, parallel to the contour of the loop PDC electrode. The non-diamagnetic PDC electrode was parallel to the ignition electrode in the direction of high current. Thus, the radiated magnetic field lines were perpendicular to the PDC electrode. The anti-PDC electrode was spread 2.5 inches above and below the plane of the sample. The PDC voltage was measured across a standard 0.1 ohm resistor. After ignition corresponding to a voltage of 25 V and a current of 250 A, a power of 6250 W was recorded on a set of PDC electrodes. PDC power was linearly standardized by the number of PDC electrode sets.

F. H ₂ O arc plasma cells High power from the formation of hydrinos by inducing arc plasma in a permanent H ₂ O column has been experimentally tested. Schematic representation of experimental _{H 2} O arc plasma cell power generator 800 is shown in FIG. 11. An energy storage capacitor connected between a copper base plate containing water 805, in which the rods 802 of the base plates and rod electrodes 803 and 802 were under the water column, and an outer copper cylindrical electrode 801 concentric with the rod electrodes 803 and 802. the 806, _{H 2} O arc plasma system included. The rod 802 was embedded in a Nylon insulator sleeve 804 in a cylindrical electrode portion and a Nylon block 804 between the base plate 803 and the cylinder 801. The tap water added to the tap water column or deionized water 805 stood between the central rod electrode 802 and the outer cylindrical and surrounding electrodes 801. The discharge was not accomplished at the voltage applied in the deionized water. A 0.6 mega ohm resistor 808 with one lead connected to ground the 410, terminal bolts to 2, 1 inch wide x 1/8 inch thick, four capacitors connected in parallel with copper rods The capacitor bank 806 containing (Spilog, 16uF 4500V DC, model A-109440, 30P12) was connected across the electrodes. The capacitor bank is charged to the power supply 809 (general voltage, 20 kV DC, model 1650R2) by high voltage through a connection with a 1 mega ohm resistor 807, an atmospheric spark gap switch containing stainless steel electrodes. It was discharged at 411. High voltage was in the epidemic range of approximately 3 to 4.5 kV. The discharge was not achieved below 3 kV. The discharge current was in the range of 10 to 13 kA (measured with a Rogowski coil (model CWT600LF with 700 mm cable)). Each tested typical parameters of approximately 64 μF capacitance for of _{H 2} O 4ml open battery, inherent inductance of approximately 6MyuH, resistivity of approximately 0.3 [Omega, the cylindrical electrode 801 inside diameter (ID) And 1/2 inch and 2.5 inch deep. Then, the circuit time constant of about 4.5 kV and about 20 μs, in which the rod had an outer diameter (outer diameter) of 802 of 1/4 inch (distance between the 1/8 cylindrical electrode 801 and the central rod 802). Charging voltage. High velocity H ₂ O ignition to the shaped hydrino was achieved by a HOH catalyst that reacted to the shaped hydrino with a water arc discharge and high power release caused by the arc causing the formation of atomic hydrogen. The outcome of the emitted feathers ultrasound all H _{2 O} content of height of 10 feet laboratories that affected to a solitary lifestyle release, high power was evident.

A calorie measurement was performed using a par 6774 calorimeter thermometer with an optional jacketed calorimeter on the 1341 spartan. Calorimeter water bath was loaded with deionized water 2,000 g (in accordance with per-Manual), and, H 2 _O arc plasma cell power generator was placed in to infiltrate water. The only modification to the arc plasma cell was that the cap with the pressure release channel was fixed on top of the cylindrical electrode. The power was a bank of capacitors with a total capacitance C of 64 μF to supply calibration and ignition in favor. The clear connection of the capacitor bank was connected to the cell with 8AWG 40k VDC wire, and negative. The lead of was related to the 10AWG wired by Type 90. Respectively, before and after the discharge of the capacitor, between the input energy ignition calibration and _{H 2} O arc plasma input energy _{E input The} determining the water bath heat capacity method ^{_{E input = 1 / 2C (V}} i 2 -v f 2 It is given by), where the _{V i} and _{V f} is the initial and final voltage. The voltage was measured on a tuned Fluke 45 counting voltmeter traceable using NIST, reducing the signal with a voltage divider to the range of the instrument.

The heat capacity was determined by heating the bath with a discharge cell of the same heat capacity and a displacement control amount that did not produce arc plasma. It was firmly determined that the adjusted heat capacity of the calorimeter and arc plasma device would be 10,678 J / ° K. Each H₂The initial and final voltages of the capacitors due to the discharge causing the O-arc plasma were 3.051 kV and 0.600 kV. And it corresponded to the input energy of 286.4J. The total output energy was calculated for the calorie measurement thermal response to the input energy, and the ignited H using the adjusted heat capacity.₂The energy freed from the O-arc plasma was 533.9J. By subtracting the input energy, the net energy was 247.5J. And it was released with the formation of Hydrino.

(1) An electrochemical power system that generates at least one of electric and thermal energy includes a tank, which is a tank.
With at least one cathode
With at least one anode,
With at least one bipolar plate and
a) H₂At least one source of O,
b) Source of oxygen,
c) where n is an integer, nH, O, O₂, OH, OH⁻, And H in the developmental period₂At least one catalyst or catalyst source, including at least one of the groups selected from O, and
d) At least one atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source,
Containing a reactant comprising at least two components selected from
One or more reactants form at least one of a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and an atomic hydrogen, and
One or more reactants initiate a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen,
The electrochemical power system is characterized by further including an electrolytic system and an anode regeneration system.
(2) The electrochemical power system according to (1) above, wherein at least one reactant is formed during a cell operation with separated electron flow and ion mass transport.
(3) Containing at least one of a porous electrode, a gas diffusion electrode, and a hydrogen permeable anode, oxygen and H.₂At least one of O is supplied to the cathode and H₂The electrochemical power system according to (1) above, wherein is supplied to the anode.
(4) The electrochemical power system according to (3) above, comprising at least one of a closed hydrogen reservoir having at least one surface including a hydrogenated anode and a hydrogen permeable anode.
(5) The electrochemical according to (3) above, comprising a back-to-back hydrogen permeable anode with a pair of cathodes comprising one unit of a stack of cells electrically connected in at least one mode, in series and in parallel. Power system.
(6) The electrochemical power system according to (3) above, further comprising at least one gas supply system, each comprising a gas channel, a gas line, and a manifold connected to an electrode.
(7) MoO₃+ 3MgBr₂
→ 2MoBr₃+ 3MgO (-54 kJ / mole (298K) -46 (600K))
MoBr₃
→ Mo + 3/2 Br₂(284kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
MoBr₃＋ Ni
→ MoNi + 3/2 Br₂(283kJ / mole 0.95V / 3 electrons)
MgO + Br₂+ H₂
→ MgBr₂+ H₂O (-208kJ / mole (298K) -194kJ / mole (600K))
The electrochemical power system according to (1) above, wherein the anode contains Mo that is regenerated during the charging phase from the electrolyte reactant that carries out the regeneration reaction step of.
(8) MoO₂, MoO₃, Li₂O and Li₂MoO₄The electrochemical power system according to (1) above, wherein the anode contains Mo that is regenerated during the charging phase from an electrolyte reactant comprising at least one of the above.
(9) A power system that generates at least one of direct electrical energy and thermal energy.
With at least one tank
a) H in the developmental stage₂At least one catalyst or catalyst source containing O,
b) At least one atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source,
c) At least one of the conductor and the conductive matrix,
Reactants, including
With at least one set of electrodes confining the hydrino reactant,
An electrical power source for delivering short bursts of high current electrical energy,
With the refill system,
With at least one system to regenerate the initial reactants from the reaction product, and
A power system that includes at least one of a direct plasma-electric converter and at least one of a thermal-electric power converter.
(10) The power system according to (9) above, wherein the tank is capable of at least one pressure of atmospheric pressure, higher than atmospheric pressure, and lower than atmospheric pressure.
(11) A conductive matrix and H because the reactant forms at least one of a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and an atomic hydrogen.₂The power system according to (9) above, which includes a source of O.
(12) H₂The reactant containing the O source is H₂Reaction to form O and bound H₂Bulk H, one or more compounds that undergo at least one reaction to release O₂State other than O, and bulk H₂The power system according to (11) above, which includes O.
(13) The H₂O is absorbed H₂O, combined H₂O, physically adsorbed H₂O, and bound H where in at least one state of hydrated water₂O is H₂The power system according to (12) above, which comprises a compound that interacts with O.
(14) Bulk H₂O, absorbed H₂O, combined H₂O, physically adsorbed H₂The power system according to (9) above, wherein the reactant comprises one or more compounds or materials that are subject to at least one release of O and hydrated water, and a conductor.
(15) H in the onset period₂At least one of the O catalyst source and the atomic hydrogen source
a) H₂At least one of the O sources,
b) At least one of the oxygen sources and
c) At least one of the hydrogen sources,
The power system according to (9) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(16) The catalyst source, the catalyst, the atomic hydrogen source, and the reactant forming at least one of atomic hydrogen are
H₂O and H₂O source,
O₂, H₂O, HOOH, OOH⁻, Peroxide ion, superoxide ion, hydride, H₂, Halogens, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygen-containing compounds, hydrous compounds, (halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygen-containing compounds) at least one group Hydrous compounds (selected from) and
Conductive matrix,
The power system according to (9) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(17) The oxyhydroxide comprises at least one from the group of TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH.
The oxides are CuO and Cu₂O, CoO, Co₂O₃, Co₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, and Ni₂O₃, Including at least one from the group
The hydroxide is Cu (OH)₂, Co (OH)₂, Co (OH)₃, Fe (OH)₂, Fe (OH)₃, And Ni (OH)₂Including at least one from the group of
The oxygen-containing compounds include sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chromates, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbromates, and periodic acids. Salt, MXO₃, MXO₄ (Metal such as alkali metal such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt-magnesium oxide, nickel-magnesium oxide, copper-magnesium oxide , Li₂O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO₄, ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO₂, TIO₂, ZrO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, NiO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, TaO₂, Ta₂O₅, VO, VO₂, V₂C₃, V₂O₅, P₂O₃, P₂O₅, B₂O₃, NbO, NbO₂, Nb₂O₅, SeO₂, SeO₃, TeO₂, TeO₃, WO₂, WO₃, Cr₃O₄, Cr₂O₃, CrO₂, CrO₃, CoO, Co₂O₃, Co₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, Ni₂O₃, Rare earth oxides, CeO₂, La₂O₃, Oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, and comprises at least one from the group.
The power system according to (16) above, wherein the conductive matrix comprises at least one from the group of metal powders, carbons, carbides, borides, nitrides, carbonitriles such as TiCN, or nitrites.
(18) The reactants are a metal, a metal oxide thereof, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, its metal and H₂The power system according to (9) above, wherein the reaction with O is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(19) The reactants are metals, metal halides, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, its metal and H₂The power system according to (9) above, wherein the reaction with O is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(20) The reactants are transition metals, alkaline earth metal halides, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, its metal and H₂The power system according to (9) above, wherein the reaction with O is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(21) The reactants are a conductor, a hygroscopic material, and H.₂The power system according to (9) above, which comprises a mixture of O.
(22) The conductor contains a metal powder or carbon powder, and the metal or carbon and H₂The power system according to (9) or (21) above, wherein the reaction with O is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(23) The hygroscopic material is lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, KMgCl.₃・ 6 (H₂Carnal stones such as O), iron (III) ammonium citrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated phosphoric acid, cellulose fibers, sugars, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephthalamine. From the group of fertilizer chemicals, salts, desiccants, silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, molecular sieves, zeolites, deliquescent materials, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salts. The power system according to (21) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(24) Conductor, hygroscopic material, and H₂Contains a mixture of O, (metal), (hygroscopic material), (H₂The range of relative molar amounts of O) is about (0.000001 to 100,000), (0.000001 to 100,000), (0.000001 to 100,000); (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100) , (0.001 to 100); (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100); (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10), ( 0.1 to 10); and at least one of (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), and (0.5 to 1), according to (23) above.
(25) H₂Metals whose reaction with O is not thermodynamically advantageous are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, At least one from the group Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, (18), (19), ( 20), or the power system according to (22).
(26) The reactant is H₂The power system according to (25) above, which is reproduced by adding O.
(27) The reactants are metals, metal oxides, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, the metal oxide of which is H at temperatures below 1000 ° C.₂The power system according to (9) above, which can be reduced.
(28) The reactant is
H₂And oxides that are not easily reduced by mild heat,
H at temperatures below 1000 ° C₂Metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals in
H₂O
The power system according to (9) above, which comprises a mixture of.
(29) H at a temperature less than 1000 ° C.₂Metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals in are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, At least one from the group of Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Ti, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, (27) or (28) above. The power system described.
(30) Mild heat and H₂The power system according to (28) above, wherein the metal oxide that is not easily reduced in the above contains at least one of alumina, an alkaline earth oxide, and a rare earth oxide.
(31) Solid fuel is carbon or activated carbon and H₂Contains O and the mixture is H₂The power system according to (9) above, which is regenerated by rehydration including the addition of O.
(32) The power system according to (9) above, wherein the reaction product comprises at least one of a slurry, a solution, an emulsion, a composite material, and a compound.
(33) H₂O mole% content is about 0.000001% to 100%, 0.00001% to 100%, 0.0001% to 100%, 0.001% to 100%, 0.01% to 100%, 0. It may be in at least one range of 1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%. (9) The power system described.
(34) The above (9), wherein the current of the source of electrical power undergoes a reaction that causes the hydrino reactant to form hydrino at a very high rate in order to deliver a short burst of high current electrical energy. Power system.
(35) The source of electrical power for delivering short bursts of high current electrical energy is
A voltage selected to cause a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixture of currents, which is in the range of at least one of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA. Including
100A / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm², 1000A / cm²From 100,000 A / cm², And 2000 A / cm²From 50,000 A / cm²Includes DC or peak AC current densities, within at least one range of
The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the solid fuel or energetic material, which voltage is given by the desired current applied by the resistance of the sample of the solid fuel or energetic material.
The DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV.
The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz.
The power system according to (9) above, which comprises at least one of the above.
(36) The resistance of the solid fuel or energetic sample is in at least one range selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 100 MΩ, 0.1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ, and
The conductivity of a reasonable load per electrode area active to form hydrino is about 10^-10Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁶Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-5Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁶Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-4Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁵Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-3Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁴Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-2Ω^-1cm^-2From 10³Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-1Ω^-1cm^-2From 10²Ω^-1cm^-2, And 1Ω^-1cm^-2From 10Ω^-1cm^-2Within at least one range selected from,
The power system according to (9) above.
(37) The power system according to (9) above, wherein the regeneration system comprises at least one of a hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical system.
(38) At least one direct plasma-electric converter is a plasma dynamic power converter, a (vector E) x (vector B) direct converter, a magnetohydrodynamic power converter, a magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converter. Includes at least one from the group of converters, charge drift converters, post or Venetian blind power converters, gyrotrons, photon bunching microwave power converters, and photoelectric converters.
At least one thermal-electric converter is a thermal engine, steam engine, steam turbine, generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankin cycle engine, Brayton cycle engine, Stirling engine, thermoelectronic power converter, and Includes at least one from the group of thermoelectric power converters,
The power system according to (9) above.
(39) An electrochemical power system including a tank.
With at least one cathode
With at least one anode,
With at least one electrolyte,
a) H in the developmental stage₂At least one catalyst or catalyst source containing O,
b) At least one atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source,
c) A source of conductor, a source of conductive matrix, a conductor, and at least one of the conductive matrix.
With at least two reactants selected from
With at least one current source, which produces a current containing at least one of the high ion and electron currents selected from the internal and external current sources.
The electrochemical power system includes
An electrochemical power system characterized in that the electrochemical power system produces at least one of electrical and thermal energy.
(40) H in the onset period₂At least one of the O catalyst and atomic hydrogen source
a) H₂At least one source of O,
b) At least one source of oxygen, and
c) At least one source of hydrogen,
The electrochemical power system according to (39) above.
(41) The electrochemical power system according to (40) above, further comprising a conductor, a catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and one or more solid fuel reactants forming at least one of atomic hydrogen.
(42) The electrochemical power according to (41) above, wherein the reactant undergoes a reaction during a cell operation with electron flow and ion mass transport in the reactant and separated electron flow in the external circuit. ·system.
(43) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, wherein the catalytic reaction with the atom H causes a decrease in the cell voltage as the cell current increases.
(44) The above, wherein at least one of the excess voltage, current, and electrical power internally generated or applied is produced by the formation of at least one HOH catalyst and H by a high current flow. (41) The electrochemical power system according to (41).
(45) The electrochemical according to (41) above, wherein the voltage and current powers are produced by the formation of at least one conductor, H, and HOH catalyst capable of carrying high currents by at least one electrochemical reaction. Power system.
(46) The electrochemical power system according to (42), (44), or (45) above, wherein the high current accelerates the reaction of the catalyst with the atom H.
(47) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein the electrochemical reaction involves electron transfer at at least one electrode of the cell.
(48) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, further comprising at least one bipolar plate.
(49) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, further comprising at least one of an electrolytic system and an anode regeneration system.
(50) a) Porous electrode,
b) Gas diffusion electrode,
c) Oxygen and H₂At least one of O is supplied to the cathode and H₂Is supplied to the anode, a hydrogen permeable anode,
d) Oxyhydroxide, oxide, nickel oxide, nickel lithium oxide, cathode containing at least one of nickel, and
e) Ni, Mo, or Mo alloys such as MoCu, MoNi or MoCo, and anodes containing hydrides,
(39) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(51) The electrochemical power system according to (50) above, further comprising at least one gas supply system including at least one gas channel, gas line, and manifold connected to an electrode.
(52) The hydride is LaNiSHx and the cathode is at least one of TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, SmOOH, and MnO2. , The electrochemical power system according to (50) above.
(53) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein a current containing at least one of an ionic and electronic current is carried by an electrolyte.
(54) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein an electric current is carried by an electrochemical reaction between at least one of an electrolyte, a reactant, and an electrode.
(55) The electrochemical power system according to (54) above, wherein at least one species of electrolyte may optionally include at least one reactant.
(56) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein the electron current flows through the conductor of the electrolyte.
(57) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein the conductor is formed by a reduction reaction during the flow of electron currents at the electrodes.
(58) The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, wherein the electrolyte contains metal ions.
(59) The electrochemical power system according to (58) above, wherein the metal ions are reduced during the current flow to form a conductive metal.
(60) The current carrying the reducing electrochemical reaction is
Metal ion → metal,
H₂O + O₂→ OH⁻,
Metal oxide + H₂O → Metal Oxyoxide, Metal Hydroxide, and OH⁻,as well as
Metal Oxyoxide + H₂O → OH⁻,
At least one of
Ion current carrier is OH⁻The electrochemical power system according to (41) above.
(61) The electrochemical power system according to (60) above, wherein the anode contains H.
(62) H₂O reacts with H at the anode and OH⁻The electrochemical power system according to (61) above, which is formed by oxidation of.
(63) The source of H at the anode is a metal hydride, LaNi.₅H_x, H formed by electrolysis at the anode₂, H supplied as gas₂, And H supplied through a hydrogen permeable membrane₂The electrochemical power system according to (61) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(64) The ion current is an ion containing oxygen, an ion containing oxygen and hydrogen, and OH.⁻, OOH⁻, O^2-, And O₂ ^2-The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, carried by at least one of the above.
(65) The electrolyte is an oxygen source, a hydrogen source, and H.₂The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, comprising at least one of O, a source of HOH catalyst, and a source of H.
(66) The electrolyte is
Aqueous alkali metal hydroxide,
Saturated KOH aqueous solution,
At least one molten hydroxide,
At least one eutectic salt mixture,
At least one mixture of molten hydroxide and at least one other compound,
At least one mixture of molten hydroxide and salt,
At least one mixture of molten hydroxide and halide salts,
At least one mixture of molten hydroxide and alkali halide,
Molten LiOH-LiBr, LiOH-NaOH, LiOH-LiBr-NaOH, LiOH-LiX-NaOH, LiOH-LiX, NaOH-NaBr, NaOH-NaI, NaOH-NaX, and KOH-KX, (where X is halogen) At least one from the group of,
At least one acid, and
HCl, H₃PO₄, And H₂SO₄ At least one of
(39) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, which comprises at least one electrolyte selected from.
(67) A conductive matrix and H such that the solid fuel reactant forms at least one of atomic hydrogen, atomic hydrogen source, catalyst, catalyst source.₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, comprising a source of O.
(68) H₂The solid fuel reactant containing the source of O is H₂Forming O and binding H₂A compound (s) that undergoes at least one reaction to release O, bulk H₂State other than O, bulk H₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, which comprises at least one of O.
(69) Bond H₂O is H₂Contains a compound that interacts with O, and its H₂H with O absorbed₂O, combined H₂O, physically adsorbed H₂O, and the electrochemical power system according to (68) above, in at least one state of hydrated water.
(70) The solid fuel reactant is bulk H₂O, absorption H₂O, bond H₂O, physical adsorption H₂O, and receive at least one of the release of hydrated water, and H as a reaction product₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, comprising one or more compounds or materials with O and conductors.
(71) A catalyst source, a catalyst, an atomic hydrogen source, and a reactant forming at least one of atomic hydrogen.
H₂O and H₂Source of O,
O₂, H₂O, HOOH, HOOH⁻, Peroxide ion, superoxide ion, hydride, H₂, Halogens, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, compounds containing oxygen, selected from at least one group of compounds containing halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygen. ) Hydroxide compounds and
Conductive matrix,
The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(72) The oxyhydroxide comprises at least one from the group of TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH.
Oxides are CuO, Cu₂O, CoO, Co₂O₃, CO₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, and Ni₂O₃Including at least one from the group of,
Hydroxide is Cu (OH)₂, Co (OH)₂, Co (OH)₃, Fe (OH)₂, Fe (OH)₃, And Ni (OH)₂Including at least one from the group of,
Oxygen-containing compounds include sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chromium acids, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbromates, and periodates, MXO.₃, MXO₄ (Metal such as alkali metal such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, copper magnesium oxide, Li₂O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO₄, ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO₂, TIO₂, ZrO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, NiO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, TaO₂, Ta₂O₅, VO, VO₂, V₂O₃, V₂O₅, P₂O₃, P₂O₅, B₂O₃, NbO, NbO₂, Nb₂O₅, SeO₂, SeO₃, TeO₂, TeO₃, WO₂, WO₃, Cr₃O₄, Cr₂O₃, CrO₂, CrO₃, CoO, Co₂O₃, CO₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, Ni₂O₃, Rare earth oxides, CeO₂, La₂O₃, Oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH, including at least one from the group.
The electrochemical power system according to (71) above, wherein the conductive matrix comprises at least one from the group of metal powders, carbons, carbides, bromides, nitrides, carbonitriles such as TiCN, or nitriles.
(73) The reactants are metals, metal halides, and H.₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, which constitutes a hydrino reactant comprising a mixture of O.
(74) Reactants are transition metals, alkaline earth metal halides, and H.₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, which constitutes a hydrino reactant comprising a mixture of O.
(75) Reactants are conductors, water-containing materials, and H₂The electrochemical power system according to (41) above, which constitutes a hydrino reactant comprising a mixture of O.
(76) The electrochemical power system according to (75) above, wherein the conductor comprises metal powder or carbon powder.
(77) The water-containing material is lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, KMgCl3.6 (H).₂Carnalite such as O), ammonium iron (III) citrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfate, concentrated phosphate, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephthalamine , Fertilizer chemicals, salts, desiccants, silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, molecular sieves, zeolites, deliquescent materials, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salts, The electrochemical power system according to (75) above, comprising at least one from the group of.
(78) Conductors, hydrous materials, and H₂Including O, (metal), (moisture-containing material), (H₂The range of relative molar amounts of O) is about (0.000001 to 100,000 metals), (0.000001 to 100,000 hydrous materials), (0.000001 to 100,000 H).₂O); about (0.00001 to 10000 metals), (0.00001 to 10000 hydrous material), (0.00001 to 10000H)₂O), about (0.0001 to 1000 metals), (0.0001 to 1000 hydrous material), (0.0001 to 1000H₂O); about (0.001 to 100 metals), (0.001 to 100 hydrous material), (0.001 to 100H)₂O); about (0.01 to 100 metals), (0.01 to 100 hydrous material), (0.01 to 100H₂O); about (0.1 to 10 metals), (0.1 to 10 hydrous material), (0.1 to 10H)₂O); and about (0.5 to 1 metal), (0.5 to 1 hydrous material), (0.5 to 1H₂O), the electrochemical power system according to (75) above, which is at least one of.
(79) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, wherein the reactant comprises a slurry, solution, emulsion, complex, and hydrino reactant comprising at least one of the compounds.
(80) H₂O mole% content is about 0.000001% to 100%, 0.00001% to 100%, 0.0001% to 100%, 0.001% to 100%, 0.01% to 100%, 0. Within at least one of the above (1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%). 41) The electrochemical power system according to the description.
(81) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, wherein the currents of the internal and external current sources are high enough to allow the hydrino reactant to undergo a reaction to form hydrino at a very high rate.
(82) The current source selected from the internal current source and the external current source is
A voltage selected to cause a DC, AC, or AC-DC mixed current, which is in the range of at least one of 1A to 50kA, 10A to 10kA, and 10A to 1kA.
1A / cm²From 50 kA / cm²10A / cm²From 10kA / cm², And 10 A / cm²From 1kA / cm²DC or peak AC current density, within at least one range of,
Including
The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the electrolyte and the voltage is given by the desired current applied by the resistance of the electrolyte, including the conductor.
The DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 100V, 0.1V to 10V, and 1V to 5V, and
The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 1 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz.
The electrochemical power system according to (39) above.
(83) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, wherein at least one electric discharge arc is formed between the electrodes.
(84) The electrolyte resistance is in at least one range selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 10 Ω and 0.01 Ω to 1 Ω, and the electrolyte resistance per active electrode area forming the hydrino is about. 0.001 mΩ / cm²From 10Ω / cm², And 0.01Ω / cm²From 1Ω / cm²The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, which is within at least one range selected from.
(85) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, wherein the electrochemical power system further includes a heat exchanger on the surface of the outer cell, the heat exchanger further including a coolant input and a coolant outlet. system.
(86) Selected from heat engine, steam engine, steam turbine, generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankin-cycle engine, Brayton-cycle engine, Sterling engine, thermoelectronic power converter, and thermoelectric power converter. (39) The electrochemical power system according to (39) above, further comprising at least one of a thermal-electric converter comprising at least one.
(87) The combination of cathode, anode, reactant, and external current source causes the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form a hydrino that proliferates to maintain a contribution to the current between each cathode and corresponding anode. The electrochemical power system according to (39) above.
(88) A water arc plasma power system
With at least one closed reaction vessel,
H₂Source of O and H₂Reactants containing at least one of O and
With at least one set of electrodes
H₂A source of electrical power that delivers the initial high breakdown voltage of O and supplies the subsequent high current, and
With heat exchanger system,
Including
A water arc plasma power system, characterized in that the water power system produces arc plasma, light, and thermal energy.
(89) a) H in the developmental stage₂A catalyst or catalyst source containing O,
b) Atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source, and
c) Plasma medium,
H as a reactant containing₂The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein O functions.
(90) H₂The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, further comprising a plasma medium containing at least one of O and a trace amount of ions.
(91) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein the arc plasma is generated and the reactants undergo a reaction to form a hydrino at a very high rate.
(92) H₂The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein O is the source of the H and HOH catalysts formed by the arc plasma.
(93) H₂O is H with respect to operating temperature and pressure in the range of 1 ° C to 2000 ° C and 0.01 to 200 atm, respectively.₂According to the O-phase diagram, the water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, which exists as at least one of the liquid and gaseous states in the standard state of the liquid and gaseous mixture.
(94) The plasma medium comprises a source of ions containing at least one of the salt compounds and decomposed ions that make the medium more conductive to achieve arc breakdown at lower voltage. , The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above.
(95) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein the high breakdown voltage is in at least one range of about 50 V to 100 kV, 1 kV to 50 kV, and 1 kV to 30 kV.
(96) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein the high current has a limit within at least one of 1 kA to 100 kA, 2 kA to 50 kA, and 10 kA to 30 kA.
(97) The source of electrical power is 0.1 A / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm²1, 1A / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm²10A / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm², 100A / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm², And 1 kA / cm²From 1,000,000 A / cm²The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, which supplies a high discharge current within at least one range of.
(98) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein the high voltage and current may be at least one of DC, AC, and a mixture thereof.
(99) The source of electrical power forming the arc plasma includes a bank of capacitors capable of supplying high currents that increase as the resistance and voltage decrease and high voltages in the range of about 1 kV to 50 kV. The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, which comprises a plurality of capacitors.
(100) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, further comprising a secondary power source.
(101) The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, comprising an additional power circuit element and at least one of the secondary high current power sources.
(102) The source of electrical power includes a plurality of banks of capacitors that continuously supply power to the arc, each discharged capacitor bank being discharged from a given charged capacitor bank. The water arc plasma power system according to (101) above, which is then recharged by a secondary power source.
(103) The closed tank further comprises a boiler, including a steam outlet, a return, and a recirculation pump, and contains at least one of heated water, superheated water, steam, and superheated steam. Including H₂At least one of the O-phases flows out of the steam outlet and provides a thermal or mechanical load.
At least one of the cooling processes of the outlet flow and the condensation of steam occurs with the transfer of thermal power to its load.
Cooled steam or water is pumped by a recirculation pump
The water arc plasma power system according to (88) above, wherein the cooled steam or water is returned to the cell through a return.
(104) The water arc plasma power system according to (103) above, further comprising at least one heat-electric converter that receives heat power from at least one of the boiler and heat exchanger.
(105) At least one of the heat-electric converters is a heat engine, steam engine, steam turbine, generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankine cycle engine, Brayton cycle engine, Stirling engine, thermoelectronic power. The water arc plasma power system according to (104) above, comprising at least one of a converter and a group selected from thermoelectric power converters.
(106) With at least one of the piston cylinders of an internal combustion type engine,
a) H in the developmental stage₂At least one catalyst or catalyst source containing O,
b) At least one atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen source,
c) Conductive matrix and at least one of the conductors,
With fuel, including
With at least one of the fuel inlets having at least one valve,
With at least one outlet with at least one valve,
With at least one piston,
With at least one crankshaft,
High current source and
At least two electrodes that guide and confine high current through fuel,
Mechanical power system, including.
(107) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, further comprising a gas or at least one source of gas.
(108) The mechanical power system according to (107) above, wherein the gas or source of gas is heated.
(109) The mechanical power according to (106) above, wherein the piston cylinder is capable of at least one pressure, atmospheric pressure, above atmospheric pressure, and below atmospheric pressure, during different phases of the reciprocating cycle. system.
(110) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein at least one of the pistons or piston cylinders may function as a counter electrode to the other electrode.
(111) The mechanical power system according to (110) above, further comprising at least one piston and at least one brush providing electrical contact between the high current source.
(112) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, further comprising a generator powered by the mechanical power of the engine.
(113) The mechanical power system according to (112) above, wherein the generator supplies power to a high current source.
(114) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, further comprising a refueling device.
(115) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the pistons of the system undergo reciprocating motion.
(116) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the system comprises a two-stroke cycle involving induction and compression as well as ignition and exhaust steps.
(117) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the system comprises a 4-stroke cycle including output, exhaust, intake, and compression steps.
(118) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the system includes a rotary engine.
(119) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the fuel flows into the piston chamber as the piston moves.
(120) During the output stroke of the reciprocating cycle
The compressed fuel is ignited and
The product and any additional added gas or source of gas are made to be heated, and
The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the heated gas in the cylinder makes a piston to move in the cylinder and rotate the crankshaft.
(121) When the piston is moved, fuel flows into the cylinder, is compressed by the piston returning before ignition, and the moved piston returns to eject the product after the output step. The mechanical power system according to (106) above.
(122) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the exhaust gas is released, the fuel flows into the cylinder, and the piston compresses the fuel before another ignition.
(123) The mechanical power system according to (114) above, wherein the exhausted product may flow to a regeneration system.
(124) The mechanical power according to (107) above, wherein any of the gas sources or additional gases is recovered, regenerated and recycled to assist in the performance of heat conversion from fuel ignition. ·system.
(125) Atomic hydrogen, an atomic hydrogen source, a catalyst, and a conductive matrix and H forming at least one of the catalyst sources.₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the source of O is contained in the fuel.
(126) H₂Forming O and binding H₂A compound (s) that undergoes at least one reaction to release O, bulk H₂State other than O, bulk H₂H containing at least one of O₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the source of O is fuel.
(127) Bond H₂O is H₂Contains a compound that interacts with O, and its H₂O is absorbed H₂O, combined H₂O, physically adsorbed H₂The mechanical power system according to (126) above, which is in at least one state of O.
(128) Hydrated water, physically adsorbed H₂O, combined H₂O, absorbed H₂O and bulk H₂Receives at least one of the releases of O and H as a reaction product₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the fuel comprises one or more compounds or materials with O and conductors.
(129) Source of atomic hydrogen and H in the generation period₂At least one source of O-catalyst
a) H₂At least one source of O,
b) At least one source of oxygen, and
c) At least one source of hydrogen,
The mechanical power system according to (106) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(130) The fuel forms at least one of the catalyst source, the catalyst, the atomic hydrogen source, and the atomic hydrogen, and the atomic hydrogen is
a) H₂O and H₂Source of O,
b) O₂, H₂O, HOOH, OOH⁻, Peroxide ion, superoxide ion, hydride, H₂From at least one group of halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygen-containing compounds, hydrous compounds, (halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, oxygen-containing compounds) (Selected) hydrous compounds and
c) Conductive matrix,
The mechanical power system according to (106) above, comprising at least one of the above.
(131) Oxyhydroxide comprises at least one group selected from TiOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH.
CuO, Cu₂O, CoO, Co₂O₃, Co₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, and Ni₂O₃, Containing at least one group selected from,
Cu (OH)₂, Co (OH)₂, Co (OH)₃, Fe (OH)₂, Fe (OH)₃, And Ni (OH)₂Hydroxides contain at least one group selected from,
Sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, chromates, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbrominates, and periodates, MXO₃, MXO₄ (Metal such as alkali metal such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, copper magnesium oxide, Li₂O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO₄, ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO₂, TIO₂, ZrO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, NiO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, TaO₂, Ta₂O₅, VO, VO₂, V₂O₃, V₂O₅, P₂O₃, P₂O₅, B₂O₃, NbO, NbO₂, Nb₂O₅, SeO₂, SeO₃, TeO₂, TeO₃, WO₂, WO₃, Cr₃O₄, Cr₂O₃, CrO₂, CrO₃, CoO, Co₂O₃, Co₃O₄, FeO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, Ni₂O₃, Rare earth oxides, CeO₂, La₂O₃, Oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH. Including
The conductive matrix comprises at least one of a metal powder, carbon, carbide, bromide, nitride, carbonitrile such as TiCN, or nitrile.
The mechanical power system according to (130) above, wherein at least one of the above is present.
(132) The fuel is a metal, its metal oxide, and H.₂Including O, H₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the reaction of O with its metal is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(133) The fuel is metal, metal halide, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, H₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the reaction of O with its metal is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(134) Fuels are transition metals, alkaline earth metal halides, and H₂Contains a mixture of O, H₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the reaction of O with its metal is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(135) Fuel is conductor, hydrous material, and H₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, comprising a mixture of O.
(136) The conductor contains metal powder or carbon powder, and H₂The mechanical power system according to (135) above, wherein the reaction of O with its metal or carbon is not thermodynamically advantageous.
(137) The water-containing material is lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, KMgCl3.6 (H).₂Carnalite such as O), potassium iron (III) citrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphate, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, bee honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephthalamine , Fertilizer chemicals, salt, desiccant, silica, activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, molecular sieve, zeolite, deliquescent material, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salt, The mechanical power system according to (135) above, comprising at least one from the group of.
(138) Conductors, hydrous materials, and H₂Including O, (metal), (moisture-containing material), (H₂The range of relative molar quantities of O) is (0.000001 to 100,000 metals), (0.000001 to 100,000 hydrous materials), (0.000001 to 100,000 H).₂O); (0.00001 to 10000 metals), (0.00001 to 10000 hydrous materials), (0.00001 to 10000H₂O), (0.0001 to 1000 metals), (0.0001 to 1000 hydrous materials), (0.0001 to 1000H₂O); (0.001 to 100 metals), (0.001 to 100 hydrous materials), (0.001 to 100H)₂O); (0.01 to 100 metals), (0.01 to 100 hydrous material), (0.01 to 100H₂O); (0.1 to 10 metals), (0.1 to 10 hydrous material), (0.1 to 10H)₂O); and (0.5 to 1 metal), (0.5 to 1 hydrous material), (0.5 to 1H₂O), the mechanical power system according to (135) above, which is at least one of.
(139) H₂Metals that have a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction with O are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru. , Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, selected from at least one of (132), (133), (134), or the mechanical power system according to (136).
(140) Fuel is H₂The mechanical power system according to (139) above, which is regenerated by the addition of O.
(141) The fuel is a metal, its metal oxide, and H.₂Contains a mixture of O, the metal oxide of which is H at temperatures below 1000 ° C.₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, which is capable of reduction.
(142) The fuel is
a) H₂And oxides that are not easily reduced by mild heat,
b) H at a temperature below 1000 ° C₂Metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals in
b) H₂O,
The mechanical power system according to (106) above, comprising a mixture of.
(143) H at a temperature of less than 1000 ° C.₂Metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals in are Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, (141) or (142) above, selected from at least one of Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. The mechanical power system described.
(144) H₂The mechanical power system according to (141) or (142) above, wherein the metal oxide that is not easily reduced in the above and mild heat contains at least one of alumina, an alkaline earth oxide, and a rare earth oxide. ..
(145) Fuel is carbon or activated carbon and H₂Contains O, the mixture of which is H₂The mechanical power system according to (114) above, which is regenerated by rehydration involving the addition of O.
(146) The mechanical power system according to (106) above, wherein the fuel comprises at least one of a slurry, a solution, an emulsion, a composite, and a compound.
(147) H₂O mole% content is about 0.000001% to 100%, 0.00001% to 100%, 0.0001% to 100%, 0.001% to 100%, 0.01% to 100%, 0. At least one of the above (1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%). 106) The mechanical power system according to the description.
(148) The current of the source of electrical power delivering a short burst of high current electrical energy is sufficient to allow the fuel to undergo a reaction to form hydrinos at a very high rate, according to (106) above. Mechanical power system.
(149) The source of electrical power that delivers a short burst of high current electrical energy is H.₂The mechanical power system according to (106) above, which allows for high voltages to achieve O-arc plasma.
(150) The source of electrical power that delivers a short burst of high current electrical energy is
Currents in the range of at least one of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA, and 100A / cm.²From 1,000,000 A / cm², 1000A / cm²From 100,000 A / cm², And 2000 A / cm²From 50,000 A / cm²Contains a voltage selected to cause a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixture of DC or peak AC current densities that are within at least one range of.
Its voltage is determined by the conductivity of the fuel
That voltage is given by the desired current applied by the resistance of the fuel,
The DC or peak AC voltage is within at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV.
The AC frequency is in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz.
The mechanical power system according to (106) above.
(151) The fuel resistance is in at least one range selected from about 0.001 mΩ to 100 MΩ, 0.1 Ω to 1 MΩ, and 10 Ω to 1 kΩ.
Reasonable load conductivity per active electrode area forming hydrino is about 10^-10Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁶Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-5Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁶Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-4Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁵Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-3Ω^-1cm^-2From 10⁴Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-2Ω^-1cm^-2From 10³Ω^-1cm^-210, 10^-1Ω^-1cm^-2From 10²Ω^-1cm^-2, And 1Ω^-1cm^-2From 10Ω^-1cm^-2Within at least one range selected from,
The mechanical power system according to (106) above.
(152) The mechanical power system according to (114) above, wherein the regeneration system comprises at least one of a hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical system.
(153) A heat exchanger is further included on the outer cylinder surface to remove the heat generated by the cell and deliver it to the load.
The heat exchanger includes a coolant input that receives cold coolant from the load and a coolant outlet that supplies or returns hot coolant to the load.
The heat is converted to mechanical or electrical power using the corresponding converter, or used directly.
At least one of the heat-electric converters is a heat engine, steam engine, steam turbine and generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankin-cycle engine, Brayton-cycle engine, Sterling engine, thermoelectronic power converter, and thermoelectricity. Includes at least one of the groups of power converters,
The mechanical power system according to (106) above.
(154) A power generation system
At least about 2,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
A plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
Where the plurality of electrodes are configured to deliver electrical power to the solid fuel to generate plasma, a fuel-filled region configured to receive the solid fuel, and
With a plasma power converter positioned to receive at least part of the plasma,
Power generation system, including.
(155) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising a catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell, wherein two of the plurality of electrodes are included in the catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell.
(156) The power generation system according to (155) above, wherein the power generation system includes a plurality of catalyst-induced hydrino transition cells.
(157) The power generation system according to (154) above, wherein the first electrode of the plurality of electrodes can move.
(158) The second electrode of the plurality of electrodes is movable, and the first electrode and the second electrode change the size of the fuel filling region when they move, according to the above (157). Power generation system.
(159) The power generation system according to (154) above, wherein the first electrode of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism.
(160) The power generation system according to (159) above, wherein the compression mechanism is movable.
(161) The above (160), wherein at least the second electrode of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism, and the compression mechanism of the first electrode and the compression mechanism of the second electrode interact with each other when they move. ) Described power generation system.
(162) The power generation system according to (158) above, wherein the compression mechanism comprises a rotatable gear.
(163) The power generation system according to (158) above, wherein the compression mechanism comprises a rotatable roller.
(164) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising a delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area.
(165) The power generation system according to (164) above, wherein the delivery mechanism includes a rotary conveyor.
(166) The power generation system according to (164) above, wherein the delivery mechanism includes a conveyor belt.
(167) The power generation system according to (164) above, wherein the delivery mechanism includes a hopper.
(168) The power generation system according to (164) above, wherein the delivery mechanism also moves fuel out of the fuel filling area.
(169) Plasma power converter
Plasma Dynamic Power Converters, Magnetohydrodynamic Power Converters, Magnetohydrodynamic Power Converters, Charge Drift Converters, Post or Venetian Blind Power Converters, Gyrotrons, Photon Bunching Microwaves The power generation system according to (154) above, comprising at least one of a power converter and a photoelectric converter.
(170) The removal system for removing fuel by-products from the fuel-filled region is further included, the by-products being produced when multiple electrodes deliver power to the fuel-filled region, as described above. (154) The power generation system.
(171) The power generation system according to (170) above, further comprising a delivery mechanism configured to move fuel out of the fuel filling area.
(172) The power generation system according to (171) above, further comprising a regeneration system for processing fuel by-products.
(173) The power generation system according to (171) above, further comprising a condenser for condensing fuel by-products.
(174) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising an output power conditioner for altering the quality of power converted by the plasma power converter.
(175) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising a temperature control system including a heat exchanger and a cooling line.
(176) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising a sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system.
(177) The power generation system according to (154) above, further comprising a controller configured to monitor one parameter associated with the power generation system.
(178) The power generation system according to (177) above, wherein the controller is configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system.
(179) The controller further comprises one or more sensors configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system, the controller having said power generation based on the at least one measured parameter. 178. The power generation system according to (178) above, which is configured to control at least one process associated with the system.
(180) The power source is at least about 5,000 A / cm², At least about 12,000 A / cm², At least about 14,000 A / cm², At least about 18,000 A / cm²Or at least about 25,000 A / cm²The power generation system according to (154) above, which is an electrical power source of the above.
(181) The power source is about 5,000 A / cm.²From about 100,000 A / cm²Or about 10,000 A / cm²From about 50,000 A / cm²The power generation system according to (154) above, which is an electrical power source in the range of.
(182) A power generation system
With multiple electrodes,
A fuel-filled region arranged between the electrodes and configured to receive the conductive fuel, wherein the plurality of electrodes are conductive enough to ignite the conductive fuel. It is configured to apply an electric current to the fuel and to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A delivery mechanism for moving conductive fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert plasma to a non-plasma form of power, or a thermal-configured to convert thermal power to a non-thermal form of power, including electrical or mechanical power. Electric or mechanical converters,
Power generation system, including.
(183) The power generation system according to (182) above, further comprising an output power conditioner for changing the quality of power converted by a plasma-electric power converter.
(184) The power generation system according to (183) above, further comprising one or more output power terminals for outputting the power adjusted by the output power conditioner.
(185) The power generation system according to (182) above, wherein the non-plasma form of power comprises at least one of mechanical, nuclear, chemical, thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic energies.
(186) The power generation system according to (182) above, further comprising a regeneration system for recycling ignited fuel by-products and a removal system for removing ignited fuel by-products.
(187) Further including a sensor and a controller configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system, the controller of the power generation system based on at least one measured parameter. 182. The power generation system according to (182) above, which is configured to control at least a part.
(188) A method of generating power,
A step of delivering an amount of fuel in a fuel-filled region, where the fuel-filled region is located in a plurality of electrodes.
At least about 2,000 A / cm through the fuel by applying an electric current to multiple electrodes to generate at least one of plasma, light, and heat.²The step of igniting the fuel by passing the current of
With the step of receiving at least part of the plasma in the plasma-electric converter,
Steps to convert plasma into different forms of power using a plasma-electric converter, and
Steps that output different forms of power,
How to generate power, including.
(189) The method according to (188) above, comprising removing a certain amount of fuel by-products from the fuel filling region and regenerating at least a portion of the fuel by-products.
(190) The method of (188) above, further comprising removing at least a portion of the heat generated by the ignition process.
(191) The method according to (188) above, wherein the step of outputting the power of a different form includes the step of delivering the power to an external load.
(192) The method of (188) above, wherein the step of outputting different forms of power comprises the step of delivering power to a storage device.
(193) The method according to (188) above, wherein the step of outputting different forms of power includes a step of delivering a part of the power to a plurality of electrodes.
(194) A power generation system
With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW,
A plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially enclose the fuel, are electrically connected to an electrical power source, and are configured to receive an electric current to ignite the fuel. And at least one of the plurality of electrodes can move,
The delivery mechanism to move the fuel, and
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(195) A power generation system
At least about 2,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
A plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein the plurality of electrodes at least partially enclose the fuel, are electrically connected to an electrical power source, and are configured to receive an electric current to ignite the fuel. And at least one of the plurality of electrodes can move,
The delivery mechanism to move the fuel, and
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(196) With an output power conditioner to change the quality of the power even converted by the plasma-electric power converter,
With one or more output power terminals to output the power tuned by its output power conditioner,
The power generation system according to (194) or (195) above, further comprising.
(197) The power generation system comprises two electrodes, both of which can move relative to each other so as to allow the delivery mechanism to move its fuel, according to (194) or ( 195) The power generation system according to the above.
(198) The power generation system according to (194) or (195) above, wherein the plurality of electrodes are a part of a catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell.
(199) The power generation system comprises a plurality of catalyst-induced hydrino transition cells, each catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell comprising a pair of electrodes surrounding a fuel-filled region, for at least one of the pair of electrodes. The power generation system according to (198) above, wherein the electrodes are movable relative to each other, allowing the delivery mechanism to deliver fuel to the fuel filling region.
(200) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW,
Multiple spaced electrodes, where at least one of the multiple electrodes comprises a compression mechanism.
A fuel filling region configured to deliver fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes, the compression mechanism of at least one electrode oriented towards the fuel filling region, said The electrodes are electrically connected to an electrical power source and are configured to power the fuel received within said fuel filling region to ignite the fuel.
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel within the fuel filling area, and
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(201) At least about 2,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
Multiple spaced electrodes, where at least one of the multiple electrodes comprises a compression mechanism.
A fuel filling region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes and the compression mechanism of at least one electrode is oriented towards the fuel filling region. The electrodes are configured to electrically connect to an electrical power source to power the fuel received within the fuel filling area to ignite the fuel.
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(202) An output power conditioner for changing the quality of the power converted by the plasma power converter, and
One or more output power terminals for outputting the power adjusted by the output power conditioner, and
The power generation system according to (48) above.
(203) The power generation system according to (200) or (201) above, wherein the compression mechanism is movable.
(204) The power generation system according to (200) or (201) above, wherein each of those electrodes comprises a compression mechanism, the compression mechanism facilitating electrical contact and fuel ignition.
(205) The power generation system according to (200) or (201) above, wherein the compression mechanism is rotatable.
(206) The power generation system according to (205) above, wherein the compression mechanism comprises at least one of a gear and a roller.
(207) With a plurality of electrodes
A fuel filling region surrounded by the plurality of electrodes and configured to receive fuel, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to ignite fuel disposed within the fuel filling region.
A delivery mechanism that moves fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
A removal system for removing ignited fuel by-products, and
A regeneration system operably connected to a removal system for recycling the ignited fuel by-products removed into recycled fuel,
Power generation system, including.
(208) The power generation according to (207) above, further comprising a refill system operably connected to a regeneration system for reintroducing the recycled fuel into a delivery mechanism for moving the recycled fuel into the fuel filling area. system.
(209) The power generation system according to (207) above, further comprising a condenser for condensing fuel by-products.
(210) The cooling line further comprises a temperature control system including a heat exchanger and a cooling line, which diverts a portion of the heat generated by ignition of the fuel in the fuel filling area to the regeneration system (207). ) Described power generation system.
(211) At least about 2,000 A / cm²With an electrical power source configured to output the current of
With a plurality of spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
A fuel-filled region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, which ignite the fuel when received within the fuel-filled region. It is configured to power that fuel to
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into electrical power,
One or more output power terminals operably connected to the plasma-electric power converter, and
Power storage devices and
Power generation system, including.
(212) Further comprising one or more output power conditioners operably connected to the plasma-electric power converter to alter the quality of power converted by the plasma-electric power converter. The power generation system according to (211) above.
(213) The power storage device is operably connected to the one or more output power terminals so as to receive at least a portion of the power from the one or more output power terminals. 211) The power generation system according to the above.
(214) The power generation system according to (211) above, wherein the power storage device is operably connected to and supplies power to the electrical power source.
(215) The power generation system according to (214) above, wherein the power storage device intermittently supplies power to an electrical power source.
(216) The power generation system according to (211) above, wherein one or more output power terminals are configured to deliver power to an external load.
(217) The power generation system according to (216) above, wherein one or more output power terminals are further configured to deliver power to the power storage device.
(218) The power generation system according to (211) above, wherein the power storage device includes a battery.
(219) With an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW,
With a plurality of spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
A fuel-filled region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes, such that the plurality of electrodes ignite the fuel when received within the fuel-filled region. Configured to power the fuel
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
A sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system, and
A controller configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system.
Power generation system, including.
(220) At least 2,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
With a plurality of spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
A fuel-filled region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel-filled region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes, such that the plurality of electrodes ignite the fuel when received within the fuel-filled region. Configured to power the fuel
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel within the fuel filling area,
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
A sensor configured to measure at least one parameter associated with the power generation system, and
A controller configured to control at least one process associated with the power generation system.
Power generation system, including.
(221) The above (219) or (220), further comprising an output power conditioner operably connected to the plasma power converter to change the quality of power converted by the plasma power converter. ) Described power generation system.
(222) The power generation system according to (219) or (220) above, wherein the controller is configured to control a process associated with the power generation system based on at least one measured parameter.
(223) The power generation system according to (219) or (220) above, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the speed of the fuel delivery or ignition mechanism to control the power output.
(224) The power generation system according to (219) or (220) above, wherein the controller is configured to control the movement of at least one of the electrodes spaced apart to control the power output.
(225) The power generation system according to (219) or (220) above, wherein the power generation system is autonomous.
(226) A removal system for removing by-products of ignited fuel,
A regeneration system operably connected to the removal system for recycling the removed fuel by-products of the ignited fuel into recycled fuel,
A refill system operably connected to a reintroduction system for reintroducing recycled fuel into a delivery mechanism for moving recycled fuel into the fuel filling area
The power generation system according to (225) above.
(227) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 kW,
With a plurality of spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
A fuel filling region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes so that the plurality of electrodes ignite the fuel when received within the fuel filling region. It is configured to supply power to the fuel, and the pressure in the fuel filling region is partial decompression.
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel into the fuel filling area,
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(228) At least about 2,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
With a plurality of spaced electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
A fuel filling region configured to receive fuel, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by a plurality of electrodes so that the plurality of electrodes ignite the fuel when received within the fuel filling region. It is configured to power the fuel, and the pressure in the fuel filling area is partial decompression.
A delivery mechanism for moving fuel within the fuel filling area,
A plasma-electric power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(229) The power generation system according to (227) or (228) above, wherein the pressure in the plasma-electric power converter is partially depressurized.
(230) The power generation system according to (227) or (228) above, wherein the fuel filling region is housed in a vacuum chamber.
(231) The power generation system according to (230) above, wherein at least two of the plurality of electrodes are housed in a vacuum chamber.
(232) The power generation system according to (227) or (228) above, further comprising a vacuum pump.
(233) Further containing a catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell, a tank of the catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell surrounds a plurality of electrodes, and the pressure in the catalyst-induced hydrino transition cell is about 10.^-10 The power generation system according to (227) or (228) above, which has a partial decompression higher than Torr.
(234) With the outlet port connected to the vacuum pump,
With multiple electrodes electrically connected to an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW,
Most H₂A fuel-filled region configured to receive the water-based fuel containing O, where the plurality of electrodes deliver power to the water-based fuel to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. Consists of
With a power converter configured to convert at least one or more of the arc plasma and thermal power into electrical power,
Power generating cells, including.
(235) The above (234) further comprising at least one of a thermal-electric power converter and a plasma-electric power converter positioned to receive at least one of the arc plasma and the thermal power of the arc plasma. ) Described cell.
(236) The cell according to (234) above, further comprising a vacuum pump.
(237) The cell according to (234) above, further comprising an electrical power source.
(238) The fuel is at least one of a metal oxide, a metal halide, and a hydrous material, at least one of the metals that is substantially non-reactive in an aqueous environment, and H.₂The cell according to (234) above, which comprises O.
(239) At least 5,000 A / cm²Electrical power source and
A plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source,
Most H₂A fuel filling region configured to receive the water-based fuel containing O, wherein the plurality of electrodes deliver power to the water-based fuel to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. Is configured as
With a power converter configured to convert at least one or more of the arc plasma and thermal power into electrical power,
Power generation system, including.
(240) The electrical power source is at least 10,000 A / cm², At least about 12,000 A / cm², At least about 14,000 A / cm², At least about 18,000 A / cm²Or at least 20,000 A / cm²The power generation system according to (239) above, which is a power source of the above.
(241) The power generation system according to (239) above, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to apply at least 4 kV to the water-based fuel.
(242) The power generation system according to (239) above, wherein the power source includes a plurality of capacitors.
(243) The fuel is a metal oxide, a metal halide, and at least one of the hydrous materials, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, At least one metal selected from Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Ti, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In, and H.₂The power generation system according to (239) above, comprising O.
(244) The power generation system according to (243) above, further comprising a fuel regeneration system configured to recover the product at least partially and regenerate it.
(245) The power generation system according to (239) above, wherein the power converter is a thermal-electric power converter.
(246) The power generation system according to (239) above, wherein the power converter includes a heat exchanger.
(247) A step of filling a fuel filling region with fuel, wherein the fuel filling region includes a plurality of electrodes.
At least about 2,000 A / cm on multiple electrodes to ignite fuel to generate at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power²And the step of applying the current
A step of passing at least one of a step of passing a plasma-electric converter through an arc plasma to generate electrical power and a step of passing a heat-electric converter through thermal power to generate electrical power. ,
With the step of outputting at least a part of the generated electrical power,
How to generate power, including.
(248) The method of (247) above, further comprising the step of creating a vacuum in the fuel filling region.
(249) The method according to (247) above, further comprising the step of delivering the inert gas to the fuel-filled region.
(250) The method of (247) above, further comprising removing oxygen from the fuel-filled region.
(251) With an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW,
A plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the electrical power source, wherein the plurality of electrodes generate most of the H to generate thermal power.₂Configured to deliver electrical power to water-based fuels containing O,
With heat exchangers configured to convert at least part of the thermal power into electrical power,
Power generation system, including.
(252) The power generation system according to (251) above, wherein the heat exchanger includes one or more of a power plant, a steam plant with a boiler, a turbine, and a generator.
(253) With an electrical power source of at least 5,000 kW,
A plurality of spaced electrodes, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes comprises a compression mechanism.
Most H₂A fuel filling region configured to receive water-based fuel containing O, where the fuel filling region is surrounded by the plurality of electrodes, with at least one electrode compression mechanism directed towards the fuel filling region. Oriented and said plurality of electrodes are configured to be electrically connected to an electrical power source and to power a water-based fuel received within a fuel filling region to ignite the fuel.
A delivery mechanism for moving water-based fuels within the fuel filling area, and
A plasma power converter configured to convert the plasma generated from fuel ignition into non-plasma form of power,
Power generation system, including.
(254) An output power conditioner for changing the quality of the power converted by the plasma power converter, and
One or more output power terminals for outputting the power adjusted by the output power conditioner, and
The power generation system according to (253) above.
(255) The power generation system according to (253) above, wherein the compression mechanism is movable.
(256) The power generation system according to (253) above, wherein each of the plurality of electrodes includes a compression mechanism, and the compression mechanism interacts to facilitate ignition of the fuel.
(257) The power generation system according to (253) above, wherein the compression mechanism is rotatable.
(258) The power generation system according to (253) above, wherein the compression mechanism comprises at least one of a gear and a roller.
(259) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power,
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the solid fuel to produce at least one of plasma and thermal power.
With a piston, which is located in the ignition chamber and is configured to move relative to the ignition chamber to output mechanical power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(260) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, wherein the ignition chamber includes an outlet port.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel into the ignition chamber to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the ignition chamber,
Turbines that are in the fluid communicating with the outlet port and that are configured to rotate to output mechanical power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(261) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An impeller configured to rotate to output mechanical power, wherein said impeller comprises a cavity region configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, and said cavity region. Includes an intake port configured to receive working fluid
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel into the cavity,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to ignite a solid fuel to power the cavity region to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(262) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
A moving element configured to rotate to output mechanical power, wherein the moving element at least partially defines an ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power. And
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power a solid fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(263) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 10,000 A, or at least 14,000 A.
(264) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the electrical power source is less than about 100V, less than about 10V, or less than about 8V.
(265) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 5,000 kW.
(266) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the solid fuel comprises some water, some water absorbing material, and some conductive elements.
(267) The system according to (266) above, wherein some of the water is a solid fuel of at least about 30 mole%.
(268) The system according to (266) above, wherein some of the water absorbing materials are at least about 30 mole% solid fuel.
(269) The system according to (266) above, wherein some of the conductive elements are at least about 30 mole% solid fuel.
(270) The system according to (259), (260), or (262) above, further comprising an intake port configured to deliver a working fluid to the ignition chamber.
(271) The working fluid is air, H₂The system according to (270) above, comprising at least one of O and an inert gas.
(272) The system according to (271) above, wherein the working fluid is delivered to the ignition chamber at at least one pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.
(273) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein at least one of the pair of electrodes is electrically connected to at least one of the piston and the ignition chamber.
(274) The above (259), (260), (261), or (262), wherein the fuel delivery device includes an injection device configured to inject at least a portion of solid fuel into the ignition chamber. System.
(275) The system according to (274) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into the ignition chamber.
(276) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the fuel delivery device includes a rotary conveyor.
(277) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, wherein the fuel delivery device and at least one of the pair of electrodes include a container configured to receive solid fuel.
(278) The system according to (259), (260), (261), or (262) above, further comprising a cooling system, a heating system, a vacuum system, and at least one of a plasma converter.
(279) The above (259) further comprises a regeneration system configured to perform at least one of capturing, regenerating, and recycling one or more compounds produced by ignition of solid fuel. ), (260), (261), or (262).
(280) The system according to (260) above, wherein at least one of the pair of electrodes is electrically connected to at least one of the turbine and the ignition chamber.
(281) The system according to (260) above, wherein the fuel delivery device comprises an injection device configured to inject at least a portion of solid fuel into the ignition chamber.
(282) The system according to (260) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into the ignition chamber.
(283) The system according to (261) above, wherein the impeller comprises at least one blade configured to divert the flow of working fluid.
(284) The working fluid is air, H₂The system according to (283) above, comprising at least one of O and an inert gas.
(285) The system according to (261) above, wherein the working fluid is delivered to the cavity region at at least one pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.
(286) The system according to (261) above, wherein at least one of the pair of electrodes is electrically connected to at least one of the impeller and the cavity region.
(287) The system according to (261) above, wherein the fuel delivery device includes an injection device configured to inject at least a portion of solid fuel into a cavity region.
(288) The system according to (262) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of a gas, a liquid, and a solid particle into a cavity region.
(289) The system according to (288) above, wherein the movable element forms at least a part of the first electrode of the pair of electrodes.
(290) The system according to (289) above, wherein the second moving element forms at least a portion of the second electrode of the pair of electrodes.
(291) The system according to (262) above, wherein the moving element comprises a container configured to receive fuel.
(292) The system according to (262) above, wherein the moving element is fluidly connected to an ignition chamber and comprises a nozzle configured to direct at least one flow of plasma and thermal power.
(293) The system according to (262) above, wherein the movable element is configured to move in at least one of a linear, arched, and rotational direction.
(294) The system according to (262) above, wherein the movable element comprises at least one of a gear and a roller.
(295) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
A plurality of ignition chambers, wherein each of the plurality of ignition chambers is configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver solid fuel to the plurality of ignition chambers, and
A plurality of electrodes connected to an electrical power source, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is associated with at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers and at least one of plasma and thermal power. Configured to provide electrical power to the solid fuel to produce,
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(296) The system according to (295) above, wherein the fuel delivery device comprises a rotary conveyor configured to rotate relative to at least one of a plurality of ignition chambers.
(297) The system according to (295) above, wherein at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers is fluidly connected to at least one of a piston, a turbine, an impeller, a gear, and a roller.
(298) The system according to (295) above, wherein a plurality of ignition chambers are configured to rotate relative to a fuel delivery device.
(299) The system according to (295) above, further comprising a plurality of fuel delivery devices.
(300) The system according to (295) above, further comprising a plurality of electrical power sources, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrical power sources is electrically connected to at least one of the plurality of electrodes.
(301) The system according to (295) above, further comprising a controller configured to control the supply of electrical power to a plurality of electrodes.
(302) The system according to (301) above, wherein the controller is configured to control the movement of the fuel delivery device.
(303) The system according to (301) above, wherein the controller is configured to control the movement of a plurality of ignition chambers.
(304) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power,
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A piston that is fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and is configured to move relative to the point chamber to output mechanical power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(305) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power, wherein said ignition chamber includes an outlet port.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to produce at least one of plasma and thermal power.
Turbines that are in the fluid communicating with the outlet port and that are configured to rotate to output mechanical power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(306) The system according to (304) or (305) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 10,000 A, or at least about 12,000 A.
(307) The system according to (304) or (305) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 1 kV, at least about 2 kV, or at least about 4 kV.
(308) The system according to (304) or (305) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 5,000 kW.
(309) The system according to (304) or (305) above, wherein the water-based fuel is at least 50 mole% water or at least 90 mole% water.
(310) The system according to (304) or (305) above, further comprising an intake port configured to deliver a working fluid to the ignition chamber.
(311) The system according to (310) above, wherein the working fluid is at least one of a water-based fluid and an inert gas.
(312) The system according to (310) above, wherein the working fluid is delivered to the ignition chamber at at least one pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.
(313) The system according to (310) above, wherein the ignition chamber forms a portion of a closed loop system configured to recirculate the working fluid.
(314) The system according to (304) or (305) above, wherein the fuel delivery device comprises an injection device configured to inject at least a portion of water-based fuel into the ignition chamber.
(315) The system according to (314) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into the ignition chamber.
(316) The system according to (304) or (305) above, further comprising at least one of a cooling system and a heating system.
(317) The system according to (304) or (305) above, further comprising at least one of a vacuum system and a plasma converter.
(318) The system according to (304) or (305) above, further comprising a heat exchanger configured to convert the thermal energy associated with the arc plasma into a different form of energy.
(319) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An impeller configured to rotate to output mechanical power, wherein said impeller is configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power, and a cavity region provides a working fluid. Includes an intake port configured to receive
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel to the cavity region,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to ignite a water-based fuel to power the cavity region to generate at least one of plasma and thermal power.
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(320) The system according to (319) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 10,000 A, or at least about 12,000 A.
(321) The system according to (319) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 1 kV, at least about 2 kV, or at least about 4 kV.
(322) The system according to (319) above, wherein the electrical power source is at least about 5,000 kW.
(323) The system according to (319) above, wherein the water-based fuel is at least 50 mole% water or at least 90 mole% water.
(324) The system according to (319) above, wherein the impeller comprises at least one of blades configured to divert the flow of working fluid.
(325) The system according to (319) above, wherein the working fluid comprises at least one of a water-based fluid and an inert gas.
(326) The system according to (319) above, wherein the working fluid is delivered to the cavity region at at least one pressure below atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.
(327) The system according to (319) above, wherein the cavity region forms a portion of a closed loop system configured to recirculate the working fluid.
(328) The system according to (319) above, wherein the fuel delivery device includes an injection device configured to inject at least a portion of water-based fuel into a cavity region.
(329) The system according to (328) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into the cavity region.
(330) The system according to (319) above, further comprising at least one of a cooling system and a heating system.
(331) The system according to (319) above, further comprising at least one of a vacuum system and a plasma converter.
(332) The system according to (319) above, further comprising a heat exchanger configured to convert the thermal energy associated with the arc plasma into a different form of energy.
(333) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
A plurality of ignition chambers, wherein each of the plurality of ignition chambers is configured to generate at least one of arc plasma and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver water-based fuel to multiple ignition chambers,
A plurality of electrodes connected to an electrical power source, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes is associated with at least one of a plurality of ignition chambers and produces at least one of arc plasma and thermal power. It is configured to provide electrical power to the water-based fuel to
A system for generating mechanical power, including.
(334) The system according to (333) above, wherein the water-based fuel is at least 50 mole% water or at least 90 mole% water.
(335) The system according to (333) above, further comprising at least one intake port configured to deliver the working fluid to at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers.
(336) The system according to (335) above, wherein the working fluid is at least one of a water-based fluid and an inert gas.
(337) The system according to (335) above, wherein the working fluid is delivered to at least one of a plurality of ignition chambers at at least one pressure below, at atmospheric pressure, and above atmospheric pressure.
(338) The system according to (335) above, wherein at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers forms a portion of a closed loop system configured to recirculate the working fluid.
(339) The system according to (335) above, wherein the fuel delivery device comprises at least one injection device configured to inject at least a portion of water-based fuel into at least one of a plurality of ignition chambers. ..
(340) The system according to (339) above, wherein the at least one injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into at least one of a plurality of ignition chambers. ..
(341) The system according to (333) above, wherein at least one of the plurality of ignition chambers is fluidly connected to at least one of a piston, a turbine, an impeller, a gear, and a roller.
(342) The system according to (333) above, wherein the plurality of ignition chambers are configured to rotate relative to the fuel delivery device.
(343) The system according to (333) above, further comprising a plurality of fuel delivery devices.
(344) The system according to (333) above, further comprising a plurality of electrical power sources, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrical power sources is electrically connected to at least one of the plurality of electrodes.
(345) The system according to (333) above, further comprising a controller configured to control the supply of electrical power to the plurality of electrodes.
(346) The system according to (333) above, wherein the controller is configured to control the movement of the fuel delivery device.
(347) The system according to (333) above, wherein the controller is configured to control the movement of a plurality of ignition chambers.
(348) With a shell that defines a cavity chamber configured to create at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal plasma.
A fuel vessel in a fluid communicating with a cavity chamber, where the fuel vessel is electrically connected to a pair of electrodes and
Moving elements in the fluid communicating with the cavity chamber,
Ignition chamber including.
(349) A shell that defines a hollow chamber and
An injection device in a fluid communicating with the cavity chamber, wherein the injection device is configured to inject fuel into the cavity chamber.
Configured to electrically power the fuel enough to be electrically connected to the cavity chamber and to generate at least one of the plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power in the cavity chamber. With a pair of electrodes
Moving elements in the fluid communicating with the cavity chamber,
Including the ignition chamber.
(350) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the movable element comprises a piston disposed in a cavity chamber.
(351) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the movable element includes a turbine arranged outside the hollow chamber.
(352) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the movable element includes an impeller that at least partially surrounds the cavity chamber.
(353) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the cavity chamber is configured to receive a working fluid.
(354) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the pair of electrodes is configured to supply a current of at least 5,000 A to the fuel vessel.
(355) The ignition chamber according to (348) or (349) above, wherein the fuel container is configured to receive a water-based fuel containing at least 50 mole% water.
(356) The above (348) or (349), wherein the fuel container is configured to receive a solid fuel containing some water, some water absorbing material, and some conductive elements. Ignition chamber.
(357) The ignition chamber according to (349) above, wherein the fuel is a solid fuel containing a part of water, a part of a water absorbing material, and a part of a conductive element.
(358) The ignition chamber according to (349) above, wherein the injection device is configured to inject at least one of gas, liquid, and solid particles into the cavity chamber.
(359) The step of delivering solid fuel to the ignition chamber,
A step of passing a current of at least about 5,000 A through the solid fuel and applying a voltage of less than about 10 V to the solid fuel to ignite the solid fuel to produce at least one of plasma and thermal power.
With the step of mixing at least one of the plasma and thermal power with the working fluid,
The step of moving the moving element and guiding the working fluid toward the moving element that outputs mechanical power,
Methods for generating mechanical power, including.
(360) The method according to (359) above, wherein the current is at least about 14,000 A.
(361) The method according to (359) above, wherein the voltage is less than about 8V.
(362) The method according to (359) above, wherein the solid fuel contains a part of water, a part of a water absorbing material, and a part of a conductive element.
(363) The method of (359) above, comprising at least one step of capturing, regenerating, and recycling one or more components produced by ignition of solid fuel.
(364) The method of (359) above, wherein the moving element moves in at least one of a linear, arched, and rotational direction.
(365) The method of (359) above, wherein the electric current is supplied to the solid fuel via at least one electrode connected to the moving element.
(366) The step of delivering water-based fuel to the ignition chamber,
A current of at least about 5,000 A is passed through the water-based fuel and a voltage of at least about 2 kV is applied to the water-based fuel to ignite the water-based fuel to generate at least one of the arc plasma and thermal power. Steps to do and
With the step of mixing at least one of the plasma and thermal power with the working fluid,
The step of moving the moving element and guiding the working fluid toward the moving element that outputs mechanical power,
Methods for generating mechanical power, including.
(367) The method according to (366) above, wherein the current is at least about 12,000 A.
(368) The method according to (366) above, wherein the voltage is at least 4 kV.
(369) The method according to (366) above, wherein the water-based fuel comprises at least 90 mole% water.
(370) The method of (366) above, wherein the movable element moves in at least one of a linear, arched, and rotational direction.
(371) The method of (366) above, wherein an electric current is supplied to the water-based fuel via at least one electrode connected to the ignition chamber.
(372) A step of supplying solid fuel to the ignition chamber,
With the step of supplying at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically connected to the solid fuel,
In the ignition chamber, the step of igniting the solid fuel to produce at least one of plasma and thermal power, and
With the step of converting at least some of the plasma and thermal power into mechanical power,
Methods for generating mechanical power, including.
(373) The method according to (372) above, further comprising a step of supplying a working fluid to the ignition chamber.
(374) The working fluid is air, H₂The method according to (373) above, which comprises at least one of O and an inert gas.
(375) The method according to (373) above, further comprising a step of compressing the working fluid before injecting the working fluid into the ignition chamber.
(376) The method of (373) above, wherein the step of converting at least some of the plasma and thermal power into mechanical power comprises directing the flow of working fluid towards the moving element.
(377) The method of (376) above, comprising moving a moving element in at least one of a linear, arched, and rotational direction.
(378) The method according to (372) above, further comprising the step of supplying at least about 10,000 A to the solid fuel or at least about 14,000 A to the solid fuel.
(379) The method according to (372) above, further comprising the step of supplying less than about 100 V to the solid fuel, less than about 10 V to the solid fuel, or less than about 8 V to the solid fuel.
(380) The method according to (372) above, further comprising the step of supplying at least about 5,000 kW to the solid fuel.
(381) The method according to (372) above, further comprising the step of creating a partial decompression in the ignition chamber.
(382) The method according to (372) above, further comprising at least one of a step of capturing, a step of regenerating, and a step of recycling at least one or more components produced by ignition of solid fuel.
(383) The step of supplying water-based fuel to the ignition chamber,
With the step of supplying at least about 5,000 A to the electrodes electrically connected to the water-based fuel,
In the ignition chamber, the step of igniting the water-based fuel to form at least one of the plasma and thermal power, and
With the step of converting at least some of the arc plasma and thermal power into mechanical power,
Methods for generating mechanical power, including.
(384) The method according to (383) above, further comprising supplying a working fluid to the ignition chamber.
(385) The method according to (384) above, wherein the working fluid comprises at least one of a water-based fuel and an inert gas.
(386) The method according to (384) above, further comprising a step of compressing the working fluid before injecting the working fluid into the ignition chamber.
(387) The method of (384) above, wherein the step of converting at least some of the arc plasma and thermal power into mechanical power comprises directing the flow of the working fluid towards the moving element.
(388) The method of (387) above, further comprising moving the moving element in at least one of a linear, arched, and rotational direction.
(389) The method according to (383) above, further comprising the step of supplying at least about 12,000 A to the water-based fuel or at least about 14,000 A to the water-based fuel.
(390) The method according to (383) above, further comprising the step of supplying at least about 1 kV to the water-based fuel, at least about 2 kV to the water-based fuel, or at least about 4 kV to the water-based fuel.
(391) The method of (383) above, further comprising the step of supplying at least about 5,000 kW to the water-based fuel.
(392) The method according to (383) above, further comprising the step of creating a partial decompression in the ignition chamber.
(393) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
Movable elements that are fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber, and
With drive shafts, which are mechanically connected to the moving elements and configured to provide mechanical power to the transport elements,
Machines for land transportation, including.
(394) The machine according to (393) above, wherein the transport element comprises at least one of a wheel, a track, a gear assembly, and a hydraulic member.
(395) The machine according to (393) above, wherein the transport element forms at least one portion of an automobile, motorcycle, snowmobile, truck, and train.
(396) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
With moving elements that are fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber,
An aviation element that is mechanically connected to the movable element and is configured to provide propulsion in the flight environment.
Machines configured for air transport, including.
(397) The machine according to (396) above, wherein the aviation element comprises at least one of an aviation propeller and a compressor.
(398) The machine according to (396) above, wherein the aviation element forms at least one portion of a turbojet, a turbofan, a turboprop, a turboshaft, a propfan, a ramjet, and a scramjet.
(399) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
With moving elements that are fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber,
A marine element that is mechanically connected to the movable element and is configured to provide propulsion in a marine environment.
Machines configured for sea transportation, including.
(400) The machine according to (399) above, wherein the ship element includes a ship propeller.
(401) The machine according to (399) above, wherein the ship element forms at least one portion of a pump jet, a hydrojet, and a waterjet.
(402) With an electrical power source of at least about 5,000 A,
An ignition chamber configured to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
A fuel delivery device configured to deliver fuel to the ignition chamber,
A pair of electrodes connected to an electrical power source and configured to power the fuel to generate at least one of plasma, arc plasma, and thermal power.
With moving elements that are fluidly connected to the ignition chamber and configured to move relative to the ignition chamber,
A work element that is mechanically connected to the movable element and is configured to provide mechanical power.
Work machines, including.
(403) The machine according to (402) above, wherein the work element comprises at least one of a rotating shaft, a reciprocating rod, teeth, a spiral cutting edge, and a blade.
(404) The machine according to (402) above, wherein the work element forms at least one portion of a refrigerator, a washing machine, a freezer, a lawnmower, a snowplow, and a brush cutter.

Claims (20)

A power system that produces at least one of direct electrical and thermal energy.
With at least one tank
a) _{H 2} O is an _{H 2} O source comprising coupling compounds, _{H 2} O source capable of releasing the bound _{H 2} O,
b) Atomic hydrogen,
c) At least one of the conductor and the conductive matrix,
Reactants, including
To initiate a reaction that forms a plasma, an electrical power source to deliver a short burst of high current electrical energy to the reactant,
At least one reproducing system to reproduce the reactant from the reaction product, and,
A power system that includes at least one of a direct plasma-electric converter and at least one of a thermal-electric power converter. The H _{2 O} is to release a source of the combined H _{2 O,} the power system of claim 1. The power system of claim 2, wherein the H ₂ O source comprises at least one of one or more compounds that react to release the bound H ₂ O. One or more compounds releasing the combined H _{2 O} is absorbed H _{2 O,} combined H _{2 O,} physisorbed H _{2 O,} and at least one state of hydration water include compounds which interact with some H _{2 O,} the power system of claim 3. Said reactant to form at least one of said H ₂ O and / or the atomic Hydrogen is, bulk _{H 2} O and / or bound _{H 2 O, O 2, H} 2 O, HOOH, OOH -, over oxide ion, superoxide ion, a hydride, H _2, halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, compounds containing oxygen, hydrate, (halides, oxides, oxyhydroxides, The power system of claim 1, which is formed from at least one of a hydrous compound (selected from at least one group of hydroxides, oxygen-containing compounds). The oxyhydroxide comprises at least one from the group of TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH, AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH.
Said include _{oxides, CuO, Cu 2 O, CoO} , Co 2 O 3, Co 3 O 4, FeO, Fe 2 O 3, NiO, and _Ni 2 _{O 3,} at least one from the group of,
The hydroxide is at least one from the group of Cu (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₂ , Co (OH) ₃ , Fe (OH) ₂ , Fe (OH) ₃ , and Ni (OH) _2. Including
The oxygen-containing compounds include sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, chromates, pyrophosphates, persulfates, perchlorates, perbrominates, and periodic acids. Salts, MXO ₃ , MXO ₄ (metals such as alkali metals such as M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Br, Cl, I), cobalt magnesium oxide, nickel magnesium oxidation Material, copper / magnesium oxide, Li ₂ O, alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, CuO, CrO ₄ , ZnO, MgO, CaO, MoO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , NiO, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₂ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , VO, VO ₂ , V ₂ O ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , B ₂ O ₃ , NbO , NbO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , SeO ₂ , SeO ₃ , TeO ₂ , TeO ₃ , WO ₂ , WO ₃ , Cr ₃ O ₄ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , CrO ₂ , CrO ₃ , CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , Co ₃ O ₄ , FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , rare earth oxides, CeO ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , oxyhydroxide, TIOOH, GdOOH, CoOOH, InOOH, FeOOH, GaOOH, NiOOH The power system of claim 5, comprising at least one from the group of AlOOH, CrOOH, MoOOH, CuOOH, MnOOH, ZnOOH, and SmOOH. The power system of claim 1, wherein the reactant comprises a mixture of a metal, a metal oxide thereof, and H ₂ O, and the reaction of the metal with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous. The power system of claim 1, wherein the reactant comprises a mixture of a metal, a metal halide, and H ₂ O, wherein the reaction of the metal with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous. The power system of claim 1, wherein the reactant comprises a mixture of a transition metal, an alkaline earth metal halide, and H ₂ O, wherein the reaction of the metal with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous. The reactant comprises a conductor, moisture-absorbing material, and a mixture of H _{2 O,} the power system of claim 1. The water vapor absorption material, lithium bromide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium carbonate, kernal stone, iron (III) citrate ammonium such as potassium _{phosphate, KMgCl 3 · 6 (H 2} O), hydroxide Potassium, sodium hydroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated phosphoric acid, cellulose fiber, sugar, caramel, honey, glycerin, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, methanephetamine, fertilizer chemicals, salts, desiccants, silica, activated charcoal, calcium chloride, chloride The power system of claim 10, comprising at least one from the group of calcium, molecular sieves, zeolites, deliquescent materials, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and deliquescent salts. Wherein the conductor, moisture-absorbing material, and a mixture of _{H 2} O, (metal), (hygroscopic material), a range of relative molar amounts of _(H 2 O), _etc. are approximately (0.000001 100000), (0. 0.0001 to 100,000), (0.000001 to 100,000); (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000), (0.00001 to 10000); (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000), (0.0001 to 1000); (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100), (0.001 to 100); (0.01 to 100), (0.01 to 100) , (0.01 to 100); (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10), (0.1 to 10); and (0.5 to 1), (0.5 to 1), The power system of claim 11, which is at least one from (0.5 to 1). Metal reaction with H ₂ O is not thermodynamically advantageous, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Claim 7, 8 or 9 which is at least one from the group of Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Tl, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. Power system. The reactant is
Not easily reduced oxides with H ₂ and mild heat,
Metals with oxides that can be reduced to metals with H ₂ at temperatures below 1000 ° C., and H ₂ O
The power system of claim 1, comprising a mixture of. Metals with oxides which can be at a temperature lower than 1000 ° C. is reduced to metal with _{H 2} is, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb , Bi, Co, Cd, Ge, Au, Ir, Fe, Hg, Mo, At least one from the group Os, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Tc, Te, Ti, Sn, W, Al, V, Zr, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, and In. The power system of claim 14. H ₂ O mole% content is about 0.000001% to 100%, 0.00001% to 100%, 0.0001% to 100%, 0.001% to 100%, 0.01% to 100%, It may be in at least one range of 0.1% to 100%, 1% to 100%, 10% to 100%, 0.1% to 50%, 1% to 25%, and 1% to 10%. , The power system of claim 1. The power system of claim 1, wherein the current of the source of electrical power undergoes a reaction that causes a reactant to form a reaction product at a very high rate in order to deliver a short burst of high current electrical energy. The source of electrical power for delivering short bursts of high current electrical energy is
A voltage selected to cause a high AC, DC, or AC-DC mixture of currents in the range of at least one of 100A to 1,000,000A, 1kA to 100,000A, 10kA to 50kA.
DC or peak AC current within at least one range of 100 A / cm ² to 1,000,000 A / cm ² , 1000 A / cm ² to 100,000 A / cm ² , and 2000 A / cm ² to 50,000 A / cm ^2. density,
The voltage is determined by the conductivity of the reaction mixture formed from the reactants, which voltage is given by the resistance of the reaction mixture and the desired current.
The DC or peak AC voltage may be in at least one range selected from about 0.1V to 500kV, 0.1V to 100kV, and 1V to 50kV.
The AC frequency may be in the range of about 0.1 Hz to 10 GHz, 1 Hz to 1 MHz, 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and 100 Hz to 10 kHz.
The power system of claim 1, comprising at least one of the above. The power system of claim 1, wherein the regeneration system comprises at least one of a hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical system. At least one direct plasma-electric converter is a plasma dynamic power converter, (vector E) x (vector B) direct converter, magnetohydrodynamic power converter, magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converter, charge Includes at least one from the group of drift converters, post or Venetian blind power converters, gyrotrons, photon bunching microwave power converters, and photoelectric converters.
At least one thermal-electric converter is a thermal engine, steam engine, steam turbine, generator, gas turbine and generator, Rankin cycle engine, Brayton cycle engine, Stirling engine, thermoelectronic power converter, and Includes at least one from the group of thermoelectric power converters,
The power system of claim 1.