JP6163289B2 - 嗜癖の予防および治療のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
嗜癖の予防および治療のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6163289B2 JP6163289B2 JP2011554216A JP2011554216A JP6163289B2 JP 6163289 B2 JP6163289 B2 JP 6163289B2 JP 2011554216 A JP2011554216 A JP 2011554216A JP 2011554216 A JP2011554216 A JP 2011554216A JP 6163289 B2 JP6163289 B2 JP 6163289B2
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- pioglitazone
- addictive
- pparγ
- alcohol
- agonist
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Description
本出願は、2009年3月11日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/159,377号; および2009年4月8日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/167,824号についての35 U.S.C. §119(e)に基づく利益を主張する。前記(2つの)仮出願は参照によりその全体がここに組み入れられる。
技術分野
本発明は、概して、PPARγアゴニストを、単独で、または他の治療物質と組み合わせて使用する嗜癖の治療または予防に関する。
世界保健機構(WHO)は、悪影響を理解かつ経験しているにもかかわらず、物質を繰り返し使用することとして、物質嗜癖を定義する。物質嗜癖は、慢性の再発性疾患であり、薬物使用に対する抑制の喪失、強迫性薬物探索および物質への渇望、負の影響にもかかわらず持続する使用、および物質に対する身体的および/または精神的依存を特徴とする。物質嗜癖は、典型的に、耐性(tolerance)、離脱、強迫性薬物摂取行動、薬物探索行動、および再発の経過をたどる。物質乱用および嗜癖は公衆衛生上の問題であり、凶悪犯罪および感染症の伝播に主要な役割を果たすことによって常用者および社会の両者に対して重大な社会的および経済的影響を与える。習慣性物質には、アルコール、カフェイン、ニコチン、大麻(マリファナ)および大麻誘導体、オピエートおよび他のモルヒネ様オピオイドアゴニスト、例えばヘロイン、フェンシクリジンおよびフェンシクリジン様化合物、鎮静性イプノティック(ipnotics)、例えばベンゾジアゼピンおよびバルビツレート(barbiturates)および精神刺激薬、例えばコカイン、アンフェタミンおよびアンフェタミン関連薬物、例えばデキストロアンフェタミンおよびメチルアンフェタミンが含まれる。
本発明は、概して、嗜癖および、習慣的使用または行動への再発の治療および予防のための、単独の、または1種以上の追加の治療物質と組み合わせたPPARγアゴニストの使用に関する。したがって、本発明は、嗜癖の治療および予防、および習慣性物質の再発使用または習慣性もしくは強迫性行動の再発実施の治療および予防に有用な方法および関連組成物、単位剤形、およびキットを提供する。
本発明は、主に、ペルオキシソーム増殖因子活性化受容体ガンマ(PPARγ)アゴニストが習慣性物質または行動についての嗜癖および再発使用の治療および予防に有用であるという本明細書中に記載の知見に基づく。したがって、本発明は、嗜癖および再発使用の治療および予防のための方法および関連組成物、製剤、単位剤形およびキットであって、1種以上のPPARγアゴニストを、単独で、または1種以上の追加の治療物質と組み合わせて含み、該PPARγアゴニストおよび該追加の治療物質(群)のそれぞれが嗜癖の有効な治療または予防に寄与する、方法および関連組成物、製剤、単位剤形およびキットを提供する。
したがって、本発明は、嗜癖の治療または予防方法であって、嗜癖を有するかまたは嗜癖を発症するリスクがある被験体に1種以上のPPARγアゴニストを投与するステップを含む方法を含む。種々の実施形態では、被験体は、非限定的に本明細書中に記載の任意の習慣性物質および行動を含む、習慣性物質または行動に嗜癖している。被験体は物質または行動に身体的または生理的に依存しているか; 被験体は精神的に依存しているか; または被験体は身体的かつ精神的に依存していてよい。被験体は1種または2種以上の習慣性物質または行動に嗜癖していてよい。
嗜癖という用語は、個体の健康、精神状態または社会生活に対する有害な影響にもかかわらず、個体による、なんらかの特定の活動にたずさわることへの、再発性の強迫を説明するために使用される。この用語は薬物嗜癖のための用語であることが多いが、他の強迫、例えば問題のある賭博、および強迫性過食に適用されることもある。嗜癖の原因として提唱されている要因には、遺伝的、生物学的/薬理学的および社会的要因が含まれる。
ペルオキシソーム増殖因子活性化受容体(PPAR)は核ホルモン受容体スーパーファミリーのリガンド活性化転写因子である。現在、3種の別のPPARアイソフォーム、すなわちPPARα、PPARβ/δおよびPPARγが同定されている(Breidert et al., 2002; Feinstain et al. 2003)。PPARα受容体アイソフォームは肝臓および腎臓で高度に発現され、脂肪酸異化を調節する; PPARβ/δは遍在的に発現され、種々の細胞プロセスの調節に関与し、該細胞プロセスには、脂肪細胞、ケラチノサイトおよびオリゴデンドロサイト分化が含まれる。最後に、PPARγ受容体は脂肪組織およびマクロファージで主に発現され、脂肪組織およびマクロファージで、それらは、脂肪細胞分化、糖および脂質恒常性の調節および炎症反応のコントロールに関与する(Heneka et al. 1999; Landreth and Heneka 2001; Harris and Phipps 2002)。
本明細書中の実施例で実証されるように、PPARγアゴニストを1種以上の追加の治療物質と組み合わせて効果的に使用して嗜癖を治療または予防することができ、該嗜癖には、1種以上の下記習慣性物質および強迫性または習慣性行動に対する嗜癖が含まれる。したがって、本発明は、嗜癖の治療または予防方法であって、習慣性物質に嗜癖しているかまたはまたは嗜癖するようになるリスクがある被験体に、1種以上のPPARγアゴニスト(群)および1種以上の追加の治療物質(群)を投与するステップを含み、該PPARγアゴニスト(群)および該追加の治療物質(群)のそれぞれが嗜癖の有効な治療または予防に寄与する、方法を含む。一実施形態では、1種のPPARγアゴニストおよび1種の追加の治療物質を被験体に与えるかまたは投与する。別の実施形態では、被験体は2種以上の習慣性物質に嗜癖している。下記実施例によって実証されるように、PPARγアゴニストおよび別の治療物質の組み合わせは習慣性物質の嗜癖または再発使用の治療または予防において有益な相加的または相乗的効力を有する。いくつかの実施形態では、追加の物質は別の抗嗜癖物質である。
オピオイドアンタゴニストは1種以上のオピオイド受容体に作用する。少なくとも3つのタイプのオピオイド受容体、ミュー、カッパ、およびデルタオピオイド受容体が報告されており、オピオイドアンタゴニストは概してオピオイド受容体に対するその効果によって分類される。オピオイドアンタゴニストは、中枢受容体、末梢受容体または両者と拮抗することができる。ナロキソンおよびナルトレキソンは、一般に使用されるオピオイドアンタゴニスト薬物であり、それらはアゴニストより高親和性でオピオイド受容体に結合するが、受容体を活性化しない競合者である。これは、受容体を効果的にブロックし、身体がオピエートおよびエンドルフィンに応答することを妨げる。
抗うつ薬(antidepressents)はうつ病の治療に使用される薬物である。うつ病に関与すると考えられる3種の神経伝達物質は、セロトニン、ドーパミン、およびノルエピネフリンである。特定のタイプの抗うつ薬は、それらの再吸収をブロックすることによって、脳において1種以上のこれらの神経伝達物質のレベルを増加させる。
抗てんかん薬(AED)とも称される抗痙攣薬は、てんかん発作および双極性障害の出現の予防に使用される多様な薬物群である。AEDは、てんかん発作を開始させ、かつ/または脳内のてんかん発作の拡散を妨げるニューロンの急速かつ過剰の興奮(firing)を抑制し、起こりうる興奮毒性作用に対する保護を提供する。該興奮毒性作用は脳損傷を導く。多数の抗痙攣薬は、ナトリウムチャネル、カルシウムチャネル、AMPA受容体、またはNMDA受容体をブロックする。
制吐薬は嘔吐および吐き気に対して有効な薬物である。制吐薬は、典型的に、動揺病(motion sickness)ならびにオピオイド鎮痛薬、一般麻酔薬、および化学療法の副作用を治療するために使用される。
カンナビノイド受容体はGタンパク質共役受容体スーパーファミリーの1クラスである。そのリガンドはカンナビノイドとして知られている。現在、2種のサブタイプ、CB1およびCB2が知られている。CB1は主に脳で発現されるが、肺、肝臓、および腎臓でも発現され、CB2は主に免疫系および造血細胞で発現される。また、内皮細胞およびCNSで発現される非CB1かつ非CB2の新規カンナビノイド受容体が存在すると考えられている。カンナビノイド受容体アンタゴニストはCB1またはCB2受容体のいずれかに選択的であってよい。本発明はCB1およびCB2受容体アンタゴニストのいずれかまたは両者の使用を想定する。
再発使用、または再開、とは、習慣性物質の使用または習慣性行動の実施の禁断期間、またはその制限または減少の期間後の、アルコールまたは別の習慣性物質の使用または習慣性行動の実施への回帰プロセスを表す。特定の状況では、習慣性物質の再発使用とは、習慣性物質からの身体的離脱を経験している被験体による習慣性物質の使用への回帰を表す。典型的に、被験体は、習慣性物質の無使用の期間または使用制限もしくは使用減少の期間中に習慣性物質からの身体的離脱を経験している。一実施形態では、以前に、習慣性物質の使用を減少させるかまたは排除するための有効量の抗嗜癖物質での治療計画を経験しているが、有効量の抗嗜癖物質をもはや使用していない被験体において再発使用が生じる。抗嗜癖物質には、嗜癖または離脱症状の治療または予防に使用される任意のおよびすべての物質が含まれる。
離脱/禁断症候群としても知られる離脱とは、身体依存を生じさせる薬物または習慣性物質を長期間、定期的に使用した後、急に中断するかまたは用量を減少させた場合に現れる特徴的徴候および症状を表す。離脱症状は個体間でかなり変動しうるが、いくつかの共通点がある。離脱と関連する脳機能障害は、抑うつ、不安および渇望を特徴とすることが多く、極端な場合には、重大な損害にもかかわらず個体が薬物を継続する−嗜癖の定義−ように、または自殺さえするように駆り立てる手助けをしうる。
本発明は、1種以上の追加の治療物質、例えばオピオイドアンタゴニスト、抗うつ薬、抗てんかん薬、制吐薬、およびCB1受容体アンタゴニストと組み合わされた、PPARγアゴニスト、例えばピオグリタゾンなどのTZDの組み合わせを使用する有効性を立証した。ゆえに、本発明は、1種以上のPPARγアゴニストおよび1種以上の追加の治療物質、例えばオピオイドアンタゴニスト、混合オピオイドアンタゴニスト/部分アゴニスト、抗うつ薬、抗てんかん薬、制吐薬、CRF1受容体アンタゴニストおよびCB1受容体アンタゴニストを含む組成物をさらに含む。
自発的エタノール摂取に対する急性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果
まず、10% (w/v)アルコールを飲用するようにラットを1日24時間訓練する(水とエタノール間の自由選択)ことによって、自発的エタノール摂取に対する急性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果を実証した。エタノール摂取の安定なベースライン(6〜8 g/kg bw; 1日)を得た後、アルコールアクセスを暗期の開始時点で1日2時間に制限した。水および食物は自由に入手可能であった。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとナルトレキソンの急性投与の効果
この実験では、PPARγアゴニストがエタノール摂取に対するオピオイドアンタゴニストの阻害作用を増強できることを実証するために、アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンおよびナルトレキソンの共投与の効果を試験した。これらの研究で使用されたナルトレキソンの用量(0.25 mg/kg)は、以前に、同一実験条件下でmsPラットのエタノール摂取の減少にわずかに有効であることが示された(Ciccocioppo et al. 2007)。
自発的エタノール摂取に対する亜慢性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果
エタノール摂取についての安定なベースラインに達するまで、1日24時間、10% (v/v)アルコールを飲用するように訓練(水およびエタノール間の自由選択)されたラットを使用して、亜慢性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果を実証した。この時点で、被験者間計画を使用して、エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾン(0.0、10.0、または30.0 mg/kg)の効果に関してmsPラット(N=9/群)を試験した。該計画では、各群の動物に異なる用量の薬物を投与した。処置を開始する前に、3日間、ラットに胃管栄養投与法を仕込んだ。その期間中は、ラットにビヒクル(蒸留水)を投与した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとナルトレキソンの慢性投与の効果
PPARγアゴニストがさらに、反復処置後のエタノール摂取に対するオピオイドアンタゴニストの阻害作用を増強できるかどうかを評価するために、アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンおよびナルトレキソンの慢性共投与の効果を研究した。実施例2に記載の研究のように、msPラットのエタノール摂取の減少にわずかに有効であることが以前に示されているナルトレキソン用量(0.25 mg/kg)を使用した(Ciccocioppo et al. 2007)。被験者間計画にしたがって、実施例3に記載されるように4群のmsPラット(N=9/群)を調製した。具体的には、1日のエタノール消費の安定なベースラインに達したら、ナルトレキソンと組み合わされたピオグリタゾンの効果に関して、異なる群のmsPラットを試験した。7日間連続で、明/暗サイクルの暗期開始の12時間前および1時間前の時点でmsPラットにピオグリタゾン処置(0.0、10.0、または30.0 mg/kg)を施し、2回目のピオグリタゾン投与の2分後にナルトレキソン(0.0および0.25 mg/kg)を注射した。2、8および24時間の時点で、アルコール、水および食物摂取をモニターした。薬物処置期間の終了後にさらに3日間、液体および食物摂取をモニターした。
ヨヒンビン誘発性の、アルコール探索の再開に対する急性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果
ストレスおよび不安は、断酒中の元アルコール依存症者がアルコール使用を再開する主な要因である。脳ノルアドレナリン細胞発火(firing)(Aghajanian and VanderMaelen 1982)および放出(Abercrombie, Keller et al. 1988)を増加させ、かつ薬理学的ストレス要因として作用(Holmberg, Gershon et al. 1962; Le, Harding et al. 2000; Lee, Tiefenbacher et al. 2004)するα-2アドレナリン受容体アンタゴニストであるヨヒンビンは、ヒトのアルコール渇望を増加させ、かつラットにおいて消滅していたアルコール探索を再開させることが知られている。この薬理学的ストレス要因を利用して、アルコール自己投与を事前に訓練されたラットにおける薬物探索の再開に対するピオグリタゾンまたはナルトレキソンの効果を研究した。
合図誘発性のアルコール探索再開に対する急性ピオグリタゾン投与の効果
ストレスと同様に、環境条件要因は、断酒中の個体のアルコール渇望の誘発に大きな役割を果たすことが示されている。ここでは、十分に実証された、合図誘発性の再発の動物モデルを使用して、アルコール探索の条件付き再開に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を研究した。
Wistraラットのエタノール自己投与に対するシグリタゾン投与の効果
エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を実証するためにこの研究を実施し、他のPPARγアゴニストにも拡張する。構造的に異なるTDZであるシグリタゾンの、エタノール自己投与に対する効果を決定した。さらに、ピオグリタゾンで観察された効果が他の実験的アルコール摂取モデルにまでおよぶことを検証するために、オペラント自己投与条件下で異種Wistarラットでこれらの研究を実施した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対する急性ロシグリタゾン投与の効果
別のTZDであるロシグリタゾンがエタノール摂取を減少させる能力を実証した。まず、1日24時間、10% (w/v)アルコールを飲用するようにmsPラットを訓練した(水とエタノールの間の自由選択)。安定なエタノール飲用ベースライン(6〜8 g/kg/日)に達したら、被験者間計画を使用してロシグリタゾン(0.0、7.5および15 mg/kg)の効果に関してラット(n= 28)を試験した。処置を開始する前に、3日間、ラットに胃管栄養投与法を仕込み、その期間は、ラットにビヒクル(蒸留水)を投与した。エタノールへのアクセスの12時間前および1時間前の時点でロシグリタゾンを2回投与した。暗期サイクルの開始時点で飲用実験を開始した。エタノールを入手可能にしてから2、8および24時間後の時点で、アルコール、水および食物摂取をモニターした。
ピオグリタゾン誘発性の、エタノール摂取の減少に対するPPARγアンタゴニストGW9662のIP投与の効果
この実験は、エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンの効果がPPARγ受容体の活性化によって媒介されることを実証した。エタノール摂取の安定なベースラインを得た後、ピオグリタゾン誘発性の、エタノール摂取の減少に対するGW9662の効果に関してmsPラット(n=22)を試験した。エタノールへのアクセスの1時間前にOS投与される30 mg/kgのピオグリタゾンでラットを処置した。ピオグリタゾン投与の30分後にGW9662をIP投与し、さらに30分間待った後にラットにエタノールアクセスを与えた。処置の開始前に、3日間、胃管栄養法およびIP投与手順をラットに仕込んだ。被験者間計画で実験を行った(n = 22)。別の群のmsPラット(n=22)にGW9662のみを投与して、エタノール消費に対するPPARγ遮断の効果を実証した。暗期サイクルの開始時点で飲用実験を開始した。エタノールを入手可能してから2、8および24時間後の時点で、アルコール、水および食物摂取をモニターした。
ピオグリタゾン誘発性の、エタノール摂取の減少に対するPPARγアンタゴニストGW9662のICV投与の効果
この実験は、エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンの効果が脳PPARγ受容体の活性化によって媒介されることを実証した。このために、msPラット(n=6)をGW9662 (5μg/ラット)でICV処置して脳PPARγ受容体を選択的にブロックし、一方、ピオグリタゾン(30 mg/kg)をOS投与した。被験者内カウンターバランスラテン方格法を使用して実験を導いた。該方法では各動物にすべての薬物用量を投与した。
ヨヒンビン誘発性の、アルコール探索の再開に対する急性ナルトレキソン投与の効果
ナルトレキソンが、ヨヒンビン誘発性の、アルコール使用の再開を減少させることができないことを実証した。10%エタノールの安定なベースラインを得た後、応答msPラット(n=10)を消去期間(14日間)に付した。該期間には、エタノール応答が次第に減少した。最後の消去セッションの後日、ラットを再開試験に付した。
合図誘発性の、アルコール探索の再開に対する急性ナルトレキソン投与の効果
ナルトレキソンが、合図誘発性の、アルコール探索の再開を減少させる能力を実証した。この実験では、FR-1強化スケジュールで1日30分のセッションにおいて10%エタノールまたは水をオペラントで自己投与するようにmsPラット(n=9)を訓練した。この場合、各応答について、0.1 mlの液体の送達がもたらされた。エタノールの入手可能性をオレンジ抽出物の匂いによって信号した。それは弁別刺激として働いた。さらに、エタノールの送達を生じさせる各レバー押しは、5秒間のハウスライトの照明(S+/CS+)と対にされた。水の場合、アニスの匂いおよび5秒間の白色雑音(S-/CS-)をそれぞれ弁別および接触合図として用いた。次いでラットを日ごとの消去セッションに付した。その期間はレバー押しが次第に減少した。
ヨヒンビン誘発性および合図誘発性の、アルコール探索の再開に対するピオグリタゾンおよびナルトレキソンの共投与の効果
アルコール探索の再開についての種々の誘発要因に対する、PPARγアゴニストであるピオグリタゾンとオピオイドアンタゴニストであるナルトレキソンの併用効果を決定した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとフルオキセチンの急性投与の効果
この実験では、アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとフルオキセチンの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニスト、例えばTZD、および抗うつ薬、例えば選択的セロトニン取り込み阻害薬での共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関する相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のフルオキセチン(3.0 mg/kg, OS)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとミルタザピンの急性投与の効果
アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとミルタザピンの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこの抗うつ薬での共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のミルタザピン(5.0 mg/kg, OS)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとトピラメートの急性投与の効果
この実験では、アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとトピラメートの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこの抗てんかん薬での共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のトピラメート(30.0 mg/kg, OS)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとレベチラセタムの急性投与の効果
アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとレベチラセタムの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこの抗てんかん薬での共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のレベチラセタム(100.0 mg/kg, OS)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとガバペンチンの急性投与の効果
アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとガバペンチンの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこの抗てんかん薬での共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のガバペンチン(60.0 mg/kg, OS)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとオンダンセトロンの急性投与の効果
アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとオンダンセトロンの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこのセロトニン-3 (5-HT3)受容体選択的アンタゴニストでの共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取を減少させなかった低用量のオンダンセトロン(1.0 mg/kg, IP)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
自発的エタノール摂取に対するピオグリタゾンとアンタラルミンの急性投与の効果
アルコール消費に対するピオグリタゾンとアンタラルミンの共投与の効果を研究して、PPARγアゴニストおよびこのコルチコトロピン放出因子CRF1受容体選択的アンタゴニストでの共処置がエタノール摂取の阻害に関して相乗効果を有することを実証した。このために、パイロット研究においてmsPラットのエタノール摂取をわずかに減少させた低用量のアンタラルミン(15.0 mg/kg, IP)を使用した。また、それ自体はアルコール摂取に有意には影響しないようにピオグリタゾン用量(10 mg/kg, OS)を選択した。
アルコール離脱に対するピオグリタゾン投与の効果
ラットにおいてアルコール離脱に対するピオグリタゾン投与の効果を決定した。雄性Wistarラットを6日間の間欠性アルコール中毒に付した。暗期中に、ラットに2.5〜3.0 g/kgの20%エタノールを4回経口投与した。暗期の開始時点で最初のエタノール用量を投与した。3時間間隔で他の3回の一日量を投与した。明/暗サイクルの明期中には、ラットに注射しなかった。標的血中アルコールレベルは250〜300 mg/dlであった。6日間のこの処置後にラットは自然発生的な離脱を経験し、それは概して最後のエタノール注射の8〜14時間後の間で現れる。離脱症状を評価する12時間および1時間前にピオグリタゾン(0.0、10および30 mg/kg)を2回投与した。離脱の行動徴候には: (1) 腹内側遠位屈曲応答(ventromedial distal flexion response)の存在; (2) 尾部硬直/固縮(tail stiffness/rigidity); および(3) 振戦が含まれた(Schulteis et al.1995)。3〜5分間の観察期間中に0〜2のスケールで各徴候を評価した(Macey et al., 1996; Schulteis, et al., 1995)。すべての徴候を累積してトータルの離脱重症度スコアを得た。
ヒトのアルコール乱用に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
糖尿病の治療のためにピオグリタゾン(pioaglitazone)(Actos(登録商標))を使用するヒト患者についての観察研究を実施して、単独の、またはオピオイドアンタゴニストと組み合わせたPPARγアゴニストがエタノール乱用の軽減に有効であることを実証した。
コカイン自己投与に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
コカイン嗜癖のラットモデルにおいて、コカイン使用を減少させるピオグリタゾンの能力を実証した。塩酸コカイン(National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MDから入手)を滅菌生理食塩水に0.25 mg/0.1 mlの濃度で溶解した。薬物またはビヒクル溶液を4秒間にわたって0.1 mlの容量で注入した。市販の供給元から入手したピオグリタゾンを蒸留水に懸濁し、得られた懸濁液を、投与時まで、持続攪拌下で維持した。コカイン自己投与開始の12時間前および1時間前に胃管栄養法によってピオグリタゾンを経口(OS)投与した。
ニコチン使用に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
ニコチン使用を減少させるPPARγアゴニストおよび抗うつ薬(antidepressent)の能力をニコチン嗜癖の動物モデルにおいて実証した。
ニコチン使用に対するピオグリタゾンおよび選択治療物質の効果
ニコチン嗜癖のラットモデルにおいて、PPARγアゴニストが、他の治療物質、例えばブプロピオン、ニコチン置換製剤、ナルトレキソン、バレニシクリン(varenicicline)、およびCB1受容体アンタゴニスト/インバースアゴニスト、例えばリモナバント、ロソナバント(rosonabant)、タラナバント、およびCP-945598との組み合わせでニコチン使用を相乗的に減少させる能力を決定する。
コカイン使用に対するピオグリタゾンおよび抗うつ薬またはオピオイドアゴニスト(Agonost)/アンタゴニスト部分アゴニストの効果
コカイン嗜癖のラットモデルにおいて、PPARγアゴニストが、抗うつ薬(anidepressants)、ブプロピオン、フルオキセチン、またはオピオイド部分(parial)アゴニストアゴニスト/アンタゴニスト、ブプレノルフィンとの組み合わせでコカイン使用を相乗的に減少させる能力を決定する。
オピエート嗜癖の発生に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
オピエート嗜癖のラットモデルにおいて、PPARγアゴニストがオピエート使用を減少させ、かつオピエート嗜癖を予防する能力を決定する。
ヨヒンビン誘発性のニコチン探索再開に対するピオグリタゾン投与の効果
ストレスおよび不安は、禁断している元使用者がニコチン使用を再開する主な要因である。ニコチン自己投与を事前に訓練されたラットにおいて薬物探索の再開に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を調べるため、実施例5および11にアルコールに関して記載されるのと同様に、α-2アドレナリン受容体アンタゴニストであるヨヒンビンを使用して、ラットにおいて消滅しているニコチン探索を再開させた。簡潔に言えば、IVニコチン自己投与(30μg/0.1ml/注入)の安定なベースラインの獲得後、雄性Long Evansラット(n=8)を5日の消去期間に付した。消去期間中、レバー押しはもはやニコチン送達を偶発的に伴わず; ゆえに、オペラント応答は急速に減少した。
ニコチン嗜癖の治療法としてのピオグリタゾンの臨床評価
世界中で何百万もの人がニコチンに嗜癖しているが、喫煙に関連する非常に大きな健康問題にもかかわらず、禁煙を手助けするために利用可能な医薬は非常に少ない。ニコチン嗜癖に関して開発されたほとんどの治療は、喫煙の減少および再発の予防に関して少々の成功しか示しておらず、禁煙する試みの高い失敗率を招いている。従来の治療には、ニコチン代替製品、抗うつ薬(例えばブプロピオン(amfebutamone(登録商標)、Wellbutrin(登録商標)、Zyban(登録商標))、および行動療法の使用が含まれる。
日々の喫煙: 統計解析(ANOVA)では、1週間に喫煙したタバコのパーセントに対して、薬理学的処置の、全般的に有意な効果が示された(表8)。ピオグリタゾンで処置された4患者すべてが処置を完了した。被験体の1人は完全禁煙に達し、2人の他の被験体はほぼ禁煙(喫煙の97%阻害)に達し、1人は喫煙の顕著な低減(75%)を示した。バレニクリンの投与を受けた3人の参加者もまた、頑健な全般的な喫煙減少(95%)を示し、そのうちの1人は完全禁煙に達した。ブプロピオンで処置された患者の1人は4週間の処置後にドロップアウトした。ドロップアウト前、この患者の喫煙の阻害はごく控えめ(20%)であった。他の2人のブプロピオン(buporpione)処置患者は処置プログラムを完了し、10週間の薬物投与後、喫煙は約40%減少した。Post hoc検定では、ブプロピオンと比較したピオグリタゾンおよびバレニクリンの有意差(p<0.05)が示されたが、ピオグリタゾンとバレニクリンの間で有意差は特定されなかった。まとめると、これらのデータは、喫煙の減少に関してピオグリタゾンおよびバレニクリンは同等の効力を有するが、ブプロピオンの効果はずっと低いことを示唆する。
モルヒネ誘発性の鎮痛耐性に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
モルヒネ誘発性の鎮痛に対する耐性を誘発するために、以前に報告されるように一定用量のモルヒネの1日2回の注射をマウスに投与した(Contet et al. 2008; Mamiya et al., 2001)。49匹の雄性CDマウス(Charles River, Calco, Italy, 実験の開始時に28〜30 gの体重を有する)を用いた。処置試験および行動試験の開始前3日間、すべての動物をいじった。一般ケージ中、人工の12:12時間の明/暗サイクル(午前9:00消灯)の、一定温度(20〜22℃)および湿度(45〜55%)の部屋で実験の被験体を飼育した。実験期間中、動物に水道水および食物ペレット(4RF18, Mucedola, Settimo Milanese, Italy)への自由なアクセスを提供した。明/暗サイクルの暗期に実験を行った。European Community Council Directive for Care and Use of Laboratory Animalsに忠実にしたがってすべての手順を行った。
ヘロイン自己投与に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
ヘロイン獲得に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を試験するために、20匹の雄性Wistarラット(Charles River, Calco, Italy)を用いた。実験開始時、動物の体重は250〜280 gの範囲であった。実験開始前1週間、1日1回5分間ラットをいじった。一般ケージ中、人工の12:12時間の明/暗サイクル(午前9:00消灯)の、一定温度(20〜22℃)および湿度(45〜55%)の部屋で実験の被験体を飼育した。実験期間中、動物に水道水および食物ペレット(4RF18, Mucedola, Settimo Milanese, Italy)への自由なアクセスを提供した。明/暗サイクルの暗期に実験を行った。European Community Council Directive for Care and Use of Laboratory Animalsに忠実にしたがってすべての手順を行った。
食物の獲得に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
食物ペレット獲得に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を試験するために、3群のWistarラットを使用した。最初の2群(n=8/群)を、それぞれ、10および30 mgのピオグリタゾンで1日2回(食物オペラントセッションの12時間および1時間前)処置した。第3群(n=8)に薬物ビヒクルを投与した。食物自己投与セッションを午前9:00〜10:00の間に行った。全獲得期間(14日間)中、ピオグリタゾン処置を継続した。食物ペレット自己投与に関するラットのモチベーションを高めるため、ラットの食事を制限し、その通常体重の80%で維持した。セッションは、各レバー押しにより45mgの食物ペレットが送達される、FR1強化スケジュール下での30分の食物自己投与から構成された。レバー有効化の直後、有効レバーの上の合図光を10秒間点灯し、その期間、レバー押しは供給装置を作動させなかった(TO=10秒)。
食物自己投与に対するピオグリタゾンの効果
食物自己投与に対するピオグリタゾンの効果を試験するために、Wistarラット(n= 24)を使用した。1日30分間、固定比FR1 (TO 10秒)強化スケジュール下で食物ペレットを自己投与するようにラットを訓練した。各レバー押しにより45 mgの食物ペレットが送達された。TO期間中、レバー押しを記録したが、食物送達で強化されなかった。強化の安定なベースラインが確立されるまで、数日間、食物を自己投与するようにラットを訓練した。この時点で、連続4日間(前処置)、動物をビヒクル注射に付して薬物投与手順に慣れさせた。この時点で、薬物ピオグリタゾン処置(10および30 mg/kg/ml)を開始した。第3群のラットは薬物ビヒクルの投与を受け、コントロールとして役割を果たした。薬物処置を、連続4日間、1日2回、毎日実施した。有効および無効レバーの両者での有効オペラント応答数を記録した。
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Claims (8)
- 有効量の習慣性治療物質を有効量のペルオキシソーム増殖因子活性化受容体ガンマ(PPARγ)アゴニストと組み合わせて含む医薬組成物であって、該習慣性治療物質が、コデイン、ジアセチルモルフィン(ヘロイン)、ヒドロコドン、ヒドロモルフォン、レボルファノール、アヘン、オキシコドン、オキシモルフォン、モルヒネ、ノスカピン、トラマドール、フェンタニル、スフェンタニル、アルフェンタニル、プロポキシフェン、メタドン、ブトルファノール、デキストロプロポキシフェン、ジアモルフィン、メプタジノール、ナルブフィン、ペンタゾシン、デゾシン、メペリジンまたはそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群から選択されるオピオイドアゴニストであり、該PPARγアゴニストがチアゾリジンジオン(TZD)であり、該PPARγアゴニストの有効量が、習慣性治療物質に対して被験体が嗜癖するようになることを妨げるかまたは被験体が嗜癖するようになる可能性を減少させるために有効な量である、医薬組成物。
- TZDが、ピオグリタゾン、ロシグリタゾン、シグリタゾン、トログリタゾン、エングリタゾン、リボグリタゾンおよびダルグリダゾンからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- TZDがピオグリタゾンである、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 習慣性治療物質がオキシコドンまたはヒドロコドンである、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 有効量の習慣性治療物質を有効量のペルオキシソーム増殖因子活性化受容体ガンマ(PPARγ)アゴニストと組み合わせて含む、医薬組成物の単位剤形であって、該習慣性治療物質が、コデイン、ジアセチルモルフィン(ヘロイン)、ヒドロコドン、ヒドロモルフォン、レボルファノール、アヘン、オキシコドン、オキシモルフォン、モルヒネ、ノスカピン、トラマドール、フェンタニル、スフェンタニル、アルフェンタニル、プロポキシフェン、メタドン、ブトルファノール、デキストロプロポキシフェン、ジアモルフィン、メプタジノール、ナルブフィン、ペンタゾシン、デゾシン、メペリジンまたはそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群から選択されるオピオイドアゴニストであり、該PPARγアゴニストがチアゾリジンジオン(TZD)であり、該PPARγアゴニストの有効量が、習慣性治療物質に対して被験体が嗜癖するようになることを妨げるかまたは被験体が嗜癖するようになる可能性を減少させるために有効な量である、単位剤形。
- TZDが、ピオグリタゾン、ロシグリタゾン、シグリタゾン、トログリタゾン、エングリタゾン、リボグリタゾンおよびダルグリダゾンからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の単位剤形。
- TZDがピオグリタゾンである、請求項6に記載の単位剤形。
- 習慣性治療物質がオキシコドンまたはヒドロコドンである、請求項5に記載の単位剤形。
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