JP6546456B2 - Traveling information analysis device and computer program - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a travel information analysis apparatus and computer program for analyzing travel information of a vehicle recorded over time by an on-board unit mounted on the vehicle.

  DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART Conventionally, the travel information analysis system comprised by onboard equipment and a travel information analyzer is known. In a business operator who performs work using a vehicle, it is one of the important issues to promote safe driving to the occupants of the vehicle and to prevent an accident in advance. Therefore, for example, a vehicle-mounted device called "digital tachograph" is used so that the business operator can confirm whether each occupant is performing a safe driving on a daily basis or a driving contributing to energy saving.

  The digital tachograph is mounted on a vehicle, and automatically records traveling information (operation information) such as traveling speed and engine rotational speed acquired every predetermined time (for example, 0.5 seconds). Data recorded in a digital tachograph can be read by a travel information analysis device (for example, a personal computer) installed in a sales office through a recording medium, a system such as a cloud, or a network. Then, the manager of the business operator can grasp the traveling information by analyzing the traveling information collected by the digital tachograph using the traveling information analyzer. Thus, it becomes possible to promote safe driving and driving contributing to energy saving by grasping the driving content of the occupant.

  Further, in recent years, a drive recorder for recording an image captured by an on-vehicle camera is known, and an on-vehicle device having these functions in combination is also proposed.

  For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a digital engine revolution number recording device. This device calculates the gear ratio based on the vehicle speed and the engine speed. Then, in addition to the information on the vehicle speed, the gear ratio is recorded as information on the engine rotational speed.

  Further, for example, Patent Document 2 discloses a digital travel recording system including an on-board unit that constantly acquires speed data and engine rotation speed data, and a data processing device installed in a sales office. The data processor acquires the speed data and the engine rotational speed data, records the shift position during traveling from the two data, and displays the information of the shift position in time series. Further, in this data processing device, the fuel consumption during traveling is displayed in time series, and a determination graph indicating whether the fuel consumption is appropriate for the shift position is also displayed.

JP-A-59-18456 Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 2003-294482

  However, according to the conventional method, although the transition of the gear position during traveling can be grasped, it is said that it is difficult to determine the information such as whether the driver is driving considering energy saving only by the transition. There's a problem. For this reason, there has been a demand for a method for providing information that is easy for the manager to understand.

  The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a travel information analysis device and a computer program capable of providing information that can be easily understood by a manager.

In order to solve such problems, a first invention provides a travel information analysis device that analyzes travel information of a vehicle recorded over time by an on-board unit mounted on the vehicle. In this device, a data acquisition unit for acquiring a traveling speed and an engine rotational speed recorded as traveling information of a vehicle, and a traveling speed from all data acquired by the data acquisition unit exceeds a traveling speed recorded immediately before that. A calculation unit that extracts data whose engine speed exceeds the engine speed recorded immediately before that as data during acceleration, and calculates the gear ratio based on the traveling speed and engine speed from the data during acceleration When the gear estimating unit for estimating the number of gears used in the running of the vehicle based on the calculated issued gear ratio, according to the result of the gear estimating unit, the frequency of use of each gear in accordance with the number of gear And a display control unit for displaying.

  Here, in the first invention, the display control unit may be configured to display the correlation between the traveling speed and the engine speed as a scatter diagram, and to display data points on the scatter diagram in different display modes for each gear. preferable.

In the first aspect of the invention, the display control unit preferably displays, for each of a plurality of travel speed zones divided in advance, the frequency of use for each stage number of each gear.

  In the first aspect of the invention, the display control unit preferably displays the frequency of use of each gear in a predetermined traveling period.

Furthermore, in the first invention, the traveling speed is the average traveling speed of the current traveling speed and the traveling speed recorded before and after that, and the traveling speed recorded immediately before that is the current traveling speed immediately before The average traveling speed with the traveling speed recorded before and after that, and the engine speed is the average engine speed between the current engine speed and the engine speed recorded before and after The engine speed may be the average engine speed of the current engine speed immediately before and the engine speed recorded before and after the current engine speed.

A second aspect of the invention provides a computer program that causes a computer to execute analysis of travel information of a vehicle recorded over time by an on-board unit mounted on the vehicle. The computer program acquires the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed recorded as the traveling information of the vehicle, and the traveling speed exceeds the traveling speed recorded immediately before it from all the acquired data, and the engine rotational speed is a step immediately before the data exceeds the engine speed recorded extracted as data during the acceleration, the calculated gear ratio based on the running speed and the engine speed obtained from the data in acceleration, issued calculated Estimating the number of gear stages used in traveling the vehicle based on the selected gear ratio, and displaying the frequency of use of each gear according to the number of gear stages based on the estimated number of gear stages To make it run.

  According to the present invention, the number of gear stages used in traveling of the vehicle is estimated, and the use frequency of each gear is displayed based on the number of stages of the gear. As a result, it is possible to quantitatively grasp the status of the gear used in traveling of the vehicle. Therefore, it can be known which gear is used to what extent when the vehicle is traveling, and it is possible to recognize at a glance, for example, information that tends to frequently use low-speed gears. As a result, it is possible to easily grasp whether or not the operation is performed with energy saving in mind, and it is possible to provide information that is easy for the manager to understand.

Block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the vehicle-mounted device according to the present embodiment A block diagram schematically showing a configuration of a travel information analysis device according to the present embodiment The flowchart which shows the estimation processing of the number of gear steps with the traveling information analysis device which relates to this execution form Explanatory drawing which shows the use frequency of the gear position displayed on a display

  The travel information analysis system according to the present embodiment includes an on-board unit 10 mounted on a vehicle and a travel information analysis device 70 installed in an office that manages the operation of the vehicle.

  FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the vehicle-mounted device 10. The vehicle-mounted device 10 records travel information (operation information) of a vehicle, and is, for example, a digital tachograph. Moreover, this onboard equipment 10 is equipped with the function of a drive recorder.

  The vehicle-mounted device 10 includes a control unit (CPU: Central Processing Unit) 11, a non-volatile memory 12, a volatile memory 13, a card interface (I / F) 14, an audio I / F 16, an RTC (Real Time Clock) 17, and an SW input. Unit 21, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) controller 22, speed / engine rotation I / F 23, speed / engine rotation alarm unit 24, external input I / F 25, analog input I / F 26, external output I / F 27, ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) I / F 28, GPS (Global Positioning System) I / F 32, CAN (Controller Area Network) I / F 33, communication terminal I / F 34, power supply unit 35, camera I / F 36, and G sensor 37.

  The control unit 11 controls the operation of the vehicle-mounted device 10. The non-volatile memory 12 stores an operation program executed by the control unit 11 and various fixed data and the like necessary for the execution of the operation program. The volatile memory 13 is used as a working memory of the control unit 11.

  In the present embodiment, when the information input through the various interfaces is read, the control unit 11 records the information as travel information. For example, the control unit 11 records the traveling speed, the engine rotation speed, and the like on the memory card 40 every predetermined time (for example, 0.5 seconds). The travel information includes the travel time of the vehicle, travel distance, maximum speed, average speed, overspeed time, overspeed count, overspeed of engine speed and overspeed count, sudden start, sudden acceleration, sudden deceleration, idling The control unit 11 can further include information such as time, and the control unit 11 can record the information on the memory card 40 at predetermined time intervals or when a predetermined condition is satisfied.

  The card I / F 14 has a slot in which a memory card 40 having a non-volatile recording area can be inserted, and the control unit 11 has a signal processing function necessary for accessing the memory card 40. The card I / F 14 executes various data processing such as data transfer on the mounted memory card 40. During the recording operation of the vehicle-mounted device 10, the memory card 40 is attached to the card I / F 14, and the travel information collected by the vehicle-mounted device 10 is written to the memory card 40. The travel information thus written can be read by the travel information analysis device 70 by connecting the memory card 40 to the travel information analysis device 70.

  A speaker 43 is connected to the audio I / F 16. The RTC 17 is composed of a clock IC (Integrated Circuit), and counts the current time. The control unit 11 identifies the current time based on the information from the RTC 17.

  The SW input unit 21 receives ON / OFF signals of various switches (not shown) such as operation start / end. The LCD controller 22 is used to control the display of a liquid crystal display (LCD). The liquid crystal display displays various information on the display screen, and may be provided outside the housing of the vehicle-mounted device 10 or may be disposed on the front of the housing.

  A vehicle speed sensor (not shown) and an engine rotation sensor (not shown) mounted on the vehicle are connected to the speed / engine rotation I / F 23, and speed pulses and rotation pulses are input. The control unit 11 calculates the traveling speed of the vehicle and the engine rotation speed based on the speed pulse and the rotation pulse. The speed / engine rotation alarm unit 24 is an alarm device such as a lamp (not shown) or a buzzer (not shown), for example. The speed / engine rotation alarm unit 24 is controlled by the control unit 11 to warn of overspeed or an increase in engine speed.

  The external input I / F 25 receives an ON / OFF signal of an ignition SW (not shown), an ON / OFF signal of a brake SW (not shown), an ON / OFF signal of a blinker SW (not shown), etc. Ru. Various external signals such as a signal from a distance meter (not shown) that measures the travel distance of the vehicle are input to the analog input I / F 26. Various other signals are output to the external output I / F 27.

  An ETC vehicle-mounted device (not shown) is connected to ETC_I / F28. The GPS_I / F 32 receives GPS data transmitted from GPS satellites via the GPS receiver 41, and outputs current position information of a vehicle obtained from the GPS data to the control unit 11.

  Various devices connected to a CAN standard network are connected to the CAN_I / F 33. The communication terminal I / F 34 is connected to a communication terminal module (not shown) that performs wireless communication, and can communicate with the travel information analysis device 70 via a network (not shown) or the like. The power supply unit 35 supplies power to each unit of the vehicle-mounted device 10.

  The camera 42 is connected to the camera I / F 36. The camera I / F 36 processes a video signal (a signal related to a captured image) output from the camera 42 to generate image data which is a digital image signal. The generated image data is read by the control unit 11.

  The camera 42 is disposed, for example, in the vicinity of the driver's seat in the vehicle cabin, and images the forward direction in the traveling direction viewed through the windshield in front. By this camera 42, a traveling path ahead in the traveling direction in which the vehicle travels, a part of the vehicle body of the own vehicle, a leading vehicle, an oncoming vehicle, etc. are imaged as subjects. The camera 42 can always perform imaging while the vehicle-mounted device 10 is in operation, repeatedly performs imaging at a fixed frame cycle (for example, 30 frames / second), and sequentially outputs video signals.

  The camera 42 is not limited to one, and may be configured by a plurality of cameras. For example, the camera 42 is disposed at the rear of the vehicle and captures a predetermined area at the rear of the traveling direction.

  The G sensor 37 detects an impact (acceleration) applied to the vehicle, and outputs acceleration information to the control unit 11.

  FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the traveling information analysis device 70. As shown in FIG. The travel information analysis device 70 is a device that analyzes travel information of a vehicle recorded in the on-board unit 10, and is installed in an office of a business operator who manages the vehicle. The travel information analysis device 70 includes a display 71, an operation unit 72, a map storage unit 73, a gear storage unit 74, a card I / F 75, a communication I / F 76, and a control unit 77.

  The display 71 displays various types of information, and can use, for example, an LCD. The display 71 is controlled by the control unit 77.

  The operation unit 72 is configured of a keyboard, a pointing device such as a mouse, and the like. The operation unit 72 outputs, to the control unit 77, an operation signal according to the operation instruction of the administrator.

  The map storage unit 73 holds map data including road information in advance in the same manner as map data used by a general car navigation device.

  The gear storage unit 74 holds various data necessary for the calculation of the shift position described later.

  The card I / F 75 has a slot into which the memory card 40 can be inserted, and has a signal processing function necessary for the control unit 77 to access the memory card 40. The card I / F 75 executes various data processing such as data transfer on the mounted memory card 40. When the memory card 40 in which the file of the traveling information is recorded by the vehicle-mounted device 10 is attached to the slot of the card I / F 75, the control unit 77 can read the file of the traveling information from the memory card 40.

  The communication I / F 75 is an interface that communicates with an external device (for example, the on-vehicle device 10) wirelessly or by wire via a network or the like.

  The control unit 77 controls the traveling information analysis device 70, and can use a computer including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an input / output I / F, and the like. The control unit 77 executes a predetermined operation based on a predetermined computer program stored in the built-in ROM. In relation to the present embodiment, the control unit 77 acquires travel information recorded in the memory card 40 via the card I / F 75, processes the travel information, and displays the processing content on the display 71.

  The control unit 77 has a data acquisition unit 77a, a calculation unit 77b, a gear estimation unit 77c, and a display control unit 77d when the control unit 77 functionally captures it.

  The data acquisition unit 77a reads the file of the traveling information from the memory card 40, and thereby acquires the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed recorded as the traveling information of the vehicle. The traveling speed and the engine rotational speed acquired by the data acquisition unit 77a are time-series data recorded over time as the vehicle travels.

  The calculator 77b calculates the gear ratio based on the traveling speed and the engine speed. The gear estimation unit 77c estimates the number of gear stages used in traveling of the vehicle based on the calculated gear ratio. The display control unit 77 d displays the use frequency of each gear position according to the number of gear stages on the display 71 based on the estimation result of the gear estimation unit 77.

  Hereinafter, the processing operation by the travel information analysis device 70 according to the present embodiment will be described. Here, FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing estimation processing of the number of gear stages by the travel information analysis device 70 according to the present embodiment. The process shown in this flowchart is called and executed by the control unit 77.

  First, in step 10, the control unit 77 acquires time series data related to the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed recorded in one traveling, and sets all acquired data (the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed) as targets. Perform predetermined preprocessing for each data. The pre-processing includes calculation of average speed and average engine speed, and calculation of gear ratio.

  The controller 77 calculates the average speed and the average engine speed. The average speed is a total of three data: current data to be processed (traveling speed), data recorded one time before in time series (traveling speed) and data recorded after one (traveling speed) Calculated based on Similarly, the average engine speed is data currently being processed (engine speed), data recorded one time before in time series (engine speed) and data recorded one time later (engine It is calculated based on the total of three data of rotation speed). Then, the control unit 77 calculates the gear ratio by dividing the average speed by the average engine speed (gear ratio = average speed / average engine speed). The calculated gear ratio is associated with data (traveling speed and engine speed) from which the calculation was made.

  In step 11, the control unit 77 extracts data during acceleration from among all the data for which the pre-processing has been completed. In this process, for example, data having the following two requirements are extracted as data being accelerated. The first requirement is that the average speed and the average engine speed for the data to be extracted exceed the average speed and the average engine speed for the data recorded immediately before that, respectively. Second, the traveling speed of the data to be extracted is within a predetermined speed range.

  In step 12, the control unit 77 stores the data extracted in step 11 in the gear ratio array database prepared in the gear storage unit 74. The gear ratio array database is a database that stores data in association with the gear ratios, and a plurality of gear ratio arrays each capable of storing data are prepared. The number of gear ratio arrangements is prepared in consideration of, for example, the maximum number of gear stages provided in the vehicle (for example, 16).

  Specifically, the control unit 77 selects the data extracted in step 11 from those with smaller gear ratios, and sequentially stores the data in the first gear ratio array. The upper limit number of data stored in one gear ratio array is calculated so that all extracted data can be divided into groups for the number of gear ratio arrays, and the data storing operation for the first gear ratio array is , Until the number of stored data reaches the upper limit value. When the number of data reaches the upper limit value, the control unit 77 stores the next selected data (data with the next largest gear ratio) in the second gear ratio array, and a new storage operation is continuously performed. Similarly, this storage operation is sequentially performed on the remaining gear ratio arrangement.

  In step S13, the control unit 77 refers to the gear ratio array database of the gear storage unit 74, and performs the following processing for each gear ratio array. Specifically, the control unit 77 obtains a standard deviation based on each data (gear ratio) stored in the gear ratio array. Then, the control unit 77 determines the central inclination (traveling speed / engine speed (= gear ratio)) of each data (gear ratio) stored in the gear ratio array and the range thereof. Under the present circumstances, when the inclination of the adjacent gear ratio arrangement | sequences and its range respond | correspond, this can be put together as the same gear (gear | gear). Through such classification, the number of gear stages used by the occupant is estimated, and the inclination and range of the gear ratio are determined for each gear. This information is recorded in the gear storage unit 74 as a shift table.

  Then, the control unit 77 refers to the shift table to determine in which inclination and range the gear ratio calculated for each data is included, thereby associating the gear ratio of the data with the number of gear stages. be able to. As a result, the control unit 77 can display the use frequency of each gear based on the estimated number of gear stages. Here, FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the use frequency of the gear position displayed on the display 71. As shown in FIG. The figure shows a state in which the number of gear stages is estimated to be five.

  The display area A1 displays the correlation between the traveling speed V and the engine rotational speed Ne as a scatter diagram. In this area A1, data points P on the scatter diagram are displayed in different colors for each gear. Here, the data areas PA1, PA2, PA3, PA4, and PA5 indicate the main areas in which the data points P respectively corresponding to the gears of five stages are concentrated.

  In addition, the display area A2 displays the use frequency of each gear for each of the predetermined speed zones divided in advance. In the display area A2, for example, the speed zones are divided every 5 km / h, and the use frequency of the gear used in each speed zone is displayed as a vertical band chart. Also in the display of the display area A2, a different color is given to each gear, and the color of the display at that time preferably corresponds to the color of the gear displayed in the display area A1.

  Further, the display area A3 displays the use frequency of each gear in all the data, that is, in one traveling period. In the display area A3, the frequency of use of each gear is displayed as a pie chart.

  In the display area A1, by selecting the tab TB1, it is possible to perform display distinguished by color for each gear, while by selecting the tab TB2, a simple scatter diagram in which colors are not distinguished for each gear It can be switched to display. In the latter display form, for example, the appearance form of the data point P can be distinguished by color. As a result, the user can arbitrarily switch between the display and the display of the normal scatter plot according to the frequency of use of each gear.

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, the traveling information analysis device 70 acquires the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed recorded as the traveling information of the vehicle, and the gear based on the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed. Calculation unit 77b for calculating the ratio, a gear estimation unit 77c for estimating the number of gear stages used in traveling the vehicle based on the calculated gear ratio, and the use frequency of each gear based on the estimated number of gear stages And a display control unit 77d for displaying.

  According to this configuration, the number of gear stages used in traveling of the vehicle is estimated, and the frequency of use of each gear is displayed based on the number of stages of the gear. As a result, it is possible to quantitatively grasp the status of the gear used in traveling of the vehicle. Therefore, it is possible to know at a glance which gear is used and in what degree in one traveling, for example, information that tends to frequently use low-speed gears. As a result, it is possible to easily grasp whether or not the operation is performed with energy saving in mind, and it is possible to provide information that is easy for the manager to understand.

  Further, in the present embodiment, the display control unit 77 d (the control unit 77) displays the correlation between the traveling speed and the engine speed as a scatter diagram, and displays data points on the scatter diagram in different display modes for each gear. it's shown.

  According to this configuration, the scatter diagram of the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed can be displayed in different display modes for each gear. As a result, since the gear used at each speed is known, it is possible to quantitatively show the operation mode of pulling to the high rotation with the low speed gear. As a result, the manager can easily understand whether the operation contributes to energy saving or not.

  Further, in the present embodiment, the display control unit 77 d (the control unit 77) displays the use frequency of each gear for each of a plurality of travel speed zones divided in advance.

  According to this configuration, it can be easily grasped as to whether or not an early shift up can be made. Thus, the manager can easily understand whether or not the operation contributes to energy saving.

  Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, the display control unit 77d (the control unit 77) displays the use frequency of each gear in one traveling period.

  According to this configuration, it is possible to easily grasp the status of the gear used for one operation. As a result, the manager can easily grasp the habit of upshifting and downshifting by the occupant.

  Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the gear estimation unit 77c (control unit 77) statistically processes the gear ratio calculated for all the acquired data, and estimates the number of gear stages used in traveling of the vehicle. .

  According to this configuration, the number of gear stages used is estimated from the data during traveling. Therefore, there is no need for the administrator to input information on the number of gear stages and gear ratios according to the vehicle. In particular, when the number of vehicles and vehicle types owned by the enterprise is large, the data input work in advance becomes complicated. However, according to the present embodiment, such work can be reduced by estimating the number of gear stages, and the convenience of the user can be improved.

  In the present embodiment, data is analyzed and processed in units of one operation, but the administrator designates it in a predetermined traveling period, and displays the frequency of use of each gear limited to the data in that period. It may be one. Further, in the present embodiment, the display is performed while changing the color for each gear, but any form may be used as long as it is displayed in a different display mode for each gear. For example, when displaying the data point P on the scatter diagram, the plot shape is made different for each gear.

  As mentioned above, although the driving | running | working information analysis system concerning this embodiment was demonstrated, this invention can be variously changed in the range of the invention, without being limited to this embodiment. For example, although the exchange of data between the vehicle-mounted device and the travel information analysis device is performed via the memory card, the communication technology such as wired or wireless may be used. Further, the travel information analysis system according to the present embodiment can be applied not only to vehicles provided for the operation of a business operator, but also to a wide range of general users of vehicles. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the term "display" refers to displaying information on a display device such as a display, but in a broad sense, information is represented on a sheet by a method such as printing, or by another method It broadly includes methods for visualizing analysis results. In addition, a computer program that causes a computer to execute analysis processing by the travel information analysis device also functions as part of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Vehicle-mounted device 11 Control part 40 Memory card 70 Driving information analyzer 71 Display 72 Operation part 73 Map storage part 74 Gear storage part 75 Card I / F
76 Communication I / F
77 control unit 77a data acquisition unit 77b calculation unit 77c gear estimation unit 77d display control unit

Claims (6)

In a travel information analysis device that analyzes travel information of a vehicle recorded over time by an on-board unit mounted on the vehicle,
A data acquisition unit that acquires a traveling speed and an engine rotational speed recorded as traveling information of the vehicle;
Data in which the traveling speed exceeds the traveling speed recorded immediately before that and the engine speed exceeds the engine speed recorded immediately before that from all the data acquired by the data acquisition unit A calculation unit for calculating a gear ratio based on the traveling speed and the engine speed from the data during acceleration, and
A gear estimating unit for estimating the number of gears used in the running of the vehicle based on the calculated issued said gear ratio,
A display control unit that displays the frequency of use of each gear according to the number of gear stages based on the calculation result of the gear estimation unit;
A travel information analysis device characterized by having.   The display control unit displays the correlation between the traveling speed and the engine rotational speed as a scatter diagram, and displays data points on the scatter diagram in different display modes for each gear. The travel information analysis device described in 1. The travel information analysis apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the display control unit displays the use frequency for each stage number of each gear for each of a plurality of travel speed zones divided in advance.   The travel information analysis apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the display control unit displays the use frequency of each gear in a predetermined travel period. The traveling speed is an average traveling speed of a current traveling speed and a traveling speed recorded before and after the current traveling speed.
The traveling speed recorded immediately before that is the average traveling speed of the current traveling speed immediately before and the traveling speed recorded before and after it,
The engine speed is an average engine speed of the current engine speed and the engine speeds recorded before and after
The engine rotation speed recorded immediately before that is the average engine rotation speed between the current engine rotation speed immediately before and the engine rotation speed recorded before and after that.
The travel information analysis apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: A computer program that causes a computer to execute analysis of travel information of a vehicle recorded over time by an on-board unit mounted on the vehicle.
Acquiring a traveling speed and an engine rotational speed recorded as traveling information of the vehicle;
Extracting, from all the acquired data, data whose traveling speed exceeds the traveling speed recorded immediately before that and the engine speed exceeds the engine speed recorded immediately before that as data under acceleration, Calculating the gear ratio based on the traveling speed and the engine speed from the data during acceleration ;
Estimating a number of gears used in the running of the vehicle based on the calculated issued said gear ratio,
Displaying the frequency of use of each gear according to the number of gear stages based on the estimated number of gear stages;
A computer program that causes a computer to run.