JP6628780B2 - 酸素センサ - Google Patents
酸素センサ Download PDFInfo
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- JP6628780B2 JP6628780B2 JP2017216914A JP2017216914A JP6628780B2 JP 6628780 B2 JP6628780 B2 JP 6628780B2 JP 2017216914 A JP2017216914 A JP 2017216914A JP 2017216914 A JP2017216914 A JP 2017216914A JP 6628780 B2 JP6628780 B2 JP 6628780B2
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- tissue
- sensor
- compound
- polymer
- oxygen
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Description
[0001] 本出願は、2013年3月14日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/784,925号(発明の名称:「酸素センサ」)の利益を主張し、当該出願はその全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
MはH、Pd、Zn、Pt、GdまたはYbであり、
各R1は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2、C(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはCOOHであり、
R7はC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはC(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2であり、
R2およびR3は水素であるか、または融合していずれの場合もシクロアルケニル基、アリール基またはヘテロアリール基を形成し、
XはOまたはNR5であり、
YはOまたはNHであり、
R5およびR4は独立してHまたはC1〜C4アルキルであり、
各R6は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してHまたはFであり、
nは1〜10であり、
mは1〜300である。)
[0027] 「組織一体型」との用語は、生体組織内に一体化された場合に該組織の血管(例えば、毛細血管)に極めて近接してとどまる材料(例えば、足場材)を意味する。
[0032] 一側面において、本発明は式1の化合物を提供する。
MはH、Pd、Zn、Pt、GdまたはYbであり、
各R1は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2、C(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはCOOHであり、
R7はC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはC(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2であり、
R2およびR3は水素であるか、または融合していずれの場合もシクロアルケニル基、アリール基またはヘテロアリール基を形成し、
XはOまたはNR5であり、
YはOまたはNHであり、
R5およびR4は独立してHまたはC1〜C4アルキルであり、
各R6は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してHまたはFであり、
nは1〜10であり、
mは1〜300である。)
[0043] 本発明の蛍光色素は、重合可能な基、例えば、アクリル酸残基またはメタクリル酸残基を含み、他のモノマーとの共重合により近赤外発光基を含むポリマーを提供することができる。上記化合物が2以上の重合可能な基を有する場合、それらと他のモノマーとの共重合によって得られるポリマーは架橋化することができる。あるいは、重合混合物に別の架橋性モノマーを加えて、得られるポリマーがより高い架橋度を達成するようにすることもできる。
[0053] いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のポリマーは分析物の検出に有効なセンサ内に組み込まれる。かかる分析物の検出は、in vitro検出とすることもin vivo検出とすることもできる。本段落の以下の文章では、「C.センサ」のセクションにおいて使用される「ポリマー」との用語について説明する。かかるポリマーは、ポリマー骨格に共有結合された式1および/または式2の分子を含み得る。式1および/または式2の分子は、(例えば、共有結合またはその他の手段によって)結合されてもよいし、ナノ粒子キャリアまたはマイクロ粒子キャリア、あるいは、ポリマーに結合されるか、またはポリマー内に含まれるその他のキャリア内に含まれてもよい。そのようなキャリアはポリマー骨格に共有結合され得る。「ポリマー」との用語は「センサ」との用語と同義で使用することができる。
[0080] スキーム1は、近赤外発光色素の例示的な一例である化合物2(「Pd−BP」とも言う)の合成を説明している。
[0088] 以下、本明細書に記載される通りの組織一体型センサを製造する一つの方法について説明する。この方法は、非架橋PMMAテンプレートマイクロ粒子と、pHEMAとを足場材料として使用することを含む。PMMAマイクロ粒子テンプレートは、単分散PMMA粒子(20〜100μm、好ましくは80μm)を使用し、テンプレートビーズを2枚のスライドガラスの間にテフロン(登録商標)スペーサを用いて載置することで調製した。焼結プロセスは、ビーズを密にパッキングするための少なくとも10分間の(1回以上の)超音波処理を含むものであった。超音波処理の後、ビーズを融合させるため、十分な温度まで十分な時間をかけてテンプレートを加熱する(通常、20〜32時間かけて140〜180oCまで、例えば、24時間かけておよそ177oCまで加熱する)。温度および加熱時間はビーズの各ロットに対して最適化される。
[0093] 実施例2で作成した色素含有ハイドロゲルの吸光および発光スペクトルを、蛍光プレートリーダを使い、周囲大気においてpH7.4のPBS中で測定した(図1)。吸光スペクトルは、445nmにソーレー帯、633nmにQ帯を含んでいた。633nmの励起によって805nmの発光ピークが生じたことから、Pd−BP(化合物2)はNIR域に吸光と発光の双方を示すことが確認された。
[0094] 最大強度信号を達成するために必要となる最小色素濃度を決定するため、異なる濃度のPd−BP(化合物2)を含有する一連のpHEMAハイドロゲルを作成した。共有結合Pd−BP(化合物2)を0.01mM、0.1mM、1mM、2mMおよび3mMの色素濃度で含有する固体および多孔性pHEMAハイドロゲルを調製した。全てのゲルは厚さが1mm以下であり、多孔性ゲルの平均孔径は70μm以下であった。周囲空気中、pH7.4のPBS中で、蛍光プレートリーダを用いて805nmにおける各ゲルの蛍光発光(633nm励起)を測定した。これらのデータから、1mMより高い濃度では信号飽和が見られたため、最適色素濃度は1mMであることが判明した。
[0095] 共有結合された化合物2を含むハイドロゲルを用いて光退色調査を行い、化合物2および9の光安定性を測定した。LEDで照明しながら、生理的条件(pH7.4PBS、37oC、21%O2)をシミュレートするように特注された流液システム(flow−through system)でハイドロゲルをテストした。直径1mmの光ファイバケーブルにより、ゲルサンプルの底面に励起光を直接当てた。2秒のパルス長(LEDの「ON時間」)と5秒のパルス間隔で40%の全デューティサイクルを達成する525nmのLED源(出力=127mW/cm2)を用いて化合物9を含むハイドロゲルを励起させる一方、同じデューティサイクルの630nmLED源(出力=143mW/cm2)を用いて化合物2を含むハイドロゲルを励起させた。上記条件の下、連続して15時間実験を行った。しかし、化合物2の寿命信号には5%未満の変化しか見られなかった。この実験で得られたデータを使用して、長期的なin vivoでの使用中に起こり得る光退色の予測される程度およびその速度を推定する。
[0097] 19〜23ゲージの挿入針、トロカール、変形された生検デバイス、または皮下注入用に設計されたその他のデバイス内に、直径300〜500nm、長さ5mmのロッド状に作成された組織一体型センサを配置する。より小型の挿入針が使用できるように、挿入前に、任意でセンサを脱水または圧縮してもよい。
ハイドロゲルセンサ(n=3〜4の多孔性センサおよびn=3〜4の固体センサ)を、12頭の成体のオスのCDラット(Charles・River・Labs社、150〜250g)の皮下組織に、1週間、4週間、または170日間注入した。センサを注入する間、ラットには2〜3%のイソフルラン(酸素中のv/v)による麻酔を行った。多孔性および固体ハイドロゲルロッド(長さ10mm、断面積750μm×750μm)を18ゲージ針に装填した後、正中線に対して直交する背面皮下空間に挿入した。カニューレを通してステンレス製のプランジャを挿入することで針からセンサを放出させた。ハイドロゲルセンサはおよそ1.5cm離して埋め込まれた。ラットは正常に成長し、センサ注入後の数週間、不快な様子を示すことはなかった。
ROIによって特定された各センサのデータは正規化を行って最大および最小平均放射効率とし、かつ、上記データを反転させて蛍光データと組織酸素化との間に正の相関関係を有するようにした。この正規化により、それぞれの別個の実験に関する各センサのデータを、それぞれ各センサの最大強度および最小強度である0と1の間に収めることができた。
ラットを犠牲として、センサおよび周辺組織を取り出し、液体窒素中で急速冷凍し、−80oCで保管した。低温維持装置Leica CM1850上で、凍結組織サンプルを厚さ10μmの凍結切片とし、ポリL−リジンでコーティングされたスライドガラスに載せた。ラットCD31(カリフォルニア州サンホセ、BD・Biosciences社)については切片を免疫染色した。簡単に説明すると、スライドを室温で20分間、アセトン中に固定し、1倍PBSでリンスし、染色緩衝液(1倍PBS中に5%の正常ロバ血清を含むもの)で30分間ブロッキングし、染色緩衝液中に1:200の割合で含まれるマウス由来ラットCD31一次抗体で1時間培養し、抗マウスAlexa Fluor 488(Jackson・Immuno・Research社)で30分間培養し、Hoechst33342(Invitrogen)を用いて室温で5分間染色した。4%パラホルムアルデヒド中にサンプルを固定し、同日、イメージングを行った。12ビットCCDカメラ(QImaging社)と、Ludl Mac5000駆動ユニット(Ludl社)で駆動される自動スキャンステージ(Marzhauser社)とを搭載したZeiss AxioSkop II+蛍光顕微鏡を用いて、サンプルの蛍光イメージングを行った。5倍の対物レンズ(NA0.25、Zeiss社)を使用して多数の顕微鏡写真を取得した後、Metamorphソフトウェアを使用してそれらをつなぎ合わせて合成画像を作成した。露光は、低照明強度、1×1ビニング(ピクセルサイズ:1.36μm×1.36μm)、通常取得期間100msに設定した。この実験の結果を図11に示す。
[00105] センサからのデータを、センサ位置の直上の皮膚表面に配置された蛍光リーダで収集し、このデータを処理して、スマートフォン、その他の携帯用デバイス、コンピュータ画面に、またはその他の視覚化フォーマット、例えば、市販のデータ表示デバイスを使用して表示する。未加工データを変換して、分析物濃度または分析物濃度を示す何らかの非定量的表示(例えば、高、低、範囲内)とする。任意の時点における数値、またはトレンド(経時的グラフ)、または一定期間における概略的統計値を求める。任意選択で、上記データの質を表す指標を求める。HEMAとNIRのPd−BPとの共重合およびHEMAと緑色励起Pd−TCPPとの共重合により調製されたハイドロゲルをラット胴体の皮下に埋め込み、その発光を測定した(図2)。Pd−BPは、NIRの励起および発光波長であるためPd−TCPPよりも極めて明るく、そのため、皮膚内に光が非常によく浸透し、より深いセンサ配置が可能であった。より良好な免疫応答のためにはより深い配置が望ましいが、もともとの緑色Pd−TCPP信号の大部分は、皮膚によって拡散および/または吸収される等、ブロックされてしまうため、そのような深い配置はこれまでできなかった。浅い真皮埋め込み片のみが可能であった。さらに、Pd−BPハイドロゲルは、マウスの頭蓋骨下(マウスの脳内部)深くに埋め込まれた場合に明るい検出可能信号を生成した。
[00106] 酸素センサをラットの皮膚に埋め込み、その信号強度を170日間モニタリングした。図4は、マウスの皮膚に170日間埋め込まれたセンサの蛍光発光を示している。強度は埋め込み深さの関数として変化した(データはベースライン蛍光に対して正規化を行った)。吸入酸素を100%から12%の間で調節し、Caliper IVIS(スペクトル:Ex=640nm、Em=800nm、帯域幅20nm)で30秒ごとにイメージを収集した。関心領域(ROI)をセンサの周囲に設定し、時間に対してデータをプロットした(図6)。このデータは、本発明の色素を用いて作成したセンサが何か月もの間in vivoで機能を維持することを示している。さらに、組織一体型センサを固体センサと比較した。組織一体型センサは固体センサに比べて酸素レベルの変化に対するより速い動的応答をもたらしており、このことは、組織一体型センサのさらに別の有利な特性を示している。
[00107] Pd−BPの酸素感受性を特性付けるため、多孔性HEMAハイドロゲル中の色素の強度および発光寿命を異なるO2レベル(0%、12%および20%のO2)で測定した(図8)。ハイドロゲルは、TauTheta社の光ファイバ機器でモニタリングを行いながら、特注の流液システム(pH7.4PBS、37oC)で試験を行った。色素は、シュテルン−フォルマー・プロットで示される通りの良好なO2感受性とともに良好な可逆性を示した。
[00108] 上述の共有結合Pd−BPを含むpHEMAハイドロゲルにグルコースオキシダーゼ(GOx)を封入した。得られたセンサの多孔性形態をSEMで確認した(図5)。流液システム(PBS、37oC)において、GOx−Pd−BPセンサを、そのグルコース応答について試験した。ゲル内部のPd−BPの発光強度および寿命を、生理的範囲に及ぶ一連のグルコース変移の間モニタリングした(図9)。(グルコース濃度が一定に保たれている)平坦域において強度および寿命がわずかに低下するのは、試験リザーバ内のグルコースがGOxによって消費されるためである。
[00109] 化合物2を含むポリマーから調製されたO2センサをブタに注入する急性ブタ実験を行い、この実験から外植片試料を得た。センサ信号を取得した。蛍光寿命および強度の測定値を収集した。センサ信号測定値を取得後、ブタを犠牲として、試料を10%のホルマリンに固定し、ヘマトキシリン・エオシン(H&E)で染色した。倍率40倍のニコン顕微鏡と、Infinity1顕微鏡用カメラおよびソフトウェア(バージョン6.1.0、Luminera社)とを用いて、イメージおよび深さ測定値を取得した。重複するイメージを連続して得ることで最終的な合成イメージを作成した。図10は、皮膚表面下8mmの深さに埋め込まれたことが判明したセンサを示している。図10から、皮膚表面下8mmのセンサ埋め込み深さであっても調節センサ信号を検出可能であったことが分かる。
Claims (12)
- 下記式の化合物。
MはH、Pd、Zn、Pt、GdまたはYbであり、
各R1は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2、C(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはCOOHであり、
R7はC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはC(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2であり、
R2およびR3は融合していずれの場合もシクロアルケニル基、アリール基またはヘテロアリール基を形成し、
XはOまたはNR5であり、
YはOまたはNHであり、
R5およびR4は独立してHまたはC1〜C4アルキルであり、
各R6は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してHまたはFであり、
nは1〜10であり、
mは1〜300である。) - 各R1は互いに同一または異なっており、かつ独立してC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2またはC(O)X−(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2−YC(O)C(R4)CH2であり、
YはOである、
請求項1に記載の化合物。 - R2およびR3は融合してアリール基を形成する、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - R2およびR3は融合してヘテロアリール基を形成する、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - R2およびR3は融合してシクロアルケニル基を形成する、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - R1およびR7はともにC(O)X−(CH2)n−YC(O)C(R4)CH2である、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - MはPdである、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - R2およびR3は融合してベンゼン環を形成し、
R1およびR7はともにC(O)NH(CH2)2OC(O)C(CH3)CH2である、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物が下記式のものである、
請求項1記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物は、500nmから900nmの間の吸光極大を有し、かつ、600nmから1000nmの発光極大を有する、
請求項1または2に記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物は、500nmから800nmの間の吸光極大を有する、
請求項10に記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物は、650nmから900nmの発光極大を有する、
請求項10に記載の化合物。
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