JP6407995B2 - 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6407995B2 JP6407995B2 JP2016529736A JP2016529736A JP6407995B2 JP 6407995 B2 JP6407995 B2 JP 6407995B2 JP 2016529736 A JP2016529736 A JP 2016529736A JP 2016529736 A JP2016529736 A JP 2016529736A JP 6407995 B2 JP6407995 B2 JP 6407995B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- surfactant
- hollow
- precursor
- metal particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 title claims description 56
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 154
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 154
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 21
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 13
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- YFVGRULMIQXYNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;dodecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O YFVGRULMIQXYNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C XJWSAJYUBXQQDR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerophosphorylserin Natural products OC(=O)C(N)COP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- JBIROUFYLSSYDX-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzododecinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JBIROUFYLSSYDX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- AISMNBXOJRHCIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium;bromide Chemical compound Br.CN(C)C AISMNBXOJRHCIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005600 alkyl phosphonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FXJNQQZSGLEFSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-tetradecylazanium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 FXJNQQZSGLEFSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M cetylpyridinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 YMKDRGPMQRFJGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960001927 cetylpyridinium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N deoxycholic acid Natural products C1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyl(trimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C DDXLVDQZPFLQMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HICYUNOFRYFIMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-naphthalen-1-ylmethanamine;hydrochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=C2C(C[NH+](C)C)=CC=CC2=C1 HICYUNOFRYFIMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHALDANPYXAMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoate;tris(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium Chemical compound OCC[NH+](CCO)CCO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O ZHALDANPYXAMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001987 poloxamine Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N protonated dimethyl amine Natural products CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940029614 triethanolamine stearate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium citrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229940038773 trisodium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3alpha,5alpha,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-cholan-24-oic acid Natural products OC1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KAKVFSYQVNHFBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (5-hydroxycyclopenten-1-yl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound OC1CCC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KAKVFSYQVNHFBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAQSNXHKHKONNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-oxopyridine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound CCN1C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(C)=CC1=O QAQSNXHKHKONNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMAJTXKOOKJAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dihydroxyethyl(methyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH2+]CC(O)O RMAJTXKOOKJAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBRHJJQHHSOXCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dihydroxyethyl(methyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH2+]CC(O)O DBRHJJQHHSOXCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-D Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BSTPEQSVYGELTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol;hydrobromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH+](C)CCO BSTPEQSVYGELTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n-phenylpyridine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound ClC1=NC=CC=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJHSJERLYWNLQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CN(C)CCO YJHSJERLYWNLQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZSJQMAZLOWECR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enoate trimethylazanium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH+](C)C.C(C(=C)C)(=O)[O-].C[NH+](C)C BZSJQMAZLOWECR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDOUZKKFHVEKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-n-[(prop-2-enoylamino)methyl]propanamide Chemical compound BrCCC(=O)NCNC(=O)C=C CDOUZKKFHVEKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004380 Cholic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCC RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010035713 Glycodeoxycholic Acid Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WVULKSPCQVQLCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycodeoxycholic acid Natural products C1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(=O)NCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 WVULKSPCQVQLCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001612 Hydroxyethyl starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910010082 LiAlH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Poloxamer Chemical compound C1CO1.CC1CO1 RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000691 Poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001214 Polysorbate 60 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-O S-adenosyl-L-methionine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](C[S+](CC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O)C)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 MEFKEPWMEQBLKI-AIRLBKTGSA-O 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WBWWGRHZICKQGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Taurocholic acid Natural products OC1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 WBWWGRHZICKQGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ATBOMIWRCZXYSZ-XZBBILGWSA-N [1-[2,3-dihydroxypropoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-3-hexadecanoyloxypropan-2-yl] (9e,12e)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C\C\C=C\CCCCC ATBOMIWRCZXYSZ-XZBBILGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006177 alkyl benzyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008052 alkyl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AWUCVROLDVIAJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-glycerophosphate Natural products OCC(O)COP(O)(O)=O AWUCVROLDVIAJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BTBJBAZGXNKLQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium lauryl sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O BTBJBAZGXNKLQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940063953 ammonium lauryl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005228 aryl sulfonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KHSLHYAUZSPBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzododecinium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHSLHYAUZSPBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UUZYBYIOAZTMGC-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl(trimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 UUZYBYIOAZTMGC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BCOZLGOHQFNXBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-bis(2-chloroethyl)-ethylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].ClCC[N+](CC)(CCCl)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BCOZLGOHQFNXBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WMLFGKCFDKMAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-diethyl-tetradecylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WMLFGKCFDKMAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940084030 carboxymethylcellulose calcium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940082500 cetostearyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-OELDTZBJSA-N cholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 BHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-OELDTZBJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019416 cholic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002471 cholic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ICMYIQTVBRLNEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N decyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCCCCCCCCCN(C)C ICMYIQTVBRLNEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDJGWBCMWHSUHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M decyl(triethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CDJGWBCMWHSUHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GFNWBSUGVDMEQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L decyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylazanium;bromide;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Br-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCO.CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCO GFNWBSUGVDMEQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PLMFYJJFUUUCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M decyltrimethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C PLMFYJJFUUUCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003964 deoxycholic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005131 dialkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IQDGSYLLQPDQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CNC IQDGSYLLQPDQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019329 dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002526 disodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019262 disodium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CEYULKASIQJZGP-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;2-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(C(=O)O)CC([O-])=O CEYULKASIQJZGP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JMGZBMRVDHKMKB-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;2-sulfobutanedioate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OS(=O)(=O)C(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O JMGZBMRVDHKMKB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229960000878 docusate sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VVNBOKHXEBSBQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dodecyl(triethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC VVNBOKHXEBSBQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005274 electronic transitions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CO)CO YQEMORVAKMFKLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol monostearate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO SVUQHVRAGMNPLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVULKSPCQVQLCU-BUXLTGKBSA-N glycodeoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(=O)NCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 WVULKSPCQVQLCU-BUXLTGKBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hcl hcl Chemical compound Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940050526 hydroxyethylstarch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004029 hydroxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003132 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031704 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001078 lithium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002082 metal nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VXBSKVAMQMBCCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl sulfate;trimethyl(tetradecyl)azanium Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C VXBSKVAMQMBCCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyltrioctylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC XKBGEWXEAPTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000502 poloxamer Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000371 poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002503 polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068984 polyvinyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000011083 sodium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M stearalkonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 SFVFIFLLYFPGHH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940057981 stearalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940012831 stearyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBWWGRHZICKQGZ-GIHLXUJPSA-N taurocholic acid Chemical compound C([C@@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@@H](CCC(=O)NCCS(O)(=O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@H](O)C1 WBWWGRHZICKQGZ-GIHLXUJPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetratriacontyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005208 trialkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019263 trisodium citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/06—Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
- B22F1/065—Spherical particles
- B22F1/0655—Hollow particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/18—Non-metallic particles coated with metal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/928—Unsupported catalytic particles; loose particulate catalytic materials, e.g. in fluidised state
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
[実施例1]
第1金属前駆体としてK2PtCl4、第2金属前駆体としてNi(NO3)2、第3金属前駆体としてCo(NO3)2、安定化剤としてクエン酸ナトリウム(trisodium citrate)、陰イオン界面活性剤としてドデシル硫酸リチウム(lithium dodecylsulfate:LiDS)、陽イオン界面活性剤としてドデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide:DTAB)を水に溶解させた後に撹拌した。このとき、第1金属前駆体、第2金属前駆体、および第3金属前駆体のモル比は1:1.5:1.5であり、LiDSの濃度は水に対する臨界ミセル濃度(CMC)の2倍で添加した。30分間の撹拌後、還元剤であるNaBH4を投入して4時間以上反応させた。反応が完了すると遠心分離して水とエタノールで洗滌した後、中空金属粒子を得た。
実施例1で、金属前駆体は等しく、LiDSの濃度をCMCの7倍で添加して還元剤を投入して反応させた。
第1金属前駆体としてK2PtCl4、第2金属前駆体としてNi(NO3)2、安定化剤としてクエン酸ナトリウム(trisodium citrate)、陰イオン界面活性剤としてドデシル硫酸リチウム(lithium dodecylsulfate:LiDS)、陽イオン界面活性剤としてドデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide:DTAB)を水に溶解させた後に撹拌した。このとき、第1金属前駆体と第2金属前駆体モル比は1:3であり、LiDSの濃度は水に対する臨界ミセル濃度(CMC)の2倍で添加した。30分間の撹拌後、還元剤であるNaBH4を投入して4時間以上反応させた。反応が完了すると遠心分離して水とエチルアルコールで洗滌した後、中空金属粒子を得た。
実施例1で製造された中空金属粒子のTEM写真は図1に示し、実施例2で製造された中空金属粒子のTEM写真は図2に示し、比較例1で製造された中空金属粒子のTEM写真は図3に示した。
図1の中空金属粒子で、矢印の線に沿って位置する元素の原子百分率をEDSラインプロファイルで分析した結果を図4に示した。
実施例1および比較例1で製造された粒子をそれぞれカーボン(Vulcan XC−72)に担持した後、次のような条件で燃料電池単位セル性能評価を実行した。
anode:100% RH H2 150ccm
cathode:100% RH Air 500ccm
cell area:5cm2
その結果、実施例1で製造された三成分系中空金属粒子が担持されたカーボンは0.90A/cm2@0.6Vの活性を示し、比較例1で製造された二成分系中空金属粒子が担持されたカーボンは0.81A/cm2@0.6Vの活性を示した。
Claims (1)
- 中空コア部、ならびに第1金属、第2金属、および第3金属を含む金属シェルを形成する段階を含み、
前記第2金属および第3金属はそれぞれ、前記第1金属よりも標準還元電位が低い金属を含む中空金属粒子の製造方法であって、
前記中空コア部および金属シェルを形成する段階は、界面活性剤で形成されたミセルの表面に第1金属、第2金属、および第3金属を含む金属シェルを形成する段階を含み、
前記ミセルの表面に金属シェルを形成する段階は、界面活性剤、第1金属前駆体、第2金属前駆体、第3金属前駆体、および溶媒を含む溶液を撹拌する段階、および
前記溶液に還元剤を添加して前記第1金属前駆体、第2金属前駆体、および第3金属前駆体を還元させる段階を含み、
前記界面活性剤は、1種類以上の陽イオン界面活性剤および1種類以上の陰イオン界面活性剤を含み、
前記第1金属は、プラチニウム(Pt)、ルテニウム(Ru)、ロジウム(Rh)、オスミウム(Os)、イリジウム(Ir)、パラジウム(Pd)、金(Au)、および銀(Ag)のうち少なくとも1つを含み、
前記第2金属は、ニッケル(Ni)、
前記第3金属は、コバルト(Co)であり、
前記中空金属粒子の大きさは20nm以下であり、
前記溶媒は水であり、
前記溶液のうちで前記界面活性剤の濃度は、水に対する臨界ミセル濃度(critical micelle concentration:CMC)の1倍以上5倍以下であり、
前記第1金属前駆体と第2金属前駆体のモル比は1:0.5〜3であり、前記第1金属前駆体と第3金属前駆体のモル比は1:0.5〜3である
中空金属粒子の製造方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2013-0146207 | 2013-11-28 | ||
KR20130146207 | 2013-11-28 | ||
PCT/KR2014/011562 WO2015080518A1 (ko) | 2013-11-28 | 2014-11-28 | 중공 금속 입자, 이를 포함하는 전극촉매, 상기 전극촉매를 포함하는 전기화학 전지 및 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2017168345A Division JP6526127B2 (ja) | 2013-11-28 | 2017-09-01 | 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2016532007A JP2016532007A (ja) | 2016-10-13 |
JP6407995B2 true JP6407995B2 (ja) | 2018-10-17 |
Family
ID=53199395
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2016529736A Active JP6407995B2 (ja) | 2013-11-28 | 2014-11-28 | 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 |
JP2017168345A Active JP6526127B2 (ja) | 2013-11-28 | 2017-09-01 | 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2017168345A Active JP6526127B2 (ja) | 2013-11-28 | 2017-09-01 | 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10189085B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3012049B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP6407995B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101657365B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105473256B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015080518A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105032412B (zh) * | 2015-08-06 | 2019-07-26 | 厦门大学 | 一种多孔空心结构的银/铂合金纳米材料及其制备方法 |
JP7021533B2 (ja) | 2017-12-22 | 2022-02-17 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電解質前駆体溶液の製造方法および電極複合体の製造方法 |
CN109833835B (zh) * | 2019-02-26 | 2021-11-16 | 杭州师范大学 | 一种内凹型空心铂钯纳米晶体的制备方法、内凹型空心铂钯纳米晶体及其应用 |
CN110524005B (zh) * | 2019-09-24 | 2022-06-07 | 苏州大学 | 一种支化钯银铂纳米环及其制备方法 |
CN112658245B (zh) * | 2020-12-07 | 2022-08-16 | 河南科技大学 | 一种铜纳米颗粒及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04141235A (ja) | 1990-09-29 | 1992-05-14 | Stonehard Assoc Inc | アノード極用電極触媒 |
JP2001115144A (ja) | 1999-10-15 | 2001-04-24 | Hitachi Chem Co Ltd | 研磨材、基板の研磨方法及び半導体装置 |
KR100467811B1 (ko) | 2002-01-04 | 2005-01-24 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | α-알루미나 나노입자의 제조방법 |
JP4387653B2 (ja) | 2002-10-09 | 2009-12-16 | 日揮触媒化成株式会社 | 金属微粒子および該微粒子を使用した接着剤、フィルム、電気回路基板 |
JP4882218B2 (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2012-02-22 | 東ソー株式会社 | 水素発生用電極およびその製造方法並びにこれを用いた電解方法 |
WO2005103337A1 (ja) | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-03 | Tosoh Corporation | 水素発生用電極およびその製造方法並びにこれを用いた電解方法 |
CN1868640A (zh) * | 2005-05-28 | 2006-11-29 | 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 合成中空金属纳米粒子的方法 |
EP2059361B1 (en) | 2006-08-30 | 2020-02-26 | Umicore AG & Co. KG | Core/shell-type catalyst particles comprising ceramic core materials |
JP2008274350A (ja) | 2007-04-27 | 2008-11-13 | Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd | 分散性無機微粒子及びその製造方法 |
WO2010107824A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-23 | University Of Massachusetts | Methods for the fabrication of nanostructure heating elements |
JP5620154B2 (ja) | 2009-10-15 | 2014-11-05 | 公益財団法人神奈川科学技術アカデミー | 中空微小体およびその作製方法 |
US20130177838A1 (en) | 2010-07-14 | 2013-07-11 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Hollow nanoparticles as active and durable catalysts and methods for manufacturing the same |
JP5818244B2 (ja) | 2011-03-25 | 2015-11-18 | 国立研究開発法人物質・材料研究機構 | 金属触媒構造体及びその製造方法 |
KR101311745B1 (ko) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-09-26 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 연료전지용 촉매 및 이의 제조방법 |
KR101304219B1 (ko) * | 2011-09-05 | 2013-09-06 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 연료전지용 코어-쉘 구조의 전극촉매 및 그 제조방법 |
KR101295415B1 (ko) | 2012-04-23 | 2013-08-09 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 코어-쉘 입자의 제조방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 코어-쉘 입자 |
JP2015501387A (ja) * | 2012-05-11 | 2015-01-15 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 中空金属ナノ粒子 |
-
2014
- 2014-11-28 KR KR1020140168629A patent/KR101657365B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-11-28 EP EP14865557.4A patent/EP3012049B1/en active Active
- 2014-11-28 JP JP2016529736A patent/JP6407995B2/ja active Active
- 2014-11-28 CN CN201480046299.2A patent/CN105473256B/zh active Active
- 2014-11-28 US US14/912,864 patent/US10189085B2/en active Active
- 2014-11-28 WO PCT/KR2014/011562 patent/WO2015080518A1/ko active Application Filing
-
2017
- 2017-09-01 JP JP2017168345A patent/JP6526127B2/ja active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2015080518A1 (ko) | 2015-06-04 |
JP2016532007A (ja) | 2016-10-13 |
EP3012049A1 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
EP3012049B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
KR101657365B1 (ko) | 2016-09-19 |
JP6526127B2 (ja) | 2019-06-05 |
KR20150062151A (ko) | 2015-06-05 |
CN105473256A (zh) | 2016-04-06 |
EP3012049A4 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
US10189085B2 (en) | 2019-01-29 |
JP2018059186A (ja) | 2018-04-12 |
US20160204448A1 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
CN105473256B (zh) | 2017-11-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5999390B2 (ja) | 中空金属ナノ粒子の製造方法 | |
JP6172482B2 (ja) | 担体に担持された中空金属ナノ粒子を含む触媒の製造方法 | |
JP6526127B2 (ja) | 中空金属粒子、これを含む電極触媒、前記電極触媒を含む電気化学電池、および中空金属粒子の製造方法 | |
JP6350883B2 (ja) | 担体に担持された中空金属ナノ粒子を含む触媒 | |
EP2998269B1 (en) | Fuel cell and method for manufacturing same | |
US9698429B2 (en) | Fuel cell and method of manufacturing same | |
JP2016527388A (ja) | 金属ナノ粒子の製造方法 | |
US10483553B2 (en) | Fuel cell including a carrier-metal nanoparticle complex and method of manufacturing same | |
JP2017532437A (ja) | 金属ナノ粒子の製造方法 | |
KR20160091303A (ko) | 금속 나노입자 | |
EP2990138B1 (en) | Hollow metal nanoparticles | |
KR102010410B1 (ko) | 금속 나노입자의 제조방법 및 이에 의하여 제조된 금속 나노입자 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20170118 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20170131 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170424 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20170606 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170901 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20170911 |
|
A912 | Re-examination (zenchi) completed and case transferred to appeal board |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A912 Effective date: 20171020 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20180627 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20180919 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6407995 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |